97 Plant
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ABSTRACT: An AI-based approach, using drone technology and Convolutional Neural Networks in the automated process of
plant disease detection and management, is presented here. Early and accurate detection of diseases in the agricultural sector is
crucial for optimizing crop health and overall reduction of losses. Traditional methods of disease detection are slow, labor-
intensive, and almost impossible to scale. The drones carry imaging sensors that take high-resolution images across the crop
fields, which images will be uploaded into a dedicated website for further analysis. Using unique visual features the CNN
algorithm processes and identifies diseases through distinctive analysis along unique distinguishing features in the images. The
model offers solutions toward targeted organic and inorganic treatments. Thus, by using CNNs for precision disease diagnosis the
system supports adoption of sustainable farming practices involving reduced dependence on chemical treatments while enhancing
crop productivity.
I.INTRODUCTION
Since pathogens spread very fast, preserving the health of crops is not easy for a task like agriculture. Early diagnosis has to be
done to ensure food security and to avoid yield loss. The conventional methods are not that timely or efficient. This is where
advanced technologies of drones prove a very promising path to have diseases affecting agricultural crops quickly and accurately
diagnosed. Agriculture, on a global scale, must rise at least by 70% if it has to feed the world's burgeoning population.
This is an ambitious goal because most areas of the agricultural industry operate at the whim of controlled circumstances-weather,
quality and accessibility of water, irrigation, and the condition of the soil. It is only by embracing such precision technologies as
drones that maximum use of resources and productivity in agriculture can be ensured. Drones have been applied in a number of
ways in precision agriculture and new applications continue to be sought. Such applications which have been the focus of many
studies include the diagnosis of plant diseases. The two benefits of the deployment of drones are early disease detection and
controlling the spread of infection to prevent huge crop loss. The scope of earlier review studies is only on drone applications in
precision agriculture.
1. The paper by Elakkiya and Bhuvaneswari (2020) explores the use of drone technology in agriculture crop disease
detection. Augmenting challenges in crop management due to various diseases, early detection and intervention can be given
paramount importance in minimizing crop losses. The authors propose the use of drones equipped with high-resolution cameras
and sensors to capture images of crops and analyze them for disease symptoms.
2. The article "Review of Challenges and Opportunities in Implementing AI Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture" by
Dong et al. (2021) discusses the various obstacles and potential advantages integrated with the application of artificial intelligence
(AI) in sustainable agriculture. The authors highlight the benefits of AI technologies, such as increased efficiency, precision, and
productivity in farming practices.
3. Mishra et al. (2020) propose a low-cost AI framework for crop disease detection using drones. The researchers highlight
the importance of early detection of disease in crop management to ensure food security. They design an integrated system that
combines drone technology, computer vision algorithms, and AI techniques to identify crop diseases accurately and in a timely
manner. By utilizing drones, this framework offers a cost-effective solution for monitoring large agricultural areas.
4. The paper by Raza et al. (2019) directs attention to the application of deep learning algorithms for crop disease
detection and diagnosis. It explores the ability to employ convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to classify and identify diseases
in crop plants based on images. The authors highlight the advantages of deep learning techniques over traditional methods, such as
IJIRSET©2024 | An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | 18674
|www.ijirset.com |A Monthly, Peer Reviewed & Referred Journal| e-ISSN: 2319-8753| p-ISSN: 2347-6710|
|DOI: 10.15680/IJIRSET.2024.1311097|
higher authenticity and processing times. They also discuss various CNN architectures and highlight their performance in crop
disease detection.
5. In 2018, Liakos, K., et al. carried out a thorough analysis on the use of machine learning methods in agriculture. The
study examined a number of agricultural topics, such as soil analysis, disease diagnosis, weed identification, and crop production
prediction. The authors outlined the possible advantages of using machine learning in agriculture, including higher output, lower
expenses, and better resource management.
