HOMEWORK HISTORY 4: Introduction to Human Evolution

Human evolution
Human evolution is the lengthy process of change by which people originated from apelike
ancestors. Scientific evidence shows that the physical and behavioral traits shared by all people
originated from apelike ancestors and evolved over a period of approximately six million years.

One of the earliest defining human traits, bipedalism -- the ability to walk on two legs -- evolved
over 4 million years ago. Other important human characteristics -- such as a large and complex
brain, the ability to make and use tools, and the capacity for language -- developed more
recently. Many advanced traits -- including complex symbolic expression, art, and elaborate
cultural diversity -- emerged mainly during the past 100,000 years.

Humans are primates. Physical and genetic similarities show that the modern human species,
Homo sapiens, has a very close relationship to another group of primate species, the apes.
Humans and the great apes (large apes) of Africa -- chimpanzees (including bonobos, or
so-called “pygmy chimpanzees”) and gorillas -- share a common ancestor that lived between 8
and 6 million years ago. Humans first evolved in Africa, and much of human evolution occurred
on that continent. The fossils of early humans who lived between 6 and 2 million years ago
come entirely from Africa.

Most scientists currently recognize some 15 to 20 different species of early humans. Scientists
do not all agree, however, about how these species are related or which ones simply died out.
Many early human species -- certainly the majority of them – left no living descendants.
Scientists also debate over how to identify and classify particular species of early humans, and
about what factors influenced the evolution and extinction of each species.

Early humans first migrated out of Africa into Asia probably between 2 million and 1.8 million
years ago. They entered Europe somewhat later, between 1.5 million and 1 million years.
Species of modern humans populated many parts of the world much later. For instance, people
first came to Australia probably within the past 60,000 years and to the Americas within the
past 30,000 years or so. The beginnings of agriculture and the rise of the first civilizations
occurred within the past 12,000 years.

Paleoanthropology
Paleoanthropology is the scientific study of human evolution. Paleoanthropology is a subfield of
anthropology, the study of human culture, society, and biology. The field involves an
understanding of the similarities and differences between humans and other species in their
genes, body form, physiology, and behavior. Paleoanthropologists search for the roots of human
physical traits and behavior. They seek to discover how evolution has shaped the potentials,
tendencies, and limitations of all people. For many people, paleoanthropology is an exciting
scientific field because it investigates the origin, over millions of years, of the universal and
defining traits of our species. However, some people find the concept of human evolution
troubling because it can seem not to fit with religious and other traditional beliefs about how
people, other living things, and the world came to be. Nevertheless, many people have come to
reconcile their beliefs with the scientific evidence.

Early human fossils and archeological remains offer the most important clues about this ancient
past. These remains include bones, tools and any other evidence (such as footprints, evidence of
hearths, or butchery marks on animal bones) left by earlier people. Usually, the remains were
buried and preserved naturally. They are then found either on the surface (exposed by rain,
rivers, and wind erosion) or by digging in the ground. By studying fossilized bones, scientists
learn about the physical appearance of earlier humans and how it changed. Bone size, shape,
and markings left by muscles tell us how those predecessors moved around, held tools, and
how the size of their brains changed over a long time. Archeological evidence refers to the
things earlier people made and the places where scientists find them. By studying this type of
evidence, archeologists can understand how early humans made and used tools and lived in
their environments.

The Process of Evolution

The process of evolution involves a series of natural changes that cause species (populations of
different organisms) to arise, adapt to the environment, and become extinct. All species or
organisms have originated through the process of biological evolution. In animals that reproduce
sexually, including humans, the term species refers to a group whose adult members regularly
interbreed, resulting in fertile offspring -- that is, offspring themselves capable of reproducing.
Scientists classify each species with a unique, two-part scientific name. In this system, modern
humans are classified as Homo sapiens.

Evolution occurs when there is change in the genetic material -- the chemical molecule, DNA --
which is inherited from the parents, and especially in the proportions of different genes in a
population. Genes represent the segments of DNA that provide the chemical code for
producing proteins. Information contained in the DNA can change by a process known as
mutation. The way particular genes are expressed – that is, how they influence the body or
behavior of an organism -- can also change. Genes affect how the body and behavior of an
organism develop during its life, and this is why genetically inherited characteristics can influence
the likelihood of an organism’s survival and reproduction.

Evolution does not change any single individual. Instead, it changes the inherited means of
growth and development that typify a population (a group of individuals of the same species
living in a particular habitat). Parents pass adaptive genetic changes to their offspring, and
ultimately these changes become common throughout a population. As a result, the offspring
inherit those genetic characteristics that enhance their chances of survival and ability to give
birth, which may work well until the environment changes. Over time, genetic change can alter
a species' overall way of life, such as what it eats, how it grows, and where it can live. Human
evolution took place as new genetic variations in early ancestor populations favored new
abilities to adapt to environmental change and so altered the human way of life.
Reference: Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. (n.d.). Introduction to Human
Evolution. Retrieved August 7, 2024, from
https://humanorigins.si.edu/education/introduction-human-evolution