Republic of the Philippines

ZAMBOANGA STATE COLLEGE OF MARINE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

Fort Pilar, Zamboanga City
Tel No: (062) 991-0643 Telefax (062) 991-0777 ZSCMST – CME – 3.2-6
website: http/www.zscmst.edu.ph ADOPTED Date: 5-2011
Revision Status: 2
Revision Date: 2-2022
COLLEGE OF MARITIME EDUCATION

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MARINE TRANSPORTATION

COURSE SYLLABUS
IN
NAV - 4
Celestial Navigation
PREPARED BY: VALIDATED BY:
Committee on Curriculum Review
Attested by: DR. CONSORCIA P. ABILA
Director, Quality Assurance Office
PROF. LORENA G. TAN____________
Head, Curriculum Development Office
Recommending
Approval by:
C/E CHRISTALYN DR. CHIONG
CAPT. EDMUNDO P. Dean, College of Maritime Education
LAURENTE
Faculty CAPT. EDMUNDO P. LAURENTE____
Approved by:
BS Marine Transportation Program JAIME G. JALON, Ph.D.
Chair College President
Date: June 2023 Date: June 2023 Date: June 2023

Page 1 of 38
 COLLEGE OF MARITIME EDUCATION

VISION: A world-class institution for higher learning, research, development and innovation in fisheries, marine sciences, maritime education, and technology
by 2024.
MISSION: Provide quality education and relevant research and extension to produce globally competitive human capital for fisheries and marine-based
industries.
CORE VALUES: Commitment Attitude Relationship Excellence
INSTITUTIONAL OUTCOMES:
Graduates who are conscious of their professional responsibility and of their vocational and technological competence for global competitiveness.

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES:

The Bachelor of Science in Marine Transportation (BSMT) program aims to:
a) Provide and equip students with knowledge, understanding, proficiencies, skills, competences, attitudes and values to qualify and prepare them for assessment and
certification as officer-in-Charge of a Navigational Watch (OICNW) a seagoing ship of 500 gross tonnage or more; and
b) Produce graduates who are qualified to pursue a professional career or advanced studies in a related maritime field of specialization.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES:
The graduates of the BSMT program shall have acquired the knowledge and competencies necessary to perform the following:
1) Engage in lifelong learning and understanding of the need to keep abreast of the developments in maritime practice;
2) Work independently and in multidisciplinary and multicultural things
3) Act in recognition and practice of professional, social, and ethical accountability and responsibility;
4) Preserve and promote “Filipino Historical and Cultural Heritage”
5) Apply knowledge in mathematics, sciences and technology in solving problems related to the profession and the workplace.
6) Evaluate the impact and implications of various contemporary issues in the global and social context of the profession.
7) Use appropriate techniques, skills and modern tools in the practice of the profession in order to remain globally competitive.
8) Contribute to the existing body of knowledge through research or other forms of creative discourse and innovative works.
9) Demonstrate the competence to perform the functions pertaining to navigation, cargo handling and stowage, controlling the operation of the ship and care for
persons on board under Table A-II/1 and acquire some knowledge and understanding under Table A-ll/2 of the STCW Code that are covered by this program
under Annex Al.
10) Demonstrate the competence to perform the functions pertaining to marine engineering, electrical, electronic and control engineering, maintenance and repair
and controlling the operation of the ship and care for persons on board under Table A-III/1, and acquire some knowledge and understanding under Table A-III/2
of the STCW Code that are covered by this program under Annex A2.
11) Demonstrate service orientation in one's profession
12) Demonstrate ability to engage in various types of employment, development activities, and public discourses, particularly in response to the needs of the
community one serves*
13) Demonstrate support "national, regional and local development plans" of the country through participation in the generation of new knowledge or in research
and development projects, especially those from state universities and colleges*

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 REVISION HISTORY

NO. DATE REVISION

1 October 30, 2013 First year Course Specification, Syllabi, Instructor’s Guide in BSMT and BSMAR E

2 May 5, 2014 Second year Course Specification, Syllabi, Instructor’s Guide in BSMT and BSMAR E

3 July 14, 2014 Third year Course Specification, Syllabi, Instructor’s Guide in BSMT and BSMAR E

First, Second-, and Third-year Course Specification, Syllabi, Instructor’s Guide in BSMT and BSMAR
December 4, 2014
4 E

First, Second-, and Third-year Course Specification, Syllabi, Instructor’s Guide in BSMT and BSMAR
5 May 28, 2015
E

6 Dec 2017 From CMO 20 s 2015 to CMO 67 s 2017

7 JUNE 2020 From CMO 20 s 2015 to CMO 67 s 2017 AND PAMI GUIDE

8 February, 2022 2nd Semester Revised based on CMO 67 Series of 2017

9 June 2023 JCMMC 01, 2023

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 Part A: Course Specification
Course Code : NAV 4
Course
: Celestial Navigation
Descriptive Title
Prerequisite : NAV 3 Corequisite : None
Year Level : Second Year Semester offered : Second Semester
: Theoretical Contact Hours Per Demonstration/Practical
Course Credits 3 units : 2 hours : 3 hours
Week Work Hours per Week
STCW Table Function Competence Knowledge, Understanding and Proficiency
Celestial navigation

KUP1. Ability to use celestial bodies to determine the ships

position
C.I. Plan and conduct a
STCW Reference PI. Navigation at the
A-II/1 passage and determine Compass - magnetic and gyro
operational level
position
KUP7: ability to determine errors of the magnetic and
gyro-compasses, celestial means, and to allow to such
errors

A-II/1
Fl. C01. Use the celestial method of fixing the ship's position under prevailing circumstances and conditions.
Course C1. KUP1
Outcome(s) A-II/1
CO2. Determine compass errors and apply corrections to obtain the correct course and bearing derived from celestial
Fl.
Observations.
C1. KUP7

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 Part B: Course Outline and Timetable
Time Allotment (in hours)
Term Week Topic Demonstration/Practical
Theoretical
Work
1. Celestial Bodies Identification:
1.1 recognize and identify key celestial bodies used in
1 2 3
navigation, including the sun, moon, planets, stars, and
specific navigational stars.
2. Time Diagram:
2.1 understand the Celestial Navigation Time Diagram and its
2 role in determining the positions of celestial bodies for 2 3
navigation purposes.
3. Part of the Marine Sextant:
3.1 Explain the purpose and components of a marine sextant.
3 2 3
Midterm 3.2 Demonstrate the proper handling and use of a sextant.
3.3 Understand the principles behind sextant measurements.
4. Navigating the Celestial Math: A Guide to Celestial
Navigation Calculations:
4 4.1 Understand and apply the mathematical calculations 2 3
involved in celestial navigation, including the use of nautical
almanacs, sight reduction tables, and relevant tools.
5. Timekeeping at Sea and GMT Conversion:
5.1 understand the importance of accurate timekeeping at
5 sea. 2 3
5.2 Calculate GMT to local time and account for time zone
differences during navigation.
6. Celestial Navigation Techniques:
6.1 Acquire techniques for determining a vessel's
6 position using celestial sights, including celestial navigation 2 3
plotting, dead reckoning, and the concept of lines of
position.
7 7. Navigational Conditions for Celestial Observation: Rising and 2 3
Setting:
7.1 understand the navigational conditions necessary for
performing celestial observations, with a focus on rising
Page 5 of 38
 and setting.
Final 7.2 identify and utilize rising and setting celestial bodies in
celestial navigation.
8. Celestial Navigation and Ship Position Calculation:
8 8.1 Understand the basics of celestial navigation, And 2 3
Learn how to use celestial bodies to calculate a ship's position.
9 MIDTERM EXAMINATION 2 3
9. Navigational astronomy:
9.1 understand of Navigational Astronomy, focusing on the
10 2 3
universe, apparent motion of celestial bodies, and
coordinate systems.
10. Introduction to Compass Errors:
11 10.1 understand the concept of compass errors and be 2 3
able to identify and correct them in navigation
11. Deviation Table:
12 11. Construct and interpret compass deviation tables for a 2 3
specific vessel, ensuring accurate navigation.
12. Celestial Observations and Compass Errors:
12.1 understand how celestial bodies (sun, moon, stars) and
13 local attractions can influence compass readings, leading to 2 3
errors in navigation. They will also learn about the concept of
local attraction and its significance.
13. Celestial Navigation and Gyro/Compass Errors:
13.1 calculate compass errors using celestial navigation
14 - 15 4 6
references, including the azimuth of the sun, azimuth of
Polaris, and amplitude of the sun on the visible horizon
14. Celestial Navigation and Compass Error Calculation:
16 - 17 14.1 calculate compass error using celestial bodies, including 4 6
the sun and stars, as references.
18 FINAL EXAMINATION 2 3
Sub-total (Contact Hours) 36 54
Total Contact Hours 90

Document Name : Part C.

