Hybrid & Electric Vehicle (8ME5-11)

Unit-1
Introduction: Objective, scope and outcome of the course.
Unit-2
Introduction to Hybrid Electric Vehicles: History of hybrid and electric vehicles, environmental
importance of hybrid and electric vehicles, impact of modern drive-trains on energy supplies.

Unit-3
Conventional Vehicles: Basics of vehicle performance, vehicle power source characterization,
transmission characteristics, and mathematical models to describe vehicle performance.
Unit-4
Hybrid Electric Drive-trains: Basic concept of hybrid traction, introduction to various hybrid drive- train
topologies, power flow control in hybrid drive-train topologies, fuel efficiency analysis.
Unit-5

Electric Drive-trains: Basic concept of electric traction, introduction to various electric drive-train
topologies, power flow control in electric drive-train topologies, fuel efficiency analysis.
Unit-6
Electric Propulsion unit: Introduction to electric components used in hybrid & electric vehicles,
Configuration and control of DC Motor drives, Configuration and control of Induction Motor drives

Unit-7
Energy Storage: Introduction to Energy Storage Requirements in Hybrid and Electric Vehicles, Battery
based energy storage and its analysis, Fuel Cell based energy storage and its analysis, Hybridization of
different energy storage devices.

Unit-8
Sizing the drive system: Matching the electric machine and the internal combustion engine (ICE), Sizing
the propulsion motor, sizing the power electronics, selecting the energy storage technology

Text Books
1 Iqbal Hussein, Electric and Hybrid Vehicles: Design Fundamentals, CRC Press
2 P S Gill, A Text book of Automobile Engineering, KATSON Books VOL 1&2
3 Kirpal Singh, Automobile Engineering, Standard 2003.

Reference Books
James Larminie, John Lowry, Electric Vehicle Technology Explained, Wiley
Mehrdad Ehsani, Yimi Gao, Sebastian E. Gay, Ali Emadi, Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric andFuel Cell
Vehicles: Fundamentals, Theory and Design, CRC Press
 What is a hybrid vehicle?
The word “hybrid” has Greek roots and means “from two origins”. Accordingly, a hybrid vehicle obtains
its energy from two different sources and therefore has more than one drive system: generally, an electric
motor and an internal combustion engine – usually with gasoline as fuel; diesel is less common. The aim
of a hybrid drive is to combine the advantages of both drive systems and balance out their disadvantages:

 Currently, the main benefit of a car with a gasoline or diesel engine compared to an electric drive system
is its range. This is not because of the motor itself, but due to the energy storage unit: the battery. As
batteries become more efficient, the range will increase. Another advantage of vehicles with internal
combustion engines is that they are still less expensive to purchase than electric cars. But on the negative
side, they consume fuel, cause emissions, and are noisy. A considerable proportion of the energy from
the fuel is wasted.
 A car with an electric motor does not produce local exhaust gases or noise, and it doesn’t use fossil fuels,
provided the electricity comes from renewable sources. With electric motors, acceleration is also faster
and more dynamic. However, because of the battery, electric cars have a shorter range than cars with
internal combustion engines. And they need a large and hence more expensive battery.

The synthesis of both drive systems enables lower fuel consumption and emissions at acceptable additional
purchase costs, dynamic drivability and a long range. The electric motor either supports or replaces the
internal combustion engine – especially where it is inefficient – and, in certain situations, boosts
performance.

For this reason – and due to various government promotion programs – sales figures for hybrid vehicles
are increasing. While more than a million new hybrid vehicles were registered throughout the EU in 2019,
this number already stood at more than 1.4 million by 2020, according to data service provider Jato
Dynamic. This means a 47 percent increase compared to 2019.

The power for hybrid vehicles comes, on the one hand, from fossil fuel and, on the other, from electrical
energy. Consequently, a hybrid vehicle has at least two energy storage systems – a fuel tank and a battery –
and at least two energy converters, the electric motor and the IC (internal combustion) engine. Other
important components of a hybrid drive system are an electronic control device that decides when to switch
between the two drive systems, and an inverter that converts the direct current from the battery into
alternating current and controls the electric motor.

What are the objectives of electric vehicles?

Electric vehicles use electricity to charge their batteries instead of using fossil fuels like petrol or diesel.
Electric vehicles are more efficient, and that combined with the electricity cost means that charging an
electric vehicle is cheaper than filling petrol or diesel for your travel requirements.
The ultimate goal of the hybrid electric vehicle is to provide the equivalent power, range, cost and safety
of a conventional vehicle while reducing fuel costs and harmful emissions. At present a HEV is able to
operate nearly twice as efficiently as traditional internal combustion vehicles. The demand for electric
vehicles (EVs) is rising in India. According to data, the EV market is expected to grow at a CAGR
(Compound Annual Growth Rate) of 94.4% from 2021 to 2030.
Advantages of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in India
 Lower running costs.
 Low maintenance costs.
 Tax and financial benefits.
 Better performance.
 Zero tailpipe emissions.
 Easy to drive and quiet.
 Convenience of charging at home.
 No fuel, no emissions.
What is future scope of electric vehicles in India?
Despite what many may believe, the future of electric vehicles in India is incredibly bright.
What are the opportunities of electric vehicles?
 Public EV Charging Stations.
 Battery Recycling Business.
 Battery Swapping Technology.
 Solar Electric Vehicle Charging.
 Home Charging Stations.
 EV Equipment Manufacturing.
What are the disadvantage of hybrid EV ?
Poor handling: Hybrids have more machinery than conventional cars, which adds extra weight and reduces
fuel efficiency. So, hybrid car manufacturers have had to make smaller engines and batteries to cut down
on weight. But this results in reduced power for the vehicle and support in the body and suspension.
What are the challenges of hybrid cars?

