Certainly, let's elaborate on all the questions from the first picture you sent:

Part A
1. Why is Python called an Interpreted Language?
●​ Interpreted vs. Compiled: In compiled languages (like C, C++), the entire source code is
translated into machine code by a compiler before execution. In interpreted languages,
the code is executed line by line by an interpreter.
●​ Python's Nature: Python is primarily an interpreted language. This means that the
Python interpreter reads and executes your code directly, without needing a separate
compilation step. This allows for faster development cycles as you can see the results of
your code changes immediately.
2. Explain Membership Operators.
●​ Purpose: Membership operators are used to check if a value or variable exists within a
sequence (like a list, tuple, or string).
●​ Operators:
○​ in: Returns True if the value is found in the sequence, otherwise False.
○​ not in: Returns True if the value is not found in the sequence, otherwise False.
Example:
my_list = [1, 2, 3]​
print(2 in my_list) # Output: True​
print(4 in my_list) # Output: False​

3. What is a Tuple? Give an example.

●​ Definition: A tuple is an ordered, immutable collection of elements. Immutable means
that once a tuple is created, its elements cannot be changed or modified.
●​ Example:
my_tuple = (1, 2.5, "Hello", True) ​

4. Define Encapsulation and Inheritance.

●​ Encapsulation: This is a core principle of object-oriented programming. It refers to
bundling the data (attributes) and methods (functions) that operate on that data within a
single unit, the "class." This helps to:
○​ Hide implementation details: Protect the internal workings of a class from the
outside world.
○​ Improve maintainability: Make it easier to change the internal implementation
without affecting other parts of the code.
●​ Inheritance: This is another key OOP concept. It allows you to create new classes (called
"subclasses" or "child classes") that inherit properties and behaviors from existing classes
(called "parent classes" or "superclasses"). This promotes code reusability and helps to
organize code into a hierarchy.
5. What is Constructor Method in Python?
●​ Purpose: The constructor method in Python is a special method named __init__. It's
automatically called when you create an object of a class.
●​ Role: It's used to initialize the object's attributes (variables) with initial values.
Example:
class Person:​
def __init__(self, name, age):​
self.name = name​
self.age = age ​
​
person1 = Person("Alice", 30) # Creating an object​

6. What is a File? Mention the Type of Files.

●​ Definition: A file is a named location on a storage device (like a hard drive) where data is
stored persistently.
●​ Types of Files:
○​ Text Files: Store data as human-readable characters (e.g., .txt, .py, .html).
○​ Binary Files: Store data in a raw, unreadable format (e.g., .jpg, .png, .mp3, .exe).
○​ Executable Files: Contain instructions for the computer to execute (e.g., .exe, .sh).
○​ Database Files: Store structured data in a format that can be accessed by a
database management system (e.g., .sql, .db).
Part B
7. Explain the features of Python.
Python is a high-level, interpreted, general-purpose programming language known for its:
●​ Readability: Clear and concise syntax.
●​ Dynamic typing: No need to explicitly declare variable types.
●​ Cross-platform compatibility: Runs on various operating systems.
●​ Large standard library: Offers a wide range of built-in modules and functions.
●​ Object-oriented programming: Supports object-oriented concepts like classes and
objects.
●​ Community and ecosystem: Large and active community with many libraries and
frameworks.
8. What is string slicing in Python? Explain with examples.
String slicing allows you to extract a portion of a string using indices.
my_string = "Hello, World!"​
​
# Extract characters from index 0 to 4 (inclusive)​
print(my_string[0:5]) # Output: "Hello"​
​
# Extract characters from index 2 to the end​
print(my_string[2:]) # Output: "llo, World!"​
​
# Extract characters from the beginning to index 7 (exclusive)​
print(my_string[:8]) # Output: "Hello, W"​
​
# Extract characters from index 2 to 7 (exclusive)​
print(my_string[2:8]) # Output: "llo, W"​
​
# Extract characters with a step of 2​
print(my_string[::2]) # Output: "Hlo ol!"​

9. What is the difference between lists and tuples ? Explain with examples.
●​ Mutability: Lists are mutable (elements can be changed after creation), while tuples are
immutable (elements cannot be changed).
●​ Syntax: Lists are enclosed in square brackets [], tuples in parentheses ().
my_list = [1, 2, 3]​
my_list[0] = 4 # Valid, changes the first element​
​
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3)​
my_tuple[0] = 4 # Raises an error, tuples are immutable​

10. Explain how you create classes and objects in Python.

A class is a blueprint for creating objects. An object is an instance of a class.
class MyClass:​
def __init__(self, name, age):​
self.name = name​
self.age = age​
​
def greet(self):​
print("Hello, my name is", self.name)​
​
# Create an object of the class​
my_object = MyClass("Alice", 30)​
​
# Access attributes​
print(my_object.name) # Output: "Alice"​
​
# Call a method​
my_object.greet() # Output: "Hello, my name is Alice"​

11. Explain different file modes in Python.

File modes specify how a file should be opened:
●​ r: Open for reading (default).
●​ w: Open for writing (creates a new file or overwrites existing).
●​ a: Open for appending (adds content to the end of the file).
●​ x: Open for exclusive creation (fails if the file already exists).
●​ b: Open in binary mode (for reading/writing binary data).
●​ t: Open in text mode (default).
12. What is data visualization? List the libraries that are used for data visualization in
Python.
Data visualization is the graphical representation of data to make it easier to understand and
interpret. Python libraries for data visualization include:
●​ Matplotlib: A versatile library for creating various types of plots.
●​ Seaborn: Built on top of Matplotlib, provides a high-level interface for statistical graphics.
●​ Plotly: An interactive visualization library that supports various plot types.
●​ Pandas: Offers data manipulation and visualization capabilities.
Part C
13. a) What are tokens? Explain various tokens in Python with examples.
Tokens are the smallest units of a program that have meaning. Python tokens include:
●​ Identifiers: Names given to variables, functions, classes, etc. (e.g., my_variable,
my_function)
●​ Keywords: Reserved words with special meanings (e.g., if, else, for, while)
●​ Literals: Direct representations of values (e.g., 10, 3.14, "Hello")
●​ Operators: Symbols that perform operations (e.g., +, -, *, /, =)
●​ Punctuators: Symbols like parentheses, brackets, and commas used for grouping and
 separating.
b) Explain core data types in Python.
Python has several core data types:
●​ Numeric: int, float, complex
●​ Sequence: str, list, tuple
●​ Mapping: dict
●​ Set: set
●​ Boolean: bool
14. What are functions? How to define and call a function in Python? Explain with
example.
A function is a block of reusable code that performs a specific task.
Defining a function:
def my_function(arg1, arg2):​
# Function body​
result = arg1 + arg2​
return result​

Calling a function:
result = my_function(2, 3) # Calls the function with arguments​
print(result) # Output​