Detailed Teaching Syllabus
ZAMBOANGA STATE COLLEGE OF MARINE SCIENCES COLLEGE OF MARITIME EDUCATION Document No. : 1

Page 6 of 38
 AND TECHNOLOGY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MARINE
TRANSPORTATION CONTROLLED

PART C: DETAILED TEACHING SYLLABUS

Course Code / Descriptive Title : NAV 4 / Celestial Navigation
STCW' Competence : A-II/1 F1.C1: Plan and conduct a passage and determine position
Credit Units: 4 units Lecture Hour(s): 3 hours Laboratory Hour(s): 3 hours Pre-requisite(s): NAV 1
Course Description:
"Delve into the celestial realm with our Celestial Navigation course, meticulously crafted in alignment with the Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping
(STCW) conventions set by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). This comprehensive program guides students through the intricacies of celestial navigation,
imparting essential skills for navigating the open seas using celestial bodies. Students will gain proficiency in celestial observation techniques, celestial calculations, and
celestial navigation instruments, ensuring compliance with international maritime standards."
Course Outcomes:
At the end the course, students should be able to:
C01. Use the celestial method of fixing the ship's position under prevailing circumstances and conditions.
CO2. Determine compass errors and apply corrections to obtain the correct course and bearing derived from celestial observations.

Prepared By: Reviewed/Validated By:

DR. CONSORCIA P. ABILA
Committee on Curriculum Review Attested by:
Director, Quality Assurance Office

Recommending Approval
PROF. LORENA G. TAN by: C/E CHRISTALYN DR. CHIONG
Capt. Edmundo P. Laurente Head, Curriculum Development Office Dean, College of Maritime Education
Faculty

CAPT. EDMUNDO P. LAURENTE Approved by: JAIME G. JALON, Ph.D.

BS Marine Transportation Program Chair College President

I. Course Information
Document Part 1: Detailed Teaching Syllabus
Page 7 of 38
 Course Code NAV 4
Course Descriptive Title Celestial Navigation
4 units LECTURE 3 hours LABORATORY 3 hours
CONTACT CONTACT
Course Credit & Hours HOURS PER
WEEK HOURS PER WEEK

Description and Coverage Our Terrestrial and Coastal Navigation 2 is meticulously crafted in accordance with the Standards of Training, Certification, and
Watchkeeping (STCW) conventions. This comprehensive program is tailored for maritime professionals and sailing enthusiasts,
providing a solid foundation in navigating both terrestrial and coastal waters. Students will gain essential skills aligned with
international standards to meet the stringent requirements set by the STCW.
Coverage:
1. Celestial Bodies Identification:
1.1 recognize and identify key celestial bodies used in navigation, including the sun, moon, planets, stars, and
specific navigational stars.
2. Time Diagram:
2.1 understand the Celestial Navigation Time Diagram and its role in determining the positions of celestial
bodies for navigation purposes.
3. Part of the Marine Sextant:
3.1 Explain the purpose and components of a marine sextant.
3.2 Demonstrate the proper handling and use of a sextant.
3.3 Understand the principles behind sextant measurements.
4. Navigating the Celestial Math: A Guide to Celestial Navigation Calculations:
4.1 Understand and apply the mathematical calculations involved in celestial navigation, including the use of
nautical almanacs, sight reduction tables, and relevant tools.
5. Timekeeping at Sea and GMT Conversion:
5.1 understand the importance of accurate timekeeping at sea.
5.2 Calculate GMT to local time and account for time zone differences during navigation
6. Celestial Navigation Techniques:
6.1 Acquire techniques for determining a vessel's position using celestial sights, including celestial navigation
plotting, dead reckoning, and the concept of lines of position.
7. Navigational Conditions for Celestial Observation: Rising and Setting:
7.1 understand the navigational conditions necessary for performing celestial observations, with a focus on
rising and setting.
7.2 identify and utilize rising and setting celestial bodies in celestial navigation.
8. Celestial Navigation and Ship Position Calculation:
8.1 Understand the basics of celestial navigation, and learn how to use celestial bodies to calculate a ship's

Page 8 of 38
 position.
9. Parallel Sailing:
9.1 understand and apply parallel sailing calculations in navigation.
10. Introduction to Compass Errors:
10.1 understand the concept of compass errors and be able to identify and correct them in navigation.
11. Deviation Table:
11.1 Construct and interpret compass deviation tables for a specific vessel, ensuring accurate navigation.
12. Celestial Observations and Compass Errors:
12.1 understand how celestial bodies (sun, moon, stars) and local attractions can influence compass readings,
leading to errors in navigation. They will also learn about the concept of local attraction and its significance.
13. Celestial Navigation and Gyro/Compass Errors:
13.1 calculate compass errors using celestial navigation references, including the azimuth of the sun, azimuth
of Polaris, and amplitude of the sun on the visible horizon.
14. Celestial Navigation and Compass Error Calculation:
14.1 calculate compass error using celestial bodies, including the sun and stars, as references.

Program Outcomes Addressed The Bachelor of Science in Marine Transportation (BSMT) program aims to:
a) demonstrate a high level of proficiency in employing the celestial method to determine and fix the ship's position
accurately, showcasing mastery in celestial navigation techniques.
b) develop the ability to adapt the celestial navigation process to different environmental circumstances and conditions,
showcasing flexibility and resourcefulness in real-world scenarios.
c) understand and adhere to the Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping (STCW) conventions, fostering a
commitment to maritime regulations and safety standards.
d) empower learners to make informed decisions based on celestial observations, enhancing their ability to navigate
safely and efficiently, even in challenging or dynamic conditions.
e) develop heightened situational awareness through the celestial navigation process, promoting a thorough
understanding of the vessel's position relative to celestial bodies and other navigational elements.
f) emphasize the identification and mitigation of risks associated with celestial navigation, equipping participants with
the knowledge and skills to address potential challenges proactively.
g) gain confidence in using the celestial method, instilling a sense of self-assurance in navigating without sole reliance on
electronic aids and contributing to overall navigational competence.
h) develop a mindset of continuous improvement, seeking opportunities to refine and advance their celestial navigation
skills beyond the program's duration, aligning with the ethos of lifelong learning in maritime professions.
i) encourage collaboration among students, fostering teamwork in applying celestial navigation techniques and sharing
insights to enhance collective learning.
STCW Competence

