ASSIGNMENT No.

2
JEHAN ZADA

0000281035

0545

Q.1 Define the performance of political parties in Pakistan during

1947-1958. (20)

ANS:

Let’s delve into a comprehensive exploration of the performance of

political parties in Pakistan during the crucial period of 1947-1958.

Introduction:

The post-independence period from 1947 to 1958 was a critical phase in

the political history of Pakistan. The country was grappling with the
challenges of nation-building, governance, and economic stability. The
political landscape during this time was marked by the dominance of the
Muslim League, challenges in defining the role of Islam in the state, and
the emergence of regional dynamics, including the rise of the Awami
League in East Pakistan. This essay will analyze the performance of
political parties, focusing on the roles played by the Muslim League, the
Awami League, and other political entities, against the backdrop of
historical events.

1. Formation of Political Parties:

In the immediate aftermath of the creation of Pakistan in 1947, the
political landscape was characterized by the dominance of the All-India
Muslim League. The Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah,
had played a pivotal role in advocating for the establishment of a
separate state for Muslims in British India. However, the transition from
a movement for independence to the governance of a newly formed
nation posed significant challenges.

2. Role of the Muslim League:

The Muslim League, being the party at the forefront of Pakistan's

creation, initially enjoyed a dominant position. The party, led by Jinnah,
sought to provide political leadership in shaping the new state. However,
Jinnah's death in 1948 left a leadership vacuum, and the Muslim League
faced challenges in maintaining its unity and coherence.

3. Challenges of Governance:

The early years of Pakistan were marked by immense challenges related

to governance, refugee rehabilitation, and economic stabilization. The
leaders of the Muslim League, now tasked with the responsibilities of
statecraft, had to navigate these challenges while laying the foundations
of a new nation. The sheer scale of the migration during partition and the
economic strain further complicated the task of governance.

4. First Constituent Assembly Elections (1947):

The first Constituent Assembly elections were held in 1947, establishing

the legislative body responsible for drafting the constitution of Pakistan.
The Muslim League secured a majority, reflecting the political trust
placed in the party that had led the movement for a separate state.

5. Liaquat Ali Khan's Leadership:

Following Jinnah's death, Liaquat Ali Khan assumed leadership and

became Pakistan's first Prime Minister. His tenure was marked by efforts
to define the economic and political direction of the country. Liaquat Ali
Khan faced the formidable task of steering Pakistan through its
formative years, establishing institutions, and addressing economic
challenges.

6. Objectives Resolution (1949):

One of the significant developments during this period was the passing
of the Objectives Resolution in 1949. This resolution laid down the
foundational principles that would guide the constitution of Pakistan.
Emphasizing Islamic principles, democracy, and protection of
minorities, it aimed to shape the identity of the new state.

7. Role of the Opposition:

While the Muslim League dominated the political scene, opposition to

the ruling party began to emerge. However, the political opposition
during these early years was not as organized as it would become in later
decades. Various factions within the Muslim League and smaller parties
contributed to political diversity.

8. Awami League's Emergence:

The Awami League, under leaders such as Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy

and later Maulana Bhashani, began to emerge as a significant political
force, especially in East Pakistan. The linguistic and cultural differences
between East and West Pakistan started to shape political dynamics.

9. 1954 Elections and Coalition Government:

The elections of 1954 marked a shift in political dynamics. The Awami

League secured a majority in East Pakistan, and a coalition government
was formed at the center, bringing together various political factions.
This marked a departure from the earlier dominance of the Muslim
League.

10. Dismissal of Government (1954):

Despite the coalition government, political instability persisted. In 1954,

the central government was dismissed, leading to a period of political
turbulence. Frequent changes in leadership and coalition formations
characterized this phase, setting the stage for further political
developments.

