hemical reactions are the processes in which new substances with new properties are formed. ‘Chemical reactions involve chemical changes. During chemical reactions, a rearrangement of atoms hakes place between the reacting substances to form new substances having entirely different ties. Chemical reactions involve breaking of old chemical bonds which exist between the atoms ‘of reacting substances, and then making of new chemical bonds between the rearranged atoms of new substances. During a chemical reaction, atoms of one element do not change into those of another element. Only a rearrangement of atoms takes place in a chemical reaction. We will now discuss ts and products of a chemical reaction. (i) The substances which take part in a chemical reaction are called reactants. (ii), The new substances produced as a result of chemical reaction are called products. In a chemical reaction, reactants are transformed into products. The products thus formed have Ny perties which are entirely different from those of the reactants. We will now give an example of a cal reaction. Before we do that please note that magnesium ts a silvery white metal. Magnesium Ga available in a science laboratory in the form of a magnesium ribbon (or ma ichemical reaction of ‘magnesium’ with the ‘oxygen’ of air now jum Hibbon is heated, it burns in air with a dazzling white flame to form a white mnesium oxide. Actually, on heating, magnesium combines with oxygen present in oxide: st agnesium wire), Let + — Oxygen m+ Magnesium oxide (From air) White powder magnesium in air to form magnesium oxide is an reaction. In this chemical reaction there are two ‘oxygen’ but only one product ‘magnesium oxide! magnesium oxide are entirely different from which we use usually has a coating of .ce which is formed by the slow action of burning in air, the magnesium ribbon ‘This is done to remove the 1. When magnesium burns in ais, it combines with the oxygen of air to formAnother point to be noted is that the dazzling (very bright) white light given out during the of magnesium ribbon is harmful to the eyes, So, the magnesium ribbon should be burned it as far as possible from the eyes. We can perform the chemical reaction involved in the burn; as a resul Meg) characte Magnesium ribbon as follows: (i) Ev () Take about 2 cm long magnesium ribbon and clean it by rubbing its surface with sang Pape, (if) Fe (#) Hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs at one end, and heat its other end Gye (iii) C burner [see Figure 2(a)] ae w ¢ Any not. Fo has tak by one 1. Ev e Se SWZ. magnesium of a 7\\__ tibbon sulph Magnesium the ¢ ‘dese > a eal ee isch that (@) Magnesium ribbon being () Magnesium ribbon bums in air sulp heated over a burner to form magnesium oxide reac Figure 2 ( ® The magnesium ribbon starts burning with a dazzling white flame. ( Hold the burning magnesium ribbon over a watch glass so that the magnesium oxide powder (i Being formed collects in the watch glass [see Figure 2(b)] snot that chemical reactions can be carried out only in a science Alarge number of chemical reactions keep on occurring in our of milk (when left at room temperature during summer), from milk, Cooking of food, Digestion of food in our Tespiration, Fermentation of grapes, Rusting of iron to humid atmosphere), Burning of fuels (like wood, and LPG), Burning of candle wax, and Ripening lical changes which involve chemical reactions. In ituire and identity of the initial substance changes reaction which takes place in it. An important do we come to know that a chemical reaction become clear from the following discussion on ical reactions. re ge ee Figure 3, Ripening of fruits is a chemical change which involves chemical reactions. substances known as reactants are converted into new substances called tants into products in a chemical reaction is often accompanied by some easily. The easily observable features (or changes) which take place ‘Chemica! Regctons ans Eavtions =as a result of chemical reactions are known as characteristics of chemi al reactions. The important characteristics of chemical reactions are: (i) Evolution of a g (ii) Formation of a precipitate, (iii) Change in colour, (jv) Change in temperature, and (v) Change in state Any one of these general characteristics can tell us wheth pot. For example, if on mixing two substances a gas is evolved has taken place. We will now give examples to show all the characteristics of by one. 4, Evolution of a Gas ‘Some chemical reactions are characterised by the evolution pf gas. For example, when zinc granules react with dilute ic acid, then bubbles of