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C2 Slides Aug 09

Chapter 2 discusses the evolution of atomic theory from early concepts of indivisible particles to modern atomic structure, including the roles of protons, neutrons, and electrons. It covers atomic weights, the periodic table, the nature of ions and ionic compounds, and the naming conventions for inorganic compounds. Additionally, it introduces molecular compounds and simple organic compounds, highlighting their structures and functional groups.

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Mike Chang
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14 views12 pages

C2 Slides Aug 09

Chapter 2 discusses the evolution of atomic theory from early concepts of indivisible particles to modern atomic structure, including the roles of protons, neutrons, and electrons. It covers atomic weights, the periodic table, the nature of ions and ionic compounds, and the naming conventions for inorganic compounds. Additionally, it introduces molecular compounds and simple organic compounds, highlighting their structures and functional groups.

Uploaded by

Mike Chang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2 – Atoms, Molecules and Ions

2.1 Early Atomic Theory


400 BC: Matter consisted of very small
indivisible particles, named atomos.

Dalton 1800s: beginning of modern chemistry


 Elements are composed of extremely small
particles called atoms.
 All atoms of a given element are identical,
having the same size, mass and chemical
properties.
 Atoms of one element are different from
atom of another element.
 Compounds are composed of atoms of
more than one element.
 In any given compound, the same types of
atoms are always present in the same
relative numbers.
 A chemical reaction rearranges atoms in
chemical compounds; it does not create or
destroy them.

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Laws of: constant composition, multiple
proportions, conservation of mass
2.2 Early View of Atomic Structure
By 1850: atoms were composed of charged
particles.
 Cathode rays and electrons
 Thompson: charge to mass ratio (C/g)
 Millikan: charge of an electron (C)
e- mass = 1.6 x 10-19 C = 9.10 x 10-28 g
1.76 x 108 C/g

 Radioactivity
 Rutherford : α, β, γ (He, e-, X rays)

(+) charged plate β particles


γ rays
(-) charged plate α particles
 The Nuclear atom
 Thompson: plum pudding
 Rutherford: e- scattering
 Chadwick: neutron
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2.3 Modern View of Atomic Structure
Atomic number (Z)
number of protons (p)
number of electrons (e-)
Mass number (A) – total number of
neutrons (n) and protons
A
X H, C, Cl
Z

Isotopes: same Z, different A


hydrogen, deuterium, tritium
uranium 235, uranium 238

Mass spectrometer: used to determine


atomic mass

Atom size: ~10-10 m e- (1 Angstrom = 10-10 m)


Nucleus size: ~ 10-14 m p, n

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 Why doesn’t the nucleus of positive charge
spontaneously disintegrate?
2.4 Atomic Weights
 1st: 100.0 g of water: 11.1 g H, 88.9 g O.
 2nd: Water contained 2 H for each O.
 H arbitrarily assigned relative mass of 1
 Atomic masses of all other atoms were
assigned relative to H, i.e. O = 16.
Today masses of individual masses are
determined with a high degree of accuracy:
1
H atom: 1.6735 x 10-24 g
16
O atom: 2.6560 x 10-23 g
By definition: 1 amu = 1.66054 x 10-24 g
1 g = 6.02214 x 1023 amu
 amu precisely defined by assigning a mass of
exactly 12 to 12C.
 1H is 1.0078 amu
 16O is 15.9949 amu

Average Atomic Mass: masses of various


isotopes and their relative abundance
98.93% 12C and 1.07% 13C gives C=12.01

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 also known as the atomic weight

2.5 The Periodic Table

Group similar chem and phys prop

Columns: _________________
Rows: _________________
Specific Names for 1A, 2A, 7A, 8A
 Metals: left side
 Nonmetals: top right side
 Metalloids: metallic and nonmetallic
properties – at the interface
B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, At
Properties
Metals: malleable, ductile, lustrous
all solids except Hg
good conductors
form cations, ionic compounds
Nonmetals: variety of color, appearance