Page 9 of 38
 A-II/1 F1.C1: Plan and conduct a passage and determine position

KUP: A-II/1. F1. C1. KUP2. Ability to determine the ship's position by use of:
.1 landmarks
STCW KUP
.2 aids to navigation, including lighthouses, beacons, and buoys
.3 dead reckoning, taking into account winds, tides, currents, and estimated speed.
CO1: Use information obtained from the relevant corrected nautical charts and publications in planning and conducting
Course Outcomes
navigation.
References 1. Table A-II/1 Function 1: Navigation at Operational level
2. CMO No. 67 series of 2017: Revised PSG for BS Marine Transportation and BS Marine Engineering Programs
Instructional Materials Handouts  Computer and Projector
 Whiteboard or Chalkboard
 Printed Materials
 Video Clips
 Simulators
 Online Learning Platforms
 Power Point Presentation
 Nautical charts (paper or electronic)
 Compasses
 Rulers
 Sextants
 Nautical almanac
 Scientific calculator
 Sigh Reduction tables

Videos Online Learning Platforms

Facility & Equipment CMO 67, S. 2017, Section 13.2
Teaching and Learning Activities
Assessment 100% of all outcome assessment
Course Outcome (summative) via authentic assessment
Formative as appropriate
Resit Failure in formative assessment: no resit.
Failure in summative: 2 resit allowed, 1 with remediation & 1 without remediation
Failing the resit means failing the course
Grading CMO No. 2023 stipulates how a student maybe rated. Thus, the College of Maritime
Education adopted the following grading scheme course with Lecture & Laboratory:

Page 10 of 38
 A. Theoretical grade (for courses with no laboratory) Formative assessment (weight value of the grade is 40%)
 short examination or exercises/activities
 Oral examinations
 Research works
 Outputs such as project, portfolio
Summative assessment (weight value of the grade is 60%)
 Major examination of course outcome
 Technical Report
 Other outputs /outcomes
B. Laboratory grade (for courses with no lecture component) Formative assessment (40%)
 Exercises / drills
 Scientific or Technical Experiments
Summative assessment (60%)
 Practical Test for demonstration of competence
 Projects
C. Combined theoretical and laboratory grades (for courses with lecture and laboratory components)
Lecture grade Formative assessment (40%)
 Short examination or exercises/ activities
 Oral examinations
 Research works
 Outputs such as project, portfolio, and others
Summative assessment (60%)
 Major examination of course outcome
 Technical Report
 Other outputs / outcomes
Laboratory grade
Formative assessment (40%)
 Exercises / drills
 Scientific or Technical Experiments
Summative assessment (60%)
 Practical Test for demonstration of competence Projects
Assignments and Deadlines Students may be given advance reading and/or assignment, i.e. class will start with formative assessment either via quizzes
or recitation. Deadline of assignment submission will be announced as appropriate.
Paper Submission specifications Essay must be submitted in A4 size bond paper. Font Calibri 12 Double space
Semester offered 2nd Semester
Instructor Name Capt. Alvin Selisana

Page 11 of 38
 Instructor Office CME Building
Instructor's Availability for
Consultation
CP 09350938122
Contact Information Phone / Email
[email protected]
Class Schedule
Class Venue CME Building
Ground Rules -No cellphone
-If you wish to speak, raise your hand to be recognized
-Once students are seated, no exchange of seat
-Students who intend to go to the head will silently egress and ingress
-Calculator may or may not be allowed
Attendance Policy -Absences equivalent to 20% of contact hours will automatically drop the student from the course
-Classroom door will be lock 15 minutes after class starts, late students after academic quarter will be considered absent
Holiday Policy Any class schedule that was cancelled due to holiday or similar circumstances means that the class calendar will be
automatically extended to replace loss time, unless all (100%) students have already attained the outcomes.
Class Participation -Students are expected to be ready when attending the class, learners are randomly called to Recite or solve problems .
-Ask any question within the domain
-Students may answer questions using any formula or procedures that to get at a correct answer
Prepared By: Reviewed/Validated By:

Committee on Curriculum Review Attested by: DR. CONSORCIA P. ABILA

Director, Quality Assurance Office
Capt. Edmundo P. Laurente
Faculty PROF. LORENA G. TAN Recommending Approval
Head, Curriculum Development Office by: C/E CHRISTALYN DR. CHIONG
Dean, College of Maritime Education

CAPT. EDMUNDO P. LAURENTE

BS Marine Transportation Program Chair Approved by: JAIME G. JALON, Ph.D.
College President

II. TEACHING AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Equipment, materials Indicative
Learning Outcomes Topic Teaching-Learning Activity (TLA) Assessment
and references Hrs.
Page 12 of 38
 Competence/s:
A-II/1 F1.C1: Plan and conduct a passage and determine position

Performance Assessment:
"Applies the celestial method for determining the
C01: Use the celestial method of fixing the ship's position under prevailing circumstances and ship's position under current environmental
conditions. conditions, demonstrating a proficient
understanding of celestial navigation principles and
the ability to adapt to prevailing circumstances with
precision."
KUP:
A-II/1. F1.C1 KUP1. Ability to use celestial bodies to determine the ships position.

At the end of this TA: Equipment and Written Assessments: Lec.

learning outcomes, Topic 1 Introduction: Materials:  Prepare a quiz with 2 hrs.
students should be able  Begin by discussing the importance of  Computer and images or
to… celestial navigation in historical and modern Projector descriptions of Lab.
LO 1: Celestial Bodies maritime exploration. Highlight how sailors  Whiteboard or celestial bodies. Ask 3 hrs.
recognize and identify key Identification and navigators have used celestial bodies for Chalkboard students to identify
celestial bodies used in centuries to determine their position at sea.  Printed Materials and label them
navigation, including the The Sun and Moon:  Video Clips correctly. Include
sun, moon, planets, stars,  Explain the apparent motion of the sun and  Simulators questions about
and specific navigational moon across the sky.  Online Learning specific navigational
stars.  Teach how to use the sun for navigation Platforms stars and their
during the day and the moon at night.  Power Point significance.
 Discuss the concept of solar and lunar angles Presentation  Pose questions that
for determining latitude.  Nautical charts (paper require students to
The Planets: or electronic) explain concepts
 Introduce the concept of planets as  Compasses related to celestial
wandering stars.  Rulers navigation, such as
 Discuss the visibility and identification of key  Sextants how the position of
planets, such as Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and  Nautical almanac the sun or stars can
Saturn. be used to
 Explore how planets can be used as reference References and determine direction
points in navigation. Textbooks: and latitude.
Stars and Navigational Stars:  "Celestial Navigation:
 Introduce the basics of star navigation. A Complete Home Research and
Page 13 of 38
  Teach students to identify constellations and Presentation:
individual stars.  Assign students a
 Highlight specific navigational stars like historical maritime
Polaris (North Star) and others relevant to journey and ask
your location. them to research
 Explain how to use the altitude of these stars how celestial
for navigation. navigation played a
crucial role in the
LA: Study Course" by success of the
Practical Observation: David Burch: voyage. They can
 If possible, take students outdoors for a  "Celestial Navigation present their
practical observation session. in the GPS Age" by findings to the
 Use telescopes or binoculars to observe John Karl: class.
celestial bodies and discuss their  "The Nautical  Modern Navigation
characteristics. Almanac" (Annual Tools: Have
 Demonstrate the use of a sextant and other Publication): students research
tools for measuring angles. and present on
Homework/Assignment: modern tools and
 Assign students to research and present a technologies used
short report on a historical maritime journey in celestial
that heavily relied on celestial navigation. navigation. Discuss
how traditional
methods have
evolved.