hydrogen gas are produced. So, the chemical reaction between zinc and dilute sulphuric acid jscharacterised by the evolution of hydrogen gas. (Please note that we can also use dilute hydrochloric acid in place of dilute acid in this reaction). We can perform this chemical reaction in the laboratory as follows: {@) Take some zinc granules in a conical flask (or a test-tube) (ii) Add dilute sulphuric acid over zinc granules. ‘will see the bubbles of hydrogen gas being formed ai such the conical flask with our hand, we will find that it is somewhat hot, So, (rise in temperature) also occurs in this chemical reaction. jum reacts with a dilute acid (like dilute dilute sulphuric acid), even then hydrogen gas 5). Let us take another example of a chemical b a gas is evolved, When dilute hydrochloric jum carbonate in a test-tube, then carbon 0, the chemical reaction between sodium hydrochloric acid is characterised by the cid gas. . Sie Meme meaning oftheterm | Figures. When magnesir Coes with a dilute acid, then hydrogen gas ‘sa ‘solid product’ which separates ("0") 20! ‘a chemical reaction. A precipitate queous solutions (water solutions) of reactants when one of the products ipitate can also be formed by passing a gas into an aqueous solution of a on dioxide gas into lime water), neta chemical reaction has taken place or d, then we can say that a chemical reaction chemical reactions, one Figure 4. Dilute sulphuric acid reacts with zinc to evolve hydrogen gas. round zinc granules (see Figure 4) a change in aw tp sooeties dbl2. Formation of a Precipitate Some chemical reactions are character by the formation of a precipitate. For example, Potassium iodide solution is added to a solution of lead nitrate, then a yellow precipitate of leaq is formed (see Figure 6). ‘Thus, the ch action between potassium iodide and lead nitrate is characterised by the formation of a yellow precipitate of le. We can carry out this chemical reaction as follows: {*) Take some lead nitrate solution in mical ead ios a test-tube (or a beaker) (#) Add potassium iodide solution to it (ai) A yellow precipitate of lead iodide is formed at once. (@) A change in colour (from colourless to yellow) also takes place in this chemical reaction Let us take another example of a chemical reaction in which a precipitate is formed. When dilute sulphuric acid is added to barium chloride solution taken aa test-tube, then a white precipitate of barium sulphate is formed. Thus, the shemical reaction between sulphuric acid and barium chloride solution is Fe 6, Precipitation ‘haracterised by the formation of Precipitate of barium sulphate. is the formation of an \>\ __ insoluble product. When in Colour a > tot acu colourless solutions of lead nitrate and potassium hange in colour. For _ iodide are mixed, then 4 Potassium permanganate solution, Yellow precipitate of lead essium permanganate solution disappears (it _!dideis formed, 8). So, the chemical reaction between citric acl and purple coloured potassium Solution is characterised by a change in colour from purple to colourless. We can Bega tween citric acid and potassium permanganate solution as folleee (Lemon juice Bie We will use lemon juice as a source of einic acid fn carrying out this reaction), assim permanganate solution in a test-tube. It has purple colour help of a dropper and shake the test-tube. anate so a white chemical reactions are characterised by a when citric acid reacts with ple colour of pots E dilute pot: to it dropwise with the Bur of potassium permang: lution goes on fading and ultimately it becomes example of a chemical inge in colour takes place Bas is passed through chromate solution, then ssium dichromate Figure 7). Thus, the | cy Iphur dioxide gas chromate solution (@) Potassium dichromate solution is orange in in colour from (6) When sulphur dioxide } gas is passed through ould know why colour. Potassium dichromate @ in chemical solution, the orange colour Produce heat of potassium dichromate solution changes to green, Figure 7. Produces heat Chemicol Reactions and Equations Sereaction mixture rises (or increases) and it becomes hot. In some cases, : ae " al reactions absorb heat energy. When a chemical reaction absorbs heat energy, then jure of reaction mixture falls (or decreases) and it becomes cold. So, when we talk of change hemical reaction, it can be ‘rise in temperature’ or ‘fall in temperature: Another ; : hat the compound ‘calcium oxide’ is known by two common names ‘lime’ as well as quick \nd the compound ‘calcium hydroxide’ is known as ‘slaked lime: Keeping these points ow describe the char ibe the change in temperature in chemical reactions. 