Table of Contents

Cubicle Management Requirements 2

Orientation to the Ward 6
Head To Toe Assessments For Note Taking 15
Sample Nursing Notes 18
Drug On Wards 19
Drugs by Diseases 76
Description of Wound Drainage 82
IV Fluids and Solutions Guide & Cheat Sheet 84
Drug Calculations 86
Calculating Oral Medication Dosages 86
Calculating Intramuscular and Subcutaneous Medication Dosages 87
Calculating Intravenous Flow Rates 88
Clinical Nursing Skills Competency 90
NANDA Nursing Diagnosis List for 2015-2017 100
Extras (COSTATT) 104
Ward Rounds 105
Management Exam Tips 106
Medication Sheet for the Cubicle 109
Drugs on Wards 110
Itinerary 157
Drugs in Crash Cart 158
Cubicle Management Sheet 179
Staff Disposition 180
 Cubicle Management Requirements
1. 4 patients
2. 1 MUST be a category 3
3. Next 3 patients can be either a category 2 or 1
4. 2 colleagues to work alongside manager in the cubicle
5. Resource nurse must be
6. Competent
7. Willing to work along with you (manager)
8. Able to answer any questions and clear up any misconceptions you may have about the
patient

What must be done before exam

1. Prepare the cubicle
2. All patients must be tidied
3. Clean sheets, neat made beds
4. Cupboard packed neatly and nothing on top of it
5. No urinals or bedpans at bed side
6. All Patients must have id bands
7. If patient on oxygen ensure humidifier bottle is full to correct level
8. Have all relevant signs in cubicle (bed nos, no smoking, oxygen in progress, npo, 24
urine collection) note these things in the nurse’s notes in red but not post up signs to
break patient’s confidentiality and privacy.
9. Empty urine bags
10. Keep close to doctors and enquire everything about patient. Ask a lot of questions
11. Ensure patients’ notes and medications are up-to-date (ask the doctor to organize it, to re-
site IV, write prescriptions, etc)
Documents needed
1. Database for ALL PATIENTS (keep in patients notes)
2. Care plans FOR ALL PATIENTS (keep in patients notes)
3. Doctors and nurse’s notes must be in correct order not stapled etc find out this and know
it
4. Care plan and classification sheet can be kept in clip board for examiner to review
5. Must do a disposition only for your examination cubicle
6. Diet sheet (the official one to be sent down to dietician) must be done for your cubicle
7. Ward report form (filling out for your cubicle)

Staff Disposition Example

Status Name Duties Break
RN J. Doe Resource Person 1st
Student 1 C. Lewis - Cubicle Manger 2nd
(Manager) - ward report
- general supervision
- Total patient care
for John Doe
Student 2 R. John - TPC for 1. S. Sam 1st
and R. Ram
- assist with diets
- accompany patient
to procedures etc)
- doctors rounds
Student 3 L. Cochrane - TPC for F. Gibson 2nd
- Assist with vitals
Crash team (as per
ward)
Breaks
1st
 2nd
Lunch
1st
2nd

Nb. The resource nurse and the manager cannot be on break at the same time

There must always be resource nurse and a junior staff present (wrt to breaks and lunch)

Before going on break, please hand over your patient to your junior staff

You are NOT to accompany the patient to any procedure when you are the manager delegate
your staff to do it!

Other important details

1. Be Punctual
2. Dress code in effect
3. Welcome the examiner:
- Introduce self
- Ward
- Staff (those in cubicle)
- Patients (brief summary)
4. Give over the disposition
5. Interact with the patients’ family
6. Interact with patient (communication is important)
7. Ward conference (get a little more info on this as to what it involves and what to expect)
8. Be prepared for doctors’ rounds (make round with doctor for YOUR patient)
- Organize trolley
 - Stationery
- Patients notes
- Hand sanitizer
- Gloves
- Patients’ ecg, xray etc
- Must interact with doctor
- Be the patient’s advocate
- Ask them questions that the patient may have
- Enquire about medication patient is on etc
- Enquire about prescriptions etc)

Medication
1. Must get all FOUR routes of administration
2. Know your drugs inside out!!
3. Remember the 5rigths and 3 checks
4. Do not tell the patient “and the side effects are..” Say: “you may experience….”
5. Evaluate care plans at the end of shift
6. Balance input and output charting
7. Write nursing notes in a systematic order
8. Remember to close off notes

Manager must give over to evening staff or resource nurse (if evening staff is running late)

Know the policy of the wards

1. Who orders: stationery, hardware, surgical/medical stores
2. Proprietary drugs, stock drugs (who orders and who can collect it)
3. Know the different departments: plumbing, biomed, electrical housekeeping, attendants)
4. Know what to do in a disaster mode and what 2 important things to take with you in case
of fire etc: admission book, off duty roster
 5. Know receiving day
6. Know muster points in hospital

If an incident occurs on ward with a relative or outsider know what the protocol is e.g.
accidents / incident forms.

No patient must walk while in hospital when going for procedure or being discharged even if
they say they can walk. (Remember safety, care and comfort)

Relating to diets:
1. Bring basin and jug of water to wash patient’s hand before and after eating
2. Place patient in appropriate position to eat
3. Drape patient to avoid spilling
4. Do mouth care 10-15mins after eating

Orientation to the Ward

Orientation 5-7 mins approximately

1. Introduce myself to the Examiner by my number.

2. Welcome Examiner to the Ward
3. Describe Ward – e.g. Medical, surgical, Male

4. Nursing Station - DDA and Controlled drugs

o DDA Cupboard and security features – double locked
cupboard; Keys are held by the RN in charge of the shift.
Keys are recognized by the RED string attached to them.
o Documentation (Log Books) - by 2 nurses – One nurse
handing over the shift and another nurse that is taking over
the shift.
o Management DDA Cupboard - Two Books:
▪ Accountability – Book used to take over the drugs.
▪ Inventory – Book signed when drug is administered
(by two nurses or a nurse and a doctor - one person
witnesses the other administers). Is it accountability
book where a nurse and a doctor can sign and not the
inventory book????
▪ Cannot send a Nursing Assistant to collect DDA drugs

▪ When stocks are low. DDA is ordered by a Registered

Nurse, New policy of the hospital is to order on a
separate sheet.

▪ Book must always be Balanced before drugs can be

dispensed. Registered Nurse Must sign for and collect
these drugs.

▪ Preparation and administration of DDA MUST HAVE

A WITNESS, inclusive of any medical practitioner
(Doctor)

▪ If the vial breaks what to do?

▪ Send back to the pharmacy, have a witness to sign,

discard

▪ If nurse goes home with the DDA what to do?

▪ She went home with the key resulting in broken

protocol, therefore you make a report to the police
 station and the supervisors, change the locks
immediately

▪ Find out days to order and receive drugs for stock,

DDA, controlled drugs.

o Drugs:
▪ DDA Narcotics Drugs
▪ Pethidine, Morphine, Fentanyl, Ketamine –
Opioid analgesic
▪ Side Effects
▪ Light-headedness, dizziness, respiratory
depression, circulatory depression and physical
tolerance and dependence.
o Controlled Drugs
▪ Valium (diazepam) – Benzodiazepine
▪ Side Effects
▪ Respiratory Depression, Dependence,
drowsiness and lightheadedness.
▪ Midazolam (Dormicum) – Benzodiazepine
▪ Side Effects
● Serious Cardio-respiratory adverse events,
anxiety, tachycardia, dizziness, wheezing
▪ (Phenobarbital) – Barbiturate, Hypnotic,
Antiepileptic find out the drug on your ward
▪ Side Effects
● Bradycardia, hypotension, drowsiness,
5. Crash Cart
A self-contained, mobile unit that contains virtually all of the materials, drugs, and
devices necessary to perform a code (blue - cardiac or respiratory arrest).

You can assign a student nurse to check the crash cart, the ward usually has a team
to check it so you can get the names and inform the examiner.
▪ Must be checked by the head nurse/staff nurse every shift & documented in the
checklist.
▪ However, if there is a lock that is provided by the pharmacy, once it is still
locked you simply record the code from the key, this means after it was used it
was replenished.
▪ Check the defibrillator which is used for Ventricular fibrillation (VF) and
pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT) are life-threatening cardiac rhythms that
result in ineffective ventricular contractions. VFib is a rapid quivering of the
ventricular walls that prevents them from pumping. The ventricular motion of
VF is not synchronized with atrial contractions. Restore cardiac output lost due
to dysrhythmias and reestablish tissue perfusion and oxygenation.
▪ Defibrillator must be checked by biomed department regularly or as necessary
▪ Ensure there is the backboard and the oxygen tank is filled.
▪ Replenished by the Pharmacy after usage, will they come to the ward (which
dept replenishes oxygen tanks??)
▪ Crash cart items must be checked monthly for expiry dates, if you call the
pharmacy and based on the information you receive you inform the doctor
exactly what was said so they can further make a decision.

▪ Crash Cart Drawers:

▪ Drawer 1 - Drugs – you can only call out three and inform
them based on the ACLS algorithm:
 1. Adrenaline – vasopressor: increases venous & arterial
vasoconstriction
2. Atropine – anticholinergic drug used to treat brady-
arrhythmias
3. Amiodarone – antiarrhythmic
4. Lidocaine / Lignocaine – antiarrhythmic (VTach)
5. Magnesium Sulfate – antiarrhythmic
6. Sodium Bicarbonate – Alkalinizing Agent – used to
treat acidosis
▪ Drawer 2 – Airway – Endotracheal tube, oropharyngeal
airway, nasopharyngeal airway, suction tubing, yankeur
suction, stylet, bougies adult, yellow and green filters,
biohazard bags, blood bottles, plastic adhesive bandages,
sterile gauze, surgical blades, tongue depressors.
▪ Drawer 3 –Breathing - Oxygen masks, venticom masks
(24%, 30%, 40%, 60%), Continuous Positive Airway
Pressure (CPAP), non rebreather mask, nasal cannula, drip
set, kidney dish, latex gloves, tracheostomy tube, Nebulizer
mask.
▪ Drawer 4 – Circulation – burettes, baxter lines, IV lines,
syringes (1ML, 3ML, 5ML, 10ML, 20ML), IV cannula (IV
access), infusion line, ECG Leads.
▪ Drawer 5 – Circulation Continued – Urinary catheter (12
fr, 14 fr, 16 fr, 18 fr, 20fr), urinary leg bags, IV lines, IV
fluids (normal saline, ringers lactate, Dextrose 5% in water
(D5W)), urinary catheter bags, blood culture bottles, Bag
Value Mask (artificial manual breathing unit) Ambu bag,
sterile suturing set, sterile dressing pack, incontinent pads,
(central venous pressure (CVP) lines double and triple lumen.
 o Equipment on ward – triple channel baxter pump, laryngoscope
handle and blades, wall space labs, defibrillator, Diascan machine,
suction machine, syringe pump, ventilator.

6. Medication Cupboard - Stock Drugs

1. Refrigerator – Drugs that are temperature-sensitive and must be

stored at a low-temperature range. (Insulin, propofol, vaccines 2-8
degrees Celsius, LMesitran, succinylcholine chloride). There is a
temperature check book on the ward - cold chain.
2. Antibiotics – recorded in antibiotic books (augmentin, rocephin,
zinacef, gentamycin, cefotaxime, zosyn, meropenem, ampicillin,
penicillinG, Penadur, avelox)
o Governed by the antibiotics Act:
▪ Acts speaks about: Storage, Regulation, Distribution
and Management of these drugs
▪ Locked cupboard
▪ Can speak to examiner about the commonly used
antibiotics e.g. Flagyl, Zosyn, Zinacef, azithromycin
▪ Usually the ones in the cupboard are the - broad
spectrum drugs.

3. Proprietary/stock drugs – Tablets and Injectables that are used as

stock on the ward. There is a stock limit.
4. Specific days for ordering - There are specific days for medication,
however, when a drug is low you can order.
7. Antimicrobial Solutions -
 o Antiseptic – Antimicrobial substances that are applied to
living tissue such as skin to reduce the possibility of infection,
sepsis, or putrefaction. Some antiseptics are true germicides,
capable of destroying microbes (bactericidal, whilst others are
bacteriostatic and only prevent or inhibit their growth e.g
savlon lotion, iodine, hibitane.

o Disinfectant solutions used to perform medical asepsis – (are

antimicrobial agents that are applied to non-living objects to
destroy microorganisms). These are also ordered on certain
days. (However, both proprietary and Ward use can be
ordered on any day according to the needs of the ward.
5. Treatment of Expired Drugs: Returned to pharmacy

8. IV Solutions:
Crystalloids (Volume expanders) solutions capable of passing
through semipermeable membranes

o Isotonic IV Fluids
▪ 0.9% NaCl (Normal Saline Solution, NSS)
▪ Dextrose 5% in Water (D5W)
▪ Lactated Ringer’s 5% Dextrose in Water (D5LRS)
o Hypotonic IV Fluids
▪ 0.45% Sodium Chloride (0.45% NaCl)
o Hypertonic IV Fluids
▪ 5% Hypertonic Sodium Chloride IV Fluids
▪ Hypertonic Dextrose Solutions
▪ Dextrose 50% in Water (D50W)
 Colloids - (Plasma Expanders) draws fluid into intravascular
compartment via oncotic pressure – Albumin, haemacel, gelofusine
– behaves like blood filled with albumins.

o Human Albumin
o Dextrans
▪ Low-molecular-weight Dextrans (LMWD)
▪ High-molecular-weight Dextrans (HMWD)
o Etherified Starch
o Gelatin
o Plasma Protein Fraction (PPF)

9. Ward Activities:
▪ Surgery days (find out the days for your ward)
▪ Ward Reviews - patients return to the ward for a review by the
doctor. (find out the days for your ward)
▪ Hemodialysis (find out the days for your ward)
▪ Visiting Hours - due to covid it is now 4pm - 5pm one person only
(normally it would have been 6-7am and 3-5pm)
▪ Clinic Days for surgical days on ward. To find out what this
means ???

Note: Interact with patients’ families: allow visitors/family members to visit patients and
educate them on the patient's condition. Don’t let the nurses say “we have exams so you
will have to wait”

10. Physical Layout

 ▪ Patients Bathroom
▪ Sluice
▪ Stock room
▪ Fire Extinguisher – Know Location & Type
▪ Exits
▪ Muster Point – Hospital Disaster Plan
▪ Discharge Room
▪ Side Rooms - Barrier & Reverse Barrier Nursing (for e.g oncology for RBN
and covid suspected patients for Barrier nursing.)
▪ High Dependency Rooms – also called step-down, are for patients that
require observation that is more intensive, treatment and nursing care than
is possible in a general ward but slightly less than that given in the ICU. (to
check if Grande has this)

11. Equipment
▪ 1 Suction Machine – removal of secretions ensure that it is functioning by
letting the examiner know we have to check it daily because it is critical for
airway patency of the patients
▪ 1 Electrocardiogram Machine – record electrical activity of the heart
▪ 3 Cardiac Monitors – continuous cardiac monitoring
▪ 2 Blood pressure machine

12. Patient Category Layout of the Ward

▪ Category II & III - Most ill patients are kept nearest the nurse’s station
▪ Category I – usually further away from the nurse’s station

13. Unit Doctors/Consultants:

Mr. Hassranah – General Surgery
 Mr. Defretas - General Surgery
Mr. Oliverie - General Surgery
Dr. Bhagaloo – Medicine
Dr. JAgroo – Medicine
Dr. Ramnath – Medicine (Find out doctors for your ward)
On call Doctor: Even though on-call starts at 4pm you still need to know who is on-
call for that day

● Students are marked on knowledge, when the examiner does his/her write up, it
can influence how the student is seen.
● Category three patients, have to manage four patients, you do not have to move
patients they are at a location based on certain reasons.
● Miss will pick the patient on the day of the exam.
● Iv therapy, Oxy, Uri catheter, Post up are just some things which are required by
Council for picking a patient.
● Ensure to give runners PRECISE INSTRUCTIONS, do not tell them “total patient
care.”
● You treat the nurses as if they don’t do anything, as about EVERYTHING!!!!!!!

