LESSON 1: PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT

SECOND SEMESTER | QUARTER 3 | SUBJECT: READING AND WRITING

Pattern of Development
o It is the logical arrangement of ideas.
o It helps you follow the ideas easily and understand a text better.
o The ability to recognize these patterns will help you to distinguish major details from minor ones and
predict ideas.
o In determining the pattern of development used, take note of the signal words used. These signal words
also help you understand the meaning of the text.
Types of Pattern Development
1. Definition o It develops an idea which helps to clarify and explain concepts. It
answers the question “What does it mean?”
o This pattern explains the information using illustrations, examples, &
descriptions.
o The important parts of this pattern is the term to be defined and the
detailed explanation.
o It also includes one or more patterns.

Inverse Definition o Inverse definition refers to a definition text wherein the definition of the
term is found at the last part.

2. Exemplification o It presents the general statement and provides specific and concrete
examples to expound on the main ideas.
o Simply, it is used to provide examples of something.
o The most important parts are the main idea and the specific examples.

3. Description o It provides details on the idea by using either sensory or spatial pattern.
o In sensory pattern, ideas are arranged based on one or all of the five
senses.
o In spatial pattern, it arranges ideas by location or physical space.
o The important elements of this pattern are the types of description used
(i.e. evocative or informational; spatial or sensory), the clustering of
details, and the progression of description.

4. Chronology/Procedure o It organizes ideas or events according to time. It can either form a

narration or a process.
o A narration sequences events in the order in which they occurred in
time.
o A process sequences organizes details based on stages or steps.
o The important part of this pattern are the main idea, major dates, and
events, such as the outcome, major steps/stages, and the order of
presentation.
5. Listing o A pattern which organizes ideas using enumeration.
o It presents series of items (facts, examples, features, reasons, & tips) that
support a main idea. These are the important aspects of the pattern.
o It does not require items to be sequenced chronologically since it does not
have the element of time unlike the chronological pattern.

6. Comparison/Contrast o It organizes ideas based on how events, places, people, things, and
concepts are similar to or different from one another.
o Comparison is the similarities and Contrast for differences.
o The most important arts:
 The purpose and points of comparison.
 The actual similarities and differences.
o 2 ways to arrange ideas:
 Describe one item first followed by the second item.
 Side-by-side which discusses both items based on each point of
comparison.

7. Classification & Division o It organizes ideas into categories or division based on criteria and
standards.
o It is used when classifying people, objects, events, things, places, and
other items.
o Take note of the superordinate ideas (name of the larger group), the
subordinate ideas (subcategories of larger group), and the relationship
between them, since these are the most important parts of the pattern.
o Make sure to always double-check whether each term is undeniably part
of a certain category and avoid oversimplifying just so you may able to
assign something in that category, as it may result stereotyping.

o It organizes details based on the cause, the reason, and the result or
8. Cause & Effect
consequences of a certain phenomenon.
o This pattern may discuss both the cause and effects and the causes only,
or the effects only.

o It organizes ideas into problems and proposed solutions.

9. Problem-Solution
o The problem section usually includes the “what, who, when, where, why,
and how” of the problem.
o The other part presents the major effects of the problem and the possible
solutions to address it and the steps of implementation of the solution.
 10. Peruassion o It organizes ideas to show how a set of evidence leads to a logical
conclusion or argument.
o The essential part of this pattern are the presentation of the issue, the
position, and the supporting evidence that supports the position.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
Spider map is used to help understand the text better is patterns such as Definition and Exemplification.
Concept map is used to understand Descriptive texts.
Chain of events or a cycle is used to better comprehend text that follows a chronological or procedural pattern.
Venn Diagram or Compare/Contrast matrix is used to understand the pattern development of compare & contrast.
Network free to understand texts of Classification and Division.
Fishbone map can be used to comprehend the text that follows cause-and-effect pattern. There are other graphic
organizers also such as the:
 Single Cause, Multiple Effects
 Single Effect, Multiple Causes
 Multiple Causes, Multiple Effects
 Alternating Causes/Effects in a Chain (Domino Effect)

PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT AND THE SIGNAL WORDS

Pattern of Development Signal Words
1. Definition is defined as means to define
as defined refers to illustrate
2. Exemplification afterall namely that is for instance
as an example put another way to be specific in other words
consider the specifically to clarify in particular
following stated differently to illustrate in short
for example
3. Description above around between in front of onto
across away from beyond inside opposite to
adjacent to back of by into outside
against behind down near over
along below farther off throughout
alongside beneath here on to the right
amidst beside in on top of under
4. Chronological after at the same first in the first last
afterward time first of all place lastly
ago already before following in the later
always during further meantime now
at last eventually immediately in that soon/soon
at that time finally initially moment after
 suddenly today presently in that subsequently
then until second instant not long after
to begin with while secondly sometimes next
once
5. Listing additionally and then further likewise
again another furthermore moreover
along with as well in addition next
also besides in the same way together with
and equally important
6. Comparison also equally in the same way similarly
as in similar fashion like to compare
both in comparison likewise
7. Contrast although despite instead otherwise
and yet even so however still
as opposed to even though nevertheless the fact remains
but in contrast nonetheless unlike
conversely in spite of on the contrary whereas
counter to in the meantime on the other hand yet
8. Classification and another classified as one kind the last group
Division another kind final type the first category the next part
9. Cause as for in view of (the fact) owing to (the fact
because (of the for the reason in as much as that)
fact) in that one reason seeing that
being that since
due to (the fact
that)
10. Effect according consequently in consequence so that
as a consequence for this reason so therefore
as a result (of this) hence so much (so) that thus
because (of this)
11. Problem-solution but nonetheless one solution is the problem
first, second one reason for the one way is the solution
12. Emphasizing again in that case to emphasize truly
Point (Persuasion) for this reason indeed to repeat with this in mind
in fact
13. For concluding accordingly consequently in brief in a nutshell
and summarizing all in all due to in conclusion therefore
(Persuasion) as a result finally in short thus
as i have said in any event in summary to sum up
14. Conceding a admittedly it is true that obviously true
Point (Persuasion) assuredly needless to say of course undoubtedly
certainly no doubt to be sure unquestionably
granted
Pattern of Development Example

1. Definition In marketing, the term buyer's remorse refers to the buyer's doubt about whether a purchase made
was the right decision. For instance, after purchasing a new and more expensive cellphone the
buyer may wonder if the added features were worth the additional expense and feel guilty about
buying the phone. buyer's remorse is most likely to occur when a person has bought an expensive
product that lacks some of the desirable features of competing brands. a consumer experiencing
buyer's remorse may attempt to return the product or seek positive information to justify choosing it.
(Adapted from Pride and Peril. Marketing, p. 201)

Inverse Definition The term unconscious is a notoriously ambiguous word. Some people think it refers to a Freudian
repressed memories – memories so upsetting they must be pushed beneath consciousness. Others
think that it is what happens during a comma, after being hit on the head, or drinking too much.
None of these definitions are what is meant in the pages of this book. Instead, the term is used to
refer to the many things the brain does that are not available to consciousness. (Adapted from
LeBoux, The Synoptic Self, p.11)

2. Exemplification Earth's volcanoes occur because its crust is broken into 17 major, rigid tectonic plates that float on a
hotter, softer layer on its mantle. Therefore, on Earth volcanoes are generally around where tectonic
plates are diverging or converging. For example, a mid-oceanic ridge, such as the Mid-Atlantic ridge
has volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates pulling apart; The Pacific Ring of Fire has
volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates coming together. Volcanoes can also form where
there is stretching and thinning of the crust interior plates[clarify], e.g., In the East African Reef and
the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field and Rio Grande Rift in the North America.

3. Description I make friends, over time, with the other “girls” who work my shift: Nita the tattooed twenty-
something who taught us by going around saying brightly “Have we ever started making money
yet?” Ellen, whose teenage son cooks on the graveyard shift and who once managed a restaurant in
Massachusetts but won't try out for management here because she prefers being a “commoner
worker” and “not ordering people around”. Easy-going fiftyish Lucy with the raucous laugh, who
lives limp toward the end of the shift because of something that has gone wrong with her legs, the
exact nature of which cannot be determined without health insurance. We talk about the usual girl
things, men, children, and the sinister allure of Jerry's chocolate peanut butter cream pie. (Barbara
Ehrenreich, “Serving in Florida”)

