igre 14.3 os pete yt sa eee ee cee Summary + Atrequency selective creator filter, enables signal at Practical Perspective Pushbutton Telephone Circuits In the Practical Perspective atthe start ofthis chapter, we described the dhal-tone-mulple-frequency(OTAF) stem used to signal that button has been pushed on a pusbutton telephone. A key element of the OTE system isthe DTHF recelvr—a circuit that decodes the tones produced by pushing a button and determines which button was pus Th overt design 8 DTM reciever, we need a Betta undestanding of the OTF sytem. As yu can see fom Fi. 14.32, the butons onthe tle ‘hone are organized ito fons and column. The par of tones generated by pushing button capends on the buttons ow and column. The button’ roe fetemine ts low-frequency toa, andthe butors column determines ts high-frequency tone For example, presing the “6° button produces sinus soil tones with the fequencis 770 Ha and 1477 Hz tthe telephone etching fait, bandpass itr inthe OTAF receiv fist detect whether tres Fom bot the low-frequency and high requney groups are simultaneously present This test ejects mary extraneous au Signal that at not OTF tones ae preset oth bands, othe ites a sed to select among the posse tones in each band so thatthe equi Can be decoded nto a unique button signa. Aiton tess ae performed prevent fase button detection. For example, only one tone pe fe and Is alowed: the high- and Lv-band frequences must start and st thin few iliseconds of ne anther tobe cnsiered voli andthe hi andl band signal ples must be sufcenty close to each othe You may wonder why Bandpas ters ae used stead of «high filer for the high-trequency group of DTAF tones anda low-pass iter ‘the low-frequency group of DTHF tones, The reason is thatthe tlepha system uses frequencies outside ofthe 300-3 KHz band for other sg ing purposes, such as singing the phoe's bell. Bandpass ters pr the OTHF receiver from erroneously detecting these other signals. Lore: Assess your undentandiog ofthis Pracicol Perspective by Chapter Problems 14 51-1453. Tyee toe reseed 12 Mtoe ed oes a Freed oan ton pn passband. At the cutot frequency the magni +A high-pasfter pases voltages at frequencies above and attenuates voltages a frequencies Below Any ei uit with he wansfer function aur? functions asa high-pass filter, (See page S34.) He) ‘Bandpass ters and bandkejct iter each have two cut- ofteqvences dw Tes ites ae fecha stetzed by thee center fequeney (o,) bandit (3), and quality factor (Q}- These quantities redefined es B= ea ~ 0 O= wiB. (See pages 537-538) A bandpass fer passes voltages at frequencies within the passband, which s between oy and a, [attenuates 18) Find the cutoff requoney in here forthe RE fi tershown ia Fig, PIA by Caleuate (ja) at, 1.1254, nd Bo ©) If 4,=20cosaeV, write the steady-state expression for, when w= ae, = O.125u,, and w= fe, Power, 1) Find the cutoff frequency (in hertz) ofthe low ss filter shown ia Fig P82. ) Cafeuate Hj) at Oa, and 104 ©) If = 2SeosurmV, write the steady-state expression for y when w= a, (ce, and 1 Folens 540 frequencies outside ofthe passband. Any circuit withthe ‘uansfer function Bs Hy - 85. Pops functions as a bandpass filter, (See page S42.) A bandrejec filter attenuates voliags at frequencies within the sopand ih between wy and I passes frequencies ouside of the siopband. Any cicut ‘With the transfer fuetion te HM) = Firptd function as bande filter. (See page 49.) Ang a load tothe ouput of a pasive filter changes its itering properties by altering the location and mag nitude of the passband. Replicing an ideal voltage source with one whose source resistance is nonzero also ‘hanges the filtering properties ofthe rex ofthe ecu, tgnin by altering the location and magnitude of the pssband. (See page 54) 143A restr denoted sadn sis ith he ident ce Fp). The ne ow eres shorn ig D1. ) Derie he expreon for H)_ where m0) = val ©) Atha eqns Wl he mauude of ‘be maximum? " bad 6) What the maximum value ofthe maiitade ore 6) Att regan lhe magitude of Hs) cea te mate al vey Vt 6) Assume a resins 0 300s ded in seis withthe mit tor in the ea Be Pie Pad Hi Had 0a and H(jSq). oe Fie rcs {tansfer faction equal (1/'V2 lan (SE PAB [A low-pas fler passes voltages at frequent Fine rina foc and alenuates frequencies above a aa with the ansfr function — ‘etain frequencies to reach the output, and it atten Ses signals at ther frequoncies to prevent them from Teaching the output. The passband contains the tre ‘quencies of those sgnls tat are passed; the stopband Contains the fequerces of those signals hat are atten tated, (See page 522) “The eatof frequency identifies the Iocaton onthe frequency ais that separates the stopband from the A resistor denoted as Ri connected in parallel With the capacitor ia the circuit in Fip. 147. ‘The loaded low-pass filter circuit is shown in Fig P14. HG) = unetions as low-pass fier. (See page 520)550 toinctin ta eae Sltie Gt 4) Derive the expresso for the voltage transfer Fenton Vi ty Att rouene wl the magitde of Hj) Sinise? «What i the masinum vale ofthe mapsitde orden? a 4) twat egueny wil the magi o HU) > ahs mati abe divided by V2? 6) ature arsine of 520 (sacked in paral IMME te Sy eapactor in the clit Fig Plea Find HG, Ho) HO 20) and HS) Fiee 8 T c Ry, % 148 Study the circuit shown in Fig PISS (without the Toad resston. 1) Asor0.the inductor behaves ike what cect Component? What value wil the output voltage have? by Ab r= 2, he inductor teas tike what ci Sai compencat? What value will the output oltage 6 have? «) Based on parts (a) and (b), what type of firing does thi eroui exhibit? 4) What i the transfer funetion ofthe unloaded siker? 9) IR = 330 Mand L = 10m, whatis the cute frequency ofthe filter in rad/s? Fue P65 pe t apps we wish oad od resto in parallel 16 sere earn be cal shownin Fi PIAS 2) ones teaser funn ot ade ier? the lade 1) compare he aster fn ofthe Gaeffan or Patent) ond the wa fe wei ot tne ned titer (pu (2) of a) are est eqn ie SPAR ne sand aim een” be | He) ole vas) Ve) Warne satest aa florence ta , ‘can be used with the filter fram Problem 14.5(e) Seether egoenyo he sang Tre, Mae than Se erent om a7 ‘ot a) = 9) ® Section 143 unloaded fier? Use a1 ml inductor to design a low-pass, RE, pate filter with a cutoff frequency ofS KE ‘Specity the vale ofthe resistor ‘A load having & resistance of 68 0 is comet ‘cro the output terminals ofthe filter. What the comer or eutofl frequency ofthe loadea fi terin her? It you must se a ingle resistor from Append for pat (2) what restr should you use? Wha the resulingcutoffrequency ofthe er? ©) Assume the cut frequency cannot increase by ‘more than 5%. What isthe smallest valve of load resistance that canbe connected across the ‘output teminals ofthe iter? 4) If the resistor found in (6) i connected across ‘the output terminals, wha isthe magnitude of HGa) when w = 02 Section 143 LIL 8) Find the cutoff fequeney in het) forthe high as iter shown in Fig PI 11, 1) Find (ja) at, 0.1250, and Bo, ©) Im, = 7Seosue V, write the steady state expres sion for 2) when’ @ = a, « = (.125e,, and on Ba Figwe rt soar aalt 148 Use a 10 mt inductor to design low-pass fle with auto Fequency of 160 a 2) Spey the cuto frequency in her 5 ) Specify the vale of the filter resistor «) Assume the cutoff frequency cannot de 12 A resistor, denoted as R,, is connected in series ty more than 10%. What the smallest va With the capacitor inthe circuit in Fig. 14.110). toad resistance that canbe connected ara The new high-pass filter circuit is shown ih 6) tthe resistor found in (9 is connected scr Fie Pla2, 8) Derive the expression for H(8) where ‘up terminals what the magnitude of HG) = Val, when = 02 1) At what frequency wll the magnitude of (Je) be marin? Design a passive RC low pas fer (62 Fi us with cull frequency of 100 Hx wsing o 47 ©) What is the maximum value of the magnitude of Hw)? apactr. ©) At what frequency will the magnitude of H(i) 12) What isthe cutoff frequency in rad/s? qual its maximum value divided by V3? 1b) What isthe wale of the resistor? ©) Assume a resistance of $0 is connected in ©) Draw your cre, labeling the component Series with the 80 ji capacitor in the cicut in ‘sand output voltage. Fig, PIAL Calelate a, H(0,), HUO125e), &) What isthe transfor function of the part ()? «) Ifthe filer in part (eis loaded with & and Hj). Inhore valve the same as. the part (6), what isthe cransfer funtion Toaded ster? 1) Whats the eto frequency ofthe from part (e)? 