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COMPUTER
SCIENCE

PRACTICALS

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Contacts: 0753 356 388 / 0712 964 496

Face book page: Bioinformatics universe

I. PREFACE

Computer science book has been written comprehensively to cater for needs of students.

VISION
To facilitate students to study their subjects by using computer new technology.

MISSION
1) To help student to pass in their subjects by using Computer knowledge
2) To get Information and Telecommunications (IT) professionals

It is hoped that students and teachers will find the book a resourceful aid to better
understanding of Computer science

II. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Bright vision publishers has great pleasure to deliver his sincere hand of gratitude to all those
who might have assisted in one way or another during the entire process of preparing this book.
These include.

1. Almighty God, the creator of earth and universe for keeping us alive until now
2. Professor Gerald Misinzo: Bsc, Msc, PHD in Molecular biology at Sokoine University
(Morogoro) for teaching and providing the biological knowledge to me.
3. Dr H alima Sembe, Lab technician at Tanzania Medicine and Medical Device Authority
(TMDA)
4. Dr Ahymed Ally, Researcher at National Institute of Biomedical Research (NIMR)
5. The family of Mr and Mrs Domician Felician for giving me the hand of assistance during
the process of accomplishing this book.

III. OFFICIAL PARTNERS

1. National Institute of Biomedical Research (NIMR)

2. Tanzania Medicine and Medical Device Authority (TMDA)
3. Central Disease of Control and prevention (CDC)
4. World Health Organization (WHO)

Thank you.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, in a retrieval system or transcribed in

any form or by any means, be it electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise
without the prior permission of BRIGHT VISION PUBLISHERS.

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Davy Domician,
The Managing Director,
Bright Vision Publishers,
Mwanza, Tanzania,
January, 2024.

TOPIC 01: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

What Is A Computer?
A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions (software) stored in its own
memory unit, that can accept data (input), manipulate data (process), and produce information (output)
from the processing.

A computer is a machine or device which accepts input data in one form and processes it to produce an
output of information. In simplest term, it is a data processing machine.

FUNCTIONS OF COMPUTERS
Computers can perform four general operations, which comprise the information processing cycle.
1) Input
2) Process
3) Output
4) Storage

Information processing cycle

a) Input – Entry of raw data; for example, typing names and addresses on a keyboard or
transmitting a picture from a digital camera.
b) Process - Manipulation of the raw data to produce useful information, the key purpose of a
computer; for example, sorting or indexing the names and addresses or adding effects to the
picture.
c) Output - For example, printing mailing labels from a database or displaying the picture in a
brochure.
d) Storage - Retention of the data until it is needed; for example, filing names and addresses in a
database or archiving the picture in an online library.

S/N Abbreviation Full/Long forms of the words

s
1 CPU Central Processing Unit
2 AGP Accelerated Graphics Port
3 CIT Communication and Information Technology
4 ROM Read Only Memory
5 RAM Random Access Memory
6 ALU Arithmetic and Logical Unit
7 GUI Graphical User Interface
8 DVD-ROM Digital Versatile Disk, Read Only Memory
9 CD-R Compact Disc Recordable
10 CD-RW Compact Disc Rewritable
11 MS DOS Microsoft Disc Operating System
12 USB Universal Serial Bus
13 HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
14 WWW World Wide Web
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15 FTP File Transfer Protocol

16 E-Mail Electronic Mail
17 LCD Liquid Crystal Display
18 SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
19 URL
20 CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
21 LED Light Emitting Diode

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TYPES OF COMPUTER

Computer Descriptions
1. Personal computer (PC) These computers are small enough to fit on a desk,
(i) Desktop computer its monitor, keyboard, mouse and system case are
connected by cables

(ii) Handheld computer They are small, lightweight computers that are
(a) Laptop (b) Tablets portable, its keyboard, monitor and mouse pads are
usually built in together with the system case), it
can run on power supplied by an electric outlet or
on its own battery power (if it contains sufficient
charge.)

2. Work stations computers These are powerful desktop computers designed for
specialized tasks such as medical imaging.

Such tasks require a lot of processing speed.

Example CT scan and Radiotherapy machine
computers.
3. Mainframe -Large, fast and expensive computer
-Capable of simultaneously processing data for
thousands of users.

-Generally used by large businesses to provide

centralized storage, Processing and management
for large amounts of data.
4. Supercomputers This is the fastest and most expensive computer.
Can tackle complex tasks such as breaking codes
and modeling worldwide weather systems.

5. Saver A server can be any computer but for a large

network it is preferred to be a mainframe or
supercomputer since the can be in a position to
respond to requests quickly and the have a lot of
storage thus large amounts of files can be stored.

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TOPIC 02: COMPUTER HARD WARES

Hard ware Function
1. Monitor Monitors receive information from the CPU and
they translate the information into a
comprehensible picture and words.

