PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF JIBATANG RIVER IN

OQUENDO POBLACION, CALBAYOG CITY

NORTHWEST SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY

Main Campus, Calbayog City

by

Sabenorio, Zyril
Gementiza, Jhonjhon A.
Dagohoy, Darwin Roy C.
Cabanatan, Maria Rosario
Sorilo, Juliet
Dulman, Rose

2024
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF JIBATANG RIVER RIVER IN
OQUENDO POBLACION, CALBAYOG CITY

A Capsule Research
Presented to:

SHIAN A. MORALLOS
Instructor, ES5

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Course Requirements for the Course
Environmental Research & Biostatistics

by
Sabenorio, Zyril
Dagohoy, Darwin Roy C.
Cabanatan, Rosario
Gementiza, Jhonjhon
Sorilo, Juliet
Dulman, Rose

2024
 ii

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

Cover Page i

Title Page ii

Abstract iii

Table of Contents iv

List of Tables vi

List of Figures vii

List of Appendices viii

1
INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study 1

Statement of the Problem 3

Scope and Limitations of the Study 3

METHODOLOGY 5
 iii

Research Design 5

Locale and Time of the Study 5

Subject of the Study 9

Sampling Procedure

Data Gathering Procedure 9

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 11

Physico-chemical Characteristics 11

Anthropogenic Activities 18

Conclusion 20

Recommendations 21

SUPPLEMENTARY/ANNEXES PAGES

References 22

Appendices 23
 iv

LIST OF TABLES

No. Title Page

Water Body Classification and Intended Beneficial Use of

1 11
Jibatang River
Water Body Classification and Intended Beneficial Use of
2 15
Jibatang River

Mean result of the Physicochemical characteristics of the

3 16
Jibatang River in Barangay Palanas Cara
 v

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title Page

1 The Map of the study site 6

 vi

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Title Page

A Photo Documentation 23
 2

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Water is distributed in nature in diverse forms, such as fresh water, rainwater,

spring water and mineral water. River water belongs to freshwater which constitutes

only 3% of the whole water systems (Water Distribution on Earth, n.d.). Rivers are

essential to the water cycle in nature and are the source of many natural resources that

are needed by both people and animals (Simpson, 2020). In addition to carrying water,

rivers also move other materials (Internet Geography, 2022). Scientists estimate that

the total amount of salt that rivers convey from the land to the seas is approximately 3.6

billion metric tons (four billion tons), according to National Geographic (Simpson, 2020).

Volcanoes are believed to increase Earth's water volume due to the release of water

from the Earth's incandescent magma (AMNH, n.d.). This cooling of the Earth's hot

atmosphere allowed water to remain on the Earth's surface as a liquid (Simpson, 2020).

Today, volcanoes continue to supply additional water on Earth's surface and ground.

The water cycle, which involves evaporating water in lakes, rivers, streams, and

oceans, creates clouds and rain, which returns water to Earth. Rivers primarily receive

water from runoff from rain and groundwater (Simpson, 2020). Given that, climate

change and anthropogenic activities are leading to major alterations in the hydrological

cycle, water quality degradation has become a crucial worldwide issue for the

sustainable development of human beings (Jin et al., 2020a, 2020b). Water resources

are under severe threats from pollution generated by human interventions and

inappropriate agricultural drainage from rivers (Jin et al., 2020a, 2020b). Anthropogenic

sources such as untreated industrial effluents, improperly disposed domestic waste, and
 3

agricultural runoff are the prime contributors to surface water pollution and water quality

deterioration (UN, 2016; Uddin and Jeong, 2021; Hasan et al., 2019). Seasonal

variations in both anthropogenic and natural processes such as temperature and

precipitation affect the quality of river water and lead to different attributes for different

seasons (Vega et al., 1998; Islam et al., 2018; Barakat et al., 2016). Monitoring of the

physicochemical water quality parameters plays a pivotal role in assessing the water

environment, ecosystem, hydrochemistry, and ecology, and restoring water quality

(Whitehead et al., 2018; Sarkar et al., 2016; Islam et al., 2019). The evaluation of river

quality necessitates consideration of several physicochemical characteristics, such as

pH, temperature, turbidity, conductivity, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids,

dissolved oxygen, nutrients, heavy metals, and biological and chemical oxygen

demands (Roy et al., 2021). These factors aid in the assessment of the ecosystem

health of the river and aid in the identification of possible sources of pollution, including

agricultural runoff and hazardous materials like lead, mercury, and cadmium (Roy et al.,

2021).

