READING

Answer All questions in this section.

Part 1

Read the events notices from a UK magazine and answer questions 1 to 10. Identify
which paragraphs (A to M) contain the information listed in questions 1 to 10 by marking
( ) for the correct answer. Paragraphs may be used more than once. If you change your
mind, put a line through the box ( ) and then indicate your new answer with a ( ).

EVENTS
A Classical Music turn into rhinoceroses, kicks off a Royal
This is a weekend devoted to the composer Court season devoted to the classics. It will
Philip Glass to mark his 70th birthday, be fascinating to see how this play stands the
including the premiere of the Book of Longing test of time.
(his setting of the poetry of Cohen to music) H Classical Music
and the first performance in its entirety in This celebration of the music of Luigi Nono
London for more than 20 years of his Music is the first in this country devoted to the
in Twelve Parts. music of the great Italian who died in 1990.
B Comedy His works feature alongside those written by
Fresh from his success at Edinburgh, to Monteverdi and Vivaldi, both of whom also
which he returned this summer after a 10- lived in Venice.
year absence, Frank Skinner takes his new I Dance
show on the road, travelling through several English National Ballet is pushing the boat
major cities. The show is a sharp look at the out for this new work from Michael Corder,
problems of getting older and turning 50. whose retelling of the Hans Christian
C Theatre Anderson story will be set to the music of
In this follow-up to last year’s scary Prokofiev.
performance of Faust, this company will J Art
be transforming their theatre into a stage A coup for Liverpool as the Turner Prize
where Edgar Allen Poe’s creepy tales will be Exhibition moves out of London for the first
recreated. time to act as a curtain-raiser for the city’s
D Classical Music European Capital of Culture celebrations.
Events to commemorate the 50th anniversary K Art
of the death of Jean Sibelius are everywhere. Michelangelo’s painting The Virgin and
Complete cycles of the symphonies are Child, earned the title ‘Manchester’s
promised in Birmingham and in London. Madonna’ because it was last shown in the
In Manchester meanwhile, performers are UK in the Manchester exhibition of 1857,
devoting a weekend to the composer’s shorter the largest art fair ever held in Britain. Here,
compositions. it returns from London as the centrepiece of
E Jazz the Manchester Art Exhibition.
Headliner Sonny Rollins is a key draw at the L Theatre
UK’s biggest and best jazz festival. Norwegian Michael Morpurgo’s children’s novel about
jazz star Jan Garbarek and American pianist a horse serving in the first world war is
Chick Corea are among the big international brought to the stage by director Tom Morris.
stars. Life-size puppets set the scene for a tale that
F Opera is exciting and sad.
James MacMillan’s new work is set in M Music
Scotland in 2080, and is based on a story This should be an emotional revival featuring
from a Welsh collection of folk tales. Katie musicians from the Muslim and Jewish
Mitchell directs and the composer himself communities who once lived and worked
conducts. together in Algeria. They now play their
G Theatre traditional Chaabi music together again after
A chance to experience Ionesco’s surreal a break of many years. They will also be on
satire on a conformist world, where humans tour in Europe until the end of 2010.
Questions 1–10

In which events notice are the following mentioned?

1. a show about the experiences of an animal

A B C D E F G H I J K L M

2. a show that is frightening

A B C D E F G H I J K L M

3. the performance of a complete piece of music for the first time in London
A B C D E F G H I J K L M

4. musicians from different countries performing together

A B C D E F G H I J K L M

5. someone joking about their age

A B C D E F G H I J K L M

6. performance of music by composers from one particular city

A B C D E F G H I J K L M

7. a painting on exhibition in a city for the second time after many years
A B C D E F G H I J K L M

8. performances in different cities to celebrate the works of one person

A B C D E F G H I J K L M

9. a story set in the future

A B C D E F G H I J K L M

10. people from two different cultures performing together

A B C D E F G H I J K L M

(Total 10 marks)
 Part 2
Read the article on lighthouses and answer Questions 11 – 25.