LO7.1 TOPIC 2 TA: Equipment and Written Assessment: Lec.

understand the Celestial Introduction Materials:  Create a written 2 hrs.
Navigation Time Diagram Time Diagram  Begin by briefly discussing the importance of  Computer and exam with
and its role in celestial navigation in historical and modern Projector questions that Lab.
determining the positions navigation.  Whiteboard or require students to 3 hrs.
of celestial bodies for  Explain that celestial navigation relies on the Chalkboard explain the
navigation purposes. observation of celestial bodies like the sun,  Printed Materials components of the
moon, and stars to determine one's location.  Video Clips Celestial Navigation
Background Knowledge: Time Diagram, its
 Simulators
 Introduce the celestial sphere, emphasizing significance, and
 Online Learning
key components such as the celestial how it is used in

Page 14 of 38
 equator, celestial poles, and the ecliptic. Platforms navigation.
 Discuss how the Earth's rotation influences  Power Point  Include problems
the apparent motion of celestial bodies Presentation that ask students to
across the celestial sphere.  Nautical charts (paper interpret Time
Understanding the Celestial Navigation Time or electronic) Diagrams and
Diagram:  Compasses determine the
 Present the Celestial Navigation Time position of celestial
 Rulers
Diagram as a tool to visualize the changing bodies at specific
 Celestial sphere
positions of celestial bodies over a 24-hour times.
diagram
period.
 Celestial navigation
 Use visual aids or a whiteboard to draw and Practical Exercises:
chart
explain the Time Diagram, highlighting the  Conduct practical
positions of celestial bodies at different times observations where
References and
of the day. students use a
Textbooks:
Reading and Interpreting the Time Diagram: protractor and
 "Celestial Navigation:
 Provide a sample celestial navigation chart compass to
A Complete Home
and guide students on how to interpret the measure angles on
Time Diagram on it. Study Course" by a provided Celestial
 Demonstrate how to use a protractor and David Burch: Navigation Time
compass to measure angles on the Time  "Celestial Navigation Diagram.
Diagram. in the GPS Age" by  Evaluate their
 Allow students to practice reading and John Karl: accuracy in
interpreting the Time Diagram with guided  "The American determining
exercises. Practical Navigator" celestial body
(Bowditch): positions and
LA: understanding the
Application and Group Activity: relationship
 Divide the class into small groups and provide between time and
each group with a set of celestial celestial navigation.
observations and a celestial navigation chart.
 Instruct each group to use the Time Diagram
to determine the celestial body's position at
specific observation times.
 Encourage collaboration and discussion
within groups.
Discussion and Review:

Page 15 of 38
  Facilitate a class discussion where groups
share their findings and reasoning.
 Clarify any misconceptions and reinforce key
concepts related to the Celestial Navigation
Time Diagram.
Homework/Extension:
 Assign homework tasks that involve
additional celestial navigation problems
requiring the use of the Time Diagram.
Encourage students to explore online
resources or books for further enrichment in
celestial navigation.

LO3.1 TOPIC 3 TA: Equipment and Written Assessment: Lec.

-Explain the purpose and Introduction to the Sextant: Materials:  Design short- 2 hrs.
components of a marine Part of the Marine  Briefly explain the historical significance of  Computer and answer or multiple-
sextant. Sextant the sextant in navigation. Projector choice questions to Lab.
 Discuss the purpose of the sextant in celestial  Whiteboard or assess theoretical 3 hrs.
-Demonstrate the proper navigation. Chalkboard knowledge about
handling and use of a Components of a Sextant:  Printed Materials the components,
sextant.  Present and describe the main components  Video Clips usage, and
of a marine sextant, including the frame,  Simulators principles of the
-Understand the index arm, telescope, mirrors (index and  Online Learning marine sextant.
principles behind sextant horizon), micrometer drum, and shades. Platforms
measurements. Sextant Handling and Care:  Power Point Practical
 Demonstrate the correct way to hold and Presentation Demonstration:
-Identify common errors handle a sextant to avoid errors.  Nautical charts (paper  Ask students to
and corrections  Emphasize the importance of proper or electronic) demonstrate their
associated with sextant maintenance and care to ensure accurate  Compasses ability to handle the
readings. readings.  Rulers sextant correctly.
Principles of Sextant Measurements:  Sextants Assess their
 Explain the fundamental principles behind  Nautical almanac proficiency in taking
sextant measurements, focusing on the angle simulated celestial
of altitude and the relationship between References and sights and recording
celestial bodies and the horizon. Textbooks: sextant
 Discuss the concept of the sextant's arc and  "Celestial Navigation: measurements

Page 16 of 38
 how it corresponds to degrees. A Complete Home accurately.
Sextant Readings and Measurements: Study Course" by
 Provide hands-on practice with sextants, David Burch:
allowing students to take simulated celestial  "Celestial Navigation
sights. in the GPS Age" by
 Guide students through the process of John Karl:
reading and recording sextant  "The American
measurements. Practical Navigator"
Common Errors and Corrections: (Bowditch):
 Discuss common errors associated with
sextant readings, including index error, dip
error, and parallax.
 Explain methods for correcting these errors
to obtain accurate measurements.

LA:
Application Exercise:
 Engage students in a practical exercise using
nautical charts and celestial observations to
determine a position using the sextant.
 Encourage collaboration and problem-
solving.
Q&A and Discussion:
 Allow time for questions and open discussion.
 Clarify any misconceptions and reinforce key
concepts.

LO4.1 TOPIC 4 TA: Equipment and Written Assessment: Lec.

Understand and apply the Introduction: Materials:  Problem-Solving 2 hrs.
mathematical calculations Navigating the  Begin with a brief review of the importance  Computer and Questions: Present
involved in celestial Celestial Math: A of celestial navigation and how it has been Projector written problems Lab.
navigation, including the Guide to Celestial historically used in maritime exploration.  Whiteboard or that require 3 hrs.
use of nautical almanacs, Navigation Emphasize the need for precise mathematical Chalkboard students to apply
sight reduction tables, Calculations calculations to determine accurate positions  Printed Materials mathematical
and relevant tools. at sea.  Video Clips concepts learned in
Nautical Almanac and Sight Reduction Tables: class. This can

Page 17 of 38
 Nautical Almanac:  Simulators include calculating
 Provide an overview of the nautical almanac  Online Learning altitude corrections,
and its components. Platforms determining
 Teach students how to find daily values for  Power Point latitude and
celestial bodies, including declination and Presentation longitude, and
GHA.  Nautical charts (paper interpreting
Sight Reduction Tables: celestial
or electronic)
 Explain the purpose of sight reduction tables coordinates.
 Compasses
in converting celestial observations into  Explanatory Essays:
navigational data.  Rulers Ask students to
 Demonstrate how to use sight reduction  Sextants write essays
tables to find altitude corrections.  Nautical almanac explaining the step-
Celestial Navigation Calculations:  Sigh Reduction tables by-step process of a
Altitude Corrections: celestial navigation
 Teach students how to calculate altitude calculation. This
References and
corrections using observed and calculated helps assess their
Textbooks:
altitudes. ability to articulate
 "Celestial Navigation:
 Provide examples and conduct practice their understanding
A Complete Home
exercises. of the mathematical
Calculating Latitude and Longitude: Study Course" by principles involved.
 Explain the process of calculating latitude and David Burch:
longitude using observed celestial bodies.  "Celestial Navigation Practical Exercises:
 Discuss the use of intercept method and how in the GPS Age" by  Sight Reduction
to correct for dip and refraction. John Karl: Problems: Provide
Time and Navigation: "The American students with
 Introduce the concept of time in celestial Practical Navigator" observed celestial
navigation. (Bowditch): sights and ask them
 Discuss how to determine the time of the to perform sight
observation and its importance in reductions using
calculations. nautical almanacs
and sight reduction
LA: tables. Evaluate the
Practical Application and Exercises: accuracy of their
 Distribute sample celestial sights for practice. calculated
 Guide students through the step-by-step positions.
process of performing sight reductions.  Time and Longitude

Page 18 of 38
  Encourage collaborative problem-solving and Calculations: Pose
peer assistance. scenarios where
Homework/Assignment: students need to
 Assign celestial navigation problems for determine the time
students to solve independently, using the of observation and
skills learned in class. calculate longitude
based on celestial
observations.
Assess their ability
to apply time-
related calculations.

LO5.1 TOPIC 5 TA: Equipment and Written Assessments: Lec.

