TOPIC 1

INTRODUCTION TO MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY

Media -are physical objects used to

communicate with, or the mass communication through physical objects.
-It also refers to any physical object used to communicate messages.

Information -is a broad term that covers

processed data, knowledge derived from study, experience, instruction, signals or symbols.

Literacy -is the ability to identify,

understand, interpret, create and etc. -Literacy involves a continuum of
learning, individuals are able to achieve their goals.

Media Literacy -is the ability to access, analyze,

evaluate, and create media in a variety of forms. -It aims to empower citizens by
providing them with the competencies.

Information Literacy -is the ability to recognize

when information is needed, and to locate, evaluate and effectively communicate information in
its various formats.

Technology Literacy
-is the ability of an individual, either working independently or with others, to responsibly,
appropriately, and effectively use technological tools.

There are two main schools of thought emerging about the relationship between these
converging fields - media literacy and information literacy (UNESCO, 2020). There were a
number of other literacies that fill up the notions of MIL. All of these were deemed vital to the
empowerment of people as we live through the rapid growth of media and information and
communication technologies.

MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY

The essential skills and competencies that allow individuals to engage with media and other
information providers effectively, as well as develop critical thinking and life-long learning skills to
socialize and become active citizens.

So... WHY? (Why study MIL at all?)

understand the functions of media and other information providers and seek, evaluate, use and
create information to achieve their personal, social, occupational and educational goals.

TOPIC 2

THE EVOLUTION OF TRADITIONAL TO NEW MEDIA

Marshall McLuhan (1969) a renowned Canadian communication theorist from the University of
Toronto provided an explanation as to how media evolved through technological determinism.

TECHNOLOGICAL DETERMINISM -is a theory that believes

technology is a steering factor in how a society develops its structures and values.

Pre-Industrial Age
*People discovered fire, developed paper from plants, and forged weapons and tools with stone,
bronze, copper and iron.

Industrial Age
*People used the power of steam, developed machine tools, established iron production, and the
manufacturing of various products (including books through the printing press.

Electronic Age
*The invention of the transistor ushered in the electronic age. People harnessed the power of
transistors that led to the transistor radio, electronic circuits, and the early computers. In this age,
long distance communication became more efficient.

Information Age
*The Internet paved the way for faster communication and the creation of the social network.
People advanced the use of microelectronics with the invention of personal computers, mobile
devices, and wearable technology. Moreover, voice, image, sound and data are digitalized.

INTERNET OF THINGS
-the interconnection via the Internet of computing devices embedded in everyday objects,
enabling them to send and receive data.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND NEW MEDIA

RANGE
New media often has a targeted audience and traditional media generally caters to a wider
audience pool. Ads and information floating on social media is guided by demographics and
geography

IMMEDIACY
Traditional media is often delayed by press times. Most are made beforehand and is scheduled
to release at specific times while New media is more immediate.

FINAL VS. DYNAMIC

Traditional media pieces are more final. Once it was released, the story sticks for a while. New
media posts, on the other hand, can be retracted quite easily. There is no much delay once it
happens.

CONTROL
Because of the dynamic aspects of New media, publishers have more control to the publishing
time and details of a post, Traditional media pieces are often thought about ahead of time. There
is no way to control the opinion/messages of the viewers, though.

INTERACTIVITY
New Media usually involves two-way communication. Both audience and creator can comment
and express their opinion to the media presented in real time. Traditional media is one-way.

FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION AND MEDIA

TOPIC 3

INFORMATION?
-Data that has been collected, processed, and interpreted in order to be presented in a useable
form.

-Information is that 'which changes us' (Stafford Beer, 1979)

-Information is 'what reaches man's consciousness and contributes to his knowledge (Blokdjik
and Blokdijk, 1987)

INFORMATION LITERACY?

-A set of individual competencies needed to identify, evaluate and use information in the most
ethical, efficient, and effective way across all domains, occupations and professions.

-'Information literacy is a basic human right in the digital world' (The Alexandria Proclamation,
2005)

Stages/Elements of Information Literacy

1. Identifying/recognizing information needs
2. Determining sources of information
3. Citing or searching for information
4. Analyzing and evaluating the quality of information
5. Organizing, storing or archiving information
6. Using information in an ethical, efficient and effective way
7. Creating and communicating new knowledge

A media- and information-literate individual is capable of understanding information and media

messages from different information sources and is able to evaluate and use that understanding
appropriately to solve problems. He or she has also acquired basic library skills and is capable of
maximizing the use of documentary resources for learning and information sharing. The media-
and information-literate individual understands and appreciates the functions in society of media
and other information providers, such as libraries, museums, archives, the Internet, and
educational and research institutions working in this field.
MIL also embraces library skills, study and research skills, and technology skills.