The History Of Lighthouses

A lighthouse is a structure from which light is projected at night, or which serves
as a landmark by day, to guide ships sailing in coastal waters. They are constructed
at potentially problematic points on a coastline: at entrances to harbours, on rocky
ledges and islands, and even in the water. They help identify a ship’s location, alert
the ship’s crew of potential dangers, and let them know that land is near. Lighthouses
were designed to include a cottage for the keeper and his family.
The first lights used to guide ships were bonfires lit on hilltops, but the earliest
recorded lighthouses date back to Roman times. These structures were actually
lighthouse towers with beacons* powered by burning wood or coal. In the
17th century, travel on the high seas increased leading to extensive lighthouse
construction. However, it was only in the 18th century that wood and coal were
replaced by oil or gas lanterns and not until the early to mid-20th century that
electric lights were used instead of these lanterns.
Before the use of electric beacons, the lighthouse keeper had to keep the oil or
gas beacons lit and to clean the reflecting mirrors and the tower windows. With
the introduction of automated electric beacons, the role of the lighthouse keeper
became unnecessary. It is estimated that as many as 50,000 lighthouses exist in the
world today. Most of them were automated at the end of the 20th century and where
this was not viable they were abandoned.
The power of modern lighthouse beacons varies in candelas from about 10,000 to
about 1 million, depending on the weather conditions and the visibility requirements
of shipping traffic in the particular area. The candela is the unit used to calculate
the amount of light that a source radiates in a given direction. Every automated
lighthouse emits a distinctive series of flashes known as its characteristic. These
flash sequences allow ship captains to time intervals between flashes so that they
can identify a particular lighthouse, using a publication called the Light List. This
publication gives a number to each lighted beacon and describes its identifying
characteristics.
Many lighthouses are equipped with a horn to help guide ships sailing in foggy
weather and this is audible up to 13 kilometres away. Ship captains can determine
their own location by identifying distinctive combinations of long and short horn
blasts specific to each lighthouse. Some lighthouses are also equipped with radio
beacons that transmit Morse code radio signals. These radio signals, which are
distinguished by short (dot) and long (dash) combinations, have a range of up to
320 kilometres.
Since lighthouses often serve as landmarks by day to help ship captains establish
their position along a coastline, they vary in shape, colour and size. They can be
square, round and even rectangular. A small number have either twin or triple towers.
Some are painted with stripes, spirals, or diamond patterns. Most lighthouses range
in height from 10 metres to 63 metres. They are built from a range of materials
including wood, stone, brick and iron and are constructed to withstand local
environmental conditions. Lighthouse designs often reflect the architectural styles
of the time in which they were built.
In the 19th century, floating lighthouses known as lightships were stationed in
coastal waters where lighthouses could not be built. These ships displayed one or
more lights to help with navigation and at one time there were more than 120 of
them in coastal waters. By 1985 buoys equipped with an automated beacon and a
fog signal took the place of lightships. These massive buoys measure 12 metres in
diameter and are among the largest of a variety of navigational aids known as lesser
beacons. Such beacons include river lights, fog signals, and numerous other smaller
navigational aids used to mark channels in rivers and harbours.
Today, many of these lesser beacons are in use throughout the world alongside those
lighthouses which have been automated. Primarily, these historical structures are a
backup as modern satellite-based navigational systems are installed on ships of all
sizes thereby replacing the lighthouse.
Questions 11 – 20
Answer the following questions. For each question write no more than THREE words taken from
one point in the text. You must not answer in complete sentences.
11 Into where might lighthouses guide ships?

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12 What did lighthouses provide for those in residence?

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13 What were initially used to help ships navigate safely?

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14 What happened to lighthouses which did not become automated?

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15 How is the strength of a beacon measured?

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16 From how far can a lighthouse horn be heard?

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17 What does a lighthouse’s appearance indicate to ships’ captains?

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18 What are lighthouses designed to cope with?

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19 Which aids were first used where lighthouses were not possible?

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20 Nowadays what function do automated lighthouses have?

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Questions 11–20 = 10 marks)

Questions 21 – 25
Indicate your answers to the questions below by marking a cross for the correct
answer . If you change your mind about an answer, put a line through the box
and then mark your new answer with a cross .

21 The first known lighthouses were…

A fuelled by wood or coal.

B built in the 17th century.

C constructed to be lived in.

22 The Light List…

A times the flashes of lighthouses.

B references all lighthouse structures.

C links lighthouses to characteristics.

23 Lighthouses are similar in…

A appearance.

B function.

C construction.
24 Lightships were…

A shown to be as effective as lighthouses.

B eventually replaced by lesser beacons.

C equipped with more than light resources.

25 Lesser beacons are…

A all of a similar size.

B mainly light sources.

C used in different ways.

(Total for Questions 21–25 = 5marks)

(Total for Part 2 = 15 marks)
 Part 3
Read Sam Black’s article on Passive Houses and answer Questions 26–45.