4, Change in Temperature Some chemical reactions are characterised by a change in temperature. For example, when quicklime reacts with water, then slaked lime is formed and a lot of heat energy is produced. This hheat raises the temperature due to which the reaction mixture becomes hot. So, we can say that the chemical reaction between quicklime and water to form slaked lime is characterised by a change in temperature (which is rise in temperature). ‘The reaction between quicklime and water to form laked lime is an exothermic reaction (which means heat producing reaction). We can perform this chemical reactic s follows: Hard-glass beaker a Quicklime Siaked lime : (Calcium oxide) carefully. fo be quite hot (Its temperature is high). sd the chemical reaction between zinc acid to produce hydrogen gas. If we ing zinc granules and dilute sulphuric (which means that the temperature wy, wus, the chemical reaction between phuric acid is also characterised cl bon burns in air to form carbon (see Figure 9). carbon dioxide releases a lot of heat, shich is rise in temperature). The Figure 9, The chemical reaction in which carbon burns in air to form ary (e) 6) ‘ lon '8. Quicklime reacts with water to form slaked lime releasing a lot of heat. aks The beaker becomes hot. Its temperature rises. : nicklime in a hard-glass beaker [Figure 8(a)]. ; lowly [Figure 8(b)] Xe LandWe will now give one example of a chemical reaction in which heat energy is absorbed due to why the temperature falls. When barium hydroxide [Ba(OH) ] is added to ammonium chloride (NEG, taken in a test-tube and mixed with a glass rod, then barium chloride, ammonia and water are formey A lot of heat energy is absorbed during this reaction due to which the te mperature of reaction Mixtuy falls and the bottom of test-tube becomes very cold. Thus, the chemical reaction between baring, hydroxide and ammonium chloride to form ba de, ammonia and water is characterises by a change in temper c). It is an endothermic reaction (whic are (which is fall in temperatui means heat absorbing reaction) 5. Change in State Some chemical reactions are characterised by a change in state. For example, when wax is burned (in the form of a wax candle), then water and carbon dioxide are formed (see Figure 10). Now, wax is a solid, water is a liquid whereas carbon dioxide is a gas. This means that during the combustion reaction of wax, the physical state changes from solid to liquid and gas. Thus, the combustion reaction of candle wax is characterised by a change in state from solid to liquid and gas (because wax is a solid, water formed by the combustion of wax is a liquid at room temperature whereas carbon dioxide produced by the combustion of wax is a gas). Figure 10. The combustion reaction of candle wax is characterised by a change in state. There are some chemical reactions which can show more than fone characteristics. For example, the chemical reaction between zinc sefanules and dilute sulphuric acid shows two characteristics: evolution 2 gas (hydrogen gas) and change in temperature (rise in temperature), Hlarly, the chemical reaction between potassium iodide solution and lead nitrate solution shows characteristics: formation of a precipitate (lead iodide precipitate) and ch less to yellow). ange in colour (from od of representing a chemical reaction with the help of d formulae of the substances involved in it is known as a ion. Let us take one example to understand the meanin equation clearly. facts with dilute sulphuric acid to form zine sulphate and Feaction can be written in words as: Iphuric acid —> Zinc sulphate + Hydrogen the word equation. We can change this word equi ion by writing the symbols and formulae of the v; their names, ne is Zn ation arious Figure 11, Zinc metal reacts Iphuric acid is H,SO, with dilute sulphuric acid to ti form 21 i sulphate is ZnSO, ee solution ogen is H,ges putting the eyenbols aed Forrematae if all the sutwtammen in the abenre seord equation, we get the folloret chemical equation fm + WSO, —9 meso, + Hh Renctants = Prchuts ‘the sebstances which combine or react are knawn as reactants, Zine andl «alphurie acid are the vremcnnts here The reactants are always written on the left hand side in an equation with a plus sigar (+) hetwre” them. ‘ihe new substances produced in a reaction are known as products. Zine sulphate and hyesegers care the protects in this case. The products are always written: on the right hand side in ani equation wath pas Sig (+) between them The arrow sign (+) pointing towards the right hand side is put between the reactants