Khan’s 1

PHYSICS
Current Electricity 9811194916 23. The potential difference across a wire of 10 −3
cm2 cross-sectional
Drift speed, current density, resistivity, conductivity etc. area and 50 cm length is 2 V. When a current of 0.25 A exists in the wire,
calculate (i) electric field strength in the wire, (ii) current density, (iii) con-
1. Name the charge carriers in (i) metals (ii) semiconductors (iii) electro-
ductivity and (iv) resistance of the wire. {Ans: 4, 2.5x106, 6.25x105, ?}
lyte (iv) ionized gas (v) plasma.
24. Estimate the average drift speed of conduction electrons in a copper
2. One ampere current is flowing through a wire. How many elementary
wire of cross-sectional area equal to 1.0 × 10−7 m2 , carrying a current
charges are passing per second through a cross-section of the wire?
of 1.5 A. Assume that each copper atom contributes one conduction elec-
3. You have been given a voltmeter, an ammeter, a battery and a re- tron. The density of the copper is 9.0 × 103 kg m—3 and its atomic mass
sistance wire. How would you find that the given wire is ohmic or non- 𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
is 63.5 u. {Hint: 𝑛 = 𝑉 = 𝑀𝜌 = 𝑀 𝐴𝜌 ; Ans: 1.1 × 10-3 ms-1}
ohmic resistance? 𝑜

4. The current flowing through a conductor is 2 mA at 50 V and 3 mA at 25. In copper there are 1022 free electrons per cm3, all of which contribute
60 V. Is this ohmic or non-ohmic conductor? to a current of 1 A in a copper-wire of 0.01 cm2 cross-sectional area. Find
5. Define the term resistivity and write its SI unit. Derive an expression for drift speed of electrons and electric field in the wire. Given specific re-
the resistivity of a conductor in terms of the number density of free elec- sistance of copper is 1.6 × 10−8 Ωm. {Ans:6.25 x 10-4, 1.6 x 10-2}
trons and relaxation time. Hence explain how the resistivity (or conductivi- 26. An aluminium wire whose diameter is 0.2 cm is welded end to end to
ty) of (i) a conductor and (ii) a semiconductor varies with temperature. a copper wire whose diameter is 0.1 cm. The composite wire carries a
Give reason in each case. steady current of 10 A. (a) what is the current density in each wire? (b)
6. Draw graphs of resistivity as a function of temperature in case of (a) What is the drift speed of electrons in copper wire? Assume one free
copper (metallic conductor-elemental) (b) nichrome (alloy) (c) semicon- electron per atom in copper. Given Avogadro’s No. = 6 x 1023 per gram
ductor (d) carbon. mole, molecular weight of copper = 64 and density of the copper = 9.0 ×
I 103 kg m—3.
7. The V-I graph for a metallic wire at two T1
different temperatures, T1 and T2 are 27. A current is flowing in a conductor I2
I1
given in the figure. Which of the two tem- T2 of non-uniform cross-sectional area. J1 J2
peratures is higher and why? V Compare, at two ends of the wire (ar- A 𝐸1 𝐸2 2A
E S ea A and 2A) the values of (i) current 𝑣1 𝑣2
8. Would you increase or decrease the
𝐼, (ii) current density J (iii) electric field 𝜇1 𝜇2
value of the resistance R to keep the read-
E (iv) drift speed 𝑣 and (v) mobility 𝜇.
ing of ammeter constant when S is heated
if (i) S is a semiconductor (ii) conductor? A R 28. Name the non-ohmic devices/materials and draw corresponding V-I
graphs when the relation between V and I is (i) nonlinear (ii) depends
9. What is the nature of trajectory of the electrons between the succes-
upon the sign of V and (iii) not unique.
sive collisions with the ions in a conductor (i) in absence of electric field,
29. Given is the graph of variation of 𝜌
and (ii) in presence of electric field?
resistivity (𝜌) of a material with tem-
10. Explain how the average velocity of free electrons in a metal in an
perature (T). Identify the material.
electric field remains constant even though the electrons are being con-
Name the phenomenon depicted by T
tinuously accelerated by the electric field. 4.2 K
the graph.
11. What is the cause of resistivity? What is the cause of Joule’s heating?
30. Define conductivity of a material. What is its SI unit?
Give two applications of Joule’s heating. Give two examples where it is
undesirable. 31. Define mobility of the charge carriers. Obtain its relation with conduc-
tivity.
12. How is the path of free electrons inside the conductor modified when
subjected to an electric field? 32. Three conductors of conductance G1, G2 and G3 are connected in
series. Find equivalent conductance of the combination.