Building Your Own Passive House

The idea for a Passive House originated in Germany. Desperate to put together
designs for houses that could be as energy efficient as possible, two scientists came
up with a working model and made it public in 1988. Then, as the idea became more
popular, in 1996 the Passive House Institute was founded to promote and control
the building standards for this type of house. With the worries about climate change,
the increasing scarcity of fossil fuels, and the interest in renewable energy, these
houses are definitely the perfect solution to a worldwide problem. Since 1996, over
25,000 buildings have been constructed worldwide by forward thinkers. This includes
not only houses but also energy-efficient schools, office buildings and commercial
premises.
With Passive Houses, all the necessary components to make the house are delivered
pre-cut to the correct size and numbered. The companies that supply these houses
generally have set designs to choose from, although it is possible to request
something more individual. Once a house design has been decided upon, the
company will create all of the structural parts within their factory. The customer has
to organise the groundworks but, once that is complete, the whole house will be
delivered in sections, and can be put together on site in a very short time.
These houses have many technical features and they have to be constructed so that
they reach all the required standards. Having all the parts of the house made for
you means that the practical considerations are catered for. This saves money and
particularly time spent finding local specialists who are familiar with all the technical
aspects of these houses. When a Passive House is put together to the correct
standards, the result is an extremely fast build of a superbly energy-efficient house.
When building a Passive House, the guiding principle is to reduce heat loss as much
as possible. This is achieved through specialist techniques including insulation and
advanced window technology. As the houses have excellent insulation properties,
they do not need, or indeed have, any form of heating system to maintain a
comfortable temperature. Even the small amount of heat generated by the activities
of occupants and the use of household appliances, such as the oven for example,
can be all that is needed to heat the home. Owing to this ability to regulate the
internal temperature and keep it stable, it is a comfortable house to live in, whether
it is a freezing winter’s day or the height of summer. Despite this, it is a good idea
to consider which direction the house should face to take full advantage of the sun;
solar power can then be used to generate any additional heat needed.
The houses are airtight in an effort to preserve the internal temperature. This has the
downside of making the air quality suffer unless a ventilation system is installed; this
has the very obvious function of allowing fresh air in to the home to replace stale air.
In winter, the systems used for these houses recover heat from the removed air and
this warmth is then used to heat the house. It is not just in the winter that the internal
temperature of the home is maintained. With the introduction of an overnight
cooling system, it is possible to have a pleasant environment in the summer months
without using extra power. As long as the air in the home is exchanged frequently to
 prevent it becoming stale, which is all part of the construction, these houses are as
comfortable to live in as they are environmentally-friendly.
The self-build industry is thriving in the UK and, with everyone looking out for
environmentally-sound practices, it is more important than ever to think of this
type of house for the future. Not only are these houses factory-made, which saves
considerable time when building them, they are also very cheap to run once
completed. A house that requires a minimal amount of energy to heat or keep cool
can help to reduce the demand for energy. Unpredictable weather is no problem as
you do not have to ensure the heating is pre-timed to come on, or wait for the
air-conditioning to make it a comfortable temperature.
Building a house like this means future generations will benefit from both the low
energy required to run it and the fact that long-term maintenance is not costly.
Being well-insulated and airtight, these houses save energy constantly and they will
continue to do so far into the future.

Questions 26–30
Read the statements below. Decide whether they are TRUE, FALSE or NOT GIVEN
according to the text.
Mark a cross for the correct answer. If you change your mind about an answer,
put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .
True False Not Given

26 Sam Black is enthusiastic about the potential

of Passive Houses.
(1)
27 According to Sam Black, Passive Houses are
most common in Germany.
(1)
28 Sam Black states Passive Houses include
a heating system.
(1)
29 Sam Black agrees that access to solar power is
useful with Passive Houses.
(1)
30 According to Sam Black, ventilation systems
should not be used in winter.
(1)

(Total for Questions 26–30 = 5 Marks)

Questions 31–40
Complete the following sentences using no more than THREE words that must be
taken from one point in the text.

31 In 1988 the first . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............................................. for a Passive House was revealed.

(1)
32 Passive Houses have to meet strict ............................................................................................. to be as energy
efficient as possible.
(1)
33 Companies have . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................................. for people to consider when they
are selecting a Passive House.
(1)
34 Passive House companies expect ............................................................................................. to be ready
before they deliver to the customer.
(1)
35 Buyers of Passive Houses do not have to worry about hiring

....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... to build their homes.

(1)
36 The heat produced from operating common ............................................................................................. can
help to warm a Passive House.
(1)
37 If a ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. is not used, the air in a Passive House is not as
fresh as it could be.
(1)
38 In the UK the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................ is growing rapidly.
(1)
39 When experiencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................................... , it is not necessary to keep
adjusting the temperature in a Passive House.
(1)
40 Once a Passive House has been built, ............................................................................................. of the
property is not expensive.
(1)

(Total for Questions 31–40 = 10 marks)

Questions 41–45
Complete this summary of the text using words from the box below. Each word may
be used once or not used at all.

Passive houses are a response to the need for environmentally-friendly living.