Philippines is calling for the increased protection of river ecosystems in the

country following a new global study that found that over 260,000 kilometers of free-

flowing rivers are at risk of being disrupted; equivalent to going around the Earth’s

equator 6.5 times (WWF-Philippines 2021). “Rivers have a very special place in

Philippine history and culture. Early settlers travelling by sea founded the city of Manila

on the delta of the Pasig River. The Philippines was also once called the ‘Republika ng

Katagalugan’ which is based on the term ‘taga-ilog’ or ‘from the river’,” Paolo Pagaduan,

WWF-Philippines’ Forests for Water Program Manager said (WWF-Philippines 2021).

 4

The Pasig River, which is essential for Metro Manila's transportation, food, and

livelihood, is now referred to as the "toilet bowl" because of severe pollution brought on

by urbanization, population growth, industrialization, and poor water treatment (Milot, T.

2015). Untreated wastewater devastates fisheries, lowering living conditions and

bringing on illnesses like cholera that raise death rates, particularly for young children

(Carr, n.d.). With the ongoing river rehabilitation, studies have been conducted on water

quality and physico-chemical measurements (Belo, 2008; Gorme et al., 2010; Galvez, et

al., 2015) and water purification processes (Okamoto et al., 2019). Researchers

collected water samples from the Pasig River and measured water quality at seven

stations (Cadondon et al., 2019). Results showed near-neutral pH, high EC values,

hypoxic DO values preventing organism growth and potentially leading to unhealthy

communities, high TSS concentrations, and high BOD concentrations indicated low

water quality (Cadondon et al., 2019). The differences may be due to human activity,

land use management, and Laguna Bay water inflow (Cadondon et al., 2019).

Established in 1999, the PRRC has removed 30 million kilograms of solid waste,

dredged 19 kilometers, and relocated 19,000 families (PRRC 2019, n.d.-c). “Several

species of birds, trees, and aquatic plants are now thriving in the river. Fish can now be

caught in the Pasig River like Kanduli, otherwise known as sea catfish, and Tilapia --

These are all clear signs of a healthier river,” (Benjamin E. Diokno 2019). Unlike Manila

River, Calbayog City River is the second of the cleanliest rivers in the country, the only

river in Eastern Visayas that was nominated in the 2019 National Search – Rivers for

Life Award of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) (Pinoy

Aksyon News, 2022). According to Calbayog residents, the water’s pristine condition
 5

was achieved through a lot of hard work and discipline from both the City Government

and the people residing along the river bank (Pinoy Aksyon News, 2022).

The Jibatang River is one of the biggest reservoirs and largest river system in

Calbayog City sustaining local community and ecology (Natividad, 2021). There are

21,927 people living near the Jibatang River, spread across seventeen barangays

including Oquendo, according to the 2010 census conducted by the Philippine Statistics

Authority. However, The Jibatang River has been a significant concern due to frequent

flooding, especially during heavy rains and high tides (Natividad, 2021). The flooding

often leads to property damage and poses risks to residents’ safety (Flood Safety, n.d.).

To address this, the Department of Public Works and Highways has constructed flood

control structures along Cagpalale Creek and three new ones in Barangays Lonoy and

Cag-olango to mitigate flooding, prevent erosion, and protect agricultural resources (UY;

2019). The construction outflow may jeopardize the health of the river with chemicals

used in constructing flood control structures, impacting not only aquatic life but also

those who depend on it (Grimm, 2021). Furthermore, published data on

physicochemical properties of the water in Jibatang River is very limited to none

(Villarmino,J 2021). Hence, this study was essentially conducted to assess the quality of

the water in the river. Specifically, this study was conducted to determine the

physicochemical properties of the river water in terms of temperature, salinity, dissolve

oxygen, turbidity, and anthropogenic activities. The results of this study would provide

the baseline information on the physicochemical properties of the water in the Jibatang

River. This information is vital because it helps identify potential threats to the
 6

environment and public health as well as providing insights into the overall health of the

river.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to identify the physicochemical characteristics of Jibatang River

in Oquendo Poblacion, Calbayog City.