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gases or brittle solids (except Br2)
insulators
form anions, molecular compounds
2.7 Ions and Ionic Compounds
Ion: atom (or group of atoms) that has a net
positive or negative charge.
 Cation: loss of electron(s) metals
Na(11 e-) to Na+ (10 e-)
 Anion: gain electron(s), nonmetals
Cl (17 e-) to Cl- (18 e-)
Polyatomic ions: two or more atoms
NO3-, CO32-, PO43-, NH4+

Ionic compounds: consist of cations and


anions, i.e. NaCl, Na(NO3)2, NH4OH
Write the formula for the following
Ca2+ and CO32- ions
NH4+ and S2- ions
Al3+ and SO42- ions

Determine the charges on the atoms

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CsF Al2O3 Mg3N2 Ca3(PO4)2

2.8 Naming Inorganic Compounds


Names/Formulas of Ionic Compounds
 Write the cation, then the anion
ZnCl2 potassium sulfide
Mg3N2 calcium oxide
 Cation named using name of element.
 Anions often use stem name for the
element and the suffice –ide
Mono: H-,O2-, N3- Poly: OH-,CN-,O22-

 Metals having more than one possible


charge, put cation charge in parenthesis:
FeO CuCl SnCl2
Fe2O3 CuCl2 SnCl4

Polyatomic ion naming is systematic


 Oxygen containing anions (oxyanions):
the naming system is based on –ate:

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CO32-, NO3-, PO43-, SO42-, ClO3-
 Ion with one more oxygen atom has a
prefix of per- : ClO4- perchlorate
 Ion with one less oxygen atom has a
ending of -ite : ClO2- chlorite
NO2- SO3-
 one less oxygen atom prefix of
hypo: ClO- hypochlorite

 Addition of H+ to a 2- or 3- ion named by


either adding bi- or hydrogen to name
CO32- / HCO3-
PO43- /H2PO4-
Names and Formulas of Acids
 These compounds are not “ionic” but
produce H+ in aqueous solution.
HCl(aq) → H+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Strong acids: HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, H2SO4,
HClO3, HClO4 Memorize these

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Weak acids: any acid that is not strong, i.e.
H2S, HNO2, H2SO3, HClO, HClO2
Names/Formulas of
Binary Molecular Compounds
Two nonmetals OR metalloid and nonmetal
 Often cannot predict the name as with the
ionics.
 Element given first in the formula and
named first is determined according to
the following sequence, i.e. SiC, NO
 B Si C As P N H Se S I Br Cl O F
 name of the 2nd element given –ide suffix

 Greek prefixes used to indicate number of


atoms of each element, i.e. mono, di, tri,
tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona,
deca
N2O, N2O4 SO3,SF6 Cl2O
NF3,IF5 P4S10 IF7

To name an inorganic compound: know the


type ionic or acid or binary molecular

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2.6 Molecules, Molecular Compounds
Molecule: combination of at least two atoms in
a specific arrangement held together by
chemical forces (chemical bonds).
 Diatomic: molecule made up of two
identical atoms. H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2

Chemical formula denotes the composition.


 Empirical formula: simplest ratio of the
atoms in a molecule, i.e. CH, CH2
 Molecular formula: actual ratio of the
atoms in the molecule.
 CH: C2H2, C6H6
 CH2: C2H4, C3H6, C4H8
 Allotropes: different forms of elements
which have different chemical formulas.
i.e. oxygen (O2) and ozone (O3).

Picturing molecules H2O, CH4, ethanol


structural formula – arrangement (2D)

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molecular geometry – 3D (VSEPR)
space filling models
computer simulations - #3D rotations
2.9 Some Simple Organic Compounds
Alkanes(CnH(2n+2)): each carbon bonded to
four other atoms
 CH4
 C2H6 = CH3CH3
 C3H8 = CH3CH2CH2OH
 Multiple bonds: Alkenes: CH2=CH2
Alkynes: HC≡CH

Derivatives of alkanes: Hydrogen atoms are


replaced with functional groups
 Alcohols (l) : (OH)
 CH3OH
 CH3CH2OH
 CH3CH2CH2OH

 Aldehydes: (CHO) CH3CHO

 Carboxylic acids: (CO2H) CH3CO2H


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 Ketones: (C=O) CH3COCH3

 Amines: (NH2) CH3NH2

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