Hybrid cars problems

 The ICE. The internal-combustion engine in a hybrid or PHEV can be an advantage and a disadvantage,
depending on what way you want to look at it. ...
 Two drivetrains.
 Cost.
 Poorer fuel efficiency and handling.
 Temperature-sensitive batteries.
 Battery production.
 Battery recycling.
 PHEVs need a plug.
Where is hybrid system used?
Hybrid models may be used to significant advantage, for example, in automotive engine control, where
there is a need for control algorithms with guaranteed properties, implemented via embedded controllers
that can substantially reduce emissions and gas consumption while maintaining the performance of the car.
What is the difference between hybrid and electric cars?
The main difference between a hybrid and an electric vehicle is how each is powered; a hybrid
switches seamlessly between electric energy and a blend of petrol and electric power, whereas an
electric vehicle runs on battery power alone.
What are the 4 types of electric vehicles?

System Architecture of 4 types of electric cars is as follows:

 Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) BEVs are also known as All-Electric Vehicles (AEV). ...
 Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV): HEVs are also known as series hybrid or parallel hybrid. ...
 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV): ...
 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle(FCEV):
What are the two main types of hybrid vehicle?
There are three main types of hybrid vehicle; full hybrids, mild hybrids and plug-in hybrids. A full hybrid
(FHEV) can run on just the combustion engine (i.e. diesel/petrol), the electric engine (i.e. power from
batteries), or a combination. The Toyota Prius is the most commonly known example of this.

What is problem of hybrid system?

One of the typical hybrid car issues is problems with the evaporative emissions system. Usually,
problems occur in the form of system failure or leaks. If valves or lines fail, you have to replace the system,
but scheduling regular hybrid car maintenance can prevent this issue.
Although many people are suspicious about the widespread usage of electric cars, understanding how
electric vehicles might provide more cost-effective transportation while also helping to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions.
Another major benefit of electric cars is that they assist to reduce the use of nonrenewable energy supplies
such as gasoline, diesel, and natural gas, which are limited and must be conserved.
What is Electric Vehicle?
An electric vehicle is either partially or entirely powered by electricity. Electric cars have fewer moving
components and are simple to maintain. They are also incredibly ecologically beneficial because they do
not utilize any fossil fuels such as petrol, diesel, or even gasoline.
Electric cars utilize a rechargeable battery pack to power the electric motor rather than a combustion engine.
The rechargeable batteries installed within the automobile must be recharged regularly.
These batteries are not only utilized to power the automobile, but they also power the lights and wipers.
The most significant advantage of this sort of vehicle is that it does not generate any polluting exhaust.
It lacks the normal liquid fuel components seen in conventional gasoline-driven cars, and maintenance, and
is more cost-effective. Some automobile manufacturers have created hybrid versions that can run on both
electric and gas power.
Because this notion is new, individuals have little information and awareness of it. As more people begin
to use electric vehicles, they will reap the benefits, and demand for EVs is predicated to rise in the coming
months.

Table of Contents:
 Types of Electric Vehicles
 Components of Electric Vehicle
 Advantages of Electric Vehicles
 Disadvantages of Electric Vehicles
 Comparison Table of Pros and Cons of Electric Vehicles

Types of Electric Vehicles

There are Four types of Electric Vehicles, as follows:

Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV): A battery electric vehicle (BEV), is also known as a pure electric vehicle.
It is a type of electric vehicle (EV) that runs only on chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery packs,
with no supplementary source of propulsion.
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV): HEVs are operated by both an internal combustion engine and an electric
motor that draws energy from a battery. However, unlike other electric vehicles, HEV drivers charge their
batteries through regenerative braking.
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV): PHEVs builds on the concept of the regular hybrid car. They are
powered by an internal combustion engine as well as a battery-driven electric motor. This allows the battery
to store enough power to run the electric motor, reducing your gas use by up to 60%.
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV): FCEVs have many of the same components as BEVs, such as electric
motors and power controllers or inverters; however, the primary energy source is different. While BEVs
use battery energy, FCEVs utilize fuel cells, which are better than batteries in many aspects.