According to Sam Black, the (41) ............................................................................................. of these houses

is that they arrive ready to be put together and this does not take long. If built

correctly, the (42) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................ is a very energy-efficient home

in which to live. The houses are designed to keep the internal

(43) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... constant and the air fresh, regardless of the

season.

Sam Black believes these houses offer (44) .............................................................................................

potential for the future. The way in which they are designed means

(45) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... save money for years to come.

companies   real   temperature   outcome   occupants
heating   finish   risk    limited   beauty

(Total for Questions 41–45 = 5 marks)

(Total for Part 3 = 20 marks)

TOTAL FOR READING = 45 MARKS

 WRITING
Part 4
Together with a classmate, you are doing a project on a famous person. You receive this
email from your classmate.

We need to get started on our project, ‘A Famous Person’, as it has to

be handed in next month.
Do you have any suggestions on who we should choose? Don’t forget that
we have to cover three main areas of his or her life.
We will need to get organised, so tell me which areas you want me to do.
I think we should get together to work on it. Any suggestions? I’m free all
of next week.

Thanks

Andy

Reply to this email, answering all the points raised.

You should write between 75 and 100 words.

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................
(Total 10 marks)
 Part 5

The principal of your school wants to make changes to the school canteen and she has asked
everyone for suggestions. Write a letter to the principal with your ideas. In your letter you
should:

• state why the canteen needs changing

• suggest one change that could be made to the food
• suggest one change that could be made to the dining area.

You should write between 100 and 150 words.

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

36879A_paper_IGCSE_English_2nd_L10 10 25/11/2009 09:37:20

 ......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

(Total 20 marks)

36879A_paper_IGCSE_English_2nd_L11 11 25/11/2009 09:37:20

 Part 6
You are doing a project on travel. Read the text below and write a summary for your
teacher.

Travelling with a Tour Group

Once you’ve chosen your travel destination, you’ll need to decide whether you want
to journey independently or with a tour group. Some travellers always choose tour
groups, whilst others prefer to plan their own trips. Here are some advantages to
travelling with a tour group.
• Convenience
When you take a tour, someone else handles all the details. You choose a pre-set
itinerary, pay the tour group operator and sit back while the professionals deal
with airlines, bus drivers, local guides and hotel managers. All you need to do is
arrive at your departure point on time, suitcase in hand.
• Cost
Large tour operators capitalise on economies of scale. They have buying power
with airlines, hotels and other transport companies. Some of those savings are
passed on to you. When you combine these savings with discounts or travel
memberships, you may discover that you’ll pay the same for an independently-
purchased airfare alone as you will for a tour. This latter might include not only
airfare but also hotels, meals and guides.
• Worry-free Travel
Some travellers like the challenge of solving problems themselves. Language
barriers and transport strikes are part of the experience for them. If you’d rather
worry about what to wear to dinner than where to eat, a group tour can provide
a stress-free travel experience. Your tour operator and guide are there to worry
about dealing with difficulties. Problems are rare on group tours because
your tour operator has devised the itinerary in advance – and has most likely
conducted this tour many times before.
• Unusual or Overcrowded Destinations
If you want to visit Antarctica, you probably have to go with a tour group.
Fortunately, you can find tour groups going to Antarctica, Nepal and many other
exotic places. Tour operators can set up trips to just about anywhere, particularly
places most individuals can’t reach on their own.

Popular sights, such as the Vatican Museum in Rome, are so crowded during peak
months that many would-be visitors are turned away after spending hours in a
queue. Guided tour groups have their own Vatican Museum access times and
even enter through a different door. If standing in a queue is difficult for you
or if you have limited time available to visit your ‘must-see’ attractions, you can
maximise your sightseeing time by travelling with a tour group.
 • Tour Guides
If you’re visiting a place for the first time, you’ll especially enjoy taking a group
tour with a knowledgeable guide. Well-informed, organised guides add value to
your tour experience. Your guide is likely to know the best photo opportunities
and can tell you how to walk around Venice when the streets are flooded. You’ll
always know where you’re going, and you won’t have to worry about outdated
maps and broken ticket machines.
• Learning Experiences
Tour groups offer many ways to discover other cultures, learn new skills and study
the subjects you’ve always wanted to know about. Tour operators understand
travellers’ preferences and continue to add to itineraries and programmes.

In your summary you must give:

• two benefits of tour groups in terms of convenience and cost
• one way being in a tour group can help at busy places
• two ways in which tour guides can be useful.
You must write between 100 and 150 words only. You must use your own words where
possible.
(25)

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Part 6 = 25 marks)

TOTAL FOR WRITING = 55 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 100 MARKS