-understand the Introduction: Materials:  Explanatory Essays: 2 hrs.
importance of accurate Timekeeping at Sea  Begin with a discussion on the importance of  Computer and Ask students to
timekeeping at sea. and GMT Conversion timekeeping at sea. Emphasize how accurate Projector write essays Lab.
timekeeping is crucial for celestial navigation  Whiteboard or explaining the 3 hrs.
- Calculate GMT to local and coordination with global navigation Chalkboard concept of GMT,
time and account for time systems.  Printed Materials the importance of
zone differences during Introduction to GMT:  Video Clips accurate
navigation.  Definition of GMT: timekeeping at sea,
 Simulators
 Define Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) as and the process of
 Online Learning
the time at the Prime Meridian (0° converting GMT to
longitude) in Greenwich, London. Platforms local time.
 Historical Significance:  Power Point Encourage them to
 Discuss the historical development of Presentation discuss how time
GMT and its adoption as the standard for  Nautical charts (paper zones affect
navigation. or electronic) navigation.
 GMT as the Reference Time:  Compasses  Problem-Solving
 Explain how GMT serves as a reference  Rulers Scenarios: Provide
for celestial navigation calculations.  Sextants written scenarios
Time Zones and Local Time:  Nautical almanac involving navigation
 Understanding Time Zones:  Sigh Reduction tables across different
 Introduce the concept of time zones and time zones. Ask
their relation to longitude. students to explain
 Use a world map or globe to illustrate the References and how they would

Page 19 of 38
 division of time zones. Textbooks: adjust their
 Local Time Conversion:  "Celestial Navigation: timekeeping and
 Teach students how to convert GMT to A Complete Home calculations in these
local time using their longitude. Study Course" by situations.
 Discuss the 15-degree longitudinal David Burch:
difference corresponding to a one-hour  "Celestial Navigation Practical Exercises:
time difference. in the GPS Age" by  GMT to Local Time
 Daylight Saving Time (DST): Calculations: Create
John Karl:
 Explain how some regions observe worksheets or
 "The American
Daylight Saving Time and the impact on exercises where
Practical Navigator"
local time. students practice
(Bowditch):
converting GMT to
LA: local time based on
Practical Exercises: their longitude.
 Converting GMT to Local Time: Include scenarios
 Provide examples of GMT and ask with different
students to convert them to local time longitudinal
based on their longitude. positions.
 Time Zone Differences: 
 Assign scenarios involving navigation  Real-world
across multiple time zones. Ask students Timekeeping: Ask
to calculate the time difference and students to
adjust their calculations accordingly. research and
 Clock and Celestial Navigation Tools: present examples of
 Demonstrate how to set a clock or watch real-world
to GMT and use it in conjunction with situations where
celestial navigation tools. accurate
timekeeping was
crucial for
navigation, such as
TA: historical maritime
Celestial Navigation Integration: events or modern
 Role of Time in Celestial Navigation: navigation
 Discuss how accurate timekeeping is challenges.
essential for celestial navigation
calculations, including determining

Page 20 of 38
 latitude and longitude.

LA:
Practical Application:
 Provide a celestial navigation scenario and
guide students through the process,
emphasizing the role of time in each step.

LO6.1 TOPIC 6 TA: Equipment and Practical Celestial Lec.

Acquire techniques for Introduction: Materials: Navigation Exercise: 2 hrs.
determining a vessel's Celestial Navigation  Begin with a brief overview of the importance  Computer and  Objective: Evaluate
position using celestial Techniques of celestial navigation in maritime history and Projector students' ability to Lab.
sights, including celestial its relevance in modern navigation.  Whiteboard or apply celestial 3 hrs.
navigation plotting, dead Emphasize how celestial sights are used to Chalkboard navigation
reckoning, and the establish a vessel's position at sea.  Printed Materials techniques in a
concept of lines of Celestial Navigation Basics:  Video Clips practical scenario.
position  Overview of Celestial Navigation:  Description: Provide
 Simulators
 Introduce the basic concepts of celestial students with a set
 Online Learning
navigation, emphasizing the use of of celestial sights,
celestial bodies (sun, moon, stars, and Platforms and ask them to use
planets) for position determination.  Power Point a celestial chart to
 Sextant Use: Presentation plot lines of
 Demonstrate how to use a sextant for  Nautical charts (paper position. Have them
measuring the altitude of celestial bodies. or electronic) determine their
 Sight Reduction:  Compasses vessel's position
 Explain the process of sight reduction  Rulers through the
using nautical almanacs and sight  Sextants intersection of
reduction tables to obtain celestial lines  Nautical almanac these lines.
of position.  Sigh Reduction tables
Celestial Navigation Plotting: Group Celestial
 Introduction to Plotting: Navigation Project:
 Discuss the purpose of celestial References and  Objective:
navigation plotting in establishing a Textbooks: Encourage
vessel's position.  "Celestial Navigation: collaborative
 Plotting Celestial Lines of Position: A Complete Home learning and
 Demonstrate how to plot celestial lines of Study Course" by application of

Page 21 of 38
 position on a celestial chart or map using David Burch: celestial navigation
the measured altitudes obtained from  "Celestial Navigation techniques.
sight reduction. in the GPS Age" by  Description: Divide
 Intersection of Lines of Position: John Karl: students into small
 Explain the concept of determining the  "The American groups and assign
vessel's position through the intersection Practical Navigator" each group a
of multiple lines of position. (Bowditch): navigation scenario.
Dead Reckoning: Have them
 Definition and Purpose: collectively plan a
 Definition and Purpose: celestial navigation
 Integration with Celestial Navigation: route, plot lines of
 Discuss how dead reckoning can be position, and
integrated with celestial navigation to determine the
provide an ongoing estimate of the vessel's position.
vessel's position. Each group can
 Plotting Dead Reckoning Course: present their
 Teach students how to plot a dead findings to the
reckoning course on the celestial chart. class.

LA:
Practical Application:
 Provide celestial charts, sextants, and
navigational tools for students to practice
plotting celestial lines of position and dead
reckoning.
Simulation Exercise:
 Set up a simulation exercise where students
navigate a hypothetical course using both
celestial navigation and dead reckoning.
 Homework/Assignment:
 Assign students to research and present a
case study or historical example where
celestial navigation played a crucial role
in determining a vessel's position

Page 22 of 38
 LO7.1 Topic 7 TA: Equipment and Calculations and Lec.
- understand the Introduction: Materials: Problem Solving: 2 hrs.
navigational conditions Navigational  Begin with a brief review of the importance  Computer and  Objective: Evaluate
necessary for performing Conditions for of celestial observations in navigation. Projector students' Lab.
celestial observations, Celestial Emphasize how the rising and setting of  Whiteboard or proficiency in 3 hrs.
with a focus on rising and Observation: Rising celestial bodies are key moments for Chalkboard calculating celestial
setting. navigational calculations.  Printed Materials positions and
and Setting
Celestial Navigation Basics:  Video Clips making navigational
- identify and utilize rising  Overview of Celestial Bodies: decisions based on
 Simulators
and setting celestial  Introduce the main celestial bodies used rising and setting
 Online Learning
bodies in celestial in navigation: sun, moon, stars, and data.
navigation. planets. Platforms  Task: Present
 Celestial Movements:  Power Point students with
 Explain the apparent daily motion of Presentation navigational
celestial bodies due to Earth's rotation.  Nautical charts (paper problems that
Rising and Setting Conditions: or electronic) require them to
 Understanding Rising and Setting:  Compasses perform
 Define the terms "rising" and "setting" in  Rulers calculations using
the context of celestial bodies.  Sextants celestial
 Conditions for Rising Celestial Bodies:  Nautical almanac observation data
 Discuss the conditions that influence the  Sigh Reduction tables and make informed
rising of celestial bodies, including their decisions.
specific angles above the horizon,
atmospheric conditions, and time of day. References and Practical Observation
 Conditions for Setting Celestial Bodies: Textbooks: Skills:
 Explore the conditions affecting the  "Celestial Navigation:  Objective: Assess
setting of celestial bodies, emphasizing A Complete Home the practical skills of
similar factors as rising. Study Course" by students in
David Burch: observing celestial
LA:  "Celestial Navigation bodies and
Practical Identification: in the GPS Age" by identifying key
 Daytime Identification: navigational
John Karl:
 Demonstrate how to identify celestial information.
 "The American
bodies during the day, especially the sun,  Task: Conduct
Practical Navigator"
by noting their position and movement. practical sessions
(Bowditch):
 Nighttime Identification: where students

Page 23 of 38
  Guide students in identifying rising and observe celestial
setting stars and planets during nighttime bodies, measure
observations. rising and setting
Celestial Navigation Planning: times, and
 Navigation Planning Using Rising and Setting demonstrate their
Data. observational skills.
 Teach students how to use nautical
almanacs and celestial charts to plan
celestial observations based on rising and
setting data.
 Provide examples of specific navigation
scenarios where rising and setting
observations play a crucial role.