Components of Electric Vehicles

Electric vehicles are equipped with an electric motor and a battery pack. The primary advantage of electric
cars is that they create no pollutants and are environmentally beneficial.
They also do not utilize any fossil fuels, therefore the automobile is powered by a sustainable source of
energy. The following are the primary components of electric vehicles:
 Charge Port: The charging port links the electric car to a power source from outside. It powers up
the battery pack. The charging port is sometimes positioned in the vehicle’s front or back.
 DC-DC Converter: The traction battery pack provides a steady voltage. However, the
specifications for various vehicle complex movement. The DC-DC converter transfers the output
power from the battery to the desired level.
 Auxiliary batteries: Auxiliary batteries provide electrical energy to electric car accessories. In the
event that the primary battery fails, the auxiliary batteries will continue to charge the vehicle.
 Traction battery pack: Electric vehicle battery (EVB) is another name for traction battery pack.
It provides electricity to an electric vehicle’s motors. The battery serves as a power storage system.
It stores energy in the form of direct current (DC current).
 Transmission: It transfers mechanical power from the electric motor to the wheels through a
gearbox. Electric vehicles have the benefit of not requiring multi-speed gearboxes. To minimize
power loss, transmission efficiency should be good.
 Electric motor: The essential component of an electric vehicle is the electric traction motor. The
wheels are rotated by this energy. The major component that distinguishes an electric automobile
from a normal car is its electric motor.
 Thermal system (cooling): The thermal management system is in charge of keeping the key
components of an electric vehicle, such as the electric motor and controller, at a constant working
 temperature. It also works while charging to provide optimal performance. It employs a mix of
thermoelectric, forced air, and liquid cooling.
 Power inverter: It converts DC power from the batteries to alternating current electricity. It also
transforms the alternating current generated by regenerative braking into a direct current. This is
also used to charge the batteries.
 Controller: The operation of an electric vehicle is determined by the power electronics controller.
It regulates the flow of electrical energy from batteries to electric motors. The driver’s pedal affects
the car’s speed and the frequency of voltage fluctuation input to the motor.

Advantages of Electric Vehicles

 Eco-friendly: Because electric vehicles do not utilize fuel for combustion, there are no emissions
or gas exhaust. Vehicles that run on fossil fuels contribute significantly to hazardous gas
accumulation in the environment, thus driving an electric car can help contribute to a cleaner
environment.
 Renewable energy source: Electric vehicles run on renewable power, whereas conventional
automobiles function on the combustion of fossil fuels, which reduces the world’s fossil-fuel stocks.
 Less noise and smoother motion: Driving an electric car is significantly smoother. Because they
lack fast-moving elements, they are quieter and produce less noise.
 Cost-effective: Electricity is far less expensive than fuels such as gasoline and diesel, which are
subject to regular price increases. When solar electricity is utilized at home, battery recharging is
cost-effective.
 Low maintenance: Because electric cars have fewer moving components, wear and tear is reduced
when compared to traditional auto parts. Repairs are also simpler and less expensive than
combustion engines.
 Government support: Governments throughout the world have granted tax breaks to encourage
people to drive electric vehicles as part of a green program.

Disadvantages of Electric Vehicles

 High initial cost: Electric vehicles continue to be quite expensive, and many buyers believe they
are not as inexpensive as traditional automobiles.
 Charging station limitations: People who need to travel long distances are concerned about finding
adequate charging stations in the middle of their journey, which are not always accessible.
 Recharging takes time: Unlike conventional automobiles, which require only a few minutes to
replenish their gas tanks, charging an electric vehicle takes many hours.
  Limited options: Currently, there aren’t many electric car models to pick from in terms of
appearance, style, or customized variations.
 Less driving range: When compared to conventional automobiles, electric vehicles have a shorter
driving range. Electric cars can be convenient for short-distance travel but are inconvenient for
long-distance travel.

Comparison Table of Pros and Cons of Electric Vehicles

Pros Cons
Electric cars are powered by batteries, thus they emit Electric vehicles have a high initial purchase cost,
no emissions, which helps to keep pollution under and many consumers cannot afford them in their
control in the environment. budgets, thus they are hesitant to move from
regular vehicles to electric vehicles.
Although electric cars rely on renewable energy, they Due to the lack of electric car models accessible to
assist to protect nonrenewable energy supplies, which the market, buyers have few alternatives in terms
are fast depleting owing to broad use. of design, appearance, or customized variants.
The moving components in electric vehicles are less People who travel long distances are concerned
numerous than those in traditional automobiles, which about becoming stuck because there are fewer
means they last longer. Repairing EVs is also less charging outlets accessible.
expensive than regular automobiles.
Driving an electric car is significantly smoother and The charging time of an electric car is around four
quieter since there are no fast-moving pistons. to six hours.
Governments all across the globe have provided tax The electric vehicle gets less mileage than
breaks to encourage people to buy electric vehicles. gasoline-powered vehicles and is only appropriate
for short journeys.

Conclusion
Although electric vehicle manufacturers must solve the hurdles that are currently preventing people from
purchasing, the future is clear: EVs will outlast gas-powered automobiles in the long run. Both GM and
Nissan declared in January 2021 that they will go all-electric by the 2030s. Other automakers will
undoubtedly follow suit.

The individual components of a hybrid drive

As well as many other components, the following parts play an important role in a hybrid vehicle:

 The electric motor forms the core. It has two functions: On the one hand, it drives the vehicle
electrically in certain driving situations. As a generator, it converts the kinetic energy from braking
into electric energy and feeds this energy back to the battery via the inverter. This is known as
recuperation.
 The internal combustion engine is the conventional drive system that gets its energy mainly from
gasoline or, occasionally, diesel. An internal combustion engine is especially efficient when it
works at a constant speed at the optimum operating point.
  The electric control device connects the electric motor and the IC engine and automatically
switches to the optimum drive, depending on which is the most efficient at that time. Electronic
power flow management ensures that the vehicle runs efficiently.
 The inverter connects the battery with the electric motor. The power electronics convert the DC
voltage of the battery into high-frequency AC voltage, which forms the electromagnetic field for
power generation in the electric motor.
 The battery supplies electricity for the electric motor. In a hybrid vehicle, the lithium ion battery
works with a battery management system. With the exception of mild hybrids (48V battery), high-
voltage batteries are used.
 The fuel tank stores the fossil energy, in other words, gasoline or diesel. The range of the vehicle
depends on the size of the tank.