1) What isthe gui in the pass band ofthe Powe m2 a ¢ ern eral — c R fier from part)? Using a 100 aF capacitor, design a high-pass passive {Use 8 500 aF capacitor to design «low P58 Ser wih a eta fequency of 300 Hz 1410 filter with acuot requency of 0 krad/S. ®) Specify the value of in klohms. 2) Specify the eto frequency in hertz b) 4.47 kM resistors connected sero the output terminals of the Hite What isthe cuore 'b) Specify the value ofthe iter resistor. ‘queney. ia hertz of the lade fier? Felons 581 HAM Conse te oi shown in Fig PAs 2) Wath inp adopt va sho nthe gure hace behest what es What ste want foto 1) = Ye ‘of this filter? ae 6) Whats the ett reqseny this er 4) What the magnitude ofthe iter’ tranter ge 144 AIS Suppose a 150 load resistors attached to the fe terin Fig PLL, 2) Whtithe water fanston 118) = V/V), ofthis filter? 1b) What s the cutot requeney of thi filter? ©) How does the cutoff frequency ofthe loaded fi ter compare with the cutoff frequency of the unloaded fier in Fig P14? 4) What else is iterent for ese wo fiers? 1416 Design passive RChigh pase fer (see Fig 14.10) with a eutot frequency Of 500 Ha using a 220 pF capaci. 8) What isthe cut frequency in rad/s? ) What isthe value ofthe resistor? ©) Draw your circuit, labeling the component vat tues and output voltage 8) What is the transer tunetion ofthe filter in pat (6)? ©) Ifthe filter in part (e) stad with a resistor nose vale is the same asthe resistor in (0), hats the transfer function ofthis loaded iter? 1) Whats the cutoff frequency ofthe loaded filter from pat (e)? 1) What isthe guin in the pass band ofthe loaded ‘er from parte)? 117 Using a 1001 inductor, design a high-pass, RL, GG, Passive iter with cut frequency of 1500 kre ‘mt a) Specify the value of the resistance, selecting ‘evr from the components in Appendix H. ) Assume the teri connected toa pure resistive load. The cutoff Requeney snot to drop below {200 krad/s. What isthe smallest load resistor fiom Appendix H that can be connected eros the output terminals ofthe fier?552 Tino nancy Slete Gis Section 14 148 For the bandpass ster shown in Fig, PI418, find (8) (9) for (©) Q(B) () fee (Dea (8) fr so and () B. Fig 148 aKa hoa 75I0aF - —— 1419 Calculte the center frequency, the bandwidth, and fhe quality factor of « Bandpass filter that has an Upper eutott frequency of 121 kead/s anda lower tof frequency of 100 Krad’ M420 bandas filter has a center oF resonant frequency ‘30 rad/s and a quality facor of 4. Find the band ‘dt, the upper cto frequency andthe lower ct ‘i fequeney Express all answers in kllohertz Mat. Design aseres RLC bandpass ter (ee Fig 14.15f)) ‘wth’a quality of $ and a center frequency of So rad/s sing # 0.01 pF eapacitor. 4) Draw your circuit, labeling the component val 'b) For the filter in part (a), calculate the bandwidth fd the values of the two cutol requencies. 1422 The input othe series RLC bandas fer designed jh Problem 1421 Seosot V, Find the volage drop from the resistor when (2) 0 = a (0) = tat = asd) o = Oley: (e)e = Io, 1423 “The input to the series REC bandpass iter designed in Problem 14.21 i Scosot V- Find the voltage drop oss the series combination of the inductor and Capacitor when (2) ai) Ge wg Ua = Ole,:(2)0~ 10, 1424 Show thatthe alternative forms for the cult fe- (Guenccy ofa bandpass filter, given in Eas 14.36 Ind HL37scan be derived fom Bigs 1434 and 14.35. 1425 Using 4 50 nF capacitor in the bandpass circuit ss, shown in Fig 1422, dsigna filter with a quality fac- Shel tor of 5 and a center frequency of 20 krad/s. (S50 g) Specify the numerical values of Rand L ') Calculate the upper and lower eutoftfrequen- ‘ies in klohert «) Calculate the bandwith in hertz 1426 Design a series RLC bandpass filter using cay three components from Appendix H that comes Closest tov meeting, the filter specifications ig Problem 1425. 