13. What is the effect on (free) electron density of a conductor when a
current flows through it? Effect of temperature on resistance and resistiv-
14. A wire of resistance R and resistivity 𝜌 is stretched to (i) reduce its
ity/conductivity
diameter to half of the original (ii) twice of its original length (iii) increase
its length by 1%. What will be the new resistance and the resistivity of 1. Define temperature coefficient of resistivity. Show graphically, the vari-
the wire in each case? ation of resistivity (and conductivity) with temperature for nichrome (al-
loy), copper (conductor) and silicon (semiconductor)
15. In a neon gas discharge tube, 2.9 × 1018 Ne+ ions move to the right
through a cross section of the tube each second, while 1.2 × 1010 move 2. What is the effect of temperature on the product of conductivity and
to the left in the same time. Find magnitude and direction of the current. resistivity?
16. Write two characteristics of mangnin for which it is used in making 3. Why is the conductivity of electrolytes less than that of metals? How
standard resistance? does the conductivity of an electrolyte change with temperature?
17. Two wires of equal length, one of copper and the other of mangnin 4. Calculate the temperature at which the resistance of a conductor be-
have the same resistance. Which wire is thicker? comes 20% more than its resistance at 27℃. Given temperature coeffi-
cient (𝛼) of the conductor is 2.0 x 10-4 K −1 .
18. Is the resistivity of alloys greater or lower than its constituents? Why?
5. At what temperature would the resistance of a copper-conductor be
19 A potential difference V is applied across a conductor of length L and
double its resistance at 0 ℃. Given temperature coefficient (𝛼) of of the
diameter D. How are the electric field E and the resistance R of the con-
copper is 3.9 x 10-3 ℃−1 .
ductor affected when in turn (i) V is halved (ii) L is halved (iii) D is doubled?
6. The resistance of a 240 V-200 W electric bulb when hot at working
20. How does the drift speed of electrons in a conductor change when
temperature equal to 2000 ℃ is ten times the resistance when the bulb is
heated?
cold at room temperature. Find the resistance of the bulb at room tem-
21. Two metallic wires of the same material have the same length but perature and its temperature coefficient of resistance.
cross-sectional area in the ratio of 1:2. They are connected (i) in series {Ans: 28.8Ω, 4.5 × 10-3 ℃-1}
(ii) in parallel. Compare the drift speeds in the two wires in both the cases.
7. A wire has a resistance of 2.1 Ω at 300 K and 2.7 Ω at 373 K. Deter-
22. A copper wire carries a current of 100 A. Its area of cross-section is mine temperature coefficient of resistance/ resistivity (𝛼) of the material
1.0 cm2. Calculate (a) the electric field strength in the copper (b) the po- of the wire. {Ans: 3.914 x 10-3 K-1}
tential difference between the points, 10 m apart along the length of this
conductor. The resistivity of the copper is 1.7 × 10−8 Ω𝑚.
 Khan’s
PHYSICS 2
Power 9811194916 sistance of 53 Ω. (i) What is the purpose of the series resistance? (ii)
1. Draw a graph of power dissipated verses current flowing in a re- What is the power supplied by the mains? (iii) What is the power dissi-
sistance. pated as heat? (iv) Account for the difference in the answers of (ii) and
(iii). (V) What is terminal voltage of the battery during the charging? (vi)
2. If power dissipated in 6 Ω resistance 6Ω What is the chemical energy stored in the battery in 5 minutes?
is 24 W what is the heat produced in 2
Ω resistance in 5 seconds if the two 2Ω 9. A battery of emf E and internal resistance r is connected to an external
resistances are connected (i) in parallel 6Ω 2Ω resistance R. Draw graph between (i) terminal voltage 𝑉𝑡 and R (ii) E and
(ii) in series? R (iii) 𝑉𝑡 and current 𝐼 (iv) E and 𝐼.
3. Obtain a formula for power loss in a conductor of resistance R, carry- 10. A cell of emf E and internal resistance r is connected across a varia-
ing a current ′I′. ble resistor R. Plot a graph of terminal voltage versus R. Predict from the
4Ω 2Ω graph, the condition under which terminal voltage becomes equal to emf.
4. The rate of heat dissipation in 4Ω
resistor is 100 Js-1. Calculate the heat 11. Plot a graph showing variation of terminal voltage of a cell (E, r) with
dissipated in 3Ω resistor in 10 seconds. 3Ω current drawn from it. Using the graph how does one determine (i) the
emf of the cell (ii) internal resistance of the cell?
5. When does a source of current deliver maximum power?
6. When can you obtain maximum (i) power (ii) current (iii) terminal volt- 𝑉
age from (a) a cell (b) from a battery? 12. Given is the graph of potential 6V
difference across a combination of
7. Two electric bulbs, A and B are marked 220 V, 60W and 220 V, 100 W
three identical cells in series versus
respectively. Which one has greater resistance? If the two bulbs are con-
current. What is (i) the emf and (ii)
nected (i) in series (ii) in parallel to a source of 220 V, which bulb will I
internal resistance of each cell?
glow brighter in each case?. 1A
8. A household circuit has a fuse of 5 A rating. Find the maximum number
of bulbs of 60 W, 220 V that can be used in the house. 14. In what respect does a nearly discharged lead acid secondary cell
differ from a freshly charged cell – in its emf or its internal resistance?