How the battery charges in a hybrid vehicle

Hybrid vehicles usually generate the electric energy to charge the battery themselves – while the vehicle is
driving. As in a pure electric drive system, the electric motor in a hybrid car also acts as a generator. During
braking or coasting, in other words, when the vehicle is moving without using power, it converts kinetic
energy back into electricity – this is known as recuperation. If the vehicle is a series hybrid (see below),
the internal combustion engine also acts as a generator to generate energy. Only plug-in hybrids can also
be supplied with electricity from a charging station.

When the different drive systems are active in a hybrid vehicle

Most hybrid vehicles switch automatically between the two drive systems or allow them to run together.
This depends on the actual driving situation. For example, the electronic control unit switches to IC mode
when the vehicle moves at a constant high speed. This is when the internal combustion engine works
particularly efficiently.

A combination of the two systems may, for instance, be practical on hills or when overtaking. In these
situations, an energy booster is needed for a short time and the electric motor supplements the power of the
IC engine.

In many hybrid vehicles, the electric motor can also move the vehicle on its own. In this case, no fuel is
consumed. Since an electric motor has a high degree of efficiency even at low speeds, it is especially
suitable for starting and for low speeds.
A typical driving situation in a car with parallel hybrid configuration (see below) is as follows: when the
car starts, only the electric motor is active. As the car speeds up, the internal combustion engine switches
on. The IC engine is generally in use on highways. If the driver brakes or allows the vehicle to coast, the
energy is captured and stored in the battery – and is then used later by the electric motor as required.
The two drive systems in a hybrid vehicle can work together in different ways and the drive types can be
weighted differently.

Micro hybrid, mild hybrid, and full hybrid

Hybrids differ with regard to their levels of electrification. According to the German Automobile
Association ADAC, fuel savings of 15 to 25% are possible compared to an ICE vehicle, and even more
with a plug-in hybrid.
Micro hybrid

A micro hybrid uses an automatic start-stop system to recuperate braking energy and store it in a classic
12V starter battery. However, the vehicle is driven exclusively by the internal combustion engine, which
explains why micro hybrids are not listed as a hybrid concept in many drive classifications. In other words,
micro hybrids are cars with an ICE drive system and well-engineered drive electronics. The level of fuel
saving is low.

Mild hybrid
As opposed to micro hybrids, mild hybrids (Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle, MHEV) have an electric motor
in the drive system – but it never works on its own and is used only to support an internal combustion
engine. It boosts the engine during acceleration, for example. In addition to the usual 12V battery, mild
hybrids also have a 48-volt battery. Because of the higher voltage, a mild hybrid can recuperate more
braking energy than a micro hybrid. The automatic start-stop system is also more efficient as the motor can
be stopped more frequently and for longer. Mild hybrid vehicles consume up to 15% less fuel than those
with conventional internal combustion engines.

Full hybrid

In a full hybrid (Full Hybrid Electric Vehicle, FHEV), an electric motor and an IC engine work together
intelligently and flexibly. Pure electric driving is also possible, but usually only on short trips of a few
miles. As opposed to mild hybrids, full hybrids do not have an additional 48V battery but have a high-
voltage traction battery with several hundred volts. The power of the electric motor is also higher than that
of a mild hybrid. The German Federal Environment Agency says that fuel savings of more than 20%
compared to a pure ICE vehicle are possible.

Plug-in hybrid

Plug-in hybrids (Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle, PHEV) are a further development of full hybrids. What
set them apart from all other hybrids is that in addition to recuperation the battery can also be charged at
a charging station or a wall socket, which explains the name, “plug-in” hybrid.
Like full hybrids, plug-in hybrids have a high-voltage battery, although it is much larger and more efficient.
For example, depending on the model, ranges of up to 100 kilometers (around 62 miles) and more are
possible in pure electric mode. This allows, for example, many commuters to make the daily trip from
home to work and back without producing any emissions. Standard fuel consumption of a plug-in hybrid
is up to 35% less than that of a comparable ICE vehicle. However, whether this is achieved under real road
conditions depends largely on the driver recharging the battery regularly and actually taking advantage of
the fuel saving potential. Seasonal fluctuations also have to be taken into account, as low winter
temperatures reduce the range of the battery.

Parallel versus series hybrid

In addition to their level of electrification, a distinction between hybrid vehicles is also made according to
how they are constructed. These days, the most common are parallel hybrids, which include the above-
mentioned mild, full, and plug-in hybrids. Series hybrids are also available, and power split hybrids are a
combination of both concepts.
Parallel hybrid

These vehicle types have two drive systems – an electric motor and an IC engine. Both can move the
vehicle forwards and are connected with the driving axle. They are deployed as required: the vehicle can
be driven purely electrically, with only the IC engine, or with a combination of both. With this type of drive
system, the powers of the electric motor and the ICE are added together to form the total power.

Series hybrid

Series hybrids have an electric motor and an ICE, but just one drive system. The power sources are
connected in series: generally, the electric motor moves the vehicle forwards while the IC engine generates
electricity for the battery. The power sources are not mechanically connected.

Range extender concepts also fall into this category. To put it simply, the IC engine acts only as a generator
to recharge the battery when it is empty until the vehicle reaches the next charging station.

Power split hybrids

Series and parallel hybrid drives can also be combined in one vehicle. With power split or series-parallel
hybrids, as they are also known, the driver chooses one of the two drives.