11. Military Interventions:

The political landscape during this period was not only influenced by
civilian political actors but also by the military. General Ayub Khan
assumed power through a military coup in 1958, ending the democratic
experiment of the initial years. This marked the beginning of a series of
military interventions in Pakistani politics.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the period from 1947 to 1958 in Pakistan was marked by

the formative years of the newly created state. The Muslim League,
initially dominant, faced challenges in maintaining unity and coherence.
The Awami League emerged as a significant force, particularly in East
Pakistan, highlighting the beginnings of regional dynamics. Governance
challenges, economic strains, and the efforts to define the role of Islam
in the state were central themes. The political landscape witnessed the
emergence of opposition forces, coalition governments, and the
beginning of military interventions. This period set the stage for the
subsequent evolution of political parties and power dynamics in
Pakistan.
 Q.2 Why ANP could not enhance its status as national political party
and been limited to some regions of Pakistan? Explain in detail.
(20)
ANS:
The Awami National Party (ANP) in Pakistan has historically been
primarily associated with the regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and
Balochistan. Despite having roots in the broader concept of representing
the interests of various ethnic groups, particularly the Pashtuns, ANP has
faced challenges in expanding its influence as a truly national political
party. Several factors contribute to its limitation to specific regions:

1. Ethnic and Regional Identity:

 ANP has its roots in the political movement for Pashtun
nationalism. While it aims to represent a broader spectrum of
ethnicities, its historical association with the Pashtun identity has
somewhat limited its appeal in regions with different ethnic
compositions.
2. Historical Context and Origin:
 ANP emerged from the National Awami Party (NAP), which was
formed in the 1950s. NAP was a left-leaning political alliance that
aimed to represent the interests of various ethnicities, including
Pashtuns, Sindhis, and Baloch. However, historical circumstances,
ideological differences, and political developments led to the
splintering of NAP, and ANP became more regionally focused.
3. Pashtun Nationalism vs. National Politics:
 ANP has often been associated with the cause of Pashtun
nationalism, advocating for the rights and representation of
Pashtuns in Pakistan. While this focus has resonated in KP, it
might not necessarily translate into a broader appeal in other
 provinces where different ethnic and linguistic dynamics are at
play.
4. Security Challenges in KP:
 The regions where ANP traditionally holds influence, especially in
KP, have faced significant security challenges, including militancy
and terrorism. These challenges have not only impacted the
political stability of the region but also limited ANP's ability to
expand its political footprint.
5. Political Alliances and Alignments:
 ANP's political alignments and alliances have sometimes been
regionally specific. This has resulted in a perception that its
political interests are confined to certain areas rather than being a
party with a national agenda. Political dynamics, mergers, and
realignments have influenced the party's national image.
6. Internal Factionalism:
 Like many political parties in Pakistan, ANP has experienced
internal factionalism. Differences within the party leadership have
occasionally hindered its ability to present a unified front on
national issues. This internal discord has affected the party's
standing on the national stage.
7. Shifts in Political Landscape:
 The broader political landscape of Pakistan has witnessed shifts
over the years. The dominance of national parties with broader
appeal, such as the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) and Pakistan
Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N), has often marginalized regional
parties in terms of national representation.
8. Electorate Perception and Voting Patterns:
 In national elections, voters in provinces other than KP and
Balochistan might perceive ANP as a regional or provincial party
rather than a national one. Voting patterns and regional loyalties
play a significant role in shaping the political landscape.
9. Media Visibility and Communication:
 The visibility and communication strategies of ANP might not
have been as effective in reaching audiences beyond its traditional
 strongholds. Building a national profile requires effective
communication strategies and visibility in national media.
10. Economic and Development Issues:
 Regional parties often face challenges in presenting themselves as
national entities due to differences in the economic and
developmental issues faced by various provinces. ANP's focus on
issues specific to KP and Balochistan might not resonate with
voters in other provinces.

In conclusion, while ANP has played a significant role in the politics of

KP and Balochistan, various factors, including its historical roots, focus
on regional issues, security challenges, and internal dynamics, have
contributed to its limited status as a national political party. Building a
national profile involves navigating complex ethnic, linguistic, and
regional dynamics, which remains a challenge for many regional parties
in Pakistan.
Q.3 Describe the role of political parties in development of democracy
in Pakistan during 1988-1999.
(20)
ANS:
Title: Role of Political Parties in the Development of Democracy in
Pakistan (1988-1999)

Introduction:

The period from 1988 to 1999 in Pakistan marked a crucial phase in the
country's political history. This era witnessed the restoration of
democracy after years of military rule under General Zia-ul-Haq.
Political parties played a significant role in shaping the democratic
landscape during this time. This essay explores the contributions,
challenges, and dynamics of political parties in fostering democracy in
Pakistan from 1988 to 1999.