9. A lamp operates at 80 V, 10 A. Suggest a method to use it with a 240
V source. Calculate the value of the required component. 16 A cell with finite internal resistance r is connected across two external
resistances R1 and R2 (R1 > R2) one by one. In which case would the
10. Suggest a method to use a 100 W -110 V bulb with a 220 V source.
terminal potential difference of the cell be more? Justify.
Calculate the value of the required component.
17. A (i) series and a (ii) parallel combination of two given resistors is
11. A 10 m long nichrome wire having 80 Ω resistance has current carry-
connected one by one across a cell. In which case the terminal potential
ing capacity of 5 A. What is the maximum power which can be obtained
difference has a higher value? Justify.
as heat by the wire from a 200 V mains supply. How should the wire be
connected to obtain maximum power? You can cut the wire into pieces.
{Ans: 2000 W} Cells in series and in parallel
12. Write three characteristics of wire of electric heater. 1. Three cells of emf 𝜀, 2𝜀 and 3𝜀 having inter- 𝜀 2𝜀 3𝜀
13. When is the power dissipated in a resistance (i) directly proportional nal resistances r, 2r and 3r respectively are
to R (ii) inversely proportional to R? Give example. connected across a variable resistor R. Find the
expression for the current. Plot a graph of varia-
tion of current with R. R
Emf, terminal voltage, internal resistance
2. A battery of emf 6 V and internal resistance 0.5 Ω is joined in parallel
1. On what factors does (i) the emf and (ii) internal resistance of a cell
with another of emf 10 V and internal resistance 1 Ω and the combination
depend?
sends a current through an external resistance 12 Ω. Calculate the cur-
2. State the condition under which terminal voltage across a cell is (i) rent through each battery and equivalent voltage provided by the batter-
equal to emf (ii) less than emf (iii) greater than emf of the cell. ies.
3. What is the potential difference between A and B? Which point is at 3. Two cells of emf 1V and 2V and internal resistance 2Ω and 1Ω re-
higher potential? spectively are connected in (i) series (ii) parallel. What should be the
5A 2V 0.1Ω 5A 2V 0.1Ω I=0 2V 0.1Ω external resistance in the circuit so that the current through the external
resistance be same in the two cases? In which case more heat is gener-
A B A B A B
ated in the cell?
4. A battery of emf E and internal resistance r gives a current of 0.5 A
4. Three cells of emf 2.0V, 1.8V and 1.5V are connected in series. There
with an external resistance of 12Ω and a current of 0.25 A with a re- internal resistances are 0.05 Ω, 0.07 Ω and 1.0 Ω respectively. If this
sistance of 25 Ω. Calculate (i) internal resistance of the cell (ii) emf of the battery is connected to an external resistance of 4 Ω, calculate (i) total
cell. {Ans: 1Ω, 6.5V} current flowing in the circuit (ii) potential difference across the terminal of
5. A power of 36 W is to be obtained in a resistance connected across the cell of emf 2.0V.
the terminals of a battery having an emf of 20 V and an internal re- 5. Twelve cells each of emf 1.5 V and internal resistance 0.5 Ω are ar-
sistance one ohm. (i) What value(s) of resistance will satisfy this condi- ranged in m rows, each row containing n cells in series. Calculate the
tion? (ii) What will be the terminal potential difference of the battery for value of n and m for which this combination would send maximum current
each value of resistance found in (i)? (iii) What will be the total power through an external resistance of 1.5 Ω. {Hint: maximum current flows
expenditure in each case? {Hint: find 𝐼 then power = 𝐼 2 𝑅. Ans: (i) 9Ω, when total internal resistance = external resistance}
1/9Ω (ii) 18V, 2V (iii) 40W, 360W}
6. A cell of emf E and internal resistance r, two resistances R1 and R2 (R2
6. The potential difference across the terminal of a battery of emf 12V > R1) and a perfect ammeter are given. The current in the circuit is meas-
and internal resistance 2Ω drops to 10V when connected to a small ured in five different situations: (i) without any external resistance in the
heater. Find power dissipated by heater in 10 s. circuit (ii) with resistance R1 only (iii) with resistance R2 only (iii) with both
7. The reading of a high resistance voltmeter when a cell is connected R1 and R2 in series (v) with R1 and R2 in parallel. The currents obtained in
across it is 2.2 V. When a resistance of 5 Ω is connected across the cell the five cases are 0.42 A, 0.6 A, 1.05 A, 1.4 A and 4.2 A, but not neces-
the reading drops to 1.8 V. Find internal resistance of the cell. sarily in the same order. Identify the current in the above five cases.
8. A series battery of six lead accumulator, each of emf 2V and internal
resistance o.25Ω is charged by 230 V dc mains by using a series re-