Compared to vehicles with just an internal combustion engine, hybrid drive systems or pure electric motors
have many advantages:

 Depending on the driving situation and type, a hybrid vehicle can use the optimum drive, such as
in the city and on rural roads.
 Fuel consumption is 15 to 50% lower depending on the type of vehicle. This applies especially to
driving in city traffic with a lot of stop and go.
 The lower consumption and, in some cases, pure electric mode result in fewer emissions.
 The vehicle drives more efficiently. Less energy is lost than with gasoline or diesel, because energy
from braking and coasting is captured and used.
 It is also possible to go on longer trips as the range is better than with a pure electric car.
 Compared to a conventional drive system, acceleration is increased by 10 to 20%. An internal
combustion engine needs higher speeds for more torque. With an electric motor this is high from
the start.
 Apart from plug-in hybrids, the vehicles do not have to be charged with electricity – consequently,
drivers do not have to search for a charging station.

What are the disadvantages of a hybrid vehicle?

Hybrid vehicles also have a few disadvantages compared to those with internal combustion engines or only
electric motors:
  They are more expensive to purchase than ICE vehicles, because the design of the double drive
technology is more complicated. However, this disadvantage is balanced out over time by lower
fuel consumption.
 The vehicle is heavier due to the two power sources and the additional battery. With some models,
fuel consumption can be higher in certain situations where only the IC engine is working.
 The additional battery takes up space. This can mean that the trunk is smaller than in a conventional
car.
 With plug-in hybrids, the overall carbon footprint depends on the electricity that is used to charge
the battery – the more green electricity, the better.
 As opposed to pure electric vehicles, hybrids are still dependent on fossil fuels, and they produce
emissions.

What is a plug-in hybrid?

A plug-in hybrid is a vehicle with an internal combustion engine and an electric motor. As opposed to other
hybrid models, its battery is charged not only through recuperation when braking and coasting; if required,
a plug-in hybrid can also be supplied with electricity from a charging station or a wall socket, which
explains the name, “plug-in” hybrid. The battery of a plug-in hybrid is larger than in other hybrid vehicles,
which is why it is possible to drive for longer using only electricity – on average 50 kilometers or in some
vehicles even up to 100 kilometers.

What are the environmental importance of hybrid electric vehicles?

The major benefit of electric cars is the contribution that they can make towards improving air quality in
towns and cities. With no tailpipe, pure electric cars produce no carbon dioxide emissions when driving.
This reduces air pollution considerably.
What are the environmental impacts of hybrid and electric vehicles?

Emissions during Car Production

Compared to conventional cars, hybrid car production create more emissions because of the lithium-
ion batteries necessary to make them run. About a third of the lifetime carbon dioxide emissions from
hybrids actually comes from the energy utilised in making the vehicle itself.
What are the environmental importance of electric vehicles?

Driving an electric vehicle can help you reduce your carbon footprint because there will be zero
tailpipe emissions. You can reduce the environmental impact of charging your vehicle further by choosing
renewable energy options for home electricity.
When in hybrid mode, most hybrids reduce life cycle green-house gas emissions (such as CO2) by
15%-30% as compared to an equivalent non-hybrid model. This is principally due to the increase in
fuel efficiency which results from hybridizing the drive-train.

Environmental Impact of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles

Hybrid and electric vehicles play a critical role in reducing global greenhouse gas emissions, with transport
estimated to contribute to 14% of the 49 GtCO2eq produced annually. Analysis of only the conversion
efficiency of powertrain technologies can be misleading, with pure battery electric and hybrid vehicles
reporting average efficiencies of 92% and 35% in comparison with 21% for internal combustion engine
vehicles. A fairer comparison would be to consider the well-to-wheel efficiency, which reduces the
numbers to 21–67%, 25% and 12%, respectively. The large variation in well-to-wheel efficiency of pure
battery electric vehicles highlights the importance of renewable energy generation in order to achieve true
environmental benefits. When calculating the energy return on investment of the various technologies
based on the current energy generation mix, hybrid vehicles show the greatest environmental benefits,
although this would change if electricity was made with high amounts of renewables. In an extreme
scenario with heavy coal generation, the CO2eq return on investment can actually be negative for pure
electric vehicles, highlighting the importance of renewable energy generation further. The energy impact
of production is generally small (∼6% of lifetime energy) and, similarly, recycling is of a comparable
magnitude, but it is less well studied.

What Is the Environmental Impact of Hybrid Cars?

Are hybrid cars really better for the environment? While hybrid cars still have combustion engines that run on
petrol or diesel, they’re actually more fuel-efficient than conventional cars. Since they also have electric motors
that assist the engine, these cars consume less fuel and consequently, release fewer harmful gases out into the
atmosphere. Let’s examine some of the other positive environmental impacts of hybrid vehicles.
Improved Air Quality in Urban Areas
One of the top benefits of hybrid cars is their contribution to improving the air quality in many major cities in the
UK. Hybrid car owners can drive their vehicles using electricity alone, especially at short distances and at slower
speeds.
These cars are ideal for city driving and since they don’t produce as much exhaust emissions as traditional diesel
or petrol cars, hybrids reduce the overall pollution significantly.
With more car buyers choosing green vehicles, our cities will have cleaner streets that are better for cyclists,
pedestrians, and urban residents. In just one year, a single green car can save about 1.5 million grams of carbon
dioxide. It’s the same amount of pollution produced by four return flights to Barcelona from London.