1. Context:

The late 1980s saw the end of General Zia-ul-Haq's military rule,
marked by his death in a plane crash in 1988. The subsequent years were
characterized by political transitions, the restoration of democratic
institutions, and the emergence of new political forces. The role of
political parties became pivotal in navigating the challenges of
democratization.

2. Restoration of Democracy (1988):

The death of General Zia-ul-Haq led to the appointment of Muhammad

Ishaq Khan as the President of Pakistan. In 1988, general elections were
held, leading to the formation of a democratic government. The Pakistan
 Peoples Party (PPP) under Benazir Bhutto secured victory, and Benazir
became the first woman to lead a Muslim-majority country.

3. Political Parties and Democratization:

a. Pakistan People’s Party (PPP):

 Benazir Bhutto's PPP played a central role in the democratization

process. The party, rooted in populist and socialist principles, aimed to
address socio-economic issues. Benazir's leadership represented a break
from traditional political norms.

b. Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N):

 Nawaz Sharif's PML-N, another prominent political force, emerged as a

key player. The party's emphasis on economic development and its
appeal to conservative elements contributed to its political influence.

c. Muhajir Qaumi Movement (MQM):

 The MQM, representing the Muhajir community, gained prominence,

especially in urban areas like Karachi. Its role was crucial in shaping the
dynamics of power-sharing and representation.

4. Challenges to Democracy:

Despite the restoration of democracy, numerous challenges persisted,

testing the resilience of political parties and democratic institutions:

a. Civil-Military Relations:

 The legacy of military rule continued to influence politics. The military,

while officially out of power, remained a significant actor, influencing
policy decisions and sometimes intervening in political affairs.

b. Economic Challenges:
 Economic instability and structural issues posed challenges to the
democratic government. Political parties had to grapple with economic
reforms, external debt, and managing the expectations of diverse interest
groups.

c. Ethnic and Sectarian Tensions:

 Ethnic and sectarian tensions were evident, particularly in regions like

Sindh and Balochistan. Political parties had to navigate these
complexities, addressing grievances and promoting inclusivity.

d. Corruption Allegations:

 Corruption allegations were a recurring issue. Both the PPP and PML-N
faced accusations, contributing to a climate of political instability and
undermining public trust in democratic institutions.

5. Benazir Bhutto's Government (1988-1990, 1993-1996):

a. Achievements:

 Benazir Bhutto's first term as Prime Minister (1988-1990) saw efforts to

address social issues, including education and healthcare. Despite
challenges, her government made strides in empowering women and
minorities.

b. Challenges:

 Economic challenges, allegations of corruption, and tensions with the

military strained her first term. Her government was dismissed in 1990,
leading to a period of political instability.

c. Return to Power (1993):

 Benazir Bhutto returned to power in 1993, leading a coalition
government. Her second term focused on economic reforms,
infrastructure development, and foreign policy initiatives.

6. Nawaz Sharif's Government (1990-1993, 1997-1999):

a. First Term (1990-1993):

 Nawaz Sharif's first term as Prime Minister (1990-1993) emphasized

economic development. His government implemented economic
reforms, privatization, and infrastructure projects.

b. Dismissal and Political Turmoil:

 Tensions with the military and allegations of corruption led to Nawaz

Sharif's dismissal in 1993. Political instability ensued, contributing to
the challenges of democratic consolidation.

c. Second Term (1997-1999):

 Nawaz Sharif returned to power in 1997 with a decisive mandate. His

second term focused on economic liberalization and infrastructure
development, including the Lahore-Islamabad Motorway.

7. Political Instability and Military Intervention (1999):

Despite periods of relative stability, the late 1990s witnessed heightened

political tensions. The Kargil conflict with India and the coup of October
1999, led by General Pervez Musharraf, resulted in the suspension of
democracy, marking another interruption in the democratic process.