48) Draw your filter, labeling all component vues snd the input and output voliages. by Calcite the percent errr in this new file enter frequency and quality factor when com pated tothe values specified in Problem 1428 1427 Use a 5 ni capacitor to design a series RLC ‘sez, pas iter as shown atthe top of Fig 1627-The POS {er frequency of the filter is 8 KHz, and the qu sos factor 2 a) Specify the values ofR and. 'b) Whats the fower cutoff frequency in lob ©) What isthe upper euot frequency in ilo {2) What is the bandwidth of heer in ilo 1428 Design a series RLC bandpass filler using thvee components from Appendix H tht blosest to" mecting the fier specication, Problem 1427 4) Draw your ite, labeling all component fd the input and output voltages. by Calculate the percent error in this tvhen compared to the values specifi Problem 1427 14429-For the bandpass iter shown in i P1423, rp the following (a) f:(0) O:() fs) fas an gue 14.28 oF meme Se 1430 The input voltage in the cteuit in Fis ib tocar V. Calculate the output voltae Gen ani (6) aes and (6)0 = aa 1431. Consider the circuit shown in Fig P1431 I, 8) Find oy ) Find 8. «) Find 2 1) Find the steady-state expression for y= 280ca5u0J mV. ©) Show that fi expressed in klobms the Q of the circuit in Fig PLASLis 2 o> im, 1 Plot Q versus R, for20k0 = Ry = 2MO. Foe P2431 [M52 A block diagram of a system consisting ofa sin Soidal voltage source, an RIC series bandpass 6 fer, and a load is shown in Fig. PLA. The internal impedance of the sinusoidal source is 80+ )00, and the impedance of the load is 380-4 700. ‘The REC series bandpass filter has 8 20 oF capacitor, a center frequency of SD krad/s, and a ‘quality factor of 625, 8) Draw a circuit diagram of the system, 1) Spey the mumerial values of Land R for the ‘ter section ofthe system ©) What is de quay fetor of me interconnected system? 4) What isthe bandwidth (inert) of the inter= connected system? “bitin al “The purpose ofthis problem sto investigate how a resistive load connected across the output term "als of the bandpass filter shown in Fig. 1419 affects the quality factor and hence the bandwidth ofthe filtering shstem, The loaded filter circuit is shown in Fig P43 ®) Caleulate the wansfr function V/V forthe ct cit shown in Fig P1433, 1b) What is the expression forthe bandwidth of thesystem? ©) What isthe expression for the loaded band- width (B,) asa function ofthe unloaded band: with (Be)? Prtlens 553 4) What isthe expression forthe quality factor of the system? ©) What isthe expression for the loaded quality factor (Q,) as function ofthe unloaded quality factor(Q:)? 1) What are the expressions forthe eutof frequen: cles. and i? Fie P2633 ‘The parameters in the circuit in Fg. PLA33 are R=24kO, C= S0pF, and L=2yH. The quality factor ofthe eit is no 0 drop below 75. ‘What i the smallest permisible value of the Toad resistor R,? Section 145, 1425 Tor the bandtejet filter in Fig P1435, clelate (2) 2450) foi ©) O5 (4) B i here (6) 2a fa Wags and fo one For the bundreject iter ia ig PLAS, 8) Find Hw) at 0.010, and 1, 1) It = 80 cos wr V, wrt the steastate expres: sion for 0, when’ w= Wy, = oy, @ =H fo = Oey and» = 100 : 2) Show na qualtatve sna) that the cc inp P43 andj iter +) Seppe the quate anal by Sinding the votage taser ncn of the it ©) Derive te expenson forthe center fequeng of the filter, uy 4) Derive the exressions forthe cut equ Sieton ands ©) What the expression or the bandwith of the tere 1) What isthe expression forthe quality factor of the circuit?554 trtedcion to FequneySecveCets Figure P1437 on 1438 For the bandrejectfiter in Fig, P1438, clelate ve a) ops () fi f6) O:(8) we: ©) fa: 0 as Sa sm nd (a) Bin lobe as cy ee eee 1439 Design an RC bande iter ee Fi 14281) Pete aay ot 23 an camer tegueny of SSkroa wing 20 oF expan, 2) ea your cei labeling he component va evan ouput ote ty Fart tern par, he pana » Fe th ale oth oct eqns. {M440 “The input to the RL bandreject iter designed in Problem 139i 10cosot V. Find the voltage drop utos the series combination ofthe inductor and Gqpecior when @) w= es (0) © Gan wesld)w = O125u5(e) 0 = Ber 1 apt ote RLC tat ler eg He ede 2 sor VF the vole op re eon when 8) = 86 () = 2 GEM Ge suisse = Be Vo 0 capac design nee ey, Ne nig Pia Th rhs acter re Ss yaa guy factor ofS a Spy