"The term "fake news," -despite its wide usage, is in

fact quite problematic. It's been used to label many different kinds of content from plain lies and
falsehoods to unverified rumors

MISINFORMATION
-Unintentional mistakes such as inaccurate photo captions, dates, statntics, translations, or when
satire is Taken seriously.

DISINFORMATION
-fabricated or deliberately manipulated audio/ visual content Intentionally created conspiracy
theory theories or humors.

MALINFORMATION
-Deliberate qualification of private information for personal or corporate tather than public interest,
such a reverse prom Dube change of context, date, or time of genuine content.

INTRODUCING BIG 6
-Big 6 is a model designed to help people solve information problems.

1.Task definition: define the information problem and identify the information needed
2.Information-seeking strategies: determine all possible sources and select the best sources
3. Locate and access: locate sources and find information within the sources.
4. Use of information: engage (e.g. read, hear, view, touch) and extract relevant information
5.Synthesis: organize information from multiple sources and present the information.
6.Evaluation: judge the product (effectiveness) and the process (efficiency)

Fact checking
-Another way of avoiding the problems and challenges of understanding and analyzing
information is through Online Verification Skills and Fact-checking resource.

TOPIC 4

TYPES OF MEDIA

PRINT MEDIA
This type of news media used to be the only way of delivering information to the public. For the
generations of the 80s and 90s, print media was the only media of entertain.

: relied on newspapers and magazines to learn everything

BROADCAST MEDIA
The main sources of the broadcast are television and radio. We can watch all types of events
which are happening on earth.

: Radio is also the source of broadcasting

NEW MEDIA
Social Media- forms of electronic communication (such as web sites) through which people
create online communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, etc.

FILM/CINEMA
It is one of the oldest platforms of media and people went to the theaters to watch it but know
people can watch movies at home via safelight and cable in HD resolution.

VIDEO GAMES (DIGITAL GAMES)LEGENDS

It is only grown in youth with high dimensions and more graphics.

: Games are the form of electronic media devices.

NEW MEDIA
-The internet is one of the newest sources of media. The majority of the users prefer the internet
to watch news quickly. - The internet also
gives you a chance to express your ideas all over the globe.

*Social Media-forms of electronic communication (such as web sites) through which people
create online communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, etc.

*Online forums-an online place where we can comment, message, or discuss a particular topic.
Forums allow us to share knowledge with other people with the same interest.

*Podcast-a series of audios focused on a

particular topic or theme.It's a platform that allows anyone to share their knowledge and
communicate with the world.

Media convergence - refers to the

merging of previously distinct media technologies and platforms through digitization and computer
networking. - also known as technological
convergence. - Media convergence is also a business
strategy whereby communications companies integrate their ownership of different media
properties.: also called media consolidation, media concentration or economic convergence.

TOPIC 5

MEDIA AND INFORMATION SOURCES

INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE
Indigenous knowledge (IK) is the local knowledge knowledge that is unique to a given culture or
society. IK contrasts with the international knowledge system generated by universities, research
institutions and private firms. (Warren 1991)
INDIGENOUS MEDIA
...owned, controlled and managed by indigenous peoples in order for them to develop and
produce culturally appropriate information in the languages understood by the community by
utilizing indigenous materials and resources, reflecting community needs and interests, visions
and aspirations, and independent from vested interest groups. (Indigenous Media, Freedom of
Expression and Right to Information: ASEANS enario, 2014)

CHARACTERISTICS
1. oral tradition of communication
2. store information in memories
3. information exchange is face-to- face
4. information are contain within the border of the community

LIBRARY
a building or room containing collections of books, periodicals, and sometimes films and recorded
music for people to read, borrow, or refer to.
Libraries are often classified in four groups, namely: academic, public, school and special. These
libraries may be either digital or physical in form.

Types of Libraries
-Academic libraries serve colleges and universities.
-Public libraries serve cities and towns of all types.
-School libraries serve students from Kindergarten to grade 12. libraries are in specialized
environments, such as hospitals, corporations, museums, the military, private business, and the
government.
Skills in accessing information from libraries
Due to the wealth of information in a library, it is important to know the following:
The access tool to use
How the information being accessed may be classified
The depth of details required-some libraries provide only an abstract of the topic.
More detailed information might require membership or some conformity to set rules of the
sources (ex. Databases).

INTERNET
It is a global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities,
consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols.
The internet is considered by many as a resource for news and information.

EVALUATING INFORMATION FOUND ON THE INTERNET:

Authorship
Publishing body
Accuracy and Verifiability
Currency
Reliability
Accuracy
Value
Authority
Timeliness