8. Analysis of Political Parties' Roles:

 a. Strengths:

 Representation: Political parties represented diverse socio-economic

and regional interests, contributing to a pluralistic political landscape.
 Policy Formulation: Parties played a role in shaping economic policies,
infrastructure development, and social initiatives.
 Women's Empowerment: Benazir Bhutto's leadership exemplified
efforts toward women's empowerment and political inclusion.

b. Weaknesses:

 Corruption Allegations: Accusations of corruption undermined the

credibility of political parties, eroding public trust.
 Ethnic and Sectarian Tensions: Parties struggled to address and
mitigate ethnic and sectarian tensions, leading to periodic violence.
 Civil-Military Relations: Persistent tensions between political parties
and the military impacted governance and policy decisions.

9. Conclusion:

The period from 1988 to 1999 in Pakistan was marked by a complex

interplay of political forces, economic challenges, and civil-military
dynamics. Political parties, including the PPP and PML-N, played
pivotal roles in shaping the democratic landscape. The achievements and
challenges faced by these parties contributed to a nuanced narrative of
democratization.

While significant strides were made in terms of women's empowerment,

economic reforms, and infrastructure development, corruption
allegations, ethnic tensions, and civil-military relations remained
persistent challenges. The subsequent military intervention in 1999
marked a setback for democratic consolidation, emphasizing the fragility
of democratic institutions in the face of broader political and security
dynamics.
In analyzing the role of political parties during this period, it is crucial to
recognize the complexities they faced. The successes and failures of
political parties in fostering democracy offer valuable insights into the
challenges of democratic consolidation in Pakistan. The subsequent
years would see a continuous ebb and flow of democratic and military
rule, reflecting the ongoing struggle for stability and representative
governance in the country.

Q.4 Critically examine the politics of reconciliation between PPP and

PML (N) during 2002-2008
(20)
ANS:
Title: Role of Political Parties in the Development of Democracy in
Pakistan (1988-1999)

Introduction:

The period from 1988 to 1999 in Pakistan marked a crucial phase in the
country's political history. This era witnessed the restoration of
democracy after years of military rule under General Zia-ul-Haq.
Political parties played a significant role in shaping the democratic
landscape during this time. This essay explores the contributions,
challenges, and dynamics of political parties in fostering democracy in
Pakistan from 1988 to 1999.

1. Context:

The late 1980s saw the end of General Zia-ul-Haq's military rule,
marked by his death in a plane crash in 1988. The subsequent years were
characterized by political transitions, the restoration of democratic
institutions, and the emergence of new political forces. The role of
political parties became pivotal in navigating the challenges of
democratization.

2. Restoration of Democracy (1988):

 The death of General Zia-ul-Haq led to the appointment of Muhammad
Ishaq Khan as the President of Pakistan. In 1988, general elections were
held, leading to the formation of a democratic government. The Pakistan
People’s Party (PPP) under Benazir Bhutto secured victory, and Benazir
became the first woman to lead a Muslim-majority country.

3. Political Parties and Democratization:

a. Pakistan People’s Party (PPP):

 Benazir Bhutto's PPP played a central role in the democratization

process. The party, rooted in populist and socialist principles, aimed to
address socio-economic issues. Benazir's leadership represented a break
from traditional political norms.

b. Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N):

 Nawaz Sharif's PML-N, another prominent political force, emerged as a

key player. The party's emphasis on economic development and its
appeal to conservative elements contributed to its political influence.

C. Muhajir Qaumi Movement (MQM):

 The MQM, representing the Muhajir community, gained prominence,

especially in urban areas like Karachi. Its role was crucial in shaping the
dynamics of power-sharing and representation.

4. Challenges to Democracy:

Despite the restoration of democracy, numerous challenges persisted,

testing the resilience of political parties and democratic institutions:

a. Civil-Military Relations:
 The legacy of military rule continued to influence politics. The military,
while officially out of power, remained a significant actor, influencing
policy decisions and sometimes intervening in political affairs.

b. Economic Challenges:

 Economic instability and structural issues posed challenges to the

democratic government. Political parties had to grapple with economic
reforms, external debt, and managing the expectations of diverse interest
groups.

c. Ethnic and Sectarian Tensions:

 Ethnic and sectarian tensions were evident, particularly in regions like

Sindh and Baluchistan. Political parties had to navigate these
complexities, addressing grievances and promoting inclusivity.

d. Corruption Allegations:

 Corruption allegations were a recurring issue. Both the PPP and PML-N
faced accusations, contributing to a climate of political instability and
undermining public trust in democratic institutions.