Head To Toe Assessments For Note Taking

NEUROLOGICAL

1. · Awake, alert, oriented to (time place and person)

2. · Awake and incoherent to (time place and person)
3. · Drowsy but easily / not arousable
 4. · Asleep and easily / not arousable to tactile stimulus or stimulation (touch)

RESPIRATORY

1. · Breathing room air without difficulty

2. · Patient in nil respiratory distress
3. · Patient breathing room air quite and regular breaths normal rise and fall of chest
observed at present
4. · Patient breathing rapid or deep or labored (symmetry movement)
5. · Patient has difficulty during expiration
6. · Patient breathing room air via tracheostomy
7. · Patient breathing oxygen therapy via face mask or nasal cannula with X liter per
min
8. · State position of patient

CARDIOVASCULAR

1. · patient appears ( pale ashen pallor yellow )

2. · patient capillary refill < 2 seconds
3. · patient complain of numbness or tingling ( state location)
4. · IV access in situ to ( lower, upper arm hand ) with fluid going 3L in 24
5. · IV access in situ to ( location ) and appears patent / nil infiltration / nil swelling
observed
6. · patient pulse palpable and regular ( weak / irregular)
7. · mucus membrane pink and moist
8. · IV ( signs of phlebitis / redness / swelling/ heat / pain )

GASTROINTESTINAL

1. · Input and output

2. · Nasogastric tube in situ for drainage / feeding / medication
3. · If on drainage note content in bag / color / and constancy X ml
4. · If on feeding not if it is spigot
 5. · Patient has percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy ( peg ) in situ for
feeding or medication area clean / dry / intact
6. · Patient has abdominal drainage ( note color / consistency )
7. · Patient verbalized vomiting or diarrhea X episodes
8. · Patient verbalized nil passing of stool
9. · patient voiding stool at will in pamper or at will in commode or washroom

GENITOURINARY

1. · Patient has catheter in situ on free drainage

2. · Patient has supra pubic catheter in situ on free drainage
3. · Patient has condom catheter in situ on free drainage
4. · Note color and consistency ( bloody / cloudy / with sediments ) drain and chart
assessment

MUSCULOSKELETAL

1. · Patient independent / dependent to activity of daily living ADLs

2. · Patient ambulating
3. · Patient partially mobile ( with assistance nurse / wheelchair / crutch )
4. · Patient complain of weakness

PAIN

1. · Patient complaint of pain ( note location )

2. · Use pain scale (1-10) state medication given / time / and sign
3. · On reassessment after X min therapeutic effect was achieved and patient is
now resting comfortably in bed

SKIN

1. · Patient skin a/febrile to touch dry and intact

2. · Patient has brake in skin integrity state location
 3. · Dressing on X location is dry / clean / intact / or soiled ( circle and state date
and time ) or serosanguineous purulent / sanguineous fluid was observed state amount
and consistency

Sample Nursing Notes

Ninety-four (94) year old woman with a h/o of vomiting and abdominal pain X 3
days, decreased appetite X two (2) days and inability to pass stools X five (5)
days. Diagnosed as: ?Intestinal Obstruction. Oxygen therapy via nasal cannula.
Iv therapy in progress.

HEAD TO TOE METHOD

Patient taken over lying asleep in bed in a semi-fowlers position. Being nursed on
an inflated ripple mattress. Side rails elevated and locked. Bed wheels locked.
(HEAD) Is easily aroused by name-calling, GCS 15/15 however, she is lethargic.
Stated that she is feeling tired as she didn’t sleep due to severe abdominal pain.
Also indicated that she received medication for the pain and it has since subsided.
She is oriented to person and place but not time. Was reoriented to same. Mucous
membrane pale pink and moist. Nasogastric tube insitu to left nares. Same secured
with elastoplast to the bridge of her nose. Tube is spigotted. Position verified by
auscultation. NPO status maintained. Self-ventilating on oxygen theory via nasal
cannula @5l/min. Ears and nares are clear of irritation from cannula. CHEST
Symmetrical expansion of anterior chest wall noted. Breathing is non-labored. RR
– 16bpm. Air entry equal bilaterally. Clear breath sounds heard. Mildly decreased
in right base. Nil adventitious sounds heard. Full elastic recoil of skin over sternum
noted, indicative of good skin turgor. ARMS Radial pulses palpable of regular
rhythm and strong volume. Exposed skin of upper extremity generally warm and
dry to touch. Pallor observed in exposed skin. Nil signs of cyanosis noted.
Ecchymosis noted to left anticubital fossa region. Patient stated that this occurred
after several failed attempts to draw her blood. Peripheral IV access insitu at right
dorsum. IV therapy 0.9% NaCl in progress via infusion pump at 125mls/hr. Nil
sign of infiltration or inflammation seen. Nil c/o of pain at site voiced. Nail beds
are pale pink. Capillary refill <2sec. Weak, independent movements of upper
extremities noted. ABDOMEN Patient states that her abdomen seems bigger today
than yesterday. Abdominal girth 110cm, abdominal girth last pm 108cm.
Hypoactive bowel sounds heard in LUQ, absent in the remaining quadrants.
Reports LBM 5/7 ago. Normal appearance of external female genitalia. Urethral
catheter insitu and on free drainage. Drainage bag anchored to left inner thigh.
Urine output > than 30mls/hr at present. LEGS Dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial
pulses palpable bilaterally of regular rhythm and strong volume. Non-pitting
edema noted to lower extremities bilaterally. Nil further complaints made by
patient. All findings reported to Nurse Johnson and Dr. Timothy. Nursing care and
observation continues. Patient left resting comfortably in bed.

Drug On Wards

ANTI-HYPERTENSIVE

Trade Name Generic Action Adverse Reactions Contraindications

 Name Do not give if

Capoten Captopril Inhibits Dizziness, headache, Hypersensitivity

Angiotensin
Fatigue,hypotension, to drug
Converting
Enzyme (ACE)
diarrhoea, nausea
preventing
conversion of vomiting, fluid loss
angiotensin II, a low BP
potent
vasoconstrictor.
This decreases
aldosterone
secretion, which
reduces sodium
and water
retention and
lowers blood
pressure

Enalapril Enalapril Inhibits Dizziness, headache, Hypersensitivity

Angiotensin
Enam Maleate Fatigue, hypotension, to drug
Converting
Enzyme (ACE)
diarrhoea, nausea
preventing
conversion of vomiting,
angiotensin II, a
Insomnia
potential
vasoconstrictor.
This decreases
aldesterone
secretion, which
reduces sodium
 and water
retention and
lowers BP

ANTI-ANGINAS / VASODILATOR / NITRATE

Trade Name Generic Indication Action Adverse Contraindicati

Name Reaction on Do not give
if

Isordil Isosorbide Action not Dizziness Hypersensitivi

dinitrate well ty to drug
Weakness
understood.
Severe
Believed to
Headache
hypotension
relax
vascular Nausea
Increased
smooth
intracranial
vomiting
muscles,
pressure
thereby
reducing
cardiac
oxygen
demand

GTN Nitroglycerin Action not Dizziness, Hypersensitivi

well weakness ty to drug.
(glyceryl
understood.
trinitrate) Headache,Naua Severe
Believed to
ea hypotension
relax
vascular
Vomiting Increased
smooth
intracranial
muscles,
pressure
thereby
 reducing
Severe
cardiac
anaemia.
oxygen
Nifedipine
demand.
adalat Ca+
Nifedipine
channel
Dizziness, Hypersensitivi
blocker
weakness ty to drug.

Headache,Naua Hypotension
ea
Heart failure
Inhibits
Hypotension,
calcium ion
entry across
Diarrhoea
cardiac and
smooth Dyspnea
muscles
cells,
decreasing
contractility
and oxygen
demand.
Also may
dilate
coronary
arteries and
arterioles

Norvasc Amlodipine Inhibits Dizziness, Hypersensitivi

besylate calcium ion fatigue ty to drug.
entry across
Headache,Naus Severe hepatic
cardiac and
ea disease
smooth
 muscles Sexual
Heart failure
cells, difficulty
decreasing
dyspnea
contractility
and oxygen
demand.
Also may
dilate
coronary
arteries and
arterioles

Propanalol Propanalol A non- Fatigue, Bronchial

hydrochlorid selective beta lethargy, asthma
e blocker that
Fever, Hepatic or
reduces
diarrhoea renal disease
cardiac
oxygen
Nausea,
demand by
vomiting
blocking
catecholamin
e induced
increases in
heart rate,
blood
pressure, and
force of
myocardial
contraction.

Depresses
rennin
 secretion and
prevents
vasodilatatio
n of cerebral
arteries

CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE/CARDIOTONIC

Trade Name Generic Name Action Adverse Reactions Contraindications

–Do not give if

Digoxin Digoxin Slows, steadies Dizziness, fatigue Hypersensitivity to

(Digitalis-Fox and strengthens drug.
Headache,Nauaea
glove plant) the heartbeat.
Severe pulmonary
Promotes the
Diarrhoea
disease
movement of
vomiting
calcium from
Hypothyroidism
extracellular to Withhold if pulse
intracellular is less than 60
cytoplasm, bpm
strengthening
myocardial
contraction
Allows calcium
to enter
myocardial cells

ANTI-PLATELET

Trade Name Generic Name Action Adverse Contraindications-

 Reactions Do not use if

Plavix Clopidogrel Inhibits the binding of Dizziness, Hypersensitivity to

adenosine fatigue drug.
diphosphate (ADP) to Headache,
Pathological
its platelet receptor
Diarrhoea bleeding such as
sites, impeding
Abdominal peptic ulcer or
platelet
pain intracranial
aggregation(clotting)
haemorrhage.

Persons likely to
sustain trauma from
surgery or injury

ANTI-COAGULANT

Trade Generic Action Adverse Reactions Contraindication

Name Name Do not use if

Heparin Heparin Accelerates formation Pyrexia, Hypersensitivity

sodium of antithrombin III- to drug.
haemorrhage,
thrombin complex and
Menses or after
deactivates thrombin,
pruritus,urticaria
child birth
preventing conversion
of fibrinogen to fibrin.
Hepatic or renal
disease
Heparin is often
administered with
warfarin.This is as
warfarin’s action is
delayed. Heparin is
 then tapered off, as
abrupt withdrawal
may cause increased
coagubility.

Coumadin Warfarin Inhibits vitamin K- Pyrexia, headache, Hypersensitivity

sodium dependent activation to drug.
Diarrhoea, anorexia
of clotting factors
Menses or after
II,VII,IX and
Nausea, vomiting,
child birth
X,formed in the liver.
Heparin is often Hematuria, hepatitis
Hepatic or renal
administered with
disease
warfarin.This is as
warfarin’s action is
delayed. Heparin is
then tapered off, as
abrupt withdrawal
may cause increased
coagulability

Clexane Enoxaparin Clexane injection Bleeding, pain and Hypersensitivity

sodium contains the active irritation at the to drug.
ingredient injection site, high
Menses or after
enoxaparin,which is a blood potassium
child birth
type of medicine level(hyperkalaemia)
called a low molecular osteoporosis
Hepatic or renal
weight heparin. It
disease
works by inactivating
thrombin in the
clotting process
DIURETICS

Trade Generic Action Adverse Contraindication-

Name Name Reactions Do not give if
Lasix Furosemide Loop diuretic; Dizziness Hypersensitivity to
nausea drug.
inhibits sodium
Headache,
chloride Anuria
reabsorption from Dehydration
Vomiting Hepatic cirrhosis
the ascending loop
of henle. Also slows
Hypotension
the release of
potassium, Hypokalemia
therefore potassium
Weakness
must be replaced in
Diarrhoea
the system
abdominal-
pain

Headache
drowsiness
diarrhoea
vomiting
hyperkalaemia Hypersensitivity to
dehydration
Distal tubule drug
 diuretic, antagonizes Anuria
aldesterone in the
Hyperkalaemia
Spironolactone distal tubules,

Increasing sodium
Aldactone
and water excretion.

Causes retention of
potassium and are
therefore used as an
alternative to giving
potassium
supplements

Diamox Acetazolami By blocking an Seizures Hyponatremia/

enzyme in the body
 de called carbonic Drowsiness Hypokalemia
anhydrase,
Paraesthesia Anuria
acetazolamide
produces a weak Confusion Hyperkalaemia
diuretic affect that
Myopia
helps to treat
glaucoma by Nausea

decreasing intra
Vomiting
ocular pressure
Diarrhoea

ELECTROLYTE & FLUID REPLACEMENT

Trade Generic Action Adverse Contraindication-

Name Name Reaction Do not give if
Slow-K Potassium Replaces Dizziness nausea Oliguria(small
potassium and Headache,
amt.of urine)
Chloride maintains
potassium level
 Dehydration Anuria
Vomiting
Hyperkalaemia
Hypotension

Hypokalemia

Weakness
Diarrhoea
Abdominal-pain

Kaylixir Potassium Replaces Nausea Oliguria

potassium and
maintains
diarrhoea
gluconate Anuria
intracellular and vomiting
extracellular Hyperkalaemia
abdominal
potassium levels
pain
Rocaltrol Calcitriol Stimulate Headache Hypercalcemia Patients
using cardiac
calcium weakness
glycosides(Digoxin)
absorption from
nausea
the GI tract and
promotes vomiting
movement of constipation
calcium from
bone to blood

Calcium Calcium Replaces calcium Bradycardia, Cancer with bone

chloride chloride and maintains
arrhythmias, metastases
calcium levels.
Calcium Calcium Indicated for constipation Ventricular fibrillation
hypocalcemic nausea, vomiting
gluconate gluconate Hypercalcemia
emergency,hyper thirst, renal calculi

phosphatemia Hypercalcemia Hypophosphatemia

and
Renal calculi
hyperkalaemia

ALKALINIZERS – FLUID & ELECTROLYTE BALANCE

Trade Name Generic Action Adverse Contraindica

Name Reactions tion-Do not
give if
Sodium Sodium Restores Tetany Metabolic
bicarbonate bicarbonate buffering alkalosis
oedema
capacity of the
flatulence Respiratory
body and
alkalosis
Hypo-
neutralizes
Hypo-
excess acid. kalemia
calcemia
Used as an
hyper-
emergency drug Loss of
natremia
for cardiac chloride
arrest and
Renal
metabolic
 acidosis insufficiency

Heart failure
ANTACIDS

Trade Generic Action Adverse Contraindication-

Name Name Reaction Do not give if
CaCO3 Calcium Reduces total acid Headache, Ventricular
load in GI tract,
Carbonat
elevates gastric pH
weakness, fibrillation
(electrolyte
e
to reduce pepsin nausea,
) Hypercalcemia
activity,strenghtens
constipation
mucosal barrier and
Patients using
increases flatulence
oesophageal cardiac
sphincter tone glycosides(digoxin)

ANTIEMETIC

Trade Generic Name Action Adverse Contraindicatio

Name Reaction n-Do not give if
Gravol Dimenhydrate May affect Drowsiness Hypersensitivity
neural to drug
Headache
pathway
seizures
Dizziness
originating
in the
 labyrinth to Nausea
inhibit
Constipation
nausea and
urine
vomiting
retention
Maxolon Metoclopramide Stimulates Anxiety, Hypersensitivity
hydrochloride motility of upper
GI tract, Drowsiness to drug
increasing lower
fatigue
oesophageal seizures
sphincter tone,
Diarrhoea
and blocks
dopamine
nausea
receptors at the
chemoreceptor
trigger zone

▪ Trichomoniasis – infestation with a parasite of the genus

Trichmonus which causes vaginitis.
▪ Cystitis – inflammation of the urinary bladder.
▪ Porphyria – an inborn error in the metabolism of
porphyrins,resulting in porphyrinuria
▪ Porphyrin – one of a number of pigments used in the production
of the haem portion of haemoglobin.
▪ Porphyrinuria – the presence of an excess of porphyrin in the
 urine.

ANTIBIOTICS

Trade Generic Name Action Adverse Contraindi

Name Reaction cation-Do
not give if
Flagyl Metronidazole Inhibits Headache Hypersensi
DNA tivity to
Antibiotic https:// Dizziness
synthesis of drug.
Class: www.drugs.com/
Nausea
micro-
Nitroimidaz tips/flagyl- Hepatic
organisms diarrhoea
oles patient-tips disease
Noroxin Norfloxacin Inhibits Seizures Hypersensi
bacterial tivity to
Dizziness
DNA drug
Headache
synthesis
Seizures
Flatulence
pregnancy
Diarrhoea

Nausea

vomiting
Mycostatin Nystatin Antifungal Nausea Hypersensi
 tivity to
Vomiting drug

headache
Septra Co-trimoxazole Decreases Seizures Porphyria
bacterial
Sulfamethoxazole Fatigue Mega-
folic acid
/trimethoprim loblastic
Hallucinat-
synthesis
anaemia
ions
folic
Diarrhoea
deficiency
Nausea

Vomiting

Abdominal
pain
Maxipime Cefepine Inhibits Fever Hypersensi
bacterial tivity to
Headache
cell wall drug
Diarrhoea
synthesis
Hypersensi
Nausea
tivity to
Vomiting penicillin
 vaginitis
Zithromax Azithromycin Inhibits Headache Hypersensi
bacterial tivity to
Diarrhoea
cell wall drug
Nausea
synthesis
Hyper-
Vomiting
sensitivity
Dizziness to

Fatigue Erythromy
cin

Augmentin Amoxicillin Inhibits Diarrhoea Hyper-

bacterial sensitivity
(penicillin drug) Nausea
cell wall to drug
Vomiting
synthesis
Hyper-
Vaginitis
sensitivity
dizziness to

Penicillin

Persons
receiving
hemo-
 dialysis
treatment

Breast-
feeding
women

ANTIBIOTICS

Trade Generic Action Adverse Contraindicati

Name Name Reaction on-Do not
give if
Garamycin Gentamicin Thought to inhibit Burning Hyper-

sulfate protein synthesis, and itching sensitivity to

of the drug
usually
bactericidal eyes, Hyper-
sensitivity to
hyperaemia
amino glycosides

Fortum Ceftazidime Belongs to a group Headache

of antibiotics
Hypersensitivi
called
ty to drug
Diarrhoea
cephalosporin.
Kidney
 They kill bacteria disease
by interfering with
Pyrexia
the ability of
bacteria to form
cell walls. The Nausea
bacteria therefore
break up and
vomiting
die.Ceftazidime is
given by injection
or infusion and is
generally used for
severe infections
Rocephin Ceftriaxone broad-spectrum Headache Allergic to
antibiotic called penicillin and
Rash
the cephalosporin
injection
cephalosporins.
Drug
site
They kill bacteria interaction:
reactions
by interfering with fluconazole
(swelling,
the ability of vancomycin
redness,
bacteria to form
pain, a
cell walls.
hard
 lump),

Indication: E. coli, loss of

pneumonia, or appetite,
meningitis.
pale or
yellowed
skin, dark
colored
urine;

abnormal
liver
function
tests.

upset
stomach,

dizziness,

overactive
reflexes,

pain/
swelling in
 tongue,

sweating,

vaginal
itching or
discharge.