the uma ales of and 3) lle te upper and lower comer, or feauenses abort ) Colt thee banda iors figure P42 144s. Assume the bandreject filter in Problem 14.42 i Veet, loaded witha TKO resistor SO 4) What isthe quality factor ofthe loaded circuit 1b) What is the bandwidth (in Kiloert2) of the loaded circuit? «) What is the upper eto frequency in kloheria (8) Wha the lower cutoff frequency in klohertat sign a series RLC bance er wing onl Tee ea nponats fom Appendix H th EEStor mecting the fier speieations Problem 14 2) raw your fier, labeling all component val fn the np nd output vlages Gat te pron eer in is 2 SS Sak New pst in Problem {M445 ‘The purpose ofthis problem isto investiznte i Jraisive load connected across the output erm ‘tthe bandrejeet filter shown in Fig 14.28) the behavior ofthe ite. The loaded fier cr shown in Fig PLAS, 1) Find the voltage transfer function Vl 1b) What isthe expression forthe centr fea «) What is the expression fr the bandwith? {2 What isthe expression forthe quality ft ©) Evaluate Ho) 1) Evaluate HD) 2) Evaluate HU), Bh) What ate the expressions fr the corel quences o,, anda? Fire P1445 J] ie j ~~ T. 1446 Te parameters in the ect ne ee Teewoo, Latah C= 4 in = 500. 2) Fd a, (in kobe), and 0 1) Fina 140 and HU). 6) Find ft fa {Show tat is expressed in me thee ha o- Sn + ono, ) Plot Q vers, for10 = RL = 1447 The loadin the bandrejec filter circuit shown in rows Fig PL4A2 55000. The center frequency ofthe ters 25 krads and the capacitors 25 nF. At very low and very high frequencies, the amplitude ofthe sinusoidal ouput voltage shouldbe at least 90% of ‘the amplitude ofthe sinusoidal input voltage 8) Specify the america values of and 1) What isthe quality factor ofthe circuit? Sections 141-145 11448 Given the folowing voltage transfer function: ¥ He) -% 25x10 FF Toons + 25 10" 1) At what frequencies (in radians per second) is the magnitude ofthe wansfer function equal to ) Ata tueny the magnitude ofthe a ©) Whatis the maximum value of the transfer func- sion magnitude? Consider the series RLC citeuit shown in ig. PLUS. Whon the output iy the voltage across the resistor, we Know this circuit is a bandpass filter. When the output i the voltage across the series combination of the inductor ‘nd capacitor, we know this circuit is a bane reject filter. This problom investigates the behavior ofthis circuit when the output is across the inductor 2) Fd the transfer function, #16) ~ V46)/Vi6) shen) te veltage aces indo ) Find the magnitude of the taster function i art (a) for ver low frequencies 6) Fd he magnitude of the taner function in Der) ornery high equence 6) Based on your answers in parts (6 and (what, type of filter is this? * 2 8) Suppose R ~ 6000, L = 400 mH, C = 25 nF Celt th stot regan of thi fier hat is the frequeney at whieh the magnitude of the Utanser funtion is 1/ V2 555 Fur F149 41480 Repeat parts (8) ~(d) fom Problem 14.49 for the clzclt shown in Fig. PLAS, Note thatthe output voltage is now the veltage across the eapacitr. Fie P1450 L4S1 Design a series RLC bandpass filter (see rose, Fie 1427) for detecting the low-frequency tone "Nog geMerated by pushing telephone button as showa in Fg. 1422. 8) Calculate the values of Land © that place the cutoff frequencies at the edges of the DIMF low-frequency. band, Note that the resistance. in standard telephone citeits ix always R= 600 0, b) What is the output amplitude ofthis ercit at each ofthe low-band frequencies relative tothe peak amplitude ofthe bandos iter? ©) What i the ouput amplitude ofthis circuit at the lowest ofthe igh-band frequencies? 1482 Desig a DIME hih-band bandpass fer siniar 289 th low tan tr eg olen 15 Be “Eng” sure to Include the fourth bighfrequeny tone 1683 Han your design What the response emp tude of your filer to the highest Of the Tow frequency DIMF tones? 1483 ‘The 20 Hz signal that rings a elephone’s bell has to las, have a very large amplitude 1 produce a loud Sua enough bell signal. How much larger can the ring ing signal amplitude be, relative to the low-bank IMF signa, so that the response ofthe fier in Problem 1451 is no more than hal s large the largest ofthe DTM tones?