N. g.

patel polytechnic, afwa- isroli

LAB MANUAL

engineering CHEMISTRY
 CERTIFICATE
THIS IS CERTIFIED THAT MR./MS._________________________________________
ENROLLMENT NO. ____________________ OF DIPLOMA IN_______________________
HAS COMPLETED THE PRESCRIBED TERM WORK IN THE COURSE Engineering

CHEMISTRY ( ) SATISFACTORILY DURING THE TERM–

2024/2

DATE:-

LECTURER HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

PRINCIPAL
 Subject: Engineering Chemistry

Name of student:

Registration No: ___________________________

Sr. Page
Detail of Experiment Date Signature
No No.
Determine pH-Values of given samples of Solution by using Universal Indicator and pH-
1
meter.

Determine the strength of the given sodium hydroxide

solute
2 solution by titrating against standard Hydrochloric acid
solute on using phenolphthalein indicator.

Prepare a standard solution of 0.1N Potassium

3 permanganate to Ferrous Sulphate (FeSO4.7H2O).

Determine the rate of corrosion for different metals inthe

4
given solution.

Determine the percentage of moisture content inthe

5
given sample of coal by proximate analysis.

Determine the ash content of the given sample ofcoal by

6 proximate analysis.

Determine viscosity of lubricating oil using

7
Redwood viscometer.

8 Determine the Acid value of the given lubricating oil.

Determine the Saponification value of the given

9 lubricating oil.

Determine flash point and fire point of the given

10 lubricating oil using Pensky Martens/Cleveland open
cup apparatus/Able’s flashpoint apparatus.

Page 1 of 46
Term: 24/ 2

Name of student: .

Registration No:

Subject Name & Code: Engineering Chemistry

 Student has to provide following documents during submission of termwork.

 Record book : _______________________

 Practical Journal : _______________________

 Assignment : _______________________

 Class note book : _______________________

 Internal midterm exam paper solution : _______________________

 Past GTU exam paper solution : _______________________

 Date of submission

Signature ___________

Page 2 of 46
 Experiment – 1
Date……………….

Aim: - Determination of pH values of given sample solutions by-

a) Universal indicator method.
b) pH meter method.

Equipment: - pH meter,
pipette [10 ml],
conical flask [100ml] ,
beakers[100ml - 7]

Chemicals: - Universal indicator,

distilled water ,
sample solutions.

Procedure: - a) Universal indicator method.

Wash all the apparatus and take sample solutions (10 ml) in to beakers. Add two to
three drops of Universal indicator in to the sample solutions and observe the color
change & Compare the color of the solution with color code present on indicator bottle.
That’s how one can determine pH of the samples using Universal indicator.

b) pH meter method.
First of all clean all beakers, take D.W in to beaker and deep cell in to the solution.
Turn on digital pH meter & read display reading if it shows
7.0 it means that cell is ready if it is not 7.0 wait till it is completely calibrated (Buffer
solution of known pH is also used for the purpose). After calibration take sample
solution in to beaker and insert cell in it & observe display reading. Note down reading
of all the samples similarly by inserting sample solutions one by one.

Page 3 of 46
a) Universal indicator method.

Colour of
Sr.No Name of Sample pH value
Solution
1 Oxalic acid
2 Succinic acid
3 Hydrochloric acid
4 Tap water
5 Sodium bicarbonate
6 Sodium carbonate
7 Sodium hydroxide

b) pH meter method.

Sr.No Name of Sample pH value

1 Oxalic acid
2 Succinic acid
3 Hydrochloric acid
4 Tap water
5 Sodium bicarbonate
6 Sodium carbonate
7 Sodium hydroxide

Conclusion:-
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Page 4 of 46
 WORK SHEET

Q 1:- What is pH?

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Q 2:- What is pOH?

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Q 3:- Why it is necessary to calibrate cell before taking reading?

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Q 4:- List the importance of pH measurement in various field.

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Q 5:- Explain pH scale in detail.

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Signature :- __________________

**********

Page 5 of 46
Page 6 of 46
 Experiment – 2
Date……………….

Aim: - Determine the strength of the given sodium hydroxide solution by titrating
against standard hydrochloric acid solution using phenolphthalein indicator.