In this project, we propose an UAV drone system for the early-stage diagnosis of crop diseases in a farmer's field. The proposed
solution would be in the form of high-resolution images captured by drones flying over fields covering plants. These high-
resolution images shall be transferred to a dedicated disease detection website. A CNN model deployed on that website shall
analyze the images for the presence of potential diseases in the plants.
The system will give a detailed diagnosis with plausible solutions to manage or treat the disease when they are finally identified.
This way, farmers detect these problems at an early stage with little manual scouting that could be very time consuming and
expensive.
With the automation of disease detection, the system will reduce the overuse of chemicals in farming, which saves money and
could save the environment at the same time. The website will be designed in an easy-to-use interface that would allow farmers to
upload images from the drone and get instant results with accuracy.
1. Early Blight(Fig1): This disease is caused by a fungus called Alternaria solani. Dark, concentric lesions appear on the lower
portion of the tomato plant leaves. Such ringed lesions eventually spread to the fruits and stems with potential defoliation or
decreased productivity. It will cause major yield loss if not treated due to the fact that it creates a weak plant.
2. Late Blight(Fig2): Late blight is a devastating disease, targeting leaves as well as the fruit, caused by the fungus Phytophthora
infestans. Water-soaked lesions darken and develop quickly on leaves that spread rapidly often proving fatal to the plant. Prompt
treatment will prevent this disease from causing major crop losses.
3. Bacterial Spot(Fig3): This is caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, characterized by small and dark spots with
yellowish halos on leaves, stems and fruits. Defoliation, poor quality fruits, and reduce yield crop due to bacterial spots in the
fields where there is no control practice, and the disease spreads easily.
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4. B Blackburn Rot(fig4): Rooting the fungus Botryosphaeria obtusa, this rotational disease infects apples and other fruits, also
forming dark spots with circular shapes, primarily on leaves, stems, and fruits. Over time, these wounds spread out, causing the
fruits to rot, while the yellow and falling leaves. Left untreated, it may decrease the level of productivity as well as the quality of
fruits drastically.
5. Leaf Curl Virus(Fig5): It is also a viral disease which affects various plants, causing them to thicken and twist their leaves as well
as promoting distorted growth. Similarly, infected crops grow stunted, produce fewer, lower-quality fruits, and the viruses are
insect-transmitted; it is difficult to treat leaf curl virus, though preventative measures protect crops from infections.
6. Powdery Mildew(Fig6). Podosphaera spp. and other allied fungi cause powdery mildew. White, powdery spots appear on leaves,
stems, and fruits. Photosynthesis is reduced and results in yellowing and pre-mature drop of leaves. It spreads rapidly under
dry/warm condition and requires early management for its control..
3.2 Methodology
Fig7:Methodology
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Training Step:
1. Data Collection through UAV Drones:
Crop images will be captured with the help of UAV drones equipped with high-resolution cameras. Pictures will be captured in
varied crop developmental stages and with different crops and conditions, healthy and diseased. During the supervised learning
process, a label will be attached to each image based on its disease type or will be marked as 'healthy'. The entire dataset will try
to prepare so that this CNN model can be trained. Images would also be taken from open public agricultural storage to supplement
the dataset.
2. Pre-processing of Images: Obtained pre-processed images of the same standardized size and format all to pass into a CNN.
Images would be rendered at a resolution where pixel values were normalized to some number, such as 0 through 1 so that is a
more effective training. Techniques applied for data augmentation include rotation, flipping, and zooming in order to increase the
variety of the dataset itself.
These techniques help to prevent overfitting and enhance generalization of the model. The images, having undergone pre-
processing are now prepared for training the model in question.
4. Training the CNN Classifier: For instance, it will partition the preprocessed dataset into training and validation sets of, say
80/20. Then this training data is given back to the CNN model using backpropagation and gradient descent to optimize the model.
Using a network with weights from some previously trained network like the ImageNet applies transfer learning and thus speeds
up the training and elevates performance in this problem.