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the physical and chemical properties of the Jibatang River in Oquendo

Poblacion, Calbayog City terms of:

1.1 temperature

1.2 salinity

1.3 dissolved oxygen levels

1. 4 turbidity

2. What are the anthropogenic activities that affect the water quality of the marine

ecosystem of the river.

3. What recommendations can be implemented to provide effective ways for managing the

aquatic ecosystem of Jibatang river.

METHODOLOGY

This presents the research design, locale and time of the study, subject of the

study, sampling procedure, and data gathering procedure.

Research design
 7

This study employed the descriptive type of research. Descriptive research is an

appropriate choice when the research aim is to identify characteristics, frequencies,

trends, and categories. It is useful when not much is known yet about the topic or

problem. Before you can research why something happens, you need to understand

how, when, and where it happens (McCombes, 2023). In this study, the researchers

used this method to determine and describe the parameters used, and to identify the

anthropogenic activities.

Locale and Time of the Study

The study will be conducted in Jibatang River in Oquendo Poblacion, Calbayog

City, Samar. This area had been chosen as the study site for the project due to its

signifcant environmental challenges, anthropogenic activities that harming the species

in jibatang river and to examine the current state of the water. This study will be

conducted on the first semester of academic year 2024 -2025.

 8

Figure 1. The Map of the study site.

 8

The Subject of the Study

The study focused on the assessment of physicochemical characteristics of the

marine ecosystem such as temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity of

Jibatang River, Calbayog City and the observed anthropogenic activities to propose

sustainable management practices in the study site.

Sampling Procedure

To determine the physico-chemical properties of the Jibatang River, including

temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity, the researcher employed a

random sampling technique. This method ensures an unbiased and representative

collection of data by giving every part of the river an equal chance of being sampled.

Random sampling minimizes systematic bias and accurately captures the natural

variability in these parameters. For each parameter, 3 samples were collected at

different locations of the river to ensure that the data are accurate and reliable. It also

allows the researcher a robust statistical analysis, such as calculating the mean and

standard deviation, which helps in understanding the variability and central tendency of

the data. Randomly selecting three different locations along the Jibatang River for

sample collection also ensures that these sites are representative of different segments

of the river.

Data Gathering Procedure

To conduct a comprehensive assessment of the physicochemical characteristics

of the Jibatang River in Oquendo Poblacion, Calbayog City, the researchers utilized the

following instruments: a thermometer for temperature, a refractometer for salinity, DO

 9

meter for dissolved oxygen, and a Secchi desk for turbidity at their most precise and

accurate.

A. Preparation and Calibration

To guarantee precise results, the researchers calibrated every device in

accordance with the manufacturer's instructions before heading out into the field. The

researchers also ensured that all equipment, including the dissolved oxygen meter,

refractometer, thermometer, and Secchi desk were clean and in good working condition.

B. Site Selection

During the monitoring process, the researchers randomly chose three (3) sites

for sampling along the Jibatang River in order to gain an in- depth understanding of its

physicochemical properties.

C. Measuring the physico-chemical properties of Jibatang river.

Measurement of Dissolved Oxygen

The dissolved oxygen meter will carefully lower into the river, making sure the

probe was completely immersed, to determine the river's DO level. The data on the

digital screen, which showed the water's dissolved oxygen content, stabilized after a few

minutes, so the researchers will wait. In the field notes, the researchers will note the

value of stabilized dissolved oxygen. In order to guarantee the reliability and accuracy of

the data, this process was carried out three times at each sample location.
 10

Measurement of Salinity

Using a clean object or another appropriate instrument to prevent contamination,

a tiny sample of river water will be taken in order to measure the salinity. A small

amount of the water sample will be dropped onto the refractometer's prism. The salinity

value will then observe by the researchers by holding the refractometer up to natural

light and looking through the eyepiece. To avoid cross-contamination between samples,

the prism will thoroughly clean with distilled water after each measurement. To get

precise salinity values, this procedure was also carried out three times at each location.