LA:
Practical Exercise:
 Outdoor Observation Session:
 If possible, take students outdoors for a
practical observation session during a
time when celestial bodies are rising or
setting.
 Daytime Observation: Observe and
discuss the rising and setting of the sun.
 Nighttime Observation: Identify and
observe the rising and setting of stars or
planets.
Homework/Assignment:
 Assign students to research a historical
voyage or expedition where rising and setting
celestial observations played a significant role
in navigation.

LO8.1 Topic 8 TA: Equipment and Practical Observation: Lec.

Understand the basics of Celestial Sphere Basics: Materials:  Evaluate students' 2 hrs.
celestial navigation, And  Introduce the concept of the celestial sphere.  Computer and proficiency in using
Learn how to use celestial Celestial Navigation  Discuss celestial coordinates (right ascension Projector a sextant, taking Lab.

Page 24 of 38
 bodies to calculate a and Ship Position and declination).  Whiteboard or accurate 3 hrs.
ship's position. Calculation  Explain the observer's position on Earth and Chalkboard measurements, and
how it relates to the celestial sphere.  Printed Materials applying the correct
Using a Sextant:  Video Clips procedures for
 Demonstrate how to use a sextant to  Simulators celestial
measure the angle between a celestial body  Online Learning observations.
and the horizon.  Observe students as
Platforms
 Emphasize the importance of accurate they perform
 Power Point
measurements. practical exercises,
Understanding Nautical Almanac: Presentation such as measuring
 Introduce the nautical almanac and its role in  Nautical charts (paper the angle of a
celestial navigation. or electronic) celestial body and
 Explain how to find the celestial body's  Compasses recording data.
position for a specific time.  Rulers
Chronometer and Time:  Sextants Problem-Solving
 Discuss the role of a chronometer in celestial  Nautical almanac Scenarios:
navigation.  Sigh Reduction tables  Assess students'
 Emphasize the importance of accurate ability to apply
timekeeping. celestial navigation
References and principles to real-
LA: Textbooks: world scenarios.
Practical Exercise: Sun Sights:  "Celestial Navigation:  Present students
 Conduct a hands-on exercise using the sun as A Complete Home with challenging
a celestial body. Study Course" by navigation
 Have students measure the sun's altitude David Burch: scenarios involving
with a sextant and calculate their position  "Celestial Navigation multiple celestial
using the obtained data. in the GPS Age" by observations,
Practical Exercise: Star Sights: John Karl: changing
 Repeat the process with a selected star  "The American conditions, or
during the night. unforeseen events.
Practical Navigator"
 Emphasize the importance of adjusting for Evaluate their
(Bowditch):
time and other factors. problem-solving
Group Activity: Plotting Positions: approaches.
 Provide students with celestial navigation
charts.
 Have them plot their calculated positions on

Page 25 of 38
 the charts.
Debrief and Discussion:
 Discuss the challenges faced during the
practical exercises.
 Review the importance of accurate
measurements, timekeeping, and proper use
of tools.
Homework Assignment:
 Assign reading or research on a famous
historical navigation event involving celestial
navigation.
 Ask students to reflect on the practical
applications of celestial navigation in modern
times.
Lec.
2 hrs.
MIDTERM EXAMINATION
Lab.
3 hrs.
Competence/s:
A-II/1 F1.C1: Plan and conduct a passage and determine position

Performance Assessment:
"Demonstrates a comprehensive understanding of
CO2. Determine compass errors and apply corrections to obtain the correct course and bearing compass errors, adeptly identifying and correcting
derived from celestial observations. discrepancies to precisely ascertain the accurate
course and bearing derived from celestial
observations."
KUP
A-II/1. F1.C1 KUP7: ability to determine errors of the magnetic and gyro-compasses, celestial means, and to allow to such errors

LO11.1 Topic 9 TA: Equipment and Written Assessment:

understand of Introduction: Materials:  Administer written
Navigational Astronomy, Navigational  Explain the role of Navigational Astronomy in  Computer and exams with a mix of Lec.
focusing on the universe, Astronomy navigation and exploration. Projector multiple-choice, 2 hrs.
apparent motion of  Discuss the structure of the universe,  Whiteboard or short-answer, and
celestial bodies, and including galaxies, stars, and other celestial essay questions Lab.

Page 26 of 38
 coordinate systems. bodies. Chalkboard covering universe 3 hrs.
 Use visual aids like celestial globes or models  Printed Materials structure, apparent
to illustrate.  Video Clips motion, and
Apparent Motion of Celestial Bodies:  Simulators coordinate systems.
 Earth's Rotation:  Online Learning  Evaluate students'
 Explain how the Earth's rotation causes Platforms knowledge recall,
the apparent daily motion of celestial understanding of
 Power Point
bodies. principles, and
Presentation
 Discuss how this motion affects the rising ability to articulate
and setting of celestial objects.  Nautical charts (paper concepts in writing.
 Annual Motion and Seasons: or electronic)
 Introduce the concept of the Earth's orbit  Compasses Concept Mapping:
around the Sun causing the annual  Parallel rulers  Ask students to
motion of celestial bodies.  Scientific calculator. create a concept
 Discuss how this motion results in  Celestial sphere map that illustrates
changing positions of stars and the diagram the
occurrence of seasons.  Visual aids or videos interconnectedness
 Day and Night Sky: of celestial navigation of key concepts in
 Explore the differences between the day  Star charts or Navigational
and night sky. planetarium software Astronomy,
 Discuss how the apparent motion of including the
celestial bodies is influenced by the References and universe's
observer's location on Earth. Textbooks: structure, apparent
Celestial Coordinate Systems:  "Astronomy Today" motion, and
 Introduction to Coordinate Systems: by Eric Chaisson and coordinate systems.
 Explain the importance of coordinate Steve McMillan:"  Assess their ability
systems in describing the positions of  "Bowditch's American to organize and
celestial objects. Practical Navigator" visualize
 Introduce basic concepts of altitude and  "Celestial Navigation relationships
azimuth. for the Yachtsman" between different
 Altitude-Azimuth Coordinate System: concepts.
by Mary Blewitt:
 Explain the Altitude-Azimuth coordinate
system.
 Demonstrate how to use it to locate
celestial objects in the sky.
 Equatorial Coordinate System:

Page 27 of 38
  Introduce the Equatorial coordinate
system.
 Discuss how it relates to the celestial
sphere and the Earth's equator.

LA:
Practical Exercises and Observations:
 Use star charts or planetarium software to
identify and locate stars in the night sky.
 Allow students to practice using coordinate
systems for star identification.
Observation Session:
 If possible, conduct an outdoor observation
session.
 Use simple tools like a star wheel or
planisphere for hands-on experience.
Assignment:
 Assign worksheets or a small project related
to celestial coordinate systems or star
identification.