4. Chronological This morning was crazy. My alarm clock was set to PM instead of AM, so I woke up really late. I
just throw on some clothes and round up the door. Then I rode my bike as fast as I could and thought
that I was going to be late for sure, but when I got there everyone was outside and there were fire
trucks all lined up in front of the school. I guess somebody pulled the fire alarm before class started.
It worked out though because nobody really noticed or minded that I was tardy.
5. Listing Because employers are making more and more use of social networking sites to screen their
employees, job hunters need to keep several pointers in mind. First off, censor your online
photographs. Prospective employers are not inclined to hire people who have posted online pictures
of themselves chugging beer. (The same goes for sexually revealing pictures.) And whatever you do,
don’t use the Web to complain about your current job since potential employers will assume you’ll
 complain about them too if you are displeased with their methods and procedures. Also make sure
that your resume and your social network page match. If your resume says you went to Harvard and
your Facebook page says University of Phoenix, your name is likely to be eliminated from an
employer's interview list. Finally, understand and use security settings to maintain your privacy on
social networking sites. If you use social networking to keep close friends apprise of your most
private thoughts make sure those thoughts are really limited to your intimate circles.
6. Compare & An experiment with dogs suggests that our canine pals, much like ourselves, differ in their attitude
Contrast toward life. Some dogs are pessimists while others appear to be optimists. In an experiment at a
British veterinary school, researchers placed bowls of food in a regular location and got dogs used to
finding their dinner there. The researchers then placed a consistently empty bowl in a separate
location with a second food-filled bowl placed between the two. Some dogs, when led to the empty
bowl would just give up if no food was present. These were the pessimists. The optimist however
having experienced a reward on occasions would keep looking and eventually locate the bowl in the
middle. The dogs labeled pessimistic also grew anxious if separated from their owners. They would
bark, chew things, and urinate inappropriately. The optimistic dogs, however, tended to fall asleep
when left alone. They also greeted strangers as possible substitute playmates. In contrast, the
pessimistic dogs would react to strangers with fear and aggression.
7. Classification & bloggers can generally be divided into 6 different groups. Collaborative blogs for instance have
Division several different authors and usually a common topic or theme that ties their contributions together.
An example of a collaborative blog would be Mashable.com which focuses on technology and
social media issues all of which are addressed by different contributors. How-to blogs are more
likely to be run by one person. They take a good deal of time and effort to maintain because they
offer step-by-step tutorials and require real expertise in the procedures explained. Blog-well.com for
example tries to teach people how to use common programming languages XML and HTML. As
their name implies, travel blogs describe great places to visit. The better the travel blogs include
wonderful pictures along with tips on how to travel to specific locations. Gadling.com would be a
good example of this type. Personal blogs express the perspective of a single person on any range of
topics with topics and themes varying widely and often. Krautblog.com would be an excellent
example of this category. Blogs can sometimes fall under the how-to category but not necessarily
because a food blog doesn't always tell you how to cook a specific dish but rather where you can
buy or eat wonderful food. Sometimes all you will get is the recipe but no tips on how to go about
turning the recipe into your dinner. On foot-e-matters.com, though you can get all of the previews
and more. Political and cultural blogs talk about current issues and offer the blogger's perspectives
on those issues. Dailycost.com is an example of political blog that has become widely known and
influential.
8. Cause & Effect bats in the northeast are dying in catastrophic numbers. Biologists estimate that only 10% of the
regions cave-dwelling bats are still alive. The cause of the bats seems to be a powdery white fungal
infection called “White Nose Syndrome,” because bat suffering from the disease look as if their
noses were covered by a thin layer of white gauze. A number of proposals are being circulate edges
to prevent the disease from spreading and all of them have high price tags. But most states in the
northeast are taking the threat seriously and are willing to spend the money in order to prevent more
bats from dying. Vermont for instance announced a 1.9 appropriation to study the prevention of
white nose syndrome, which may not be what actually kills the bats but which seems to weaken
them to such degree that they can no longer hunt and die of starvation. Those who think saving bats
is not an important enough issue the spend much sums of money on, need to think again. Bats kills
insects. Without them, crops are likely to suffer serious infestations of destructive bugs. Mosquitoes
and mosquito-borne diseases could also provide a serious problem if bats continue to die in huge
number.
9. Problem-Solution Obesity has become a major health issue for North Americans, and this problem is aggravated by the
lack of physical activity in large segments of the population. In addition to healthier eating habits,
one solution would be to make it easier for obese North Americans to exercise on a daily basis. This
could be done at work, before and after the shift to ensure full participation in the program. The
program would be beneficial to increase employees as they would be required to participate twice
daily to help to decrease obesity among North Americans.
10. Persuasion we shouldn't have homework. It takes away from family time. You have to do your homework,
instead of playing a family board game or playing catch. You can go outside to play so you will get
fat. If you bring it home, you will rush through it so you can play video games. We should do I work
at school because we have better equipment there. We should also do it at school because we can't
ask our teacher questions when we do it at home. It's hard to concentrate when you could be outside
playing on a sunny day. I hope you agree with me.