and products “This aro indicates that the substances written on the left hand side are combining to give the substances seramen on the right hand side in the equation. It should be clear by now that « chemical equation is short-hand method of representing a chemical reaction, Balanced and Unbalanced Chemical Equations }, A balanced chemical equation has an equal number of atoms of different elements in the and products, In other words, a balanced equation has an equal number of atoms of the 1 clements on both the sides. This point will become more clear from the following example. reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to give zinc sulphate and hydrogen, This can be written in form as: Zn + H,SO,— ZnSO, + H ‘es count the number of atoms of all the elements in the reactants and products separately In reactants In products fof Zn atoms: 1 1 H atoms: 2 2 Satoms: 1 1 atoms: 4 4 that the reactants contain | zinc atom and products also contain 1 zine atom. Reactants en atoms and products also contain 2 hydrogen atoms. Similarly, reactants contain and products also contain 1 sulphur atom. And finally, reactants contain 4 oxygen atoms also contain 4 oxygen atoms. Thus, there is an equal number of atoms of different reactants and products, so the above chemical equation is a balanced equation. Since ‘atoms of various elements in reactants and products is equal, we can say that a balanced has equal masses of various elements in reactants and products. chemical equation has an unequal number of atoms of one or more elements products. In other words, an unbalanced equation has an unequal number of elements on its two sides, This point will become more clear from the following oxygen to form water. This reaction can be written in an equation form as: |, +O, —> H,0FEN ators and No of No. of ( 1 i tits cremate her of hyutrogen atoms is equal in Reaitents and produ th Xygen atoms is unequal Thee are 2 oxver fe but only | oxygen atom on the HME de. The abowy Mtains an unequal number of sand is an unbalanced equation, Since the numb elements in reactants and products Mune gal, we can cay s an unbalanced equation has unequal masses BE Pattee: chements in reactant, and products. Launch of it equation: H, +0 , contains 2 oxygen atoms in the reactants shuttle “Discoverers Bitomly | oxygen atom ‘duct. It appears as if | oxygen atom has BEER destroyed in ¢) hydrogen burns in i oxygen to form wate Providing a tremendoy amount of energy to if thy shuttle out of the earth Gravitational field action, Th his, however, cannot happen °n of mass, “matter can neither Ber destroyed in a chemical reaction”. Ths means that the total Bllthe reactants must be equal tc the total words we can say that, the ‘Must be equal to the nu; according t the law serval ass of the products number of various types of atoms in between hydrogen oxygen to form water cannot be written as B,+0—5 are oxygen, O,, All other elements equations by hit and trial m water. This reaction c. method. ‘an be written in an ‘equation form as: elants whereas H,0 is the Product. Let us count the number of Teactants and product, Chemica! Reactions and Equations ——— tons 5f, Ade? In reactants In product No, of H atoms: 2 2 No. of O atoms 2 1 mber of oxygen atoms ‘The number of hydrogen atoms is equal on both the sides (2 each), but the nu eee ed js unequal. There are 2 oxygen atoms on the left side but only | oxygen atom on fi ‘oxygen atoms on the right side, we multiply HO by 2 and write 21,0, so that H, +0; 2H,0 et us count the number of various atoms on both the sides again: In reactants In product No.of Hatoms: 2 4 No, of O atoms; 2 2 Though the number of oxygen atoms has become equal (2 on both sides), but the number of hydimgen atoms has now become unequal. There are 2 hydrogen atoms on the left side but 4 hydrogen atoms on the right side, ‘To have 4 hydrogen atoms on the left side, we multiply H, by 2 and write 2H, so that: J2,0 2H; + 0, — 2H,0 aye 0, rhe Let us count the number of various atoms on both the sides once again. ————— In reactants In product ) i. = No. of H atoms: 4 4 Dino O57 H 20 No. of O atoms: z 2 This chemical equation contains an equal number of atoms of hydrogen and oxygen on both the ‘sides, so this is a balanced equation. After doing some more practice, we will find that there is no need to write so many steps to balance mn. We will then be able to balance an equation in just one step. is More Informative ition which gives more information about the chemical reaction is known as more yr information giving equation. The chemical equations can be made more informative g the “physical states” of the reactants and products. g the “heat changes” taking place in the reaction. the “conditions” under which the reaction takes three points in detail one bv one. he Physical States of Reactants and Products in an : four physical states for the reactants and products n liquid, SEOs solution and oy Figure 13. This picture shows symbol (s) Zinc metal in the form of zinc 0) granules. Zinc metal is a solid, so we write Zn (s) for it in a water) see's thesymbol (aq) chemical equation.The physical states of the reactants and products are shown by putting the above “state symbols” ty after their symbols or formulae in an equation. This will become more clear from the following exami, Zine metal re acts with dilute sulphuric acid to form zinc sulphate solution and hydrogen gas. Thy can be written as Zn + HSO, —> 2080, + H Here, Zinc metal is a solid, so we write Zn (s) Dilute sulphuric acid is 1 aqueous solution, so we write H,SO, (aq) Zinc sulphate is also an aqueous solution, so we write ZnSO, (aq) And, Hydrogen is a gas which is written as Hy (g) The above equation can now be written as: Zn (s) + HySO, (aq) —> ZnSO, (aq) + Hy (g) ; This equation is more informative because it tells us the physical states of the various substances d in it, It tells us that zine is in the solid state, sulphuric acid is in the form of an aqueous ation, zinc sulphate is also an aqueous solution but hydrogen is in gaseous state In some cases an insoluble product (called precipitate) is formed by the reaction between solutions fants (or a solution and a gas). Since the insoluble product (or precipitate) is a solid substance, cal state is indicated in the equation by the symbol (s). For example, when calcium hydroxide (lime water) reacts with carbon dioxide gas, a white precipitate of calcium carbonate is formed Beith water. This chemical reaction can be represented by the following chemical equation with ls Of the reactants and products €a(OH), (aq) + CO, (g) — — CaCO; (s) + H,O() ‘Caleiam hydroxide Carbon dioxide Calcium carbonate Water (Lime water) (White ppt.) ed Be gam calcium carbonate is formed as a solid product (precipitate), so its physical state By the symbol (s). Please note that the word ‘precipitate’ is written in short form as ‘ppt. 38a liquid, so its physical state has been indicated by the symbol (1). Indicate the Heat Changes in an Equation. involved: exothermic reactions and endo ‘There are two types of reactions on the basis of thermic reactions. in which heat is evolved are known as For example, when carbon burns in oxygen a lot of heat is produced in this reaction: mD>(s) —> CO) + Heat Carbon dioxide on in oxygen is an exothermic reaction n this reaction. An exothermic reaction + Heat” or “+ Heat energy” or just ® side of an equation (as shown in the Wwe are told that a particular reaction should at once write “+ Heat” or Carbon (in the form of coal) burns to produce heat. So, the ‘burning of carbon is an exothermic ‘on the right side of the equation. __teaction. ¢ (CH,). When natural gas burns in the oxygen of air, amount of heat energy is also produced. ‘This can bs =>. CO, (2) + 2H,0(g) + Heat energy Carbon dioxide Water: it forms carbon e written as: Chemical Reactions and Equations _f ‘The | Please n of fuels these re respirati We | broken « etc, COF a siempl‘The burning of natural gas is an exothermic reaction because heat is produced in this Feaction Please note that all the combustion reactions are exothermic reactions, For example, combustion of fuels such as wood, coal, kerosene, petrol and diesel, are all exothermic reactions (because all these reactions produce heat energy) Fy ombustion of food (like glircowe) in our body during respiration is an exothermic reaction. This is discussed below We need energy te stay alive, We get this energy from the fond we eat. During digestion, food is tenken down into simpler substances. | patti (roti), bread, rice and potatoes ec, contain mainly starch carbohydrate, During digestion, starch carbohydrate is bs a simple carbohydrate called glucose. This glucose then undergoes slow combustion by combining with oxygen in the cells of our body to produce energy in a process called respiration. In addition to other functions, this energy maintains our body heat Daring respiration, glucose combines with oxygen in the cells of our body to form carbs and water along with the production of energy GAO lag) + 60,(¢) —> 6CO,(¢) + G6H,O(D + Energy ‘Ghacese, Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water Respiration is an exothermic process because energy is produced during this process (as