Cipro, Ciprofloxa Ciprofloxacin Nausea Hypersensitivi

cin works by killing ty to drug
Ciproxin Diarrhoea
the bacteria that
rash Kidney
are causing an
disease
infection
Penicillin
G (also
called
benzylpe
nicillin)
ANTIDIABETICS

Trade Generic Action Adverse Contraindication-

Name Name Reaction Do not give if
Glucophage Metformin Biguanides: Nausea Hypersensitivity
stimulates to drug
Diarrhoea
the uptake of
Renal disease
Vomiting
glucose by
the muscles flatulence
Diamicron Sulphonylureas

increases
Daonil
insulin
(type II) secretion
and are
effective only
when there
is some
pancreatic
beta cell
activity
Humulin Insulin Increases Blurred Hypoglycaemia
(regular glucose vision, dry
R Allergy to pork
transport
Humulin N Isophane) across mouth,
muscles and
Humulin urticaria,p
fat cell
70/30 ruritus,
membranes
(mixture of dyspnea
to reduce
both)
glucose level.
Helps
convert
glucose to
glycogen;

trigger amino
acid uptake
and
conversion
to protein in
muscle cells;

stimulates
triglyceride
formation
and inhibits
release of
 free fatty
acids from
adipose
tissue; and
stimulates
lipoprotein
lipase
activity,

which
converts
circulating
lipoproteins
to fatty acids.

ANTI-LIPEMICS
Trade Generic Action Adverse Contraindication-
Name Name Reaction Do not give if
Simlo Simvastin Interferes Headache, Hypersensitivity
with the to drug
nausea,
production
Pregnant and
vomiting,
of
breastfeeding
cholesterol diarrhoea
women
in the body

ANTI-CONVULSANTS

Trade Name Generic Action Adverse Contraindicati

Name Reaction on-Do not
give if
Dilantin Phenytoin Inhibits Headache Hypersensitivi
activity in the ty to drug
Nausea
area of the
Sinus
Vomiting
brain
Bradycardia
responsible Constipat-
for grand mal ion
Phenobarbitone Phenobarbitone As a Drowsiness Hypersensitivi

(Phenobarbital) (Phenobarbital) barbiturate, Bradycardia ty to drug

may depress Nausea Hepatic
CNS and
Vomiting dysfunction
increase
Respiratory
seizure
distress
threshold
apnoea

Tegretol Carbamazepine Inhibits Headache Hypersensitivi

activity in the ty to drug
Nausea
area of the
Hepatic
Vomiting
brain
dysfunction
constipat-
responsible
ion
for grand mal
seizures

ANXIOLYTIC – used for relief of anxiety. May quickly cause dependence

and are not suitable for long-term administration. Also called anti-
anxiety agent and minor tranquillizer.
Trade Generic Action Adverse Contraindication-
Name Name Reaction Do not use if
Valium Diazepam A Drowsiness Hypersensitivity
benodiazepam, Headache to drug
Anti-
anxiety That probably Brady- Liver or renal
potentiates the cardia
skeletal impairment
effects of
muscle Hypo-
GABA,
relaxant tension
depresses the
anti- Nausea
CNS,and
convultant
suppresses the constipation
spread of
seizure
activity.

Indicated for
status
epilepticus,

severs
recurrent
seizure, and
for patients on
 stable
regimens of
antiepileptic
drugs who
need diazepam
intermittently
to control
bouts of
increased
seizure activity

ANTI-ULCER

Trade Generic Action Adverse Contraindicatio

Name Name Reaction n-Do not give if
Omez Omeprazole Inhibits activity Headache Hyper-
of gastric sensitivity to
Nausea
parietal cells to drug
Vomiting
block
Hypo-calcemia
formation of constipation
gastric acid
Nexium Esomeprazole Reduces gastric Headache Hyper-
 magnesium acid secretion Nausea sensitivity to
and decreases drug
Vomiting
gastric activity
Hepatic
Diarrhoea
insufficiency

Breastfeeding
or

Pregnant
women
Pantecta Pantoprazole Inhibits proton Dizziness Hypokalemia
pump activity by
Headache Respiratory
binding to
hydrogen- abdominal alkalosis
potassium
pain
adenosine
Triphosphate, Diarrhoea

located at Nausea
secretory surface vomiting
of gastric parietal
flatulence
cells to suppress
gastric acid
secretion

Zantac Ranitidine Competitively Headache Acute

 hydrochloride inhibits action Malaise, porphyria
of histamine on
vertigo
the H2 at
Blurred
receptor sites
vision
of parietal
cells, jaundice

decreasing
gastric acid
secretion
Cytotec Misoprostol Prescribed for Headache Allergic to
stomach ulcer;
Abdominal Prostaglandin
Suppresses pain
Inflammatory
stomach acid
Diarrhoea bowel
secretion and
syndrome
Nausea
increases
gastric mucus Vomiting
and
Hyper-
bicarbonate
menorrhea
production. It
may also be
used to soften
 the cervix,
inducing
contractions to
begin labour

LAXATIVE

Trade Generic Action Adverse Contraindication-

Name Name Reaction Do not give if
Lactose Lactulose Produces Abdominal
an osmotic cramps
Duphala
effect in
Belching
Lactulax
colon;
Diarrhoea
resulting
distension Flatulence
promotes
Gaseous
peristalsis
distension

Nausea

vomiting

ANALGESIC
Trade Generic Action Adverse Contraindication-
Name Name Reaction Do not give if
Ultram Tramadol Unknown, Dizziness, Hypersensitivity
to seizure
hydrochloric Thought to Headache
bind to opioid
receptor and Vertigo

inhibit
Seizure
reuptake of
norepinephrine Nausea
and serotonin
Vomiting

constipation

LOCAL ANTI-INFECTIVE

Trade Generic Action Adverse Contraindication-

Name Name Reaction Do not give if
Bactroban Mupirocin Inhibits SKIN: Hypersensitivity
bacterial burning to drug
(topical)
synthesis
Pruritis
by
Stinging
reversibly
and Rash, pain
 specifically Erythema
binding to with
bacterial topical use
isoleucyl
transfer-
RNA
synthetase

OPTHALMIC ANTI-INEFECTIVE

Trade Generic Action Adverse Contraindication-

Name Name Reaction Do not give if
Pred Prednisolone Suppresses Cataracts Acute superficial
Forte edema,fibrin herpes simplex
Acetate Corneal
deposition,
(suspension) ulceration Fungal eye
capillary dilation,
disease
leukocyte migration, Discharge
increased
Capillary proliferation,
and collagen intra-
deposition used for ocular
allergic and pressure,
inflammatory
visual
conditions of the eye.
 field
defects

MIOTIC-a drug which causes contraction of the pupil

Trade Generic Action Adverse Contraindication

Name Name Reaction -Do not give if
Pilocarpine Pilocarpine A cholinergic Hyper- Acute cardiac

Hydro- that causes tension, failure

chloride contraction of
blurred Bronchial
iris sphincter
vision asthma
muscles,
diarrhoea
Peptic ulcer
resulting in nausea,
miosis and that vomiting
produces ciliary pulmonary
spasm, oedema

deepening of
the anterior
chamber, and
vasodilatation
of conjunctival
 vessel of the
outflow tract
N.B:miosis-contraction of the pupil of the eye, as in reaction to bright
light; meiosis

MYDRIATIC

Trade Generic Action Adverse Reaction Contraindic

Name Name ation-Do
not give if
Atropine Atropine Dilates the Confusion Hyper-
(anti- sulfate pupils of the sensitivity
Headache
cholinergic) eye to drug
(anti-
Blurred
arrhythmic)
vision
Mydriacyl Tropicamide Reduces Headache Hyper-
production of hypertension sensitivity
aqueous to drug
Dysrrhythmias,
humor by
burning and
unknown
stinging of the
mechanism.
eye
Used for
tachycardia
ocular
 hypertension,
chronic open-
angle
glaucoma
Mydfrin Pheny- Dilates the Browache(an Angle
lephrine pupil by ache located in closure
contracting the brow) glaucoma
Hydro-
the dilator
chloride Headache
muscle
Allergic

Conjunctivitis

Blurred vision

BRONCHODILATORS

Trade Name Generic Action Adverse Reaction Contra-

Name indication-do not
give if
Epinephrine Epinephrine Relaxes Drowsiness General

Adrenaline bronchial anaesthesia

Adrenaline Headache
smooth muscles
Cardiovascular
by stimulating Nervousness
disease
beta receptors
 and alpha and Cerebral
beta receptors
haemorrhage
in the
sympathetic Palpations

nervous system Ventricular

fibrillation

Shock

Nausea

Vomiting

dyspnea

Aminophylline Aminophyll Xanthine Drowsiness Hyper-sensitivity

ine bronchodilator. to drug
Headache
Give with Relaxes General
nervousness
food bronchial anaesthesia
smooth palpations,
Cardiovascular
muscles, ventricular disease(do not
pulmonary fibrillation, shock, give with

blood vessels, nausea, vomiting, amiodarone

relieves (cordarone)
Seizures
bronchospasm ciprofloxacin
and chronic
 bronchial Respiratory arrest (ciproxin)
asthma dobutamine
Isuprel Hcl Isoprotere- Relaxes Headache Hypersensitivity

REFRIGERATE nol bronchial to drug

Dizziness
smooth muscles
Hydro- General
by stimulating Tachycardia.
chloride anaesthesia
beta 2 receptor angina, rapid rise
As a cardiac Cardiovascular
and fall in blood disease
stimulant, acts
pressure, nausea,
on beta 1
receptors in the vomiting
heart diaphoresis
Atrovent Ipratropium Ant cholinergic. Bronchitis, upper Hypersensitivity to
bromide respiratory infection, drug
Inhibits vagally
mediated reflexes nervousness, General anaesthesia
by antagonizing
dizziness, Cardio-vascular
acetylcholine at
disease
muscarinic reseptor headache,
on bronchial
nausea
smooth muscles,
thereby decreasing dry mouth, throat
bronchial muscle
irritation, cough,
spasms(during an
asthmatic attack) heart

palpations

Intal Cromolyn Prophylactic Coughing, nasal Hyper-

 sodium action congestion, sensitivity to
prevents the drug General
sneezing,
release of anaesthesia
Throat
chemical
Cardiovascular
irritation,
mediators of
disease
anaphylaxis nausea or
wheezing
(slow reacting
substances of
Anaphylaxis-
histamine,

prostaglandin

bradykinin)

and is used to
prevent
asthmatic
attacks.
Ventolin Albuterol It works by Agitation, Hyper-
stimulating sensitivity to
diarrhoea
beta 2 drug General
Dizziness,
receptors, anaesthesia
headache
 relaxing the Indigestion, Cardiovascular
constricted disease
muscle
muscles of the
Cramps,
lung’s
nausea
bronchi.
Nosebleed,

Tinnitus.

Sleeplessness
and

vomiting
Beclovent Beclo- May decrease Cough, Hyper-
methsone inflammation by sensitivity to
Beconase tachycardia,
Dipropionate decreasing drug General
Fluid retention,
the number aesthesia
and activity of hives
Cardiovascular
inflammatory
Wheezing, disease
cells,
inhibiting skin rash

broncho-
constrictor
mechanism
producing
direct
smooth-
muscles
relaxation

and
decreasing
airway hyper-
responsiveness.

Does not
provide
immediate
relief, but
helps to
control
symptoms.
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKER

Trade Generic Action Adverse Reaction Contraind

Name Name ication-do
not give if
Anectine Succinyl- Binds with a Arrhythmias, Hypersen

REFRIDG choline high affinity to

Bradycardia,
sitivity to

ERATE cholinergic drug

chloride
cardiac
receptors,
arrest,apnea,
prolonging
broncho-
depolarization
constriction,
of the motor
end plate and prolonged
ultimately respiratory
producing depression,
muscle
anaphylaxis,
paralysis
malignant
(muscle
hyperthermia,
relaxation)
rhabdomyolysis
 with acute renal
failure

Nimbex Cisatrac Non- Bradycardia, Hypersen

urium depolarizing sitivity to
hypotension
drug that binds drug
besylate
rash
to cholinergic
Pregnant
receptors on
or breast-
the motor end
feeding
plate,
women
antagonizing
acetylcholine
and blocking
neuromuscular
transmission

CNS- MISCELLANEOUS

Trade Generic Action Adverse Contraindicati

Name Name Reaction on-Do not
give if
Diprivan Propofol Unknown. Bradycardia, Hyper-

REFRIDGERA sensitivity to
Rapid-acting IV hypotension,
TE
sedative- hypertension drug
hypnotic.
apnoea
Indicated for:

1. To induce
anaesthesia
2. To maintain
anaesthesia
3. Monitor
anaesthesia
care

4. To sedate
incubated

intensive
care unit
patients
ANAESTHETIC ANTIARRHYTHMIC

Trade Generic Action Adverse Contraindication-

Name Name Reaction Do not give if
Lidocaine Lidocaine Produces Anxiety Hypersensitivity
local to drug
Confusion
anaesthesia
dizziness
by reducing
Headache
sodium
permeability Nausea
of sensory
Vomiting
nerves,
Urinary
which blocks
impulse retention
generation
and
conduction.

Suppresses
automaticity
of
 ventricular
fibrillation
threshold.

ADRENERGIC (Sympathomimetics)

Trade Generic Name Action Adverse Contraindicati

Name Reaction on-Do not
give if
Dobutex Dobutamine Stimulated Headache Hyper-
heart’s beat sensitivity to
hydrochloride Hypertension
I receptor to drug
Nausea
increase
myocardial Vomiting
contractility
dyspnea
 and stroke
volume.

Used to
increase
cardiac
output in
short term
treatment of
cardiac
decompen-
sation
caused by
depressed
contractility

Intropin Dopamine Stimulates Headache Hypersensitivi

dopamine- ty to drug
hydrochloride ergic and Anxiety Occlusive
alpha and vascular
Hypotension
beta disease
Ventricular
receptors of
Ventricular
the Arrhythmias
fibrillation
sympathetic
Nausea
nervous
Vomiting
system
resulting in a dyspnea
positive
inotropic
effect and
increased
cardiac
output.

Indicated to
treat shock
and correct
hemodynamic

imbalance;

to improve
 perfusion to
vital organs
to increase
cardiac
output; to
correct
hypotension

OPIOID

Trade Generic Action Adverse Contraindicati

Name Name Reaction on-Do not
give if
Morphine Morphine Unknown, Dizziness

sulfate Binds with Seizures Hyper-

 opiate Bradycardia sensitivity to
receptor in drug
Cardiac arrest
the
Opioid
Shock
CNS,altering
addiction
perception of Hypertension
the emotional
Hypotension
response to
Constipation
pain
Nausea

Vomiting

diaphoresis

Pethidine Pethidine Binds to, and Confusion Hypersensitivi

Demerol depresses ty to drug
Sedation
opiate
meperidine Opioid
Headache
receptors in
addiction
spinal cord Hypotension
and
Bradycardia
CNS,altering
Cardiac arrest
perception of
and response
 to pain Shock

Nausea

Vomiting

Constipation

Respiratory
depression

OPIOID ANTAGONIST

Trade Generic Action Adverse Contraindicat

Name Name ed-Do not
Reaction
give if
Narcan Naloxone May displace Seizure Hypersensitiv
opioid ity to drug
hydrochl Ventricular
analgesics
oride fibrillation Cardiac
from their
Tachycardia Irritability
receptor
(competitive Nausea Opioid
 antagonism); Vomiting addiction

Drug has no Pulmonary

pharmacologic oedema,
activity of its
Diaphoresis
own.
Indicated for (sweating)

known or
suspected
opioid-
induced
respiratory
depression

BARBITURATE-A large group of sedative and hypnotic drugs derived

from barbiturate acid e.g. phenobarbitone, emylobarbitone.