Equipment:- Burette[ 50 ml ],
Pipette [10 ml],
Conical flask [250ml],
Beakers [250ml - Two ],
Burette stand,
White tile etc.

Chemicals: - (X N) HCl Solution,

0.1N NaOH solution,
Phenolphthalein as an indicator,
distilled Water.

Procedure:-

First of all clean all apparatus with water and attach burette on burette stand. Fill up the
burette with NaOH solution up to zero marks and carefully removes the air bubbles from
burette. Pipette out 10 ml X N HCl with the help of pipette in to conical flask. Add two to
three drops of Phenolphthalein indicator in to the flask. The solution present in the flask is
titrated against 0.1 N NaOH solutions. Add NaOH drop wise in to flask till permanent pink
colour is appeared. Note the end point / burette reading. Using this data calculate normality
of HCl solution.

Result :-

Solution Molecular Equivalent Normality Strength

Weight Weight

NaOH 40 gm 40 gm 0.1N …………gm/lit

HCl 36.5 gm 36.5 gm ……N …………gm/lit

Page 7 of 46
Observation:-

Burette : - 0.1 N NaOH solution

Pipette :- ( XN 10ml) HCl Solution
Indicator : - Two to Three drops of Phenolphthalein
End Point : - Colorless to Pink
Pilot Reading :- ................... ml.

Observation Table:-

Sr. Initial Final Difference Mean

No. Reading Reading Difference
1. 0.0ml ml ml
2. 0.0ml ml ml
…………ml
3. 0.0ml ml ml
4. 0.0ml ml ml
5. 0.0ml ml ml

Equation:- NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

Preparation of solution:-500 ml 0.1 N NaOH solution

1lit 1 N NaOH ≡►40 gm of NaOH
1 lit 0.1 N NaOH≡►20gm NaOH
500ml 0.1 N NaOH ≡► 2 gm NaOH

For preparation of 500 ml 0.1N NaOH solution: -

Take 2 gm of NaOH in SMF and dissolve it in minimum quantity of distilled water and
dilute it up to 500 ml with distilled water.

Page 8 of 46
Calculation:-

□ Normality of HCl solution :- N1V1 = N2V2

Where
N1 = Normality of HCl. Hence N1 = N2V2
V1 = Volume of HCl. V1
N2 = Normality of NaOH.
V2 = Volume of NaOH. = 0.1 x Burette reading
10

=.................... N

□ Strength of NaOH Solution = Equivalent Weight x Normality

= 40 x 0.1

= 4.00 gm/lit.

□ Strength of HCl Solution = Equivalent Weight x Normality

= 36.5 x

= ................... gm/lit.

Page 9 of 46
 WORK SHEET

Q 1:- What is Acid-Base Titration?

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Q 2:- What is the function of indicator?

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Q 3:- Which indicator is used in Strong acid vs Strong base titration?

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Q 4:- What precaution should be taken while performing titration?

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Q 5:- How will you prepare 500ml 0.1N NaOH Solution?

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Signature

**********

Page 10 of 46
Page 11 of 46
 Experiment – 3
Date……………….

Aim: - Prepare a standard solution of 0.1N potassium permanganate toFerrous

Sulphate (FeSO4.7H2O)

Equipment:- Burette[ 50 ml ],
pipette [10 ml],
conical flask 250ml],
beaker [250ml - Two no], ,
burette stand,
white tile.

Chemicals: - 0.1N KMnO4 solution,

XN Ferrous Sulphate (FeSO4.7H2O) ,
KMnO4 solution as self-indicator,
distilled water.etc

Procedure:-
First of all clean all apparatus with water and attach burette on burette stand. Fill up the
burette with 0.1 N KMnO4 solutions up to zero marks and carefully removes the air bubbles
from burette. Pipette out 10 ml (X N) FeSO4.7H2O with the help of pipette in to conical
flask. KMnO4 solution itself act as an indicator hence no needs to add any other
substance as an indicator. The solution present in the flask is titrated against KMnO4
solution. Add KMnO4 solution drop wise to flask till permanent pink colour is appeared.
Note the end point / burette reading. Using this data calculate normality of FeSO4.7H2O
solution.