5. Benazir Bhutto's Government (1988-1990, 1993-1996):

a. Achievements:

 Benazir Bhutto's first term as Prime Minister (1988-1990) saw efforts to

address social issues, including education and healthcare. Despite
challenges, her government made strides in empowering women and
minorities.

b. Challenges:
 Economic challenges, allegations of corruption, and tensions with the
military strained her first term. Her government was dismissed in 1990,
leading to a period of political instability.

c. Return to Power (1993):

 Benazir Bhutto returned to power in 1993, leading a coalition

government. Her second term focused on economic reforms,
infrastructure development, and foreign policy initiatives.

6. Nawaz Sharif's Government (1990-1993, 1997-1999):

a. First Term (1990-1993):

 Nawaz Sharif's first term as Prime Minister (1990-1993) emphasized

economic development. His government implemented economic
reforms, privatization, and infrastructure projects.

b. Dismissal and Political Turmoil:

 Tensions with the military and allegations of corruption led to Nawaz

Sharif's dismissal in 1993. Political instability ensued, contributing to
the challenges of democratic consolidation.

c. Second Term (1997-1999):

 Nawaz Sharif returned to power in 1997 with a decisive mandate. His

second term focused on economic liberalization and infrastructure
development, including the Lahore-Islamabad Motorway.

7. Political Instability and Military Intervention (1999):

Despite periods of relative stability, the late 1990s witnessed heightened

political tensions. The Kargil conflict with India and the coup of October
1999, led by General Pervez Musharraf, resulted in the suspension of
democracy, marking another interruption in the democratic process.
 8. Analysis of Political Parties' Roles:

a. Strengths:

 Representation: Political parties represented diverse socio-economic

and regional interests, contributing to a pluralistic political landscape.
 Policy Formulation: Parties played a role in shaping economic policies,
infrastructure development, and social initiatives.
 Women's Empowerment: Benazir Bhutto's leadership exemplified
efforts toward women's empowerment and political inclusion.

b. Weaknesses:

 Corruption Allegations: Accusations of corruption undermined the

credibility of political parties, eroding public trust.
 Ethnic and Sectarian Tensions: Parties struggled to address and
mitigate ethnic and sectarian tensions, leading to periodic violence.
 Civil-Military Relations: Persistent tensions between political parties
and the military impacted governance and policy decisions.

9. Conclusion:

The period from 1988 to 1999 in Pakistan was marked by a complex

interplay of political forces, economic challenges, and civil-military
dynamics. Political parties, including the PPP and PML-N, played
pivotal roles in shaping the democratic landscape. The achievements and
challenges faced by these parties contributed to a nuanced narrative of
democratization.

While significant strides were made in terms of women's empowerment,

economic reforms, and infrastructure development, corruption
allegations, ethnic tensions, and civil-military relations remained
persistent challenges. The subsequent military intervention in 1999
marked a setback for democratic consolidation, emphasizing the fragility
of democratic institutions in the face of broader political and security
dynamics.
 In analyzing the role of political parties during this period, it is crucial to
recognize the complexities they faced. The successes and failures of
political parties in fostering democracy offer valuable insights into the
challenges of democratic consolidation in Pakistan. The subsequent
years would see a continuous ebb and flow of democratic and military
rule, reflecting the ongoing struggle for stability and representative
governance in the country.

Q.5 Discuss the role of religious parties in Pakistan during 2008-2018.

(20)
ANS:
Title: The Role of Religious Parties in Pakistan (2008-2018): An In-
depth Analysis

Introduction:

The period from 2008 to 2018 in Pakistan was marked by dynamic

political shifts, complex security challenges, and evolving socio-
economic landscapes. Within this context, the role of religious parties
played a significant and multifaceted role in shaping the nation's
political and social fabric. This essay delves into the various dimensions
of the involvement of religious parties during this critical decade,
examining their political participation, influence on policy, engagement
in social issues, and impact on the broader political and security
environment.

1. The Political Landscape:

a. Post-Musharraf Political Dynamics:

 The era commenced with the transition from the military regime of
General Pervez Musharraf to civilian rule. The 2008 general elections
saw the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) come to power, and religious
parties sought to navigate the new political landscape.

b. Political Participation:
 Religious parties, with varying degrees of success, participated in
electoral politics. Key players included the Jamaat-e-Islami (JI), Jamiat
Ulema-e-Islam-Fazl (JUI-F), and others. Their political involvement
ranged from local to national levels.