2. Keyboard Is an input device that allows the user to enter data

into the computer.
3. System unit Is the case that contains CPU, Memory, power
supply, disk drive and other hard wares.

4. Mouse 1. Click: Select objects and to navigate through

menus.
2. Double-Click : Open objects (icons, programs,
etc).

5. Speaker Produce audio output

6. Headphones Used to get audio output

7. Printer Produces hard copies from softcopy stored in a

computer.

8. CD/DVD drive
9. Scanner Scan the hardcopy and change it to softcopy.
10. Central Processing Unit (CPU) It gives all of the instructions to all of the other
parts of the computer.
11. Random Accessory Memory (RAM) It holds the program and data only as long as the
program is in operation.

12. Hard disk (Hard drive) Stores data magnetically and is a read/write storage
medium

13. Potable disk drive They hold much more data (up to 8GB to 64GB or
more)
14. Memory card Store data permanently.

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KEYBOARD

The keyboard is an input device that allows the user to enter data into the computer. Computer keyboards
are similar to electric typewriter keyboards.

The keyboard has a lot of keys that contain different characters that a user may need. Moreover there are
other keys with special proposes.
E.g. function keys, backspace, delete, insert, control, alternate, and arrow keys.

Key Function
(i) Function Keys Function keys, F1 through F12, are typically located at the top of the
keyboard. Some software programs utilize these keys to execute different
functions.
In most programs, the F1 key will provide the user with help. Other keys
include F3 ……. F12.

(ii) Control Key The control key is located in the bottom left-hand and bottom right-hand
(CTRL) corners of the keyboard.
It is often paired with other keys on the keyboard to access specific commands
and functions/ activate special options in a program.

(iii) Escape Key (ESC) The Escape (ESC) key often allows you to cancel or back out of an action in a
program
(iv) Alternate Key The alternate key is located on the right-hand and left-hand sides of the space
(ALT) bar. It is often paired with other keys to access menus or execute commands.

(v) Backspace Key The backspace key is located in the upper right-hand section of the keyboard
and is used in word processing to delete one letter or space to the left.

(vi) Delete Key The delete key is located in the group of six keys above the arrow keys on the
right-hand side of the keyboard.

It is used in word processing to delete one letter or space to the right. It can
also be used to delete objects or files within the computer.

(vii) Arrow Keys The arrow keys are located on the right-hand side of the keyboard and are used
in word processing to move the cursor up, down, left, or right.
They can also be used to navigate through lists of files on the computer.

(viii) Caps lock key Change capital letter or small letters

(ix) Shift key To command to write the key on single button with two keys.
(x) Numbers key Display numbers such as 0, 1,2,3…9
(xi) Alphabetical keys Display alphabets such as A,B,C,D…..Z
(xii) Symbol keys Show symbols such as @, !, $, &, ?, ;, “, |, % etc
(xiii) Enter key Act as OK key start new line in word.
(xiv) Mathematical key Show symbol such as + ,- ,* , /.

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TOPIC 03: SOFT WARES

Soft ware Name Functions

1. Microsoft office soft wares Microsoft Word Creating documents e.g Writing,
drawing

Microsoft Excel

Microsoft Power Point

Microsoft Publisher
Microsoft Access
2. Music soft wares Music player Playing audio music

3. Video soft wares VLC Playing video music

4. Security soft wares AVG Securing the computer from virus

McAfee security

Avast
5. Email soft wares Gmail Creating and sending e-mail
(message)

Yahoo
Outlook

6. Internet soft wares Google chrome Searching in internate

Mozilla Firefox
Internet exployer
7. Document reader Adobe Reading PDF files

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8. Social media YouTube Social networks

Face book

Instagram

What sup
Skype

Tiktok
Drop box
Spotify
Twitter (X)
9. Operating system Android Operate the computer

Window

Linux

Apple

10. Storage soft wares Google drive Media storage

One drive
11. Other File manager Storage of files

TOPIC 04: MICROSOFT WORD

Main Part Part Contents

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1. Home Clipboard Cut, Copy, Paste, Format Painter

Font Font, Font size, Bold, Italic, Underline, Change case
Paragraph Bullets, Numbering, Align text, Line spacing, Sort
Style Normal, No spacing, Heading, Title, Change style
Editing Find, Replace, Select

2. Insert Pages Cover page, Blank page, Page break

Tables Create tables
Illustrations Picture, Clip art, Shapes, Charts, Smart art
Links Hyperlinks, Bookmark, Cross-references
Header and footer Header, Footer, Page number
Text Text box, Word art, Signature line, Date and time
Symbols Equations and Symbols

3. Page layout Themes Colors, Fonts, and Effects

Page setup Margins, Orientations, Size, Columns, Line number
Page background Watermark, Page color and Page border
Paragraph Indent and Spacing
Arrange Position, Bring to front, Send to back, Text wrapping