Prolong use may lead to addiction.

Trade Name Generic Action Adverse Contraindicatio

 Name Reaction n-Do not give if
Thiopentone Thiopentone 1.Main use Depresse Hyper-
is for s the sensitivity to
induction of contractil drug
anaesthesia e force of
the heart,
2. For ICU
it
patients
increases
with head
heart
injuries to
rate,
control
surges in Coronary
intracranial blood
pressure. flow and
the
3. As it
oxygen
possesses
demand
potent anti-
of the
convulsants
heart.
activity, it
may be
given to
treat
 epileptic
seizures
that do not
respond to
other
therapy

DOPAMINERGIC BLOCKING AGENT

Trade Generic Action Adverse Contraindic

Name Name Reaction ation-Do
not give if
Motilium Domperi- Helps the Itching of skin Hypersensi
done stomach to tivity to
Headache,
empty more drug
hives,
quickly in
people where Diarrhoea
this is a
Dizziness
problem. It
palpations
helps to
reduced
 reflux(stomach
acid from back
up) and the
sensation of
fullness
Cogentin Bentropine Unknown. Confusion Hyper-
sensitivity
mesylate May block Memory
to drug
central
Impairment
cholinergic Cardiovascu
Hallucinations
receptors, lar disease
Tachycardia
Helping to
balance Constipation
cholinergic
Nausea
activity in the
Vomiting
basal ganglia.
Paralytic ileus
Cogentin is
given to treat Urine retention
side effects of
above-
mentioned
antipsychotic
 drugs.

ANTIPARKINSONS

Trade Generic Action Adverse Contraindication

Name Name Reactions -Do not give if
Larodopa Levo Unknown. May be Orthostatic Hyper-
dopa decarboxylated to hypertension sensitivity to
dopamine, drug
Phlebitis
Countering the Severe
Anorexia
depletion of cardiovascular
Nausea
striatal dopamine
disease
in extrapyramidial Vomiting
centres; this
Urine retention
depletion is
thought to
produce
parkinsonism.
Cogentin Bentropine Unknown. May Confusion Hypersensitivity
mesylate block central to drug
Memory
cholinergic
impairment Cardiovascular
receptor,
 helping to balance Hallucinations, disease.
cholinergic activity
tachycardia
in the basal
Constipation
ganglia
Nausea

Vomiting

Paralytic ileus

Urine retention

ANTIDEPRESSANTS

Trade Generic Name Action Adverse Contraindication-

Name Reactions Do not give if
Prozac Fluoxetine Thought Nervousness Hypersensitivity
to be to drug
hydrochloride Headache
linked to
High risk for
Insomnia
drug’s
suicide
inhibition Nausea
of CNS
Diarrhoea
neuronal
 uptake of Anorexia
serotonin
Dyspepsia

constipation

ANTITUBERCULOTICS

Trade Generic Action Adverse Contra-

Name Name Reactions indication-
Do not
give if
Isoniazid Isoniazid Antibiotic; Peripheral Hyper-
(INH, neuropathy sensitivity
Bactericidal. May
isonicotinic
to drug
hydrazide inhibit cell-wall Seizures
biosynthesis by
Nausea
interfering with
Vomiting
lipid and DNA
synthesis. Agranulocytosis

Pyridoxine Aplastic
anaemia
(vitaminB6) is
 administered with jaundice
INH to prevent
INH-associated
peripheral
neuropathy
Rifampin Rifampin Antibiotic; Headache Hyper-
sensitivity
(rifampic Bactericidal. Dizziness
to drug
in)
Inhibits DNA- Nausea
Liver
dependent RNA
Vomiting
disease
polymerase,
Diarrhoea
which impairs
Flatulence
RNA synthesis
hyperuricaemia
Mycobutin Rifabutin Antibiotic; Inhibits Headache Hypersensi
DNA-dependant tivity to
Fever
RNA polymerase drug
Dyspepsia
in susceptible Neutropenia
bacteria, blocking (indigestion)
Thrombo-
bacterial protein
Flatulence cytopenia
synthesis
Diarrhoea
 Nausea

Vomiting

Myalgia(muscle
pain)

Drugs by Diseases

Analgesics, antibiotics, anticoagulants, chemotherapeutic

agents, diabetic medications, and cardiovascular agents.

Three Checks and the Rights of Medication Administration page 738

fundamental book

MI

Clexane

Plavix

Aspirin
Hypertension

Enalapril

Nifedipine

ESRD

Lasix

Angina/heart failure

Isodil

GTN

Aspirin

Digoxin

Vasterel

Lasix

DM
Insulin

Metformin

COPD

Bronchodilators – albuterol

corticosteroids

Infections

Antibiotics

Augentin

Amoxicillin

Rocephin

Flagyl

Penicillin G

Zenicef

Zosyn- Brand name. Generic Name: piperacillin and tazobactam

injection. Drug classes: antibacterial and β-Lactamase inhibitor.
Indication: Zosyn is used to treat many different infections caused by
bacteria, such as stomach infections, skin infections, pneumonia, and
severe uterine infections. Broad spectrum of bactericidal activity
against gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic
organisms. Contraindications: You should not use Zosyn if you are
allergic to: piperacillin or any other penicillin antibiotic (amoxicillin,
ampicillin, Augmentin, dicloxacillin, oxacillin, penicillin, ticarcillin, or
others);tazobactam; or a cephalosporin antibiotic such as cefdinir
(Omnicef), cephalexin (Keflex), or others. If you have ever had: kidney
disease (or if you are on dialysis); a bleeding or blood clotting
disorder;an electrolyte imbalance such as low levels of potassium in
your blood; cystic fibrosis; or if you are on a low-salt diet. Side effects:
Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction to
Zosyn (hives, difficult breathing, swelling in your face or throat) or a
severe skin reaction (fever, sore throat, burning eyes, skin pain, red or
purple skin rash with blistering and peeling). diarrhea, constipation;
nausea; headache; or sleep problems (insomnia), severe stomach pain,
diarrhea that is watery or bloody (even if it occurs months after your
last dose); confusion; muscle twitching or stiffness, trouble walking; a
seizure; low white blood cell counts: may experience fever, mouth
sores, skin sores, sore throat, cough, trouble breathing; or low
potassium: may experience leg cramps, constipation, irregular
heartbeats, fluttering in your chest, increased thirst or urination,
numbness or tingling, muscle weakness or limp feeling. Patient
Education: Use Zosyn for the full prescribed length of time. Your
symptoms may improve before the infection is completely cleared.
Skipping doses may also increase your risk of further infection that is
resistant to antibiotics. Zosyn will not treat a viral infection such as the
common cold or flu. Use the medicine as soon as you can, but skip the
missed dose if it is almost time for your next dose. Do not use two
doses at one time. Antibiotic medicines can cause diarrhea, which may
be a sign of a new infection. If you have diarrhea that is watery or
bloody, call your doctor before using anti-diarrhea medicine. Dosage:
The usual total daily dose of ZOSYN for adults is 3.375 g every six hours
totaling 13.5 g (12.0 g piperacillin/1.5 g tazobactam). The usual
duration of ZOSYN treatment is from 7 to 10 days. ZOSYN should be
administered by intravenous infusion over 30 minutes.
https://www.drugs.com/zosyn.html#:~:text=Zosyn%20contains%20a
%20combination%20of%20piperacillin%20and
%20tazobactam.,infections%2C%20skin%20infections%2C
%20pneumonia%2C%20and%20severe%20uterine%20infections

Meropenem
Doxycycline

Gentamycin

Antifungal

Fluconazole

Pain

Tramadol & Gravol

Tramadol

Indications - Moderate to moderately severe pain (extended-release

formulations indicated for patients who require around-the-clock pain
management).

Action - Binds to u-opioid receptors. Inhibits reuptake of serotonin and

norepinephrine in the CNS. Therapeutic Effects: Decreased pain.

Pharmacokinetics
Absorption: Immediate-release—75% absorbed after oral
administration; Extended-release (Ultram)—85–90% (compared with
immediate-release).

Distribution: Crosses the placenta; enters breast milk.

Metabolism and Excretion: Mostly metabolized by the liver; one
metabolite has analgesic activity; 30% is excreted unchanged in urine.
Half-life: : Tramadol—6–8 hr, ER—7.9 hr; active metabolite—7–9 hr;
both are increased in renal or hepatic impairment

TIME/ACTION PROFILE (analgesia)

ROUTE ONSET PEAK DURATION

PO 1 hr 2–3 hr 4–6 hr

ER unknown 12 hr 24 hr

Contraindications/Precautions Contraindicated in: Hypersensitivity;

Cross-sensitivity with opioids may occur; Patients who are acutely
intoxicated with alcohol, sedatives/hypnotics,centrally acting
analgesics, opioid analgesics, or psychotropic agents; Patients who are
physically dependent on opioid analgesics (may precipitate
withdrawal); OB, Lactation: Pregnancy or lactation; ER only—CCr 30
mL/min or hepatic impairment.

Use Cautiously in: Geri: Immediate-release— Not to exceed 300

mg/day in patients >75 yr; ER— Use with extreme caution in patient
>75 yr; Patients with a history of epilepsy or risk factors for seizures;
Renal impairment (increased dosing interval recommended if CCr 30
mL/min); Hepatic impairment (increased dosing interval recommended
in patients with cirrhosis); Patients receiving MAO inhibitors,
neuroleptics, SSRIs, or TCAs, or other CNS depressants; Patients who
are suicidal or prone to addiction (increased risk of suicide); Excessive
use of alcohol (increased risk of suicide); increased intracranial pressure
or head trauma; Patients with a history of opioid dependence or who
have recently received large doses of opioids; Pedi: Children 16 yr
(safety not established).

Adverse Reactions/Side Effects

CNS: SEIZURES, dizziness, headache, somnolence, anxiety, CNS

stimulation, confusion, coordination disturbance, euphoria, malaise,
nervousness, sleep disorder, weakness. EENT: visual disturbances. CV:
vasodilation. GI: constipation, nausea, abdominal pain, anorexia,
diarrhea, dry mouth, dyspepsia, flatulence, vomiting. GU: menopausal
symptoms, urinary retention/frequency. Derm: pruritus, sweating.
Neuro: hypertonia. Misc: SEROTONIN SYNDROME, physical
dependence, psychological dependence, tolerance.

NURSING IMPLICATIONS

Assessment
● Assess type, location, and intensity of pain before and 2–3 hr (peak)
after administration.

● Assess BP and respiratory rate before and periodically during

administration. Respiratory depression has not occurred with
recommended doses.

● Assess bowel function routinely. Prevention of constipation should be

instituted with increased intake of fluids and bulk and with laxatives to
minimize constipating effects.

● Assess previous analgesic history. Tramadol is not recommended for

patients dependent on opioids or who have previously received opioids
for more than 1 wk; may cause opioid withdrawal symptoms.

● Prolonged use may lead to physical and psychological dependence

and tolerance, although these may be milder than with opioids. This
should not prevent patient from receiving adequate analgesia. Most
patients who receive tramadol for pain do not develop psychological
dependence. If tolerance develops, changing to an opioid agonist may
be required to relieve pain.

● Monitor patient for seizures. May occur within recommended dose

range. Risk is increased with higher doses and in patients taking
antidepressants (SSRIs, SNRIs, tricyclics, or MAO inhibitors), opioid
analgesics, or other drugs that decrease the seizure threshold. Also
monitor for serotonin syndrome (mental-status changes (e.g., agitation,
hallucinations, coma), autonomic instability (e.g., tachycardia, labile BP,
hyperthermia), neuromuscular aberrations (e.g., hyperreflexia,
incoordination) and/or gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea) in patients taking these drugs concurrently.

Panadol

Olfen

Morphine

Pethidine

Seizures

Dilantin

Clonazepam

GI

Omez

Nexium
 Description of Wound Drainage

DRAINAGE Page 938

The inflammatory response results in the formation of

exudate, which then drains from the wound. The exudate is

composed of fluid and cells that escape from blood vessels

and are deposited in or on tissue surfaces. This exudate is

called wound drainage and is described as serous

Serous drainage is composed primarily of the clear,

serous portion of the blood and from serous membranes.

Serous drainage is clear and watery.

• Sanguineous drainage consists of large numbers of red

blood cells and looks like blood. Bright-red sanguineous

drainage is indicative of fresh bleeding, whereas darker

drainage indicates older bleeding.

• Serosanguineous drainage is a mixture of serum and red

blood cells. It is light pink to blood tinged.

• Purulent drainage is made up of white blood cells,

liquefied dead tissue debris, and both dead and live bacteria. Purulent
drainage is thick, often has a musty or

foul odor, and varies in color (such as dark yellow or

green), depending on the causative organism.

Examples of NANDA Nursing Diagnoses - Patient With a Wound or

Pressure Ulcer page 941

IV Fluids and Solutions Guide & Cheat Sheet

https://nurseslabs.com/iv-fluids/

● What are IV Fluids?

● Types of IV Fluids
● Crystalloids
○ Isotonic IV Fluids
■ 0.9% NaCl (Normal Saline Solution, NSS)
■ Dextrose 5% in Water (D5W)
■ Lactated Ringer’s 5% Dextrose in Water (D5LRS)
 ■ Ringer’s Solution
■ Nursing Considerations for Isotonic Solutions
○ Hypotonic IV Fluids
■ 0.45% Sodium Chloride (0.45% NaCl)
■ 0.33% Sodium Chloride (0.33% NaCl)
■ 0.225% Sodium Chloride (0.225% NaCl)
■ 2.5% Dextrose in Water (D2.5W)
■ Nursing Considerations for Hypotonic Solutions
○ Hypertonic IV Fluids
■ Hypertonic Sodium Chloride IV Fluids
■ Hypertonic Dextrose Solutions
■ Dextrose 10% in Water (D10W)
■ Dextrose 20% in Water (D20W)
■ Dextrose 50% in Water (D50W)
■ Nursing Considerations for Hypertonic Solutions
● Colloids
○ Human Albumin
○ Dextrans
■ Low-molecular-weight Dextrans (LMWD)
■ High-molecular-weight Dextrans (HMWD)
○ Etherified Starch
○ Gelatin
 ○ Plasma Protein Fraction (PPF)
○ Nursing Considerations for Colloid Solutions
● Cheat Sheet for IV Fluids
● References and Sources

Drug Calculations

Calculating Oral Medication Dosages

Here is an example of how to calculate oral medication dosage using

ratio and proportion:

Doctor's order: 125 mg of medication once a day

Medication label: 1 tablet = 250 mg

How many tablets should be administered daily?

In this problem you have to determine how many tablets the patient
will take if the doctor order is 125 mg a day and the tablets are
manufactured in tablets and each tablet has 250 mg.
This problem can be set up and calculated as shown below.

250 mg: x tablets = 125 mg

250mg x = 125 mg

x = 125/250 = 1/2 tablet

Here is another example of calculating an oral dosage with a liquid oral

medication:

Doctor's order: Tetracycline syrup 150 mg po once daily

Medication label: Tetracycline syrup 50 mg/mL

How many mL should be administered per day?

For this oral dosage problem, you have to find out how many mL of
tetracycline the patient will get when the doctor has ordered 150 mg
and the syrup has 50 mg/ml.

This problem is set up and calculated as shown below.

150 mg: x mL = 50 mg: 1 mL

50 x = 150

X = 150/50 = 3 mL
Calculating Intramuscular and Subcutaneous Medication
Dosages

The process for calculating intramuscular and subcutaneous dosages is

practically identical to that of calculating oral dosages using ratio and
proportion. Here is an example:

Doctor's order: Meperidine 20 mg IM q4h prn for pain

Medication label: Meperidine 40 mg/mL

How many mL or cc will you give for each prn dose?

Using ratio and proportion, this problem is set up and solved as shown
below.

20 mg / x mL = 40 mg/1mL

40mg * x = 20mg * 1mL

x = 20mg/40mg * 1mL = 0.5 mL

Now, let's do this one:

Doctor's order: Heparin 3,000 units subcutaneously

Medication label: 5,000 units/mL

How many milliliters will be administered for this patient?

5,000 * X = 3,000

3,000/5,000 = 0.6 mL

Answer: 0.6 mL

Calculating Intravenous Flow Rates

The rule for intravenous flow rates is:

gtts/min = (Number of mLs to be delivered)/(The Number of Minutes) x

Drip or drop factor for the IV tubing

Doctor's order: 0.9% NaCl solution at 50 mL per hour

How many gtts per minute should be administered if the tube delivers
20 gtt/mL?

X gtts per min = (50 x 20)/60 = 1000/60 = 16.6 gtts which rounded off to
the closest drop is 17 gtts

Rounded off to: 17 gtt/min

Here's another example:

Doctor's order: 500 mL of 5% D 0.45 normal saline solution to infuse

over 2 hours
How many gtt per minute should be given if the tubing delivers 10 gtt/
mL?