Emissions During Car Production

For now, our hybrid cars aren’t completely green. It’s because the production of these cars still requires a lot of
energy. But even so, they are still among the most environmentally friendly option among car types since they
produce fewer emissions in their lifetime.
Compared to conventional cars, hybrid car production create more emissions because of the lithium-ion batteries
necessary to make them run. About a third of the lifetime carbon dioxide emissions from hybrids actually comes
from the energy utilised in making the vehicle itself. But as technology improves, the pollution from hybrid and
electric car manufacturing will decrease.
Recycling Electric Vehicle Batteries

There is a growing market focused on reusing as well as recycling batteries of hybrid and electric vehicles. There
are many studies being conducted to look for better ways to recycle old batteries and even reuse them using new
technologies.
The idea is that in the future, these batteries can be reused in homes to store energy, reducing the environmental
impact of manufacturing electric vehicle batteries.
Why Buy a Hybrid Car?
Save Money on Fuel
A hybrid car can run either independently or simultaneously using the electric motor and combustion engine. This
means your car will be needing less fuel, reducing the amount of money you spend on refilling your tank.
If you have a plug-in hybrid, you’ll be spending less to fully charge it compared to getting a full tank of petrol or
diesel. Depending on the type of hybrid you own, you can drive it using solely electricity when you’re in the city
for short trips. You can also use the two power sources alternately when going for longer drives.
Fewer Emissions
When your car produces fewer exhaust emissions, it’s not only good for the environment but for your wallet as
well. The lower the emissions, the lower the road tax you need to pay. If you have a full-electric car, you’ll be
exempt from paying tax and congestion charges since your vehicle doesn’t have tailpipe emissions at all. When
you add all that up, you can save a significant amount of money in a year.
Instant Torque and No Idling
With electric motors, you can get the maximum torque almost instantly. You don’t have to wait for the motor to
spool just as in conventional vehicles. When it comes to performance, hybrid and electric cars can certainly match
petrol or diesel cars.
Also, whenever you’re stuck in traffic, your car won’t be burning fuel as the engine idles. Hybrids will switch off
their engines automatically but your electronic components will continue to function. Hybrid cars are designed to
be energy-efficient.
Higher Resale Value
When the time comes that you’ve decided to sell your hybrid car, you can still get good money out of it. Hybrids
and electric cars depreciate much slower than the typical petrol or diesel vehicles. There’s a huge demand for
hybrids in the used car market so you won’t have to wait a long time to find a buyer for your car.

Takeaway
Hybrid cars are not yet completely green because they still use some petrol or diesel, and manufacturing them
still uses up energy and produces emissions. However, during the whole lifetime of the vehicle, it will contribute
less pollution overall than conventional vehicles. So it’s still an eco-friendly choice for car buyers.

Are electric cars better for the environment?

The major benefit of electric cars is the contribution that they can make towards improving air quality in
towns and cities. With no tailpipe, pure electric cars produce no carbon dioxide emissions when driving.
This reduces air pollution considerably.

Put simply, electric cars give us cleaner streets making our towns and cities a better place to be for
pedestrians and cyclists. In over a year, just one electric car on the roads can save an average 1.5 million
grams of CO2. That’s the equivalent of four return flights from London to Barcelona.

Compare an electric vs petrol car

The Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology has put a fabulous tool together to help you compare
the overall environmental impact of electric cars vs internal combustion engine (petrol) cars. The
main aim is to let users understand why, how, and in which cases electro-mobility is actually performing
according to its green image, by cutting per-km emissions from its fossil fuel-based counterpart. A second
objective is to show in which conditions electric vehicles may "counter-perform": what happens when the
battery size changes; or the background electricity mix; the battery lifetime; what about winter conditions
affecting battery performances?

How does electric car production affect the environment?

Making electric cars does use a lot of energy. Even after taking battery manufacture into account, electric
cars are still a greener option. This is because of the reduction in emissions created over the car’s lifetime

The emissions created during the production of an electric car tend to be higher than a conventional car.
This is due to the manufacture of lithium ion batteries which are an essential part of an electric car. More
than a third of the lifetime CO2 emissions from an electric car come from the energy used to make
the car itself. As technology advances, this is changing for the better.

Reusing and recycling batteries is also a growing market. Research into the use of second-hand batteries
is looking at ways to reuse batteries in new technologies such as electricity storage. One day we could all
have batteries in our homes being used to store our own energy. Opportunities like this will reduce the
lifetime environmental impact of battery manufacture.

Are hybrid cars just as good for the environment?

Plug-in hybrids combine an electric motor with a traditional fuel engine and produce some emissions during
a drive.
The green credentials of a hybrid depend on how much of the journey is driven on electric miles as well as
the way in which the vehicle is charged. This is why it's important for hybrid drivers to consider how their
electricity is generated. Choose a form of renewable energy, like the GoElectric tariff, and you’re
making your contribution to reducing emissions.

Efficiency of electric cars

Outside of the resource used to produce your power, another reason why electric vehicles are considered
more sustainable than traditional vehicles is because electric car efficiency is higher. When the gasoline in
conventional vehicles combusts to power the car, approximately 17 to 21 percent of the energy is converted
into power for the car. EVs, on the other hand, are able to convert 59 to 62 percent of the electric energy
to power for the vehicle.