4. References Table of content Table of content, Add text, Update Table

Footnotes Insert footnote, Insert endnote, Next Footnote
Citations Insert Citation, Manage source, Style, Bibliography
Captions Insert caption, Insert Table of Figures, Cross-reference
Index Mark Entry, Insert Index
Table of authorities Mark Citations, Insert Table of Authorities

5. Mailings Create Envelopes, labels

Start Mail merge Select recipients, Start Mail Merge, End recipients list
Write and Insert Highlight Merge Fields, Address Block, Greeting line,
fields Insert Merge Fields
Review results Find Recipients, Auto check for errors
Finish Finish and Merge

6. Review Proofing Spelling & Grammar, Research, Thesaurus, Translate

Comments New Comment, Delete, Previous, Next
Tracking Track Changes, Balloons, Show Markup
Changes Accept, Reject, Previous, Next
Compare Compare, Show Source Documents
Protect Protect Document
7. View Document view Print Layout, Full Screen Reading, Web Layout
Show or hide Ruler, Gridlines, Message Bar, Document Map
1. Home

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2. Page layout

3. View

TOPIC 05: MICROSOFT EXCEL

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Main part Part Contents

Home Clipboard Cut, Copy, Paste
Font Font, Font size, Underline text, Text color
Alignment Top align, bottom align, (Align text left, center, right)
Numbers Account number format, Percent style
Style Conditional formatting, Format as table, cell style
Cells Insert cell, delete cell, and format cell
Editing AutoSum, Clear, Sort and filter, Find and select

Insert Tables Pivot table, Tables

Illustrations Picture, Clip art, Shapes, Smart art
Charts Column, Line, Pie, Bar, Area, Scatter, other charts
Links Hyperlink
Text Text box, Header and footer, Word art, Signature line, Object

Page layout Themes Themes, Colors, Fonts, Effects

Page setup Margins, Orientations, Size, Print area, Breaks, Background
Scale to fit Width, Height and Scale
Sheet options Gridlines, Headings
Arrange Bring to font, Send to back,, Selection pane, Align, Group

Formulas Function library Insert function, Auto sum, Financial, Logical, Text, Math
Defined names Name manager, Define Name, Use in Formula
Formula Show formula, Error checking, Evaluate formula, Window
Auditing watch
Calculations Calculations options, Calculate now, Calculate sheet

Data Get external From Access, From web, From text, Existing connection
data
Connections Refresh all, Connections
Sort & Filter Sort, Filter
Data tools Text to columns, Remove duplicates, Data validation,
Consolidate
Outline Group, Ungroup, Sub total

Review Proofing Spelling, Research, Thesaurus, Translate

Comments New comment, Delete, Previous, Next, Show all comments
Changes Protect sheet, Protect workbook, Share workbook

View Workbook view Normal, Page layout, Page break preview, Custom view.
Show/hide Ruler, Gridlines, Formula bar, Heading, Message bar
Zoom Zoom, 100%, Zoom selection
Window New Window, Switch window, Save workspace
Macros Macros
1. Home
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2. Review

3. Formulas

TOPIC 06: MICROSOFT POWER POINT

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Main part Part Contents

1. Home Clipboard Cut, Copy, Paste
Slide New slide, Layout, Reseat, Delete
Font Font, Font size, Bold, Italic, Underline, Change case
Paragraph Bullets, Numbering, Align text, Line spacing, Sort
Drawings Arrange, Quick style, Shape fill, Shape outline,
Editing Find, Replace, Select

2. Insert Tables Tables

Illustrations Picture, Clip art, Photo album, Shapes, Smart art, Chart
Links Hyperlink, Actions
Texts Text box, Header and footer, World art, Slide number
Media clips Movie, Sound

3. Design Page setup Page set up, Slide orientation

Themes Office theme, Apex, Aspect, Civic, Concourse, Equity
Background Background style

4. Animations Preview Preview

Animations Animate, Custom animation
Transition Transition sound, Transition speed, Advance slide

5. Slide show Start slide show From beginning, From current slide, Custom slide show
Setup Set up slide show, Hide slide
Monitors Resolutions, Use presenter view

6. Review Proofing Spelling, Research, Thesaurus, Translate, Language

Comments New comment, Edit comment, Delete, Previous, Next
Protect Protect presentation

7. View Presentation Normal, Slide sorter, Notes page, Slide show, Slide master,
view Handout master
Show/Hide Ruler, Gridlines, Message bar
Zoom Zoom, Fit window
Color/Grayscale Color, Grayscale, Pure black and white
Window New window, Switch window

8. Format Insert shapes Edit shape, Text box

Shape style Shape fill, Shape outline, Shape effects
Word Art Style Text fill, Text outline, Text effects
Arrange Bring to font, Send to back, Align, Group, Rotate
Size 1.92”, 7”

1. Insert

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2. Home

3. Animations

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