L10.1 Topic 10 TA: Equipment and Written assessment: Lec.

understand the concept Introduction: Materials:  Develop a written 2 hrs.
of compass errors and be Introduction to  Begin with a brief discussion on the  Computer and exam with a mix of
able to identify and Compass Errors importance of accurate navigation, especially Projector multiple-choice Lab.
correct them in in outdoor activities, sailing, or aviation.  Whiteboard or questions, short 3 hrs.
navigation.  Introduce the concept of compass errors and Chalkboard answer questions,
explain that they can affect the reliability of a  Printed Materials and problems
compass reading.  Video Clips related to compass
Background Knowledge: errors.
 Simulators
 Review the basic components of a compass:  Assess students'
 Online Learning
magnetic needle, compass card, and housing. knowledge of key
 Discuss the Earth's magnetic field and how it Platforms concepts, including
influences compass readings.  Power Point variation/declinatio
Types of Compass Errors: Presentation n, deviation, and
 Variation/Declination: Explain the difference  Nautical charts (paper dip (inclination).
or electronic)
Page 28 of 38
 between true north, magnetic north, and  Compasses
how the angular difference is known as  Parallel rulers Compass Reading
magnetic declination. Show examples on a  Scientific calculator. Exercise:
world map or use a visual aid.  Conduct a compass
 Deviation: Discuss how local magnetic reading exercise
influences, such as metals on a vessel or where students
electronic devices, can cause deviation References and have to take
errors. Textbooks: readings in different
 Dip (Inclination): Explain how the magnetic  "The Principles of locations,
needle is influenced by the Earth's magnetic Navigation: Admiralty considering possible
field inclination and how it varies with Manual of Navigation compass errors.
latitude. Vol. 1"  Evaluate their
 "Navigation: ability to recognize
LA: Principles of and correct errors
Interactive Activity: Positioning and in their readings.
 Distribute compasses to students and Guidance"
demonstrate how to take a simple compass  "Bowditch's American
reading. Practical Navigator"

 Set up a station with different materials that
can cause deviation errors (e.g., metal
objects, electronic devices). Allow students to
observe the impact on their compass
readings.
 Discuss and share observations as a class.

TA:
Correction Methods:
 Introduce correction methods for each type
of compass error:
 Variation/Declination: Teach how to
apply or correct for magnetic declination
using charts or values provided.
 Deviation: Discuss methods for
compensating for deviation, such as
adjusting the compass or using deviation

Page 29 of 38
 cards.
 Dip (Inclination): Explain how the angle of
dip varies with latitude and discuss its
impact on compass readings.

LA:
Application to Navigation:
 Discuss the importance of understanding and
correcting compass errors in navigation.
 If applicable, show examples on navigation
charts where students can practice applying
correction methods to obtain accurate
bearings.
Class Discussion and Questions:
 Facilitate a class discussion to reinforce key
concepts and address any questions or
concerns.
 Encourage students to share their
experiences with compass readings and any
challenges they have faced.

LA:
Practical Exercise:
 Distribute worksheets with practice problems
involving the plane sailing triangle.
 Allow students to work individually or in pairs
to apply the concepts learned.
Interactive Simulation:
 Utilize navigation simulation software to
create interactive scenarios for students to
practice solving problems using the plane
sailing triangle.
 Monitor their progress and provide guidance
as needed.
Homework Assignment:
 Assign homework that involves real-world

Page 30 of 38
 scenarios where students need to calculate
corrected compass readings, considering
different types of compass errors. Encourage
them to research local magnetic declination
values for their region.

LO11.1 Topic 11 TA: Equipment and Written Assessment: Lec.

Construct and interpret Introduction: Materials:  Include written 2 hrs.
compass deviation tables Deviation Table  Engage Interest: Begin with a brief discussion  Computer and problems in the
for a specific vessel, on the importance of accurate navigation and Projector exam where Lab.
ensuring accurate introduce the concept of compass deviation.  Whiteboard or students have to 3 hrs.
navigation.  Define Objectives: Clearly state the lesson Chalkboard calculate corrected
objectives: to teach students how to  Printed Materials compass readings
construct and interpret compass deviation  Video Clips using deviation
tables for precise navigation. tables. Assess their
 Simulators
Construction of Deviation Tables: understanding of
 Online Learning
 Explain Purpose: Clarify the purpose of applying deviation
deviation tables and how they correct Platforms corrections in
magnetic compass readings for specific vessel  Power Point navigation
errors. Presentation scenarios.
 Demonstrate Process: Use visual aids or a  Nautical charts (paper  Include questions
whiteboard to demonstrate the process of or electronic) that ask students to
swinging the ship and recording deviations at  Compasses explain key
various headings.  Parallel rulers concepts related to
 Guided Activity: Provide step-by-step  Scientific calculator. compass deviation,
instructions and handouts for students to such as the factors
construct deviation tables. Use a simplified influencing
example to walk them through the process. deviation and the
References and vessel-specific
LA: Textbooks: nature of these
Interactive Activity:  "The Principles of errors.
 Hands-On Practice: Divide the class into small Navigation: Admiralty
groups and provide each group with Manual of Navigation Deviation Table
compasses, deviation correction tools, and Vol. 1" Construction:
headings for swinging the ship.  "Navigation:  Observe students
 Group Work: Instruct students to record Principles of during the hands-on
Positioning and
Page 31 of 38
 deviations at different headings and Guidance" activity of
collaboratively construct deviation tables.  "Bowditch's American constructing
 Rotate groups through the activity to ensure Practical Navigator" deviation tables.
everyone has hands-on experience in Assess their ability
creating deviation tables. to swing the ship,
record deviations,
TA: and collaboratively
Interpretation of Deviation Tables: create accurate
 Discuss the interpretation of deviation tables. deviation tables.
Explain how mariners use them to correct  Group Presentation:
magnetic compass readings. Have each group
 Provide examples of navigation scenarios and present their
have students practice applying deviation deviation table to
corrections using their tables. the class, explaining
Importance of Regular Updates: the process,
 Emphasize the importance of regularly challenges faced,
updating and maintaining deviation tables. and solutions
 Discuss factors that can cause deviations to applied.
change over time and stress the need for
periodic corrections.
Class Discussion and Q&A:
 Engage the class in a discussion about their
experiences with the activity, challenges
faced, and lessons learned.
 Allow students to ask questions and seek
clarification on constructing and interpreting
deviation tables.

LA:
Homework:
 Assign homework that involves researching
and presenting case studies or incidents
related to inaccurate deviation tables and
their consequences in maritime history.
Encourage students to explore how
advancements in technology have influenced

Page 32 of 38
 deviation correction methods.