X gtts per min = (500 x 10)/120 = 5000 / 120 = 41.66 gtts which is 42 gtts
when it is rounded off

https://www.registerednursing.org/nclex/dosage-calculations/

Calculation Examples from another site:

https://www.nursingtimes.net/clinical-archive/medicine-management/
how-to-calculate-drug-dosage-accurately-advice-for-nurses-01-09-
2002/

Clinical Nursing Skills Competency

Vital Signs Genitourinary Orthopedic/Vascular
Care

Pulse Rate & Sites Indwelling Catheter Insertion Application of Anti-

embolism stockings

Respiratory Rate & Quality Indwelling Catheter Removal Pin Care

Blood Pressure: Indwelling Catheter Care Sterile Dressing Change;

Superficial Dressing
1. Manual Auscultation Change
2. Electronic

Temperature: Axillary, Oral Perineal Care Wound Irrigation

Rectal,

Infection Control Nutrition Suture Removal

Hand Washing Gravity Feedings

Enteral – PEG Feeding

Gastrostomy

Clean Gloving and Sterile Gloving NG Feeding Tube: Insertion,

Maintenance & Removal
Donning & Duffing PPE

Surgical Scrub; Sterile Field Oral Feeding

Pressure Ulcer Care

Sterile Dressing Change

Physical Care Bowel Elimination Bed Making &

Comfort Measures

Mouth Care/Oral Hygiene Selection/Application of Ostomy Making Occupied Bed

Appliance

Bed Bathing (Skin Care) Stoma/Peristomal Skin Care Making Unoccupied Bed

Eye Care Ostomy Pouch Care ID & Allergy Bands

Bedpan/Urinal Administration Physical Assessment Toileting

 Head-to-Toe Assessment Use of Bedpan

Environmental Assessment Use of Urinal

Mobility, Immobility & IV Therapy Respiratory Care

Positioning

Body Mechanics Tube Priming; Regulate flow Pulse Oximeters

Body Alignment Peripheral IV Maintenance, Turn, Cough and Deep

Insertion, and Site Care Breathe

Turning Patient Peripheral IV Removal Use of Ambu Bag/Mask

Transferring Patient: Bed Central Line Management; CVP Supplemental Oxygen

Catheter Care
Chair

Use of Restraints IV Tube & Bag Changes Nebulizer

Active Range of Motion Assessment for Incentive Spirometry

Inflammation/Infiltration

Passive Range of Motion Total Parenteral Nutrition Closed Chest Tube

Administration (TPN) Drainage

Assisted Ambulation Administration of crystalloids & Chest Tube Insertion Site

Colloids Care

Use of Wheelchair , Crutches Tracheostomy Care

Client Repositioning Administration of Blood & Chest Tube Insertion Site

Blood Products Care
 Application of Restraints Platelet, Cryoprecipitate, PRBC, Tracheostomy Care
Fresh Frozen Plasma, Albumin

Specimen Collection Tubes and Drains Pain Management &

Assessment

Blood specimen/Phlebotomy Insertion of Nasogastric Tube Pain Assessment Tool

Stool specimen Nasogastric Tube Relaxation Techniques

Maintenance/Care

Fecal Occult Blood Test (hemocult) Drainage Collection Devices Body Positioning

Glucose testing/Fingerstick Maintenance of JP drains &

Hemovacs

Mid-Stream Urine Collection

Safe Medication Preparation Critical Care Skills Communication

& Administration Skills

Oral (tablets, capsules & liquids) EKG - Basic Rhythm Strips Verbal & Non-verbal

Topicals, intradermal & transdermal Documentation With Members of the

Interdisciplinary team

Eye drops/Ointment Purposes of Documentation Emergency

Treatment

Nose Drops . Effective documentation principles CPR

Nasal Sprays/Nasal Inhalers Follow the nursing process

Subcutaneous/Intramuscular Intake & Output Charting

Injections
 Intravenous Medication IV
Piggyback Medications/Buretols

Administration of
Suppositories/enemas

Reporting Errors

General

1. Prioritize care

2. Work effective as a team member

3. Communicate effectively

4. Main confidentiality

5. Demonstrate knowledge of code of conduct

6. Documentation

7. Hospital policy and guideline

8. Universal precautions

9. Health & safety

10. Infection Control

11. Maintain Patients psychological well being

12. Integrity

13. Admission and discharge

It takes a special kind of person to be a NURSE—a balanced mix of intellectual
and people-person. And it’s often said that nurses are born, not made.

Seven (7) Nursing Skills You can’t Learn in the Classroom

1. Cultural Awareness

Ø This is essential to giving complete, patient-centered care. Different cultural beliefs

and values influence a patient’s view of health, wellness, care, acceptance of and
adherence to treatment, and even death.

Ø Understanding, respecting and accommodating your patients’ preferences and needs

with regards to their individual beliefs, customs and practices should be part of both
your planning and delivery of nursing care.

Ø Recognizing your own biases is the first step to giving culturally competent care. From
there, increasing your knowledge and awareness through educational opportunities of
your practicing institution or organizations can help you further develop this skill.

2. Professionalism

Ø Outside of your external appearance and demeanor, remember that everything you
say and do reflects your ethical principles and moral values. Nurses should always
exhibit professionalism in front of patients, but also with colleagues as well.

Ø Professionalism is a nursing skill encompassing many areas: respect, attitude,

integrity, responsibility, and discipline to name a few. Focus on your daily work as part
of a collaborative whole, and remember that your day-to-day role and responsibilities
are only part of the larger picture of patient care.

Ø Tackling your work with a sense of professionalism reflects your dedication to the
altruistic ideal of the nursing profession.

3. Attention to Detail

Ø Developing and perfecting your attention to detail not only ensures that you’ll
avoid a medical mistake, but it also helps you give great patient care.
 Ø Focus on active listening—observing non-verbal cues from your patient as
well as hearing their spoken words. This helps your patient feel understood, not
just heard. It also helps you tune in on his or her unspoken concerns and needs.

Ø Also try to consider your work from a different perspective. Think of your to-do
list as “people-oriented” rather than “task-oriented”. Be present and mindful with
each patient encounter and avoid the distraction of the thinking about the long list
of other things waiting for you to do.

4. Critical Thinking

Ø Nurses must be problem-solvers. Time and resources are always in short

supply, and the to-do list is long. Skills that help bring these into balance will
make your life much easier. Critical thinking integrates information, evidence,
outcomes, and experiences, and translates them into effective plans and
solutions for patients.

Ø Identify problems and don’t be afraid to discuss them with your supervisor.
Keep current with the findings of professional journals and become involved with
your facility’s quality improvement processes. These are just two ways that you
can expand your critical thinking skills.

5. Compassion

Ø Nurses are on the front lines dealing intensely with patients, their families, and
barriers in the healthcare system. Maintaining compassion is essential to
providing good care, but difficult to do in today’s environment.

Ø Nurse fatigue is a real phenomenon that requires nurses to take care of

themselves first to avoid. Exercise, meditation, or volunteerism can all be
effective ways to reconnect and nurture the desire to help others that first led you
toward a nursing career.

Ø If you find you’re having trouble coping on your own, discuss your concerns
with your nurse manager. More and more employers are engaging their nurses in
courses on self-help techniques and stress management.

6. Time Management
 Ø Prioritize your work. Stay organized with personal checklists, flowcharts, or
spreadsheets, and multi-task whenever possible. Utilize your nursing skills of
anticipation, delegation, and supervision to this end.

Ø Remember, good time management involves people management! Take the

time to get to know and understand your facility’s available resources and
maximize their use.

Ø Lastly, find a nurse mentor or co-worker and brainstorm ways to maximize

effective use of your time each day.

7. Communication

Ø Nurses are the vital link between patients and providers and must
communicate effectively with other healthcare personnel to coordinate patient
care. Be concise and logical, and remember that how you communicate
information is just as important (or more) as what you say.

Ø The same holds true for patient communication. Be calm, measured,

professional, and reassuring when dealing with patients and their families. Use
visual or written communication aids if they’re available and be cognizant of and
open to exploring reasons for ineffective communication.

Ø Lastly, remember that not everyone communicates in the same way. Take the
time to get to know your patients and their families to develop communication
strategies that are the most effective and efficient for each of them.
 NANDA Nursing Diagnosis List for 2015-2017
Nanda Nursing Diagnosis list – Domain 2: nutrition

Class 1. Ingestion

· Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements

· Readiness for enhanced nutrition

· Impaired swallowing

Class 4. Metabolism

· Risk for unstable blood glucose level

Class 5. Hydration

· Risk for electrolyte imbalance

· Deficient fluid volume

· Risk for deficient fluid volume

· Excess fluid volume

· Risk for imbalanced fluid volume

Nanda Nursing Diagnosis list – Domain 3: elimination and exchange

Class 1. Urinary function

· Impaired urinary elimination

· Functional urinary incontinence

· Urinary retention

Class 2. Gastrointestinal function

· Constipation

· Risk for constipation

 · Diarrhea

· Bowel incontinence

Class 4. Respiratory function

· Impaired gas exchange

Nanda Nursing Diagnosis list – Domain 4: activity/rest

Class 2. Activity/exercise

· Impaired physical mobility

Class 3. Energy balance

· Fatigue

Class 4. Cardiovascular/pulmonary responses

· Activity intolerance

· Risk for activity intolerance

· Ineffective breathing pattern

· Decreased cardiac output

· Impaired spontaneous ventilation

· Risk for decreased cardiac tissue perfusion

· Risk for ineffective cerebral tissue perfusion

· Ineffective peripheral t

· issue perfusion

· Risk for ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion

Class 5. Self-care

· Bathing self-care deficit

· Dressing self-care deficit

· Feeding self-care deficit

 · Toileting self-care deficit

Class 4. Cognition

· Acute confusion

· Deficient knowledge

Class 5. Communication

· Impaired verbal communication

Nanda Nursing Diagnosis list – Domain 6: self-Perception

Class 2. Self-esteem

· Risk for chronic low self-esteem

· Situational low self-esteem

Class 3. Body image

· Disturbed body image

Nanda Nursing Diagnosis list – Domain 9: Coping/stress tolerance

Class 2. Coping responses

· Anxiety

· Ineffective coping

· Death anxiety

· Ineffective denial

· Fear

· Grieving

· Powerlessness

Nanda Nursing Diagnosis list – Domain 11: safety/Protection

Class 1. Infection
 · Risk for infection

Class 2. Physical injury

· Ineffective airway clearance

· Risk for aspiration

· Risk for bleeding

· Risk for dry eye

· Risk for falls

· Risk for injury

· Risk for urinary tract injury

· Risk for pressure ulcer

· Impaired skin integrity

· Risk for impaired skin integrity

Class 6. Thermoregulation

· Hyperthermia

· Hypothermia

· Risk for hypothermia

· Risk for imbalanced body temperature

Nanda Nursing Diagnosis list – Domain 12: Comfort

Class 1. Physical comfort

· Nausea

· Acute pain

· Chronic pain
Extras (COSTATT)
 Ward Rounds

1. Ward rounds provide a link between patients’ admission to hospital and their
discharge or transfer elsewhere

2. Nurses have a vital role in ward rounds and should make it a priority to
attend

3. Ensuring patients/carers are fully involved in care decisions is a nursing

responsibility

4. When patients are transferred or discharged, nurses ensure information is

communicated to the next stage in the pathway

5. A rushed round or one with no nurse present will have a negative effect on
the team

Stages of a ward round

There are three distinct stages to ward rounds, each of which has equal importance.

Antecedents (before)

Key activities before a ward round takes place are:

● Establishing results of investigations;

● Preparing patients - in most cases this simply involves letting them know the
round will be taking place;
● Encouraging patients to think about any questions they may have, which
may help to avoid their forgetting what is important to them;
● Chasing up any multidisciplinary perspectives of care to discuss on the ward
round.

Critical attributes (during)

This refers to the key activities, and perhaps type of structure, that is integral to a
ward round:

● Review of unstable or deteriorating patients;

● Decision making and documenting of care;
● Review of patients going home (pre-discharge);
● Review of patients’ progress during their inpatient stay.

Consequences (after)

Once the ward round is over, a number of activities will be necessary:

● Team organisation;
● Progression of tasks;
● Communications;
● Repetition of information to the patient;
● Motivation of the ward team.

Management Exam Tips

Documents to have ready when she arrives (around 8 am):

· Patient Classification (all patients)

· Disposition

· Diet Sheet for all patients (it’s one sheet that includes all the patients diet in it, there
are blank ones on the ward)

· Take over the ward for yourself so that you will truly have a better sense of all the
patients on the ward.

· Complete your “rounds” sheet so that you can record all relevant info
 Questions

1. Tell her something about the ward

2. How do you know the ward is ready to be taken over?

3. What did you do when you entered the ward this morning? (she is looking to see
how you prioritize your duties)

4. What is the purpose of the Patient Classification?

5. Who is supposed to take over the DDA?

6. How is the DDA taken over?

7. What drugs are in the DDA?

8. What are the emergency drugs?

9. What are the controlled drugs?

10. How many BP machines are on the ward?

11. What do you do if the BP Machine isn’t working?

12. If the lights are not working who do you call?

13. Ordering days for medication?

14. What do you do if there is a crash?

15. How many Rn’s on duty? (you must be able to identify them by)

16. How many patients are on the ward?

 Doctor’s Rounds (about 9:00am / 9:30am it depends)

Basically following around the doctors as they visit the patients and trying to hear what
they are saying, if there is any change to the current plan for the patients. For cubicle
management you can allocate one of your staff to do the rounds and update you of any
change in patient plan. For

Ward Conference @ 11:00am sharp

For the Ward Conference, it would just be you and miss if its ward management. If its
cubicle it would be you, miss, resource nurse your staff (students). Your staff would hand
over their patient and you would also hand over yours. You can be assertive here and ask
your staff questions in relation to their patient to show that although you are managing
one patient you still know what is going on with the rest. After giving over your patient
the last thing to mention are their vital signs and if they are presently stable. You can start
the conference by welcoming your staff, asking them how was their day and if they
accomplish what they were supposed to do.

Handing over (around 11:30am/11:45am) – you have to hand over all your patients to the
evening RN or miss might just tell you who she wants you to handover. Start at admission notes
- give patient’s name, age, sex, when they came in, why they came in, what they had done in
A&E (if that’s where they came from), their first plan, and their last plan, and all orders from the
last plan that was carried out.
 Medication Sheet for the Cubicle

Pt. Name and Bed # Drug Route

Time
 Drugs on Wards

Trade Name Generic Dosage Action Side Effects Contraindicatio

Name ns

Anti-Hypertensives

· May inhibit · Dizziness · Hypersensitivity to

central vasomotor drug
Aldomet Methyldopa 250mg · Depression
centers
PO OD
· Nausea

· Vomiting

· Diarrhea

Angiotensin Receptors –(SARTANS)

block the receptors so the angiotensin fails to constrict the blood vessel.