Result :-

Molecular Equivalent
Solution Normality Strength
Weight Weight
FeSO4.7H2O 278gm 278gm …………N …………gm/lit

KMnO4 158gm 31.6gm 0.1 N …………gm/lit

Page 12 of 46
Observation:-

Burette : - 0.1 N KMnO4 Solution

Pipette : - (X N) 10 ml. FeSO4.7H2O solution.
Indicator : - KMnO4 solution as a self indicator.
End Point : - Colorless to Pink
Pilot Reading:- ………ml.

Observation Table:-

Sr. Initial Final

Difference Mean Difference
No. Reading Reading
1. 0.0ml ml ml
2. 0.0ml ml ml
3. 0.0ml ml ml
………ml
4. 0.0ml ml ml
5. 0.0ml ml ml

Equation: -
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5(O) REDUCTION
10FeSO4 + 5(O) + 5H2SO4 → 5Fe2(SO4)2 + 5H2O OXIDATION
_________________________________________________________________________
2KMnO4 +8 H2SO4 +10FeSO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)2 +H2O --REDOX

Preparation of solution:- 500 ml 0.1N KMnO4 solution

1 lit 1 N KMnO4 ≡► 31.6 gm KMnO4
1 lit 0.1N KMnO4 ≡► 3.16 gm KMnO4
500 ml 0.1 N KMnO4 ≡►1.58 gm KMnO4
For preparation of 500 ml 0.1N KMnO4 solution: - Take 1.58 gm of KMnO4 in to SMF and
dissolve it in minimum quantity of distilled water and dilute it up to 500 ml with distilled
water.

Page 13 of 46
Calculation:-

Normality of FeSO4.7H2O solution: - N1V1 = N2V2

Where
N1 = Normality of FeSO4.7H2O Hence N1 = N2V2
V1 = Volume of FeSO4.7H2O V1
N2 = Normality of KMnO4
V2 = Volume of KMnO4
= 0.1 xBuretteReading
10

=.................... N

Strength of FeSO4.7H2O Solution=Equivalent Weight X Normality

= 278 x ……….

= gm/lit.

Strength of KMnO4 Solution = Equivalent Weight X Normality

= 31.6 x 0.1

= gm/lit.

Page 14 of 46
 WORK SHEET

Q 1:- What is Redox Titration?

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Q 2:- What is Reduction?

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Q 3:- What is Oxidation?

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Q 4:- What precaution should be taken while performing titration?

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Q 5:- How will you prepare 1500 ml 0.1 N KMnO4 solution?

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Signature

**********

Page 15 of 46
Page 16 of 46
 Experiment – 4
Date……………….
Aim: - To study about corrosion of metals in different mediums.

Requirement: -
Chemical balance,
beakers,
pair of tongs,
sample of metals like- Aluminum, Copper, Iron etc.
1 N Hydrochloric acid solution
1 N NaOH / Caustic soda solution.

Theoretical Background:
Lakes of tons of metal under go in to corrosion every year due to the atmospheric action or
due to the effects of acidic and alkaline medium. Corrosion of metal is one of the most
important issues now a day because metal once converts in to the rust cannot be
reconverted in to the metal. Once metal converts in to metal oxide it becomes useless hence
it is important to stop corrosion.
Actually corrosion is naturally occurring oxidation process occurs in presence of moisture
or atmospheric humidity. We cannot remove oxygen or moisture from environment so we
cannot stop corrosion all together hence the one and only one way remained with us is to
prevent corrosion.
In this experiment we will study the rate of corrosion of various metals in acidic and basic
medium.

Procedure:-
Take clean copper and aluminum rods and weigh it accurately with the help of weighing
balance. Take 1N NaOH in to the two beakers and immerse one copper and one aluminum
rod in to it. Note the time when you are immersing the metal peace in to the mediums.

Now, Take 1N HCl in to the two beakers and immerse one copper and one aluminum rod in
to it. Again note the time when you are immersing the metal peace in to the mediums.
Take back the metal rods from the mediums carefully with the help of pair of tongs, after
one and half hour. Dry it and weigh it with the weighing balance. From the initial weight
and final weight of the metal rods we can easily determine the rate of corrosion of copper
and aluminum in to the various medium.
Page 17 of 46
Observation:-
1. Weigh of Aluminum rod: 1 = gm.
2. Weigh of Aluminum rod: 2 = gm.
3. Weigh of copper rod: 1 = _ gm.
4. Weigh of copper rod: 2 = _ gm.