Measurement of Temperature

At each sampling location, the thermometer will carefully dip into the river water

to take the temperature. The temperature reading stabilized after a few minutes of

waiting. The stable temperature result will then record by the researcher in their field

notes. To guarantee the accuracy of the data, this process was carried out three times

at each location, similar to other measurements.

Measurement of Turbidity

The researchers will be using a Secchi disk to measure the turbidity of water they

will find a suitable spot in the Jibatang River where the depth is more than one meter.

Gently lower the circular, black-and-white Secchi disk—which is attached to a rope or

measuring tape—down into the water until it is completely submerged. The researchers

will note the depth at the point where it just vanishes. Afterwards, gently elevate the disk

till it resurfaces, and note the second depth as well. The Secchi depth is the mean of
 11

these two depths. A deeper Secchi depth denotes clearer water with reduced turbidity,

while a shallower Secchi depth indicates more turbidity, or more suspended particles in

the water.

D. Observation and documentation of anthropogenic activities

The researchers will meticulously observe and recorded all observable

anthropogenic activity within the study areas in addition to assessing physicochemical

characteristics. The only anthropogenic activities that were documented were those that

could be seen when the study was being conducted.

E. Data Recording and Validation

The researchers collected data from various instruments such as the dissolved oxygen

meter, refractometer, thermometer, and Secchi desk will meticulously record it in a field

logbook. They will also double-check their measurements to ensure consistency in the

data, cleaned and stored all the instruments after returning from the field, and reviewed

the data to make sure all measurements were correct and prepared for analysis.
12
 13

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter presents, analyze and interpret the data gathered from Jibatang River in

Oquendo District, Calbayog City. The Tables present the data, along with statistical

analysis and interpretation.

Physico-chemical Properties in Jibatang River Oquendo, Calbayog City

The analysis of the temperature shows a consistent reading of 26°C in all three

tests A, B, C. The consistency of the reading resulted in a total temperature of 78°C and

an average temperature of 26°C. The consistent reading of temperature indicates a

stable thermal condition in Jibatang River, Oquendo, Calbayog City during the sampling

period. According to Smith, the normal temperature of a river ranges between 0°C and

30°C, it depends on season, geographic location, and its altitude. Most of the time

cooler temperature are observed in mountain rivers, while tropic rivers are tended to

have a warmer water. Additionally, water temperature can affect the growth, water

chemistry and can affect the aquatic species, this includes, fish, insects another aquatic

species in the area. According to Water Science School, 2018) the biodiversity of

species in the area will be affected or declined once the water temperature get too far

above or below the normal range.

The average salinity across all three tests in Jibatang River is 18.44 ppt. On the

other hand, there is a significant variation among the three individual tests. The table

shows that Test A got 11 ppt, Test B got 20 ppt, while Test C got 24.33 ppt. The range

of 11-24.33 ppt shows a potential issue with the salinity level in jibatang river.

Investigation and mitigation are needed to assess the caused of this variability, this
 14

factor could be caused agricultural runoff and other sources of saltwater intrusion.

According to Jones and Clark, (2020) The salinity in most freshwater rivers is generally

below 0.5 parts per thousand (ppt), as they primarily flow through terrestrial

environments, which dilute salts

The dissolve oxygen data reveals an average of 7.16 mg/L, this are calculated
from the three individual measurements of 7.3, 7.2, and 7.0. This average of dissolve
oxygen is typically interpreted as necessary for a healthy ecosystem. Additionally, the
consistent dissolve oxygen levels across the three tests highlights a stable oxygen
condition in Jibatang river. According to the Environmental Resilience Institute (2024),
warmer water temperatures slow down the processes that add oxygen to the water,
creating areas with less oxygen that are unable to aquatic life. This means that warmer
river temperatures hold less dissolved oxygen, which might not support the survival of
various species of aquatic life. However, with the dissolve oxygen level in Jibatang River
indicate that the river is oxygenated which means it is a healthy ecosystem for various
aquatic life. According to Anderson et al., (2019) Dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in healthy
rivers usually range from 6 to 12 milligrams per liter (mg/L), depending on water
temperature and biological activity (Wilson et al., 2017). Colder water typically holds more
oxygen, whereas warmer water has reduced oxygen capacity (Anderson et al., 2019).