LO11.1 Topic 12 TA: Equipment and Written Assessment Lec.

understand how celestial Introduction: Materials:  Multiple-Choice 2 hrs.
bodies (sun, moon, stars) Celestial  Begin with a short discussion on the  Computer and Questions: Include
and local attractions can Observations and importance of accurate navigation and Projector questions that test Lab.
influence compass Compass Errors introduce the concept of compass readings.  Whiteboard or students' 3 hrs.
readings, leading to  Clearly state the lesson objectives: Chalkboard knowledge of the
errors in navigation. They understanding how celestial bodies and local  Printed Materials influence of
will also learn about the attraction affect compass readings.  Video Clips celestial bodies and
concept of local attraction Celestial Bodies and Compass Readings: local attraction on
 Simulators
and its significance.  Provide a brief overview of the celestial compass readings.
 Online Learning
sphere, emphasizing the positions and  Short Answer
motions of the sun, moon, and stars. Platforms Questions: Ask
 Use a celestial sphere diagram or a digital  Power Point students to explain
simulation to demonstrate how the positions Presentation specific scenarios or
of celestial bodies influence compass  Nautical charts (paper concepts related to
readings. or electronic) celestial navigation
 Discuss how celestial bodies can create  Compasses and local attraction.
variations in magnetic fields and impact  Parallel rulers
compass accuracy.  Scientific calculator. Group Presentation
Magnetic Declination and Celestial Navigation:  Celestial sphere (Collaborative
 Explain the concept of magnetic declination diagram Assessment):
and how it varies based on geographic  Visual aids or videos  Presentation Skills:
location of celestial navigation Assign groups
 Use magnetic declination charts to show how specific topics
navigators correct compass readings for the References and related to celestial
influence of celestial bodies. Textbooks: bodies or local
LA:  "The Principles of attraction. Have
Hands-On Practice: Navigation: Admiralty each group prepare
 Provide navigation charts and ask students to Manual of Navigation and present their
calculate corrected compass readings Vol. 1" findings to the class,
considering magnetic declination.  "Navigation: emphasizing clarity
Principles of and coherence.
TA:  Peer Evaluation:
Positioning and
Local Attraction and Compass Readings: Include a peer

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  Introduce the concept of local attraction, Guidance" evaluation
where nearby land masses or metallic objects  "Bowditch's American component where
can influence the compass. Practical Navigator" students assess the
 Share examples or case studies of historical quality and
incidents where local attraction caused effectiveness of
navigation errors. their peers'
 Engage the class in a discussion about the presentations.
challenges of local attraction and its impact
on navigation.
LA:
Interactive Activity: Compass Reading
Experiment:
 Set up an experiment where students use
compasses near metallic objects or specific
land features.
 Data Collection: Have students record their
compass readings and observe any variations
caused by local attraction.
 Group Discussion: Discuss the findings as a
class and relate them to the concept of local
attraction.
Class Discussion and Q&A:
 Engage the class in a reflective discussion
about the impact of celestial bodies and local
attraction on compass readings.
 Q&A Session: Encourage students to ask
questions and seek clarification on any
concepts discussed.
Homework:
 Assign homework tasks that involve
researching and presenting historical
incidents or case studies where the influence
of celestial bodies or local attraction led to
navigation challenges. Encourage students to
explore further readings on the topic.

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 LO13.1 Topic 13 TA: Equipment and Written Examinations:
calculate compass errors Introduction: Materials:  Design an exam
using celestial navigation Celestial Navigation  Initiate a discussion on the importance of  Computer and with questions that Lec.
references, including the and Gyro/Compass accurate navigation in historical and modern Projector assess theoretical 4 hrs.
azimuth of the sun, Errors contexts.  Whiteboard or understanding of
azimuth of Polaris, and  Explain the concept of compass errors and Chalkboard Mercator sailing, Lab.
amplitude of the sun on their significance in navigation.  Printed Materials including distance 6 hrs.
the visible horizon. Azimuth of the Sun:  Video Clips calculations and
 Define azimuth as the angular measurement course plotting.
 Simulators
in a circular path, specifically the compass  Include scenarios
 Online Learning
direction of a celestial object. that require
 Use a solar compass or a method to measure Platforms students to apply
the azimuth of the sun.  Power Point Mercator
 Discuss how the sun's azimuth changes Presentation projections to solve
throughout the day and the implications for  Nautical charts (paper navigational
navigation. or electronic) problems.
Calculating Compass Error with Sun's Azimuth:  Compasses
 Introduce the formula for calculating  Parallel rulers Practical Exercises:
compass error using the azimuth of the sun.  Scientific calculator  Assign practical
 Discuss potential errors and how to account  Mercator Chart exercises where
for them. students use
Azimuth of Polaris: navigational tools
 Discuss the North Star (Polaris) and its unique and Mercator
position in the night sky as a constant References and charts to measure
reference. Textbooks: distances and plot
 Discuss how Polaris can be used as a reliable  "The Principles of courses.
reference for navigation. Navigation: Admiralty  Evaluate their
 Explain the process of calculating compass Manual of Navigation accuracy in applying
error using the azimuth of Polaris. Vol. 1" Mercator sailing
 Highlight scenarios where Polaris might not calculations.
 "Navigation:
be visible.
Principles of
Amplitude of the Sun:
 Define amplitude as the angle between the Positioning and
sun and the observer's visible horizon during Guidance"
sunrise or sunset.  "Bowditch's American
 Discuss methods for measuring the Practical Navigator"

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 amplitude of the sun.
 Emphasize the importance of a level horizon.
 Introduce the formula for calculating
compass error using the amplitude of the
sun.
 Discuss when this method is most applicable
and effective.

LA:
Practical Exercises:
 Discuss real-world scenarios where the ability
to calculate compass errors using celestial
references is essential.
Assignment/Practice:
 Assign worksheets or practical exercises for
students to reinforce their learning.

LO14.1 TOPIC 14 TA: Equipment and Problem-Solving Lec.

calculate compass error Introduction: Materials: Exercises: 4 hrs.
using celestial bodies, Celestial Navigation  Briefly introduce the importance of celestial  Computer and  Provide a set of
including the sun and and Compass Error navigation in historical and modern contexts. Projector problems that Lab.
stars, as references. Calculation  Highlight the role of celestial bodies in  Whiteboard or require students to 6 hrs.
navigation. Chalkboard calculate compass
 Explain the concept of compass error and its  Printed Materials error using
impact on navigation.  Video Clips observed and true
 Discuss the need for accurate compass azimuths of
 Simulators
readings. celestial bodies.
 Online Learning
Basics of Celestial Navigation:  Evaluate their
 Understanding Celestial Coordinates: Platforms proficiency in
 Introduce the concepts of celestial  Power Point applying the
coordinates, including azimuth and Presentation formula for
altitude.  Nautical charts (paper compass error with
 Explain how these coordinates relate to or electronic) different celestial
the observer's position on Earth.  Compasses bodies.
 Solar Compass Demonstration:  Parallel rulers
 Demonstrate how to use a solar compass  Scientific calculator Practical Observation:

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 to measure the azimuth of the sun.  Celestial navigation  Conduct a practical
 Discuss the apparent motion of the sun charts or apps session where
throughout the day.  Horizon diagram students use a
Compass Error Calculation with the Sun: compass to
 Explanation of Compass Error with the Sun: References and measure the
 Discuss how the observed azimuth of the Textbooks: azimuth of the sun
sun can be used to calculate compass  "Astronomy for the or stars.
error. Mariner" by Dominic  Assess their ability
 Introduce the concept of index error. Ford: to apply the
 Formula and Practice:  "Bowditch's American theoretical
 Introduce the formula for calculating Practical Navigator" knowledge of
compass error using the observed and  "Celestial Navigation: compass error
true azimuth of the sun. A Home Study calculation in a real-
 Provide worksheets for students to Course" by Selene world scenario.
practice calculations. Capitanio:
 Class Discussion and Clarifications:
 Engage the class in a discussion about
challenges and questions related to
compass error calculations with the sun.
 Clarify any misconceptions.
Compass Error Calculation with Stars:
 Introduction to Stellar Navigation:
 Introduce the use of stars for compass
error calculations.
 Emphasize the stability of stars compared
to the sun.
 Star Identification and Azimuth
Measurement:
 Discuss how to identify stars and
measure their azimuth using celestial
charts or apps.
 Demonstrate the process of determining
compass error with a selected star.
 Formula and Practice:
 Introduce the formula for calculating
compass error using the observed and

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 true azimuth of a star.
 Provide worksheets for students to
practice calculations.

LA:
Practical Calculation Exercises:
 Compass error calculations by celestial
navigation
Assignment/Practice:
 Assign additional problems or scenarios for
students to practice compass error
calculations independently.

Lec.
2 hrs.
Final Examination Lab.
3 hrs.
Total hours 90 hrs.

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