When comparing an EV option to a conventional gasoline vehicle (or even a hybrid option), car shoppers
also often evaluate MPGe, otherwise known as miles per gallon equivalent (of gasoline). The
EPA calculates MPGe by representing the number of miles a vehicle can go given the same (or equivalent)
amount of energy that would be contained in one gallon of gasoline. The average MPG of a typical
gasoline-powered car is around 24.7 miles per gallon. While that’s much more efficient than in the past,
it’s not much when compared to the MPGe of electric vehicles on the market today. Electric vehicles
available now can have a comparable “fuel economy” of as high as 100 MPGe – more than quadruple the
efficiency of conventional vehicles.

BENEFITS OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Transport is a fundamental requirement of modern life, but the traditional combustion engine is quickly
becoming outdated. Petrol or diesel vehicles are highly polluting and are being quickly replaced by fully
electric vehicles. Fully electric vehicles (EV) have zero tailpipe emissions and are much better for the
environment. The electric vehicle revolution is here, and you can be part of it. Will your next vehicle be an
electric one?

Lower running costs

The running cost of an electric vehicle is much lower than an equivalent petrol or diesel vehicle. Electric
vehicles use electricity to charge their batteries instead of using fossil fuels like petrol or diesel. Electric
vehicles are more efficient, and that combined with the electricity cost means that charging an electric
vehicle is cheaper than filling petrol or diesel for your travel requirements. Using renewable energy sources
can make the use of electric vehicles more eco-friendly. The electricity cost can be reduced further if
charging is done with the help of renewable energy sources installed at home, such as solar panels.
Low maintenance cost
Electric vehicles have very low maintenance costs because they don’t have as many moving parts as an
internal combustion vehicle. The servicing requirements for electric vehicles are lesser than the
conventional petrol or diesel vehicles. Therefore, the yearly cost of running an electric vehicle is
significantly low.
Zero Tailpipe Emissions
Driving an electric vehicle can help you reduce your carbon footprint because there will be zero tailpipe
emissions. You can reduce the environmental impact of charging your vehicle further by choosing
renewable energy options for home electricity.
Tax and financial benefits
Registration fees and road tax on purchasing electric vehicles are lesser than petrol or diesel vehicles. There
are multiple policies and incentives offered by the government depending on which state you are in. To
find out more about electric vehicle incentives, click below.

ELECTRIC VEHICLE INCENTIVE

Petrol and diesel use is destroying our planet

The availability of fossil fuels is limited, and their use is destroying our planet. Toxic emissions from petrol
and diesel vehicles lead to long-term, adverse effects on public health. The emissions impact of electric
vehicles is much lower than petrol or diesel vehicles. From an efficiency perspective, electric vehicles can
covert around 60% of the electrical energy from the grid to power the wheels, but petrol or diesel cars can
only convert 17%-21% of the energy stored in the fuel to the wheels. That is a waste of around 80%. Fully
electric vehicles have zero tailpipe emissions, but even when electricity production is taken into account,
petrol or diesel vehicles emit almost 3 times more carbon dioxide than the average EV. To reduce the
impact of charging electric vehicles, India is ambitious to achieve about 40 percent cumulative electric
power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources by the year 2030. Therefore, electric
vehicles are the way forward for Indian transport, and we must switch to them now.

Electric Vehicles are easy to drive and quiet

Electric vehicles don’t have gears and are very convenient to drive. There are no complicated controls, just
accelerate, brake, and steer. When you want to charge your vehicle, just plug it in to a home or public
charger. Electric vehicles are also quiet, so they reduce noise pollution that traditional vehicles contribute
to.

Convenience of charging at home

Imagine being at a busy fuel station during peak hours, and you are getting late to reach your workplace.
These problems can easily be overcome with an electric vehicle. Simply plug your vehicle in at your home
charger for 4-5 hours before you plan to go. If you are able to get a charger where you park at home, it is
very convenient to plan your journeys in advance. What if you forget to plug in your machine someday?
Then you can easily take the help of fast chargers or even battery swapping services if you are on a two-
wheeler on the road.

No noise pollution
Electric vehicles have the silent functioning capability as there is no engine under the hood. No engine
means no noise. The electric motor functions so silently that you need to peek into your instrument panel
to check if it is ON. Electric vehicles are so silent that manufacturers have to add false sounds in order to
make them safe for pedestrians.

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Hybrid vs Electric Cars

Eco-consciousness is influencing the global market, increasing the demand for low and no emission
vehicles. Both hybrid and electric vehicles can help an individual shrink their carbon footprint compared
to fossil-fuel-powered transportation devices. Though each car effectively reduces tailpipe greenhouse gas
emissions, they also create adverse environmental effects. It is important to weigh hybrid vs electric cars
to see your best option.

A vehicle’s battery, longevity, range and maintenance needs all impact its efficiency. Personal
sustainability goals and new government regulations are powering efficiency improvements in the hybrid
and electric vehicle sector. Before exploring the advantages and disadvantages of hybrid vs electric cars,
we must assess the demand for eco-friendly transportation methods.

The Drive for Sustainable Transportation

We can achieve our climate change prevention goals by decreasing the transportation sector’s air pollution.
Environmental engineers and scientists are creating emission-less buses and other public transportation
systems to enhance sustainability efforts. Eco-friendly vehicle manufacturers like Tesla developed cars
reducing individual emissions.

Society is working on limiting atmospheric greenhouse gases to preserve Earth’s natural temperature
control system. Naturally, the planet retains solar radiation, creates heat, warms the surface, reabsorbs
excess energy and emits it to space. Emissions degrade the atmosphere’s composition, altering the process.