Observation Table:-

Initial weight Weight Difference Rate of

Sr. Types of of sample sample after in weight corrosion
No Sample W1 1 hr. W2 gm/hr gm/day
gm gm W3 W4

Aluminum
rod-1 in
1
HCl
Aluminum
rod-2 in
2
NaOH
Copper
rod-1 in
3
HCl
Copper
rod-2 in
4
NaOH

Calculation:

Rate of Corrosion of Aluminum in HCl:

W1 – W2 = W3 ........................................................................= gm/hr

W3 x 24 = W4 .......................................................................... = gm/day.

Page 18 of 46
Rate of Corrosion of Aluminum in NaOH:

W1 – W2 = W3 ........................................................................= gm/hr

W3 x 24 = W4 .......................................................................... = gm/day.

Rate of Corrosion of Copper in HCl:

W1 – W2 = W3 ........................................................................= gm/hr

W3 x 24 = W4 .......................................................................... = gm/day.

Rate of Corrosion of Copper in NaOH:

W1 – W2 = W3 ........................................................................= gm/hr

W3 x 24 = W4 .......................................................................... = gm/day.

Result: Rate of corrosion of Aluminum & Copper in different medium is :

Sample Rate of Corrosion per day

Aluminum rod-1 in HCl
Aluminum rod-2 in NaOH
Copper rod-1 in HCl
Copper rod-2 in NaOH

Page 19 of 46
 WORK SHEET

Q 1:- What is corrosion?

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Q 2:- List the types of corrosion?

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Q 3:- List the name of preventive methods.

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

4:- List the factors affects on the rate of corrosion.

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Signature

**********

Page 20 of 46
Page 21 of 46
 Experiment – 5
Date……………….

Aim: - Determine of percentage of moisture in given sample of coal by proximate

analysis.

Requirement:-
Chemical balance,petri dish,weight box, pair of tongs, sample of coal,
Electric oven, desiccators,thermometer etc
.
Theoretical Background:
Moisture content in coal varies in different samples. It depends upon the nature of coal and
atmospheric humidity. Coal obtained from coalmine of different areas posses different
moisture percentages hence it is very much important to know the percentage of coal before
purchase of coal for boiler fuel.

Moisture content of coal is the part of proximate analysis and knows about moisture
percentage affects on the calorific value of coal hence it is necessary to know the percentage
of moisture in the coal.

Procedure:-
Take empty dry petridish and weigh it accurately with the help of weighing balance. Take
exactly 10.0 gm of coal in to the petridish after weighing through weighing balance.
Place the petridish and coal sample in to the preheated electric oven at 1100C. Keep the
coal sample and petridish in to the electric oven at 1100C for half an hour.
After half hour take back petridish carefully with the help of pair of tongs and keep it in to
the desiccators. Atmosphere inside the desiccators is moisture free hence while cooling the
sample it does not absorb any trace of moisture from environment. So desiccators is use to
provide moisture free environment which is essential to achieve high degree of accuracy in
the experiment.
After cooling the sample weigh it and from the initial and final weight different we can
easily calculate the percentage of moisture present in to the coal sample.

Page 22 of 46
Observation Table:-

Weight (gm) Sample : 1 Sample : 2

Weight of empty petridish W1 =

Weight of petridish + Coal sample W2 =

Weight of petridish + Coal after heating W3 =

Calculation:- i Moisture content of coal in sample: 1

 Weight of coal sample = W2 – W1 gm. = 10.0 gm

 Weight of moisture in coal = W2 – W3 gm = gm.

Now, If 10 gm of coal contains W2 – W3 gm of moisture So, 100

gm of coal contains = (W2 – W3)x100
10
=

= _______________________%

i) Moisture content of coal in sample: 2

Weight of coal sample = W2 – W1 gm. = 10.0 gm

Weight of moisture in coal = W2 – W3 gm = gm.

Now, If 10 gm of coal contains W2 – W3 gm of moisture

So, 100 gm of coal contains = (W2 – W3) x 100
10
=
= %

Page 23 of 46
Result:

Sample Percentage of moisture

Sample: 1

Sample:2

Average

Page 24 of 46
 WORK SHEET

Q 1:- What precautions should be taken when handling the hot Petri- dish?