2. Policy Influence and Governance:

a. Role in Coalition Governments:

 In the wake of the 2008 elections, religious parties engaged in coalition

politics. The JUI-F, for instance, was part of the coalition government in
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and at the federal level, influencing policy
decisions.

B. Influence on Legislation:

 Religious parties had varying degrees of success in influencing

legislation. The JI and JUI-F, for example, played roles in shaping
certain laws and policies in alignment with their ideological positions.

c. Controversial Legislation and Opposition:

 The proposed amendments to the blasphemy laws and issues related to

women's rights were contentious topics. Religious parties often
positioned themselves as vocal opponents to changes they perceived as
contradicting Islamic principles.

3. Role in Social Issues:

a. Education and Social Welfare:

 Religious parties have a historical presence in the domain of education

and social welfare. Madrasas affiliated with these parties played a role in
providing education and social services, contributing to their influence at
the grassroots level.
 b. Charitable and Welfare Activities:

 Organizations linked to religious parties engaged in charitable and

welfare activities. This included healthcare services, relief work during
natural disasters, and poverty alleviation efforts.

C. Madrassa Reforms:

 The issue of madrasa reforms gained attention during this period.

Religious parties, while often resistant to external interference, engaged
in dialogues to address concerns about the potential radicalization of
students.

4. Role in Security and Counterterrorism:

a. Counterterrorism Policies:

 The period from 2008 to 2018 witnessed a continuation of Pakistan's

struggle against terrorism. Religious parties engaged with the
government in discussions on counterterrorism policies, sometimes
advocating for a more conciliatory approach.

b. Peace Deals and Dialogues:

 Efforts were made to engage militant groups through peace deals and
dialogues. Some religious parties, while not directly involved in
negotiations, expressed support for such initiatives, emphasizing a
political resolution to conflicts.

c. Critique of Military Operations:

 Religious parties often criticized military operations against militants in

tribal areas. They questioned the efficacy of military solutions and
advocated for alternative approaches to address the root causes of
extremism.
 5. Contesting Electoral Politics:

a. Electoral Performance:

 Religious parties, while holding a consistent presence, faced challenges

in securing significant electoral victories. The JI and JUI-F maintained a
presence in legislative bodies but struggled to translate their ideological
appeal into widespread electoral success.

b. Voter Base and Regional Variations:

 The voter base of religious parties was often concentrated in specific

regions. For example, the JUI-F had significant support in KP and
Baluchistan, while the JI maintained a presence in urban centers.

c. Political Alliances:

 Religious parties engaged in alliances with mainstream political parties

at times. The MMA (Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal) alliance in the mid-
2000s was a notable example, bringing together various religious parties
with the goal of presenting a united front in elections.

6. Challenges and Criticisms:

a. Allegations of Extremism:

 Religious parties faced allegations of harboring or sympathizing with

extremist elements. Accusations of tacit support for militancy and
reluctance to condemn certain groups led to criticisms from various
quarters.

b. Critique of Social Stances:

 Positions taken by religious parties on issues such as women's rights,

minority rights, and education often faced criticism for being regressive
or inhibiting societal progress.
 c. Internal Fractures:

 Internal divisions within religious parties, including leadership conflicts

and ideological differences, occasionally hindered their effectiveness in
both electoral and policy arenas.

7. The Impact of International Factors:

a. Impact of the War on Terror:

 Pakistan's involvement in the War on Terror had repercussions for

religious parties. The alliance with the United States and the pressure to
take decisive action against militants influenced the political dynamics
involving religious groups.

b. Global and Regional Dynamics:

 The broader global and regional context, including developments in

Afghanistan, had implications for the role of religious parties. Their
stances on regional issues often influenced their standing within the
domestic political landscape.

8. The Changing Landscape Post-2018:

a. Post-2018 Elections:

 The elections in 2018 brought the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) to

power. The political landscape underwent changes, and religious parties
continued to adapt their strategies and priorities accordingly.

b. Protests and Activism:

 In the post-2018 period, religious parties engaged in protests and

activism on various issues