· Blocks binding · Dizziness ·

of angiotensin II Hypersensitivity
· Headache
to receptor sites
· Renal or heart
Diovan Valsartan · Insomnia
disease

· Fatigue
· 2nd & 3rd

· Vertigo Trimester
(pregnancy)
· Hypotension
· Breast feeding
· Diarrhea

· Nausea

· Abdominal
 Pain

(Angiotensin Converting Enzyme) ACE Inhibitors - PRILS

help the body produce less angiotensin, which help blood vessels to open and relax, thereby
decreasing BP

↓ Aldosterone · Dizziness ·

secretion and Hypersensitivity

Capote Captopril · Headache
to drug
reduces water &
· Fatigue
sodium retention

ACE which lowers BP · Hypotension

Inhibitor
· Diarrhea

· Nausea

· Vomiting

↓ Aldosterone · Dizziness ·

secretion and Hypersensitivity

Enalapril Enalapril 10 mg · Headache
to drug
reduces water &
Enam Maleate PO OD,
· Fatigue
BD sodium retention
(Vasotec)
which lowers BP · Hypotension

· Diarrhea

ACE
· Nausea
Inhibitor
· Vomiting

Beta blockers - OLOLS

reduce the heart rate, the heart's workload and the heart's output of blood, which lowers blood
pressure
 · Blocks both · Dizziness ·
Alpha- & Beta- Hypersensitivity
Coreg Carvedilol 3.125m · Fatigue
adrenergic to drug
g PO
portions of CNS · Hypotension
OD · Bronchial

· Postural Asthma

Hypertension
· Severe
6.25mg Bradycardia
· Diarrhea
PO OD
· Nausea
(BETA
· Vomiting
BLOCKER
)
· Stroke

· Bradycardia

Trade Name Generic Dosage Action Side Effects Contraindicatio

Name ns

· Blocks beta · Dizziness ·

adrenergic Hypersensitivity
Apo-Atenolol Atenolol · Fatigue
receptors, to drug

(Tenormin) · Hypotension
· ↓ cardio · Sinus

output & CO2 · Nausea bradycardia

consumption
· Diarrhea · Overt cardiac
(BETA With-
failure
BLOCKER hold if · Depresses renin

) pulse is secretion
· Cardiogenic
< Shock
60bpm

· ↓ cardiac · Fatigue · Bronchial

oxygen demand Asthma
Propranolol Propranolol 2.5 – · Lethargy
by blocking
Hydrochlori 5mg PO · Hepatic or
catecholamine · Fever
 induced
de OD · Diarrhea Renal disease

· Nausea
Used in patients
(Beta 40mg ·
with
blocker) PO OD,
Hyperthyroidism Vomiting
BD,
TDS

Calcium Channel Blockers - PINES

(Prevents calcium from entering cells of heart & blood vessels)

· Relaxes · Dizziness ·

vascular smooth Hypersensitivity

Isodril Isosorbide · Weakness
to drug
muscle, thereby↓
Dinitrate
CO2 demand · Headache
· Severe

· Nausea Hypotension

· Vomiting · ↑ Intracranial
pressure
· Tachycardia

· Palpitations

· Ankle
swelling
(edema)

· Inhibits · Dizziness ·
calcium ion entry Hypersensitivity
Nifedipine Nifedipine 20mg · Headache
across cardiac & to drug
PO OD,
smooth muscle · Fatigue
BD · Hypotension
 cells
Calcium · Nausea · Heart failure
Chanel · Decreases
40mg · Diarrhea
Blockers contractility and
PO OD,
oxygen demand · Dyspnea
BD

· Inhibits · Dizziness ·
calcium ion entry Hypersensitivity
Norvasc Amlodipine · Headache
across cardiac & to drug
smooth muscle · Fatigue
· Hypotension
cells
Calcium · Nausea
· Heart failure
· Decreases
Chanel
contractility and · Sexual
Blockers
oxygen demand difficulty

· Dyspnea

Trade Name Generic Dosage Action Side Effects Contraindicatio

Name ns

Nitrates

· Relaxes · Dizziness ·

vascular smooth Hypersensitivity

GTN Nitroglyceri 1-tab · Weakness
to drug
muscle, thereby↓
n (glyceryl PO
 CO2 demand
trinitrate) SL · Headache · Severe
Hypotension
· Nausea
· ↑ Intracranial
· Vomiting
pressure

· Severe
Anemia

Cardiac Glycoside

· Slow, Steady & · Dizziness ·

strengthen Hypersensitivity
Digoxin Digoxin · Headache
heartbeat to drug
(Digitalis-
· Diarrhea
Fox glove · Promotes · Severe
plant) movement of · Nausea pulmonary
calcium from disease
extracellular to · Vomiting
·
intracellular
· Fatigue Hypothyroidism
With- cytoplasm
hold if
pulse is · Strengthen

< myocardial

60bpm contraction

Anti-Coagulants - To prevent the formation of blood clots

Heparin Heparin · Accelerates · Pyrexia ·

Sodium formation of Hypersensitivity
30,000 · Hemorrhage
antithrobin III- to drug
u SC
Thrombin · Pruritus
· Menses or
complex and
· Urticaria after child birth
deactivates
thrombin, · Hepatic or
 preventing
· Mild pain renal disease
conversion of
fibrogen to fibrin.

· Heparin is
Antidote: Heparin
often
Protamine with
administered with
Sulphate warfarin
warfarin

Coumadin Warfarin · Inhibits Vitamin · Pyrexia ·

Sodium K- Dependent Hypersensitivity
· Headache
activation of to drug
clotting factors II, · Diarrhea
· Menses or
VII, IX and X,
· Anorexia after child birth
formed in the
liver · Hepatic or
· Nausea
renal disease
· Heparin is often
· Vomiting
administered with
warfarin. This is · Hematuria
as warfarin’s
action is delayed. · Hepatitis

Heparin is then
Antidote: tapered off; as
abrupt withdrawal
Vit K
may cause
increase
coagubility.

Trade Name Generic Dosage Action Side Effects Contraindicatio

Name ns

Diuretics

· Loop diuretic · Dizziness ·

 Hypersensitivity
Lasix Furosemide 40-80 · Inhibits · Headache
to drug
mg PO/ Sodium chloride
· Weakness
IV reabsorption from · Anuria
ascending Loop · Diarrhea
· Hepatic
of Henley
· Abdominal Cirrhosis
· Slows the pain
release of
potassium, · Nausea
therefore
· Vomiting
potassium must
be replaced in the · Dehydration
system
· Hypokalemia

· Distal tubule · Headache ·

diuretic Hypersensitivity
Aldactone Spironolacto · Drowsiness
to drug
ne · Antagonizes
· Weakness
aldosterone in · Anuria
distal tubules, · Hypotension
· Hepatic
increasing sodium
· Diarrhea Cirrhosis
and water
excretion
· Abdominal
· Causes pain
retention of
· Nausea
potassium and are
therefore used as · Vomiting
an alternative to
give potassium · Dehydration

supplements.
· Hypokalemia
 · Blocks the · Headache ·
enzyme carbonic Hypersensitivity
Diamox Acetazolami · Diarrhea
anhydrase, and to drug
de
produces a weak · Drowsiness
· Anuria
diuretic effect that
helps to treat · Vomiting
· Hepatic
glaucoma by Cirrhosis
· Dehydration
decreasing Ocular
Pressure ·
Hyperkalemia

Electrolyte & Fluid Replacement

· Replaces · Dizziness · Oliguria (↓

potassium & urine output)
Slow – K Potassium 20-40 · Headache
maintains
Chloride mEq IV
potassium level · Weakness · Anuria

· Hypotension · Hyperkalemia

· Abdominal
Pain

· Nausea

· Vomiting

· Dehydration

· Hypokalemia

· Replaces · Abdominal · Oliguria (↓

potassium & Pain urine output)
Kaylixir Potassium
maintains
 intracellular &
Gluconate · Nausea · Anuria
extracellular
potassium levels · Vomiting · Hyperkalemia

· Diarrhea

· Stimulates · Headache · Hyperkalemia

calcium
Rocaltrol Calcitriol · Weakness · Patients using
absorption from
cardiac
GI tract and · Nausea
glycosides
promotes
· Vomiting (Digoxin)
movement of
calcium from
· Constipation
bone to blood

· Replaces · Bradycardia · Cancer with

calcium and bone metastases
Calcium Calcium · Arrhythmias
maintains calcium
Chloride; Chloride; · Ventricular
levels. Indicated · Constipation
fibrillation
for Hypocalcemia
emergency, · Nausea
· Hypercalcemia
Calcium Calcium hyperphosphatem
· Vomiting
Gluconate Gluconate ia & ·
hyperkalemia · Thirst Hypophosphate
mia
· Renal Calculi
· Renal Calculi
·
Hypercalcemia

Alkalinizes – Fluid & Electrolyte Balance

· Restores · Tetany · Metabolic

buffering capacity Alkalosis
Sodium Sodium · Edema
of the body &
Bicarbonate Bicarbonate · Respiratory
neutralizes excess · Flatulence
alkalosis
acid.
 · Used as an · Hypokalemia · Hypocalcemia
emergency drug
· · Loss of
for cardiac arrest
Hypernatremia chloride

· Renal
insufficiency

· Heart failure

Antacids

· Reduces total · Headache · Ventricular

acid load in GI fibrillation
Ca CO3 Calcium · Weakness
tract
Carbonate ·
· Nausea
· Elevates gastric Hypercalcemia
pH to reduce · Constipation
· Patients using
pepsin activity
· Flatulence cardiac
· Strengthens glycosides
mucosal barrier (digoxin)

· Increases
esophageal
sphincter tone

Antiemetic

· May affect · Drowsiness ·

neural pathway Hypersensitivity
Gravol Dimenhydri 50mg · Headache
originating in the to drug
nate
labyrinth to · Dizziness
PO/IV/
· Seizures
inhibit nausea and
IM TDS
vomiting · Nausea

· Constipation

· Urine
 retention

· Stimulates · Anxiety ·
motility of upper Hypersensitivity
Maxolon Metoclopra 50mg · Drowsiness
GI tract, Increases to drug
mide IM IV
lower esophageal · Fatigue
Hydrochlori · Seizure
sphincter tones &
de · Diarrhea
blocks dopamine
receptors at the
· Nausea
chemoreceptor
trigger zone

Antibiotics: Used to treat bacterial infections

· Inhibits DNA · Headache ·

synthesis of Hypersensitivity
Flagyl Metronidazo 500 mg · Dizziness
microorganisms to drug
le IV TDS
· Nausea
· Hepatic
400 mg
· Diarrhea disease
PO BD
nitroimidaz
oles

· Inhibits · Seizures ·
bacterial DNA Hypersensitivity
Noroxin Norfloxacin · Flatulence
synthesis to drug

· Dizziness
· Seizure

quinolone · Vomiting
· Pregnancy

· Diarrhea

· Nausea
 · Antifungal · Nausea ·
Hypersensitivity
Mycostatin Nystatin · Vomiting
to drug

· Headache

· ↓ bacterial · Seizures · Porphyria

folic acid
Septra Co- 480 mg · Fatigue · Megaloblastic
synthesis anemia from
trimoxazole PO OD,
·
BD folate deficiency
Hallucinations

Sulfonamide · Diarrhea
s
· Nausea

· Vomiting

· Abdominal
pain

· Inhibits · Fever ·
Bacterial cell wall Hypersensitivity
Maxipime Cefepime · Headache
synthesis to drug
Hydrochlori
· Diarrhea
de ·

· Nausea Hypersensitive
to penicillin
· Vaginitis
Cephalospo
rins ·

Vomiting

· Inhibits · Dizziness ·
bacteria protein Hypersensitivity
Zithromax Azithromyci 500 mg · Fatigue
synthesis to drug
n PO OD
· Headache
·
 · Diarrhea Hypersensitive
to erythromycin
Macrolides · Nausea

· Vomiting

· Inhibits · Dizziness ·
bacterial cell wall Hypersensitivity
Augmentin Amoxicillin 6.25 mg · Nausea
synthesis to drug
(Penicillin) PO BD
· Vomiting
·

· Diarrhea Hypersensitive
to penicillin
1.2g IV
· Vaginitis
TDS · Persons
receiving
hemodialysis
treatment

· Breast feeding
women

· Thought to · Burning & ·

inhibit protein Itching of eyes Hypersensitivity
Garamycin Gentamicin
synthesis, usually to drug
sulfate · Hyperemia
bactericidal
250mg/ (Excess blood ·
5mls in vessels) Hypersensitive
to
Aminoglyco
aminoglycosides
sides

· Kills bacteria · Headache ·

by interfering Hypersensitivity
Fortum Ceftazidime 1g IV · Diarrhea
with the ability of to drug
TDS
bacteria to form · Pyrexia
· Kidney
cell walls.
· Nausea Disease
Cephalospo
 rins · Vomiting

· Kills bacteria · Headache · Allergic to

by interfering penicillin
Rocephin Ceftriaxone 1G IV · Rash
with the ability of
sodium OD, BD
bacteria to form · Itching
cell walls.
· Diarrhea
Sulfonamide
· Dizziness
s
· Nausea

· Vomiting

· Kills bacteria · Nausea ·

that are causing Hypersensitivity
Cipro, Ciprofloxaci 200mg · Rash
an infection to drug
Ciproxin n IV
· Diarrhea
· Kidney Disease

Fluoroquino
lone

Antidiabetics

· Biguanides: · Diarrhea ·
Stimulates the Hypersensitivity
Glucophage Metformin 500 mg · Nausea
uptake of glucose to drug
PO OD,
by the muscles · Vomiting
BD, · Kidney
TDS · Flatulence disease

1G PO
OD,
BD,
TDS
 · · Diarrhea · Renal &
Sulphonylureas: kidney disease
Diamicron, Gliclazide · Vomiting
increases insulin
Daonil · Type 1
secretion · Nausea
Diabetes
(Type II)
·
Hypoglycemia

· ↑ glucose · Blurred · Allergic to

transport across vision pork

Humulin R
muscle & fat cell · Dry mouth · Hypoglycemia
(Short membrane to
Acting) · Urticaria
reduce glucose

levels · Pruritus

· Helps convert · Dyspnea

glucose to
glycogen
Isophane
Humulin N Insulin · Triggers amino
acid uptake and
(Immediate
conversion to
acting)
protein

· Stimulates
triglyceride
← Do not formation and
Humulin inhibits release of
use if
70/30 free fatty acids
persons are
from adipose
(short & HYPO
tissue
immediate)

· Stimulates
lipoprotein lipase
activity which
 converts
circulating
lipoproteins to
fatty acids
Lantus →

(Long acting)

Anti-Lipemic

· Interferes with · Headache ·

the production of Hypersensitivity
Simlo Simvastatin · Nausea
cholesterol in the to drug
body · Vomiting
· Pregnant &

· Diarrhea Breastfeeding
women

Anti-Convulsants

· Inhibits activity · Headache ·

in the area of the Hypersensitivity
Dilantin Phenytoin 400mg · Nausea
brain responsible to drug
PO OD,
for grand mal · Vomiting
BD, · Sinus
seizures
NOCTE · Constipation Bradycardia

· May depress · Drowsiness ·

CNS and ↑ Hypersensitivity

Phenobarbito Phenobarbit · Bradycardia
to drug
seizure threshold
ne one
· Vomiting
(phenobarbita (phenobarbit · Hepatic or
l) al) · Respiratory Renal
 Depression Dysfunction

· Apnea

· Inhibits activity · Headache ·

in the area of the Hypersensitivity
Tegretol Carbamazep · Nausea
brain responsible to drug
ine
for grand mal · Vomiting
· Hepatic
seizures
· Constipation dysfunction

Anxiolytic – Used to relief Anxiety or minor tranquilizer

· Depresses the · Drowsiness ·

CNS Hypersensitivity
Valium Diazepam · Headaches
to drug
· Suppresses the
· Bradycardia
spread of seizure · Liver or renal
activity · Hypotension impairment

· Indicated for · Nausea

status epilepticus,
severe recurrent · Constipation
seizures, and for
patients on stable
regiments of
antiepileptic
drugs who need
diazepam
intermittently to
control bouts of
increased seizure
 activity

Anti-ulcer

· Inhibits activity · Headache ·

of gastric parietal Hypersensitivity
Omez Omeprazole 40mg · Nausea
cells to block to drug
IV/IM
formation of · Vomiting
OD · Hypocalcemia
gastric acid
· Constipation

· Reduces gastric · Headache ·

acid secretion and Hypersensitivity
Nexium Esomeprazo 40mg · Nausea
decreases gastric to drug
le IV/IM
acidity · Vomiting
TDS · Hepatic
Magnesium
· Diarrhea insufficiency

· Breastfeeding
or pregnant
women

· Inhibits proton · Dizziness · Hypokalemia

pump activity by
Pantecta Pantoprazol 40mg · Headache · Respiratory
binding to
e IV/IM Alkalosis
hydrogen · Abdominal
TDS
potassium Pain
adenosine
triphosphate, · Diarrhea
located at
· Nausea
secretory surface
of gastric parietal · Vomiting
cells to suppress
 gastric acid
· Flatulence
secretion

· Competitively · Headache · Acute

inhibits action of porphyria
Zantac Ranitidine 150mg · Malaise
histamine on the
PO
H2 at receptor · Vertigo
Hydrochlori
TDS
sites of parietal
de
cells, decreasing · Blurred
gastric acid vision
10mg secretion
· Jaundice
IM/IV

· Prescribed for · Headache · Allergy to

stomach ulcer, prostaglandins
Cytotec Misoprostol · Abdominal
suppresses
pain · Inflammatory
stomach acid
bowel disease
secretion and · Diarrhea
increases gastric
mucus and · Nausea
bicarbonate
· Vomiting
production.