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
Q 2:-Why is Petri-dish and sample cooled in Desiccator?

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
Q 3:- Calculate the weight of dry coal in 50kg coal using the average value of %ofmoisture in
coal sample.

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
Q 4:- Give the industrial application of the experiment.

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Signature

*********

Page 25 of 46
 Experiment – 6
Date……………….

Aim: - Determine of percentage of Ash content in given sample of coal.

Requirement:-
Chemical balance,crucible
Weight box ,pair of tongs, sample
of coal,desiccators, burner,
Tripod Stand etc.

Theoretical Background:
Coal is solid fuel. It is used to heat the water in boiler to convert water in to steam. The
steam is used in chemical industries, textile and electric power generation. The coal is
completely burnt and finally converts in to ash. It is necessary to know the ash content of
coal because it will gives an idea about quantity of solid waste generation at the end of
combustion of coal.

Procedure:-
Take empty dry crucible and weigh it accurately with the help of weighing balance. Take
exactly 1.0 gm of coal in to it, after weighing through weighing balance.
Place the crucible and coal sample on burner for heating about ten to fifteen minutes till it
convert completely in to ash.
After complete conversion in to ash, take back the crucible carefully with the help of pair of
tongs and keep it in to the desiccators. Atmosphere inside the desiccators is moisture free
hence while cooling the sample it does not absorb any trace of moisture from environment.
So desiccators is use to provide moisture free environment which is essential to achieve
high degree of accuracy in the experiment.
After cooling the sample weigh it and from the initial and final weight different we can
easily calculate the percentage of ash present in to the coal sample.

Page 26 of 46
Observation Table:-

Weight Sample : 1 Sample : 2

Weight of empty Crucible W1 =

Weight of Crucible + Coal sample W2 =

Weight of Crucible + Coal after heating W3 =

Calculation:-

i ) Ash content of coal in sample: 1

Weight of coal sample = W2 – W1 gm. = 1.0 gm
Weight of ash in coal = W3 – W1 gm = gm.

Now, If 1gm of coal contains W3 – W1 gm of ash

So, 100 gm of coal contains = (W3 – W1) x 100
1
=

= %

ii) Ash content of coal in sample: 2

Weight of coal sample = W2 – W1 gm. = 1.0 gm
Weight of ash in coal = W3 – W1 gm = gm.

Now, If 1gm of coal contains W3 – W1 gm of ash

So, 100 gm of coal contains = (W3 – W1) x 100
1
=

= %

Page 27 of 46
Result:

Sample Percentage of Ash

Sample: 1

Sample:2

Average

Page 28 of 46
 WORK SHEET

Q 1:- What is the purpose of drying agent in Desiccator?

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
Q 2:- Why is Petri-dish and Sample cooled in Desiccator?
____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
Q 3:- Calculate the weight of absolute coal when you buying 100kg of coalusing the
average
____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Q 4:- Give the industrial application of the experiment.

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Signature :

**********

Page 29 of 46
Page 30 of 46
 Experiment – 7
Date……………….

Aim : - To determine the viscosity of Lubricating oil Red wood Viscometer.

Equipment:- Redwood Viscometer

Measuring cylinder [100 ml],
conical flask [250ml],
beaker [250ml - Two ],
stop watch etc.

Chemicals: - Lubricating oil

Distilled water,Chromic acid.
Procedure:-
First of all clean all apparatus with water and Viscometer with chromic acid and then with
water. A Known volume of water (25ml) depending up on the capacity of the cone is taken
in to viscometer. The water taken in to the redwood viscometer is allowed to fall down and
when the whole water is passed through cone, the time taken by water to flow through cone
is measured with stopwatch. Let it be tw. Take three reading of flow time of water.
Remove water from viscometer & dry it again. Take same volume of lubricating oil (25ml)
in to viscometer as water is taken before. Measure flow time of lubricating oil, Let it be tL .
Knowing the co-efficient of viscosity of water (ηw), the Co-efficient of viscosity of Liquid
(ηL) can easily be calculated with the help of following equation.