The model's hyperparameters would be tuned, and validation data use for monitoring overfitting and adjusting learning rates or
applying early stopping.
Testing Stage:
For the test phase, a third dataset gathering information on types of crops, severity of diseases, and environmental conditions will
be compiled from many agricultural regions. The images will be captured with UAV drones and high-resolution images, which
would mean the test data are consistent and representative. Therefore, the test set does not overlap with the training dataset, so
there's no providing an evaluation-biased solution for the model's generalization capability. This step makes use of the model in
real testing.
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to analyze the performance of the model across different classes of diseases. Thus, it will help note if it is biased or weak for
particular classifications of disease.
This paper shows a real-time system for the detection of plant leaf diseases based on deep learning. The images of high-resolution
crop are captured by using UAV drones. These images are further processed and analyzed by CNNs so as to classify the health
status of the crops, including diseases in them. The model is put up into a website where images are uploaded and get instant
disease diagnosis. This work is licensed under Creative Commons.
The UAV drones will use high-resolution cameras to capture images of crops grown in farming fields. The variety of crop species
and the development stage will be seen in these images and will form a robust dataset in the presence of diseases and healthy
crops. The overall objective is to cover the field completely, ensure that the images taken are clear and detailed, specifically
showing the disease symptoms on the leaves of the plants.
1.Preparation of Images:
Pre-processing of the captured images brings them to become uniform in size and normalizes the pixel values for an efficient input
of the CNN model. This means fixing it to some standard resolution, for example, scaling it between the value 0 and 1, for
normalizing pixel values. Noise reduction and contrast enhancement are done on images for good quality so that learning from the
images will not be a problem for the model.
4. Knowledge Database:
This database will include features of the known diseases in the plants. It will contain metadata such as symptoms of the disease,
severity, environmental conditions, and suggested corrective measures. That means when a disease is detected by the CNN, the
system will cross-reference the identified disease with the knowledge database to give a detailed diagnosis and suggest suitable
remedies for the farmer.
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• LeNet-5
• AlexNet
• VGGNet
• GoogLeNet
• ResNet
All these models have distinct strength in image classification, respectively with differences at depth, complexity, and
computational efficiency. Depth in a network-or, in more words, the number of layers-is particularly crucial to how well the
feature map can be extracted within an input image. Deep networks tend to easily recognize the complex hierarchies but often
demand more computational resources.
• The LeNet-5 is probably the oldest CNN architecture and less complex with fewer layers, making it efficient for smaller
datasets.
• AlexNet was a key CNN breakthrough in image classification wherein deeper architectures are used along with large datasets
for better accuracy
• VGGNet introduced much deeper networks uniformly and improved performance at a higher computational cost
• GoogLeNet optimizes the depth of the network through inception modules with better feature extraction and keeping it
computationally efficient.
• ResNet Introduced residual blocks, which made it possible to train extremely deep networks without any issues of vanishing
gradients. The more parameters each architecture has, the more it will require memory for training and the more processing
power. Some of the more significant models, such as AlexNet or ResNet, while being considered to lead in the performance may
require more computation power.The best architecture will be chosen based on performance, the complexity of the task (i.e.,
detecting a variety of diseases), and the available computational resources.
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Fig10:Website
VI.CONCLUSION
In summary, future crop disease detection in precision agriculture will be AI-based drones. They can combine advanced AI
algorithms, high-resolution imagery, and comprehensive disease databases to offer early and accurate detection of agricultural
diseases for the farmer. This means that by targeted actions, losses are reduced and harvests are optimized. Moreover, this use of
AI-based analysis helps in limiting the usage of blanket pesticides and extends more sustainable farming practices by giving
disease management-based solutions to the farmers. The scalability and adaptability of the systems offer them as tools to farmers
globally inorder to provide an efficient and precise approach to crop health while ensuring environmental sustainability.
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|DOI: 10.15680/IJIRSET.2024.1311097|
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