·
· It may also be
Hypermenorrhe
used to soften the
a
cervix, inducing
contractions to
begin labour

Laxative
 · Produces an · Abdominal · Low galactose
osmotic effect in cramps diet
Lactulose, Lactulose
colon, resulting
duphala, · Belching · Diabetes
distention
Lactulax Mellitus
promotes · Diarrhea
peristalsis
· Flatulence

· Gaseous
distention

· Nausea

· Vomiting

Analgesic

· Inhibit the · Dizziness ·

reuptake of Hypersensitivity
Ultram Tramadol 50mg · Headache
norepinephrine to drug
Hydrochlori IM TDS
and serotonin · Vertigo
de · seizure

· Seizures
100mg
· Vomiting
IM
· Constipation

Local Anti-Infective

· Inhibits · SKIN ·
bacterial synthesis burning Hypersensitivity
Batroban Mupirocin
by reversibly and to drug
(topical) · Itching
specifically
binding to · Stinging rash
bacterial isoleucyl
transfer – RNA · Pain
synthase. Erythema with
 topical use

Corticosteroids

· ↓ · Euphoria · GI Ulcer

inflammation
Dexamethaso Dexamethas · Insomnia · Renal disease
mainly by
ne one
· Headache · Heart Failure
stabilizing

leukocyte · Heart failure

lysosomal
· Hypertension
membranes
· Nausea
· suppresses
bone marrow · Vomiting

· influences
protein fat and
carbohydrate
metabolism

· ↓ · Vertigo · GI Ulcer

inflammation
Hydrocortone Hydrocortis 100mg · Headaches · Renal Disease
mainly by
one IM/IV
· Paraesthesia · Heart failure
Stat or stabilizing
TDS leukocyte · Nausea
lysosomal
· Vomiting
membranes
· Fatigue
· suppresses
bone marrow

· influences
protein fat and
carbohydrate
 metabolism

Indicated for
Asthma

· ↓ · Euphoria · GI Ulcer

inflammation
Solu-Medrol Methyl- · Insomnia · Renal Disease
mainly by
prednisolone
· Heart failure · Heart failure
stabilizing
sodium
leukocyte · Hypertension
succinate
lysosomal
· Nausea
membranes
· Vomiting
· suppresses
immune response · ↑ urine

glucose &
· influences
calcium levels
protein fat and
carbohydrate
metabolism

Emergency drug
for shock

· ↓inflammation · Vertigo · GI Ulcer

mainly by
Prednisolone Prednisolon 30 - · Headache · Renal Disease
stabilizing
e 60mg
· Nausea · Heart failure
leukocyte
5mg PO
lysosomal · Vomiting
 membranes
· Fatigue

· suppresses
· Paraesthesia
bone marrow

· influences
protein fat and
carbohydrate
metabolism

Indicated for
Asthma

Anti-Neoplastic

· Used as an · Stoke · Deep Vein

adjunct treatment thrombosis
Tamoxifen Tamoxifen · Confusion
in breast cancer
citrate · Pulmonary
· Headache
· To reduce embolism
breast cancer · Weakness
occurrence in
high risk women · Nausea

· Vomiting

Blocks the effects · Diarrhea

of estrogen in
· Uterine
breast tissue
Sarcoma

· Pulmonary
Embolism

Immunomodulators

· Mimics effects · Asthenia · Breast feeding

 of erythropoietin women
Eprex Epotin alfa · Dizziness
(erythropoie · Functions as a
· Fatigue
tin) growth factor and
as a · Headache
differentiating
factor, enhancing · Seizures
RBC production
· Pharyngitis

· Constipation

· Pyrexia

Ophthalmic Anti-Infective

Giloxan Ciprofloxaci · Inhibits · Local ·

(ophthalmic n bacterial DNA burning or Hypersensitivity
ointment & Hydrochlori gyrase an enzyme discomfort to drug
ophthalmic de needed for
· Conjunctival · Use
solution) bacterial
hyperemia cautiously in
replication
breast feeding
· Itching
· Used for women as drug
corneal ulcer and · Bad or bitter appears in breast
bacterial taste in mouth milk
conjunctivitis

Ophthalmic Anti-Inflammatory

· Suppressed · Cataracts · Acute

Edema, fibrin superficial
Pred Forte Prednisolon · Corneal ulcer
deposition, herpes simplex
e Acetate
capillary dilation, · Discharge
(suspension) · Fungal eye
leucocyte increased
disease
migration, intraocular
capillary pressure
proliferation and
 collagen
· Visual field
deposition used
defects
for allergic and
inflammatory
conditions of the
eye

Miotic – Pupil Contraction

· A cholinergic · Hypertension · Acute cardiac

that causes failure
Pilocarpine Pilocarpine · Blurred
contraction of iris
Hydrochlori vision · Bronchial
sphincter
de asthma
muscles, resulting · Diarrhea
in miosis and · Peptic Ulcer
produces ciliary · Nausea
spasm, deepening
· Vomiting
of the anterior
chamber and · Pulmonary
vasodilation of edema
conjunctival
vessel of the
outflow tract

Mydriatic

· Dilates pupil of · Confusion ·

the eye Hypersensitivity
Atropine Atropine · Headache
to drug
sulfate
· Blurred
vision

· Reduces · Headache ·
production of Hypersensitivity
 aqueous humor to drug
Mydriacyl Tropicamide · Hypertension
by unknown
mechanisms. · Tachycardia

· Used for ocular · Dysrhythmias

hypertension;
Chronic open- · Burning &
angle glaucoma stinging of the
eye

· Dilates the · Brow ache · Angle closure

pupil by glaucoma
Mydfrin Phenylephri · Headache
contraction dilator
ne
muscle · Allergic
Hydrochlori
Conjunctivitis
de

· Blurred
Vision

Bronchodilators

· Relaxes · Drowsiness · General

bronchial smooth Anesthesia
Epinephrine Epinephrine · Headache
muscle by
(Adrenaline) (Adrenaline ·
stimulating beta II · Nervousness
Cardiovascular
receptors and
· Cerebral Disease
alpha & beta
receptors in the Hemorrhage
SNS
· Palpitations

· Ventricular
Fibrillation

· Shock
 · Nausea

· Vomiting

· Dyspnea

· Xanthine · Drowsiness ·
bronchodilator - Hypersensitivity
Aminophyllin Aminophylli · Headache
relaxes bronchial to drug
e ne
smooth muscles · Palpitations
· General

· Ventricular Anesthesia

Fibrillation
·

· Shock Cardiovascular
disease

· Relaxes · Headache ·
bronchial smooth Hypersensitivity
Isuprel HcL Isoprotereno · Dizziness
muscles by to drug
l
stimulating beta II · Tachycardia
(Refrigerate)
Hydrochlori · General
receptors, as a
de · Angina Anesthesia
cardiac stimulant
act on beta I ·
· Rapid ↑ and
receptors in the Cardiovascular
heart ↓ in BP
disease

· Nausea

· Vomiting

· Diaphoresis
(Sweating)

· · Bronchitis ·

Anticholinergic: Hypersensitivity
Atrovent Ipratropium · URTI
to drug
Inhibits vaguely
bromide
 mediate reflexes
· Nervousness · General
by antagonizing
Anesthesia
acetylcholine at · Dizziness
·
muscarinic
· Headache
Cardiovascular
receptors on
· Dry mouth disease
bronchial

smooth muscle, · Throat

thereby ↓ irritation

bronchial muscle
· Cough
spasms (during
· Heat
an asthma attack)
palpitations

· Nausea

· Prophylactic · Coughing ·
action prevents Hypersensitivity
Intal Cromolyn · Sneezing
the release of to drug
Sodium
chemical · Nasal
· General
mediators of congestion
Anesthesia
anaphylaxis (slow
reacting · Throat
·
substances of irritation
Cardiovascular
Anaphylaxis – disease
· Nausea
histamine,
prostaglandin, · Wheezing
bradykinin) and
used to prevent
asthma attacks
 · Stimulates beta · Agitation ·
II receptors Hypersensitivity
Ventolin Albuterol · Diarrhea
relaxing to drug
constricted · Dizziness
· General
muscles of the
· Headache Anesthesia
lungs bronchi

· Indigestion ·
Cardiovascular
· Nausea disease

· Muscle
Cramps

· Nose bleeds

· Tinnitus

· Sleeplessness

· Vomiting

· Decrease · Cough ·

inflammation by Hypersensitivity
Beclovent; Beclomethas · Tachycardia
to drug
decreasing the
Beconase one
· Fluid
dipropionate number and · General
retention
activity of Anesthesia

inflammatory · Hives
·
cells, inhibiting Cardiovascular
· Wheezing
bronchoconstrict disease
· Rash
ion mechanisms

producing direct

smooth muscle

relaxation, and ↓

airway hyper-
 responsiveness.

Doesn’t provide
immediate relief

Neuromuscular Blockers

· Binds with a · Arrhythmias ·

high affinity to Hypersensitivity
Anectine Succinylcho · Bradycardia
cholinergic to drug
(Refrigerate) line
receptors, · Cardia arrest
Chloride
prolonging
depolarization of · Apnea
the motor end
·
plate and
Bronchoconstric
ultimately
tion
producing muscle
paralysis · Prolonged
Respirator
depression

· Anaphylaxis

· Malignant
hyperthermia

·
Rhabdomyolysi
s with acute
renal failure

· May block · Confusion ·

 central Hypersensitivity
Cogentin Benztropine · Memory
cholinergic to drug
Mesylate impairment
receptors, helping
·
balance ·
Cardiovascular
cholinergic Hallucinations
disease
activity in the
basal ganglia. · Tachycardia

· Constipation

Cogentin is given · Nausea

to treat side
· Vomiting
effects of above-
mentioned · Paralytic
antipsychotic ileus
drugs
· Urine
retention

Antiparkinsons

· May · Orthostatic ·
decarboxylated to hypertension Hypersensitivity
Larodopa Levodopa
dopamine, to drug
· Phlebitis
countering the
· Severe
depletion of · Anorexia
cardiovascular
striatal dopamine
· Nausea disease
in extrapyramidal
centers; this
· Vomiting
depletion is
thought to · Urine
produce retention

parkinsonism
Trade Name Generic Dosage Action Side Effects Contraindicatio
Name ns

Adrenergic (sympathomimetics)

· Stimulates · Headache ·
heart beat 1 Hypersensitivity
Dobutrex Dobutamine · Hypertension
receptor to to drug
Hydrochlori
increase · Nausea
de
myocardial
contractility and · Vomiting
stroke volume
· Dyspnea
· Used to ↑

cardia output in

short term

treatment of

cardiac

decompensation

cause by

depressed

contractility

· Stimulates · Headache ·

dopaminergic Hypersensitivity
Dopamine Dopamine · Anxiety
to drug
and alpha & beta
(Intropin) Hydrochlori
· Hypotension
de receptors of the · Occlusive
SNS resulting in · Ventricular vascular disease

positive Arrhythmia
· Ventricular
inotropic effect Fibrillation
· Nausea
and ↑ cardiac
· Vomiting
output.

· Dyspnea
 · Treats
hemodynamic
imbalances and
shock

· To improve
perfusion to vital
organs

· To correct
hypotension

Opioids

· Binds with · Dizziness ·

opiate receptors Hypersensitivity
Morphine Morphine 2.5mg · Seizures
in CNS, to drug
Sulphate
alternating · Bradycardia
· Opioid
perception of and
· Cardiac addiction
emotional
Morphine response to pain Arrest
Hydrochlori
· Shock
de
· Hypotension

· Constipation
15mg/1ml
· Nausea

· Vomiting

· Diaphoresis

· Binds to and · Confusion ·

depresses opiate
Pethidine Demerol · Sedation
receptors in spinal
meperidine
cord and CNS, · Headache
 altering
· Hypotension
perception and of
response to pain · Cardiac
Arrest

· Bradycardia

· Shock

· Respiratory
Depression

· Vomiting

Trade Name Generic Dosage Action Side Effects Contraindications

Name

Opioid Antagonist

· May displace · Seizures ·

opioid analgesics Hypersensitivity
Narcan Naloxone · Ventricular
from their to drug
Hydrochlori fibrillation
receptors
de · Cardiac
(competitive · Tachycardia
Irritability
antagonism).
· Nausea
· Opioid

· Vomiting addiction
Known to cause
(BETA
opioid induced · Pulmonary
BLOCKER
respiratory edema
)
depression
· Diaphoresis

Antidepressants

· selective · Nervousness ·
serotonin Hypersensitivity
Prozac Fluoxetine · Headache
reuptake to drug
 inhibitors (SSRI)
Hydrochlori · Insomnia · High risk for
antidepressant
de suicide
· Nausea
· used to treat
major depressive · Diarrhea
disorder, bulimia
nervosa (an eating · Anorexia
disorder)
· Dyspepsia
obsessive-
compulsive · Constipation
disorder, and
panic disorder

Anti-psychotics

· A piperidine · Parkinson’s – ·
that may block like condition Hypersensitivity
Thorazine Chlorproma
postsynaptic (dry mouth, to drug
zine
dopamine blurred vision,
·
receptors in the postural
Hydrochlori
Cardiovascular
brain. Dopamine hypotension,
de
disease
is a dizziness &
neurotransmitter Nausea
of nervous
impulses

· A piperidine · Parkinson’s – ·
that may block like condition Hypersensitivity
Haldol Haloperidol
postsynaptic (dry mouth, to drug
dopamine blurred vision,
·
receptors in the postural
Cardiovascular
brain. hypotension,
disease
 dizziness &
Nausea

· A piperidine · Parkinson’s – ·
that may block like condition Hypersensitivity
Stelazine Trifluoperaz
postsynaptic (dry mouth, to drug
ine
dopamine blurred vision,
Hydrochlori ·
receptors in the postural
de Cardiovascular
brain. hypotension,
disease
dizziness &
Nausea

Trade Name Generic Dosage Action Side Effects Contraindicatio

Name ns

Anti-Tuberculotic

· Antibiotic, · Peripheral ·
bactericidal. May neuropathy Hypersensitivity
Isoniazid Isoniazid
inhibit cell wall to drug
(INH · Seizures
biosynthesis by
isonicotinic
interfering with · Nausea
acid
lipid & DNA
hydrazide) · Vomiting
synthesis.

· Aplastic
anemia

· Jaundice

·
Agranulocytosis

· Antibiotic, · Headache ·
bactericidal. Hypersensitivity
 Inhibits DNA - to drug
Rifampin Rifampin · Dizziness
dependent RNA
(rifampicin) · Liver disease
polymerase which · Vomiting
impairs RNA
synthesis · Diarrhea

· Anorexia

· Flatulence

·
Hyperuricemia

· Antibiotic; · Headache ·
inhibits DNA – Hypersensitivity
Mycobutin Rifabutin · Fever
dependent RNA to drug
polymerase in · Dyspepsia
· Neutropenia
susceptible
bacteria, blocking · Flatulence
·
bacteria protein Thrombocytopen
· Diarrhea
synthesis ia
· Nausea

· Vomiting

· Myalgia
(muscle pain)

· · Headache ·
Hypersensitivity
Priftin Rifapentine · Hypertension
to drug

· Anorexia
· Liver disease
· Dizziness

· Nausea

· Vomiting

· Dyspepsia

· Diarrhea

· Pyuria

· Proteinuria
 Itinerary

TIME DUTIES

6:00 am – 6:30 am Patient Classification and Diet Sheet

6:30 am – 7:00 am Tiding Patients and Cubicle

7:00 am – 7:45 am Taking over the ward

7:45 am – 8:00 am Conduct Nurses’ Rounds

8:00 am – 8:30 am Orientation, Staff Assignment and Giving Over

Cubicle to Examiner

9:00 am – 9:30 am Breakfast, Doctor’s Rounds (subject to change)

9:30 am – 10:00 am First Break, Change of Dressing, Suctioning if

needed, Repositioning patients if needed, Patient
Teaching

10:00 am – 10:30 am Second Break, Vital Signs, Patient Monitoring

10:30 am – 11:00 am Change diapers, Nursing Skills, Diascan and

Insulin Administration (if needed)

11:00 am – 11:30 am WARD CONFERENCE

11:30 am – 12:00 pm First Lunch, Suction patients if needed,

Lunchtime for patients

12:00 pm – 12:30 pm Second Lunch, writing of Ward Report

12:30 pm – 1:30 pm Medication, Assist Patient with Needs, Balance

Intake and Output Chart, Closing Off Notes

1:30 pm – 2:00 pm Giving Over to evening Staff

Drugs in Crash Cart

Brand Name Generic Class of Drug Usage/ Side Effects Nursing

Name Mechanism Consider
of Action (at least 3) ation

First Drawer

(Adren Epinephrine ALPHA- Relaxes Sweating, Observe

aline®) 1mg/1ml ADRENERGIC bronchial headaches, patient
AGONIST smooth anxiety closely
muscles by tachycardia for
To start heart stimulating adverse
beat cardiac beta 2 reactions.
arrest receptors and Notify
alpha and prescribe
USES: beta r if these
receptors in changes
Acute Asthmatic
the occur
attacks
sympathetic
Hemostasis nervous
system.
Bronchospasm

Anaphylaxis

Allergic
Reaction

Cardiac arrest

Adjust in
Anesthesia

Shock

In treatment of
bronchospasms
anaphylactic
reactions,
cardiac arrests
 added to local
anesthetic to
decrease
syncope

Atropin Atropine Sulphate Anticholinergic Block the dry mouth and 1. Watch
® 600mcg/1ml & Muscarinic action of the constipation for
Antagonist neurotransmi dysphagia, tachycard
tter tachycardia, ia in
Used to treat acetylcholine palpitation, cardiac
bradycardia, it in the brain . arrhythmias
reduces/suppres patients
s secretions Inhibits because it
during surgery. acetylcholine may lead
at to
parasympath ventricul
etic ar
neuroeffector
junction, fibrillatio
blocking n.
vagal effects
on SA and
AV nodes,
2. Many
enhancing
adverse
conduction
reactions
through AV
(such as
nodes and
dry
increasing
heart rate. mouth
and
constipati
on) vary
with
dose.