 Viscosity of Liquid = (ηL) = ρLX tL

-------------- x ηw
ρw X tw

Page 31 of 46
Observation:-

 Density of Water (ρw) = 1.00 gm / cm3

 Density of lubricating oil (ρL ) = =0.895 gm / cm3

 Viscosity co-efficient of water (ηw)= 1.008 Centipoise
 Volume of lubricating oil taken in cone of redwood viscometer = 25ml
 Room temperature =....................................oC

Observation Table:-

Sr. Name of Average Viscosity

Flow time Density
No Liquid flowTime t η

……………sec ρb =
1. Lubricatingoil t sec.
……………sec L ............ 0.895gm / cm3 ………….
……………sec Centipoise
.

2. Water ………..….sec ρw = 1.008

t sec
……...…….sec w .............. 1.00 gm / cm3 Centipoise.
……..…….sec

Page 32 of 46
Calculation:-

 Viscosity of Lubricating oil = (ηL) = ρL X tL

-------------- x ηw
ρw X tw

Where
ρL = Density of lubricating oil.
ρw = Density of Water. = ------------------1.008
tL= Flow time of lubricating oil.
tw = Flow time of Water
ηw =Viscosity co-efficient of Water = .......................... Centipoise

= Poise
-------------------

Page 33 of 46
Result :- Viscosity of given sample substances are as under :-

Viscosity
Viscosit
Centipoise
Density yPoise
Sample solution Dyne/cm2
gm / cm3 Neuton/m2
.Sec
.Sec

Lubricating 0.895 gm /
oil cm3

Water 1.00 gm/ cm3

Page 34 of 46
 WORK SHEET

Q 1:- What is Viscosity?

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Q 2:- Which equation is used to determine Viscosity? Explain each term

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Q 3:- Give MKS & CGS unites of Viscosity.

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Q 4:- On what factors viscosity depends?

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Q 5:- What is viscosity index?

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Q 6:- Viscosity of substance is inversely proportional to ____________

Signature
*********

Page 35 of 46
 Figure
K- Stand
L- Burette
M- Pipette
N- Conical
Flask

a- RBF
b- Beaker
c- Conical
flask
d- Funnel
e- Measuring
Cylinder

Page 36 of 46
 Experiment – 8
Date ……………….

Aim: - To Determine Acid value of given lubricating oil.

Theoretical Background:
Let us understand the following terms.

Acid Number: Acid number is the weight in milligram of KOH required to neutralize the acid
contain in 1 gm. of oil.

Requirement:-

• Beaker 250 ml. • Conical Flask • Lubricating oil sample

• Burette (50 c.c.) • Pipette • Rectified spirit / methanol
• Burette Stand • 0.1 N KOH Solution • Tripod Stand
• Phenolphthalein Solution

Procedure: Measurement of Acid value:

First of all clean all the apparatus with distilled water. Take 2 to 5 gm. of lubricating oil in
a titration flask. Add 50 ml of alcohol and 50 ml water, add few drops of phenolphthalein.
Fill the burette with 0.1 N KOH solutions and titrate the contents of flask against the burette
solution till the light pink color is obtained. Repeat the same exercise for three or four time
till the constant reading is obtained.

Result:

 Acid Value of given lubricating oil is = .

Page 37 of 46
Observation:

 Weight of oil = gm.

 Burette :0.1N KOH Solution
 Pipette : 5gms Lubricating Oil +25ml H2O + 25ml Alcohol
 Indicator : Phenolphthalein
 Colour Change : Pink to Colourless

Observation Table:

Sr.No. Initial Reading Final Reading Difference Mean Difference

1 0.0 ml ml ml

2 0.0 ml ml ml
-------------ml
3 0.0 ml ml ml

Sample Calculation:

Acid Value = No. of ml. of 0.1 N KOH x 5.6

Weight of oil taken

= .

Page 38 of 46
 WORK SHEET

Q 1:- What is Acid number?

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Q 2:- Which indicator is used in the titration?

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Q 3:- Discuss the impact of acid value while using lubricating oil?
____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Q 4:- Why alcoholic KOH is used in the titration?

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Signature

**********

Page 39 of 46
 Experiment – 9
Date……………….

Aim: - To Determine Saponification value of given lubricating oil.

Theoretical Background:

Saponification number: It is the number of milligram of KOH required tosaponify 1 gm

of oil.