Greenhouse gases convert sunlight to heat at a higher efficiency rate. They also hold excess warmth in the
environment for extended periods, raising Earth’s temperature over time. Both hybrid and electric cars help
and harm the enhanced greenhouse effect, impacting their sustainability levels.

Pros and Cons of Hybrid Cars

Hybrid vehicles are more sustainable than conventional cars because they are partially electric. The average
fossil-fuel-reliant car releases nearly 4.6 metric tons of carbon dioxide annually. Hybrids only emit a
portion of the gasoline-related emissions when charged with renewable energy sources.

Solar and wind power create zero emissions when producing and distributing electricity. If a consumer
charges their hybrid with clean energy, they can further enhance its sustainability. When they charge their
vehicle with fossil-fuel-derived electricity, they can create ecological challenges.
 A significant benefit of hybrid cars is the reduction in “range anxiety.” Electric vehicles are relatively new,
and charging station limitations can decrease transportation efficiency. Drivers can rely on their gasoline
tanks as backup support when electric charging stations are out of range.

Hybrids also require less maintenance, helping a driver save money over time. Using partial electricity
decreases regular wear and tear on an engine, allowing an individual to travel for longer without requiring
servicing. Though maintenance costs for hybrid vehicles are lower, their upfront payments are high.

Pros and Cons of Electric Cars

Electric vehicles have the smallest carbon footprints on the market when charged with solar or wind power.
Powering a car with renewable energy can also nearly eliminate charging costs. Additionally, they
effectively decrease an individual’s transportation-related emissions.

Without an engine, electric cars achieve high-quality performance rates. They create a smooth ride with
little to no noise. Battery-operated systems also have more torque and speed, helping a driver safely
accelerate, stop and turn on the road.

An electric car’s battery additionally creates ecological degradation. The part contains cobalt, an
environmentally and a human health degrading element. In the Congo, cobalt miners experience respiratory
complications after long-term exposure.

Recycling and replacing electric car batteries is also challenging. Scientists are working on developing
recyclable parts, limiting the landfill pollution problem. Another disadvantage of investing in electric
vehicles is the high cost of maintenance.

Electric cars are a relatively new technology on the market. Their parts remain non-abundant, and repair
shops are scarce. When a piece breaks, it can take a while for professionals to access new materials.

Though waiting for vehicle repairs may seem inconvenient, electric cars’ general convenience levels are
high. Charging a vehicle overnight eliminates stress and anxiety around commuting. Instead of waiting in
long gas station lines, it also prepares individuals to leave during emergencies with a full charge.

Purchasing Hybrid vs Electric Cars

It is clear, both hybrid and electric cars have advantages and disadvantages affecting their efficiency and
sustainability levels. So, you may be wondering, “Which vehicle is right for me?” Each vehicle can benefit
different drivers based on their location, price range and traveling patterns.

If you live close to many charging stations, electric vehicles may be a more sustainable option for you if it
is in your price range. Additionally, if you travel extended distances through areas without charging access,
you may opt for a hybrid car. Whichever vehicle you purchase, you can rest assured knowing your carbon
footprint is shrinking.

What are the drawbacks of electric vehicles?

What are the downsides to electric cars?
 Their batteries need rare metals. ...
 Making electric cars creates more emissions. ...
 They are only as green as their power sources. ...
 Electric cars can be expensive to buy. ...
 You can't drive as far in an electric car. ...
 There aren't enough charging points.
Question 1
Why do electric vehicles have fewer operating expenses than gasoline-powered automobiles?
Answer: Electric vehicles utilize rechargeable batteries that can be charged quickly and cheaply, but
gasoline and diesel are more expensive and prone to regular price increases. Furthermore, because electric
vehicles do not experience significant wear and tear, their maintenance costs are lower.
Question 2
What are people’s worries about driving long distances with electric vehicles?
Answer: Compared to standard automobiles with a one-time charge, electric vehicles have a shorter driving
range. Furthermore, there are few charging stations accessible, and charging time is also quite long, so they
are concerned about a breakdown if the car requires charging in the middle of the journey.
Question 3

How safe are electric vehicles? Do they set fire to themselves?

Answer: Due to their highly combustible fuel or any electrical problems, EVs are much like ICE cars in
that they are susceptible to problems. EVs have fewer moving parts than ICE vehicles, but they still require
lithium-ion batteries, which generate a lot of heat while in operation.
The heat management system of EV batteries is crucial. If something goes wrong during the thermal
runaway process, the EV is prone to catching fire, which can result in a fatal accident.

Question 4
Is an electric car greater than a regular car?
Answer: Yes, an electric car is preferable to an ICE vehicle since the former releases fewer vehicular
pollutants than the latter. An ICE car driven by gasoline or diesel, or even a CNG-powered vehicle, emits
specific pollutants. Higher fuel and energy usage hurts the environment. An EV, on the other hand, is more
efficient since it uses more than half of its energy usage for propulsion and only a little portion for friction
force.
Question 5
Why do governments provide tax breaks to people who purchase electric automobiles to replace
gasoline-powered vehicles?
Answer: Traditional automobiles use fossil fuels, which not only contribute to environmental degradation
through harmful emissions, but also rapidly deplete nonrenewable resources such as gasoline, diesel, and
natural gas. Electric vehicles are being promoted to minimize the usage of fossil fuels and regulate
pollution.