Theoph Aminophylline Bronchodilator It relaxes and Nausea, • Monitor

ylline® 250mg/10mls – Relaxes opens air vomiting, vital
bronchial passages in shock, signs;
smooth muscles. the lungs, drowsiness, measure
making it headache, and
easier to nervousness, record
breathe. palpitation,
ventricular fluid
 fibrillation
Used to intake
prevent and and
treat output.
wheezing,
shortness of • Dosage
breath, and may need
difficulty to be
breathing increased
caused by in
asthma,
chronic cigarette
bronchitis, smokers
emphysema, and in
and other habitual
lung marijuan
diseases. a

smokers
because
smoking
causes

drug to
be
metaboliz
ed faster.

Calcium Chloride FLUID AND 1.Replaces Pain and • Use

10% IV push ELECTROLYT calcium and burning at iv calcium
IC REPLACE maintains sites, chloride
MENT calcium Hypotension , cautiousl
SOLUTION. levels Bradycardia, y in
cardiac
Uses: arrhythmias ,c patients
ardiac arrest with cor
In the treatment 2. For pulmonal
of acute cardiac e,
hypokalemia resuscitation respirator
tetany adrenaline to y
fits improve
Vitamin D myocardial acidosis,
contractions or
deficiency
 Alkalosis in cardiac respirator
disturbances y failure.
Insect bites or of
stings hyperkalemia
hypocalcaem
ia or calcium • Monitor
channel calcium
blocking levels
agent toxicity frequentl
emergent y.
treatment of Maintain
hypermagnes
calcium
emia.
level of 9
to 10.4
mg/dl.
Don’t

allow
level to
exceed
12 mg/dl.
Hypercal
cemia

may
result
after
large
doses in
chronic

renal
failure.
Report
abnormal
ities.

Calcium Gluconate ELECTROLYT To prevent Bradycardia, Double-

10% IV push E AND and treat constipation, check
WATER calcium thirst, that you
BALANCE deficiencies hypercalcemia are
giving
USES: To
 overcome the
cardiac toxicity correct
of form of
hyperkalemia, calcium;
for resuscitat
cardiopulmonar ion drug
y resuscitation
(repolarisation) Cart may
contain
•neonatal tetany both
calcium
•Hyperparathyro gluconate
idism.
and
• Vitamin D calcium
deficiency chloride.

Alkalosis.

Decadr Dexamethasone ANTI- Decreases Nausea and • Monitor

on® 4mg/1ml INFLAMMAT inflammation Vomiting patient’s
ORY / , mainly by hypertension, weight,
CORTICOSTE stabilizing heachaches, blood
ROID leukocytes heart failure pressure,
lysosomal
membranes and
electrolyt
e levels

•Watch
for
depressio
n or
psychotic

episodes,
especiall
 y in high-
dose
therapy.

•
Diabetic
patient
may need
increased

insulin;
monitor
glucose
levels.
(Causing
Hypoglce
mia)

Lanoxi Digoxin CARDIAC Inhibit the Nausea, •

n® GLYCOSIDE; sodium pump vomiting, Excessiv
INOTROPIC causing the Dizziness, and ely slow
increase in diarrhea, pulse rate
Corrects availability dysrhythmias,
tachycardia and of blurred vision, (60 beats/
slow, steady and intracellular abdominal minute or
strengthen heart calcium in pain less) may
muscle the be a sign
myocardium (Withold if of
Uses: Heart and pulse is less
failure atrial conduction than 60 bpm) digitalis
fibrillation, system toxicity.
atrial resulting Withhold
tachycardia, increased drug and
cardiogenic contractility notify
shock of the heart
prescribe
muscle.
r.

• In
children,
cardiac
arrhythmi
as,
including
 sinus
bradycar
dia, are
usually
early

signs of
toxicity.

Valium Diazepam Anti- 1. A Nausea , Dry • Monitor

® 10mgs/2ml convulsant, benzodiazepi mouth elderly
Anxiolytic, ne that headaches , patients
Sedative probably rash for
potentiates tachycardia, dizziness,
Uses: respiratory
the effects of distression, ataxia,
• Management GABA, ecg changes. mental
of anxiety depresses the status
changes.
• Before CNS, and Patients
endoscopic suppresses are at an
procedures the spread of increased
seizure risk for
•Cardioversion
falls.
activity.
•Acute alcohol
• Use of
withdrawal 2. Acts at the drug may
limbic , lead to
• Preoperative thalamic, and
sedation abuse and
hypothalamic
regions of addiction.
•Status
the CNS and Don’t
epilepticus
produces withdraw
CNS drug
depression abruptly
resulting in
sedation, after
hypnosis and long-term
causes use;
skeletal withdraw
muscle al
relaxation, it symptom
works as a s
anticonvulsa
 nt depending may
on the occur.
dosage.

Dobutr Dobutamine ADRENERGIC Stimulates Headaches, • Monitor

ex® Hydrochloride AGONIST: beta 1 fatigue, SOB, ECG,
250mcg/5ml VASSOPRESS receptors in Mild tremors , blood
OR the heart nervousness pressure
IV route increasing
USES: short contractility • Cardiac
term treatment and cardiac output,
of adults with output. and urine
cardiac output.
decompensation
due to Because
depressed drug
myocardial increases
contractility AV node
resulting from
either organic conductio
heart disease or n,
from cardiac patients
surgery. with
atrial
fibrillatio
n

may
develop a
rapid
ventricul
ar heart
rate.

Intropin Dopamine ALPHA AND Direct action N&V, • Higher

® Hydrochloride BETA the alpha Hypertension, doses
ADRENERGIC and beta angina pain,
200mg/5ml AGONIST adrenergic palpitation, can
INOTROPIC receptors and headache. stimulate
on specific alpha
 dopaminergi
USES: To c receptors in receptors,
correct mesenteric constricti
hemodynamic and renal ng
imbalance in vascular
shock syndrome beds. blood
due to MI vessels
(cardiogenic 2. Positive and
shock), trauma, inotropic increasin
endotoxic effect on g blood
septicemia myocardium pressure.
(septic shock) , increase
open heart cardiac • During
surgery, and output with infusion,
CHF. increase in frequentl
systolic and y monitor
pulse ECG,
pressure.
blood
Very low pressure,
pulse when cardiac
the systolic output,
is <90 central
mmHg then
venous
administer.
pressure,

, pulse
rate,
urine
output,
and color

and
temperat
ure.

Lasix® Furosemide LOOP Rapid acting Nocturia, Monitor

20mg/2ml DIURETICS- of the potent Dizziness, and for signs
Inhibits sodium sulfonamide nausea, of edema,
and chloride loop diarrhoea , and
reabsorption diuretic. constipation, intravasc
Inhibits abdominal ular
at the proximal reabsorption cramping, volume
and distal of sodium anorexia. which
 and chloride lows
tubules and the primarily in blood
loop of henle pressure.
Ascending loop and also in
of Henle. loop of
Henle and
Uses: Treatment
also in
of edema
proximal
associates for
distal renal
CHF
tubules.
Cirrhosis of
liver, Kidney
disease and
Nephrotic
syndrome .

Is used in the
management of
hypertension.

Hydroc Hydrocortisone CORTICOSTE Decreases Fluid & •Watch

ort® 100mg/vial ROIDS inflammation Electrolyte for
HORMONE , depressio
disturbances,
n or
Uses: mainly by impaired
psychotic
• Severe stabilizing wound
inflammation leukocyte healing, ↑IOP episodes,
and adrenal & ↑ICP, especiall
insufficency lysosomal y during
•Endocrine, membranes; high-dose
hematologic, GI, suppresses
respiratory , immune therapy.
Rheumatic &
collagen response;
disorder, stimulates
bone •
edematous states
marrow; and Diabetic
influences patient
protein, fat, may need
and increased
carbohydrate
insulin;
metabolism monitor
glucose
level.
Isuprel Isoproterenol BETA- Relaxes N&V, • Monitor
® hydrochloride ADRENERGIC vascular dizziness, patient
AGONIST; smooth headache, for
2mg/ml BRONCHODIL muscles with weakness ,swe adverse
ATOR vasodilation. ating, reactions.
Fridge
CARDIAC • Correct
STIMULATOR volume
deficit
Uses: in before
treatment of giving
shock
vasopress
•CARDIOGENI ors.
C SHOCK
•BACTEREMI • If heart
C SHOCK rate
exceeds
Used for 110
cardiac beats/
stimulation eg.
•Bradycardia minute
during
•Relaxation of I.V.
bronchial infusion,
smooth muscles notify
prescribe
•Peripheral r.
vasodilation
Doses
that
increase
the heart
rate

to more
than 130
beats/min
ute may
induce

ventricul
ar
arrhythmi
as.
Xylocai Lidocaine 2% LOCAL Has and Seizures, • Monitor
ne® ANESTHETIC; antiarrhythmi heart-block, drug
ANTI- c action thus tinnitus, rash, level.
ARRHYTHYM decreases respiratory
IC ventricular depression. •Monitor
depolarizatio patient
Uses: Treatment n, for
of arrhythmias automaticity toxicity.
(V-fib and V- and
tach) excitability
in the bundle
Local of HIS
anesthetic Purkinje
system

SOLU- Methylprednisolone Therapeutic Blocks Anxiety , • Monitor

MEDR (1mg/1vial) class: inflammation dizziness, electrolyt
OL® CORTICOSTE headache, e level,
ROID Primary anti- blurred vision, and sleep
inflammatory and irritability patterns.
Pharmacologic of
class: immunosupp
GLUCOCORTI ressant agent
COID in the
treatment of
Uses: a variety of
inflammatory diseases
diseases both including
chronic and those
acute hematologic,
allergic,
Management of inflammatory
Acute bronchial , neoplastic,
asthma, and auto
prevention of fat immune
embolism in origin.
patients with Prevention
long bone and treatment
fracture of graft v.s
host disease
following
allogenic
bone marrow
 transplantatio
n.

Narcan Nalaxone NARCOTIC A potent SOB, • Patients

® Hydrochloride(4mg/ OPIOID narcotic sweating, who
2ml ANTAGONIST antagonist severe N&V, receive
reversing the severe drug to
Uses: effects of headache, reverse
opiates. agitation,
• Acute opioid anxiety. opioid-
over dosage induced
respirator
• Narcotic y
overdosage depressio
complete and n may
partial
exhibit
tachypne
a.

• Monitor
respirator
y depth
and rate.

Provide
oxygen,
ventilatio
n, and
other

resuscitat
ion
measures.

Lumina Phenobarbitone ANTICONVUL The effects drowsiness, •

l® SANT of the drug nausea, Therapeu
interferes vomiting, tic level
Uses: Long term with the respiratory is 15 to
management of impulse depression, 40 mcg/
transmission bradycardia, ml.
• tonic- clonic of cerebral apnea,
cortex by • Elderly
• partial seizures patients
inhibition of
 the reticular
• status activating are more
epilepticus • system. Thus sensitive
eclampsia limiting the to
spread of
• febrile seizure drug’s
convulsion in activityby effects;
young children increasing drug may
neonatal the threshold produce
seizures febrile for motor paradoxic
seizures cortex al
stimulation
exciteme
nt.

• Don’t
stop drug
abruptly
because
this may
worsen
seizures.
Call
prescribe
r
immediat
ely

if adverse
reactions
develop.

Dilanti Phenytoin Management of Anticonvulsa Headache, Monitor

n® generalized nt action nausea, for
tonic clonic elevates the vomiting, reduce
simple partial seizure constipation seizure
and complex threshold electrical
partial seizures limiting the activity if
Prevention of spread of treating
seizure seizure arrhythmi
following head discharge. as. Look
trauma/ for the
neurosurgery, effective
ventricular ness of
digitalis Phenytoin is the QT
 intoxication prolongat
prolonged Q-T accompanied ion
interval and by reduced
surgical repair voltage
of congenital frequency
heart disease in and spread of
children. electrical
discharges
within the
motor cortex

Dipriva Propofol GENERAL Slows the Headaches, Monitor

n® ANESTHETICS activity of Dizziness ,twit for
your brain ching,myoclo minimal
and nervous nic excitation
Fridge system. movements during
cough induction
Diprivan is of
used to help SE: pain, anesthesi
you relax swelling, a
before and blisters, or
during skin changes
general where the
anesthesia medicine was
for surgery injected,
or other seizure
medical (convulsions);
procedures. Tachypnea or
Dyspnea ,
Bradycardia

Inderal Propranolol BETA Propranolol Weight gain, Monitor

® Hydrochloride BLOCKER is used to fever, for
treat tremors, respiratory decrease
angina (chest distress, light cardiac
pain), headedness output
hypertension and
(high blood hypertens
pressure), ion
heart rhythm
disorders,
and other
heart or
circulatory
conditions.
 Sodium bicarbonate Fluid and For cardiac Belching, Monitor
8.4% Electrolyte arrest and Gastric changes
balance agent; metabolic distention, in urine
antacid acidosis flatulence, with
Alkalinizer – respect to
restores pH
buffering
capacity &
neutralizes
excess acid.

SE: tetany,
edema,
flatulence,
hypokalemia,
hypernatremia

Anectin Succinylcholine DEPOLARIZIN Relaxing Prolonged Monitor

e® Chloride G SKELETAL muscles Muscle for
(Anectine®) 20mg/ MUSCLE during relaxation, flaccid
ml RELAXANT surgery or muscle pain, muscle.
when using a bradycardia Skeletal
Fridge (ultra short- breathing tachycardia muscle
acting machine hypertension paralysis
depolarizing- (ventilator). ostoperative in muscle
type) It is also used pain, jaw membran
to induce rigidity, es
Uses: anesthesia or excessive
when a tube salivation,
must be rash,
. inserted in hypotension
the windpipe
Thiope Thiopental Sodium BARBITURAT 1. Depresses Respiratory • Quality
ntone® 1mg/vial E the CNS depression, for signs
myocardial of
GENERAL thereby depression, respirator
ANESTHETIC causing cardiac y
CONVULSAN anticonvulsa arrhythmias, depressio
T nt n

effect and in
producing debilitate
sedation d patient
or one
and with a
hypnosis. history
2. of
Thiopental respirator
may reduce y disease.
ICP by
• Monitor
increasing patient’s
cerebral neurologi
vascular c status
resistance, every
which
hour, or
decreases as
cerebral ordered,
blood flow in patient
and volume. with

increased
ICP.

Fifth Drawer

5% Dextrose Crystalloids A form of Used as a

glucose mixing
SE: fever, (sugar) solution
for meds
stomach pain,
Used to treat contains
redness, or low blood 50 g of
cloudy drained sugar glucose,
(hypoglycem it is used
fluid, flu
ia), insulin to supply
 water and
symptoms, chest shock, or calories
pain, high blood dehydration to the
(fluid loss). body.
,severe skin
Dextrose
reaction serves as
a major
energy
source.

50% Dextrose 50mls Crystalloids Treatment of

insulin
hypoglycemi
a to restore
SE: severe blood
allergic glucose
reactions, levels
dyspnea,
swelling of
mouth, face,
lips, or tongue).

5% Dextrose with Crystalloids As stated Patients

0.2% Normal Saline before to with
provide fluid diminishe
and d renal
electrolytes function
replacements administr
ation of
such
solution
may
result in
sodium
retention.

0.9% Sodium Crystalloids To supply Used for

Chloride water & salt maintaini
to the body ng
electrolyt
e balance
dehydrati
on and
hypovole
mia.
 Ringers Lactated Crystalloids Used during Contains
surgery or in multiple
the initial electrolyt
management es used to
of the injured treat
or wounded hypovole
to provide mia.
ions for fluid Burns,
and diarrhea,
electrolyte mild
imbalance metabolic
acidosis
Used to
supply water
&
electrolytes

(eg. K+,
Na+, Cl) to
the body

Water for Injection Diluent As a vehicle

or diluent for
parental
administratio
n of some
drugs

Cubicle Management Sheet

 Staff Disposition

Registration #:

STATUS NAMES DUTIES & PATIENT NAME, BED BREAK

ASSIGNED NUMBER AND AND
PATIENT(S) CLASSIFICATION LUNCH

REGISTERED 2nd
NURSE

STUDENT 1st
NURSE
STUDENT 2nd
NURSE

STUDENT 1st
NURSE

(Manager)

WARD CONFERENCE AT 11:00 AM

Breaks: 1st 9:30am – 9:45am/2nd 9:45am – 10:00am Lunch: 1st 11:30am – 12pm 2nd 12pm – 12:30pm

Crash Team: Compression: ______________ Ventilation:_______________________

Medication: _________________ Documentation: ___________________

Runner: ___________________________________

________________ Do Have a Blessed Day Everyone __________________