Requirements:

• Beaker 250 ml. • Conical Flask • Lubricating oil sample

• Burette (50 c.c.) • Pipette • Rectified spirit / methanol
• Burette Stand • Burner • 0.1 N KOH Solution
• Tripod Stand •Pair of tongs • Phenolphthalein Solution
• Wire Gauge

Procedure: Measurement of Saponification number:

Part: 1 Actual Titration:

First of all clean all the apparatus with distilled water. Take about 5 gm of lubricating oil in
a titration flask. Add 25 ml of 0.5 N alcoholic KOH solutions and keep the flask on water
bath for an hour and titrate the above solution with 0.5 N HCl solutions from the burette
using phenolphthalein as an indicator. The end point is from pink to colorless. Repeat same
exercise till the constant reading obtained.

Part: 2 Standardization of KOH:

First of all clean all the apparatus with distilled water. Fill the burette with the 0.5 N HCl
solutions. Take 25 ml of 0.5 N alcoholic KOH solutions in the flask. Add few drops of
phenolphthalein indicator in the flask and titrate the flask solution with the burette solution.
The end point will be from pink to colorless. Repeat same exercise till the constant reading
obtained.

Result:
 Saponification number of the given lubricating oil is = .

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Part: 1 Actual Titration:

Observation:

 Weight of oil = gm.

 Burette: 0.5N HCl Solution
 Pipette: 5gms Lubricating Oil +25ml Alcoholic KOH Solution
 Indicator: Phenolphthalein
 Colour Change: Pink to Colourless
Observation Table:

Initial Final
Sr.N Difference Mean Difference
Reading Reading
o.
1 0.0 ml ml ml
X= ml
2 0.0 ml ml ml
3 0.0 ml ml ml

Part: 2 Standardization of KOH:

 Burette; 0.5N HCl Solution
 Pipette: 25ml Alcoholic KOH Solution
 Indicator: Phenolphthalein
 Colour Change: Pink to colorless
Observation Table:

Initial Final
Sr Difference Mean Difference
Reading Reading
.N
o.
1 0.0 ml ml ml
2 0.0 ml ml ml ml
3 0.0 ml ml ml

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Calculation:

Saponification number = (Y - X) ml x 28.05

Wt. of oil taken

Page 42 of 46
 WORK SHEET

Q 1:- What is Saponification number?

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Q 2:- Why alcoholic KOH solution is used in the titration?

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Q 3:- What happens when oil is dissolved in KOH solution?

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Q 4:- What is the impact of Saponification value while using lubricating oil?
____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Signature ________________

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 Experiment – 10
Date…………..

Aim: - Determine flash point and fire point of the given lubricating oil using Able’s flash
point apparatus.

APPARATUS:
• Able’s flash point apparatus
• Thermometer
• Beaker.

CHEMICALS:
• Water
• Oil sample

THEORY:
FLASH POINT: The flash point is the lowest temperature at which oil gives vapors above
the oil which momentarily flash in the presence of flame. Flash point of gasoline represents
the formation of combustible mixture of oil with air. The combustible mixture found at the
flash point is due to decomposition product of oxidation and heating of oil.

FIRE POINT: Fire point is the temperature at which the vapor evolved rapidly enough to
burn continuously in presence of flame.

SIGNIFICANCE: Flash point can predict the possible fire hazard during transportation,
storage and handling and fire point closely follow the flash point in significance purpose.
PROCEDURE:
Take the test sample in clean and dry oil cup up to mark.
Fill up water in water bath provided with apparatus. Purpose of water bath is
indirect heating of oil and to maintain the uniform slower rate of heating.
Now start heating with the help of heater.
Measure the temperature of both oil and water with help of thermometer.
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 Apply test flame at certain time period.
Record the temperature at which momentarily flashes appear.
Keep continuous heating.
Record the temperature at which vapor above the oil burn continuously.
These temperatures are known as flash point and fire point respectively.

NOTE: In case of open cup, cup is to be kept open while in case of close cup; cup is to be
kept close.

RESULT:
FOR CLOSED CUP METHOD
Flash point of given sample is:
Fire point of given sample is:

FOR OPEN CUP METHOD

Flash point of given sample is:
Fire point of given sample is:

CONCLUSION:

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Page 45 of 46
 WORK SHEET

Q 1:- What is Flash Point?

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Q 2- What is Fire Point?

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

3:- What is the prediction of Flash point?

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Signature : __________

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Page 46 of 46