The average turbidity across the all three test is 127 NTU, while the calculated

individual test values are 96 NTU, 127 NTU, and 157 NTU. The total average exceeds

the acceptable limit for the inland surface water 5 NTU or <60 cm. With the high turbidity

this suggest that there is a presence of average exceeds the acceptable limit for inland

surface water 5 NTU or <60 cm. The high turbidity reveals a significant presence of

suspended particles. The turbidity across the three tests raised concerns about water

clarity and the possibility of potential impacts on aquatic life. Therefore, assessment and
 15

investigation are further needed to identify the sources of high turbidity in jibatang river.

Turbidity is a measure of water clarity, varies widely, with clear rivers having levels below

10 Nephelometric Turbidity Units NTU, while rivers in areas with high erosion or pollution

may exceed 50 NTU (Brown et al., 2021).

Human activities and environmental factors can influence these parameters

significantly. For example, runoff from agricultural or urban areas can increase turbidity

and alter salinity levels (Taylor & Green, 2022). Warmer temperatures due to climate

change or industrial discharges may lower DO levels, impacting aquatic life (Smith et al.,

2018). Monitoring these factors is critical for maintaining river ecosystem health, as

changes can signal pollution or ecological imbalance (Brown et al., 2021). Thus,

understanding baseline conditions and their variability is essential for river conservation

efforts (Jones & Clark, 2020). Additionally, the data collection was conducted during

sunny weather. Furthermore, the weather conditions during the collection of the are

sunny. Some studies are conducted to examine how climate change can affect the

quality of water bodies (Fukushima et al., 1998).

Table 1

Physico-chemical Properties of Jibatang River in Barangay Oquendo, Calbayog

City

Temperature Salinity Dissolve Turbidity

Oxygen
Test A 26°C 11 7.3 96
Test B 26°C 20 7.2 127
Test C 26°C 24.33 7.0 157
Total 78°C 55.33 21.5 380
Average 26°C 18.44 7.16 127
 16

Anthropogenic Activities in Jibatang River

Improper waste disposal has been a problem in Barangay Oquendo, Calbayog

City, it was observed that its community people has been disposing waste directed in
Jibatang River, which pollute the water that caused water quality degradation.
Cellophane and other plastic materials were observed in the area that can negatively
affect the aquatic life. With its community continuously disposing their waste direct to the
water bodies this will cause a decline of biodiversity. Which will cause the decrease the
level of oxygen that can kill the plants and animals in the area. According to OECD
Global Plastics Outlook Database (2019) It is estimated that 82 million tons/year of plastic
waste is mismanaged, of which 13 million tons/year end up in the terrestrial environment
and 5.8 million tons/year end up in rivers. This suggest that policies and program that
focus on reducing plastic waste through improved litter collection, street litter removal and
prevention, and river cleanup may effectively reduce waste pollution in Jibatang River.

Another anthropogenic activity observed in the area is the discharge waste water
directly in the river. Untreated or inadequately treated sewage introduced significant
quantities of bacteria, organic matter, and nutrients into the water body. This resulted in
substantial water pollution, posing a considerable threat to aquatic life and potentially
impacting the overall health of the ecosystem. Excessive pollutant discharge into natural
water bodies gives rise to the elevated level of total dissolved solids (TDS), nutrients,
organic substances and other contaminants, resulting in severe environmental glitches
like eutrophication, forfeiture of biodiversity and alteration of aquatic organisms and their
behaviors (Scherer & Pfister 2016; Adbarzi et al. 2020). Hence, the presence of
pathogens can cause health risk and potentially destruct the aquatic life in the area.

Among the anthropogenic activities observed in the area is the sand quarrying, for
the local communities of Barangay Oquendo sand become their source of income.
According to Suherman et al (2015) that river sand quarrying can have a positive impact
 17

in the form of job creation and employment, foster business opportunities for the
surrounding community and provide income for the region, However, removing significant
amounts of materials from environment like rivers and static environments such as
quarries, results in widespread environmental change (UNEP, 2014). Marine sand mining
via benthic dredging causes changes in water turbidity and results in a net decline in
faunal biomass and abundance (Desprez et al., 2010) or a shift in species composition
(UNEP, 2014). Additionally, studies conducted by Chevallier (2004) and Wang et all
(2013) showed that illegal sand and gravel river mining increasing worrying and
damaging the rivers. It damages private properties, private assets and aquatic habits

Additionally, Jibatang River suffers from agricultural runoff, a significant source of

pollution. Fertilizers and pesticides used in surrounding agricultural lands seep into the
river through runoff. This leads to a depletion of dissolved oxygen in the water, creating a
harmful environment for fish and other aquatic life, threatening the river’s ecosystem
health and biodiversity.
 18

CONCLUSION

1. The Analysis of the Jibatang River reveals significant deviations from acceptable
physico-chemical parameters. While temperature remained within the DENR standard,
salinity levels 18.44 ppt has far exceeded the acceptable limit of <0.5 ppt. It indicates a
saltwater intrusion. The Dissolved oxygen levels 7.16 mg/L, though above the
minimum, require investigation as they may reflect eutrophication. The High turbidity
127 NTU reveals a substantial suspended sediment, impacting water clarity and
potentially harming aquatic life. These findings collectively indicate an immediate
water quality in the Jibatang River.

2. Based on the study it reveals that anthropogenic activities, including improper waste
disposal, untreated wastewater discharge, sand quarrying and agriculture runoff,
disrupt the water quality of the Jibatang River. These human activities degrade the
river’s ecosystem, create the negative impacts on aquatic life and the river’s overall
health. The effect of these needs an immediate intervention.

3. The Jibatang River’s need immediate and comprehensive mitigation efforts. In order to
address improper waste disposal through improved waste management practices is
crucial. Also controlling wastewater discharge and implementing stricter regulations on
sand quarrying are also essential. Also promoting sustainable agricultural practices to
minimize runoff and nutrient pollution is vital. A multi-faceted approach incorporating
community engagement and robust environmental monitoring is required to restore the
Jibatang River’s ecosystem health and protect its valuable resources.
 19

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Implement a long-term, regular monitoring program to track physico-chemical

parameters (temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, nutrient levels, etc.) at
multiple points along the Jibatang River. This should include both wet and dry
seasons to capture seasonal variations.

2. Further Investigation into Salinity the salinity of jibatang river is needed. With 18.44 ppt
implies that the river’s salinity levels fluctuate throughout time. It is crucial for the
agency that has the power to restore it to do a regular sampling and analysis in able to
reveal the cause of it.

3. Assessment of salinity reveals that the jibatang river got a 127 NTU which indicates a
high level of suspended solids in the water bodies this lwad to to the impact of water
clarity at the same time destruct the ecosystem, therefore, it is crucial for the agency to
mitigate the issue.

4. Conduct community awareness programs to educate residents about the importance

of protecting the Jibatang River and the consequences of pollution. Engage local
communities in river cleanup initiatives and sustainable resource management
practices. Implement robust waste management strategies, including improved waste
collection systems, public awareness campaigns on proper waste disposal, and
regular river cleanup initiatives. And develop and enforce stricter regulations on sand
quarrying activities, including sustainable extraction practices, environmental impact
assessments, and rehabilitation plans for mined areas.

5. Develop a River Management Plan. Develop a comprehensive river management plan

that addresses all aspects of river health, including water quality, habitat conservation,
and sustainable use practices. Engage stakeholders, including local communities,
 20

government agencies, and environmental organizations, in the development and

implementation of the management plan.
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