shown ty the above equation) ‘The burning of a magnesium wire in air to form magnesium oxide is an exothermic reaction gause heat and light energy are given out during this reaction. The decomposition of vegetable into compost is alse an example of exothermic process (because heat energy is evolved during process). {Those reactions in which heat is absorbed are known as endothermic reactions. For example, nitrogen and oxygen are heated to a very high temperature (of about 3000°C) they combine to nitrogen monoxide, and a lot of heat is absorbed in this reaction: N;(e) + O,(@) + Heat —> 2NO(y) > (e) ee (g) Nitrogen monoxide example, the foods like che sken down inte ide between nitrogen and oxygen to form nitrogen monoxide is an endothermic reaction is absorbed in this reaction. An endothermic reaction is usually indicated by writing P or “+ Heat energy ” or just “+ Energy” on the reactants’ side of an equation (as shown equation). The reaction in which nitrogen and oxygen (of air) combine to form nitrogen s place inside the engines of motor vehicles. jomposition reactions require energy (in the form of heat, light or electricity) to take the decomposition reactions are endothermic reactions. For example, when calcium is heated, it decomposes to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide CaO (s) CO; (g) Calcium oxide Carbon dioxide of calcium carbonate is an endothermic eat energy is absorbed in this reaction. endothermic reaction, This is because during the process of photosynthesis of water to form hydrogen and ¢ reaction. This is because electric this reaction. It is clear from this be given out or absorbed in chemical light or electricity. ¢ 15, These white cliffs are mace of calcium carbonate3. To Indicate the Conditions Under Which the Reaction Takes Place, If heat is required Tction to take place, then the heat sign delta (A) is put over the arrow of the equation. Ifthe reaey takes place inthe presence of a catalyst, then the symbol ot formula ofthe catalyst i also written or below the arrow sign in the equation, ‘This will become more clear from the following example, When potassium chlorate (KCIO,) is heated in the presence of manganese dioxide eatalys ‘OmMposes to form potassium chloride and oxygen gas, This can be written as: re dec 2KCIO; (3) E> 2KCI(s) + 30,6) Potassium chlorate Potassium Oxygen chloride Here delta (A) stand As for heat and MnO, is the catalyst. So, the above equation show s the conditions under which the reaction takes place, The conditions of temperature and pressure at which the Faction takes place can also be indicated in an equation by writing their values above or below the arrow sign in the equation. This will Become clear from the following examples This is manganese dioxids (MnO). It is used as a catalyst during Methanol (or Methyl alcohol) is manufactured from carbon the preparation of oxygen gas from Monoxide and hydrogen. The mixture of carbon monoxide and _ potassium chlorate hy Bases is compressed to 300 atmospheric pressure and then passed over a catalyst consisting Gf @ mixture of zinc oxide and chromium oxide heated to a temperature of 300°C. So, the conditions this reaction to take place are: a pressure of 300 atmospheres (written as 300 atm), a temperature and a catalyst which is a mixture of zinc oxide and chromium oxide (ZnO + CrO;). We can down a chemical equation for the reaction involved in the production of methanol along tions as follows: va siaen ta 300 atm; 300°C CH,OH (I) “aan ae HOG Methanol (Methyl alcohol) Plants make food by photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide combines the presence of ‘sunlight’ and the green pigment of leaves called ‘chlorophyll’ to make food jOxygen gas is given out. The conditions for the reaction of photosynthesis to take place of sunlight and chlorophyll. So, we can write a chemical equation for photosynthesis as follows: + 6H,0 (I) aaa CoHi20¢ (aq) + — 60s (g) Water Glucose Oxygen ‘on Writing of Balanced Chemical Equations the following four steps for writing equations for the chemical reactions: fe down the chemical reaction in the for its on the left side and products on the m of a word equation, keeping the right side. mative by indicatin, nd products; by indicating the heat changes, a PA ales of if any, taking place in the Chemical Reactions and Equations a EuottionsManganese dioxide atalysts of plants $4. («) Potassium chlorate, KCI (b) Potassium chloride, KCL (c) Oxygen. Oy (d) MoO) Ttacts aso catalyst in the decomposition of potassrumn chlorate to form exyyen gas () ¢ 58. (a) Carbon dioxide, CO, (b) Water, H,O (ce) Sunlight (d) Chlorophyll; Green leave (@) Glucose, CoH); (f) Oxygen; Photosynthesis Tips dal ae ae Some of the important types of che pical reac 1. Combination reactions, 2. Decomposition reactions, 3, Displacement reactions, 4, Double displacement react 5. Oxidation and Reduction reactions. ns, and ;ow discuss all these reactions in detail, one by one. Let us start with the combination reaction: Wew 1. COMBINATION REACTIONS ‘Those reactions in which two or more substances combine to form a single substance, are called combination reactions. In a combination reaction, two or more elements can combine to form a compound; two or more compounds can combine to form a new compound; or an element and a compound can combine to form a new compound, We will now give some examples of combination reactions. Example 1, Magnesium and oxygen combine, when heated, to form magnesium oxide: Combinatior Mg (s) + 02) — 2MgO (s) gnesiu Oxygen Magnesium oxid In this reaction, two elements, magnesium and oxygen, are combining to form a single compound, magnesium oxide. So, this is a combination reaction. Thus, when we burn a magnesium ribbon (or magnesium wire) in air, then a combination reaction takes place with oxygen to form magnesium oxide Example 2. Hydrogen burns in oxygen to form water Combination 2H2(@) + Og) 2H,0 (I) Hydrogen Oxygen Wate In this reaction, two elements, hydrogen and oxygen, are combining to form a single compound, water, so this is an example of a combination reaction. Thus, the formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen is a combination reaction. {e) THyeigen in anielement, Iisa (6) Oxygen is anotber element. iis a yxs (c) Hydrogen and oxygen combine to gas which burns explosively, Which does not bum itself but helps form a compound "hydrogen oxide ‘other things to burn Which is commonly known as water It puts out fire Figure 24, serene “Carbon (coal) burns in air to form carbon dioxide : Combination CO; (@) C(y %, i + ; c sia : cm Carbon dioxide (Coal) (From ai) In this reaction two elements, carbon and oxygen, are combining leputer a compound, carbon dioxide. So, this is a combination reaction. Please note that wl a ee form of coal) burns in air then the carbon combines only with the oxygen present bf Cathy oxide gas. Thus, the burning of coal in air is an example of a combination reaction. yet oride: Hydrogen combines with chlorine to form hydrogen chlo Combination - H, (y) + Chg) ec 2HCI (g) Hydrogen Chlorine Hydrogen chloride Pa : yund, hydro, Here, two elements, hydrogen and chlorine, react together to form a single oe cal chloride gas. So, this is an example of combination reaction. This combination i cl ving in water fo Industry for the manufacture of hydrochloric acid (E Iydrogen chloride gas on dissolving rm, hydrochloric acid) Ex Sodium metal burns in chlorine to form sodium chloride: Combination i Clin Sodium Chlorine 2NaCl (s) Sodium chloride Pe ii orm a sin; Be this example, two clements, sodium and chlorine, are combining together to for gle Eempound, sodium chloride, So, this is a combination reaction. a> 27. Iron sulphide compound is formed. 9 tron powder and sulphur being heated together. iron powder is heated with sulphur, iron sulphide is formed: Bs (5) Combination Fes (9) Sulphur Iron sulphide ie to form a single comy more compounds combine together te form pound. In some combination n the following example: @ new compound, This point Chemicat Reactions and Equations —— ane Equationsple ®. Caleium oxide (lime or quicklime) reacts vigorously with water to form calcium hydroxide (slaked lime cao + Ho -_, Ca(OH a wide Wat Cateium by This is a combination reaction in which two compounds, caleium oxide and water, combine to form a single compound calcium hydroxide. A large amount of heat is released when calcium oxide reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide (or slaked lime), (We have already carried out this reaction on page 18) Please note that it is solid calcium hydroxide which is known as slaked lime. Slaked is a white powder The substance which we use for white-washing our house is lime (or quicklime) whick is calcium oxide (CaO), We put calcium oxide in a drum and add water to it slowly. Calcium oxi¢ reacts with water vigorously to form a white solid called calcium hydroxide (or slaked lime) with the | evolution of heat. More water is then added to get calcium hydroxide solution, This calcium hydroxid solution is then applied to the walls of the house with a brush The calcium hydroxide solution, when applied to the walls, reacts slowly with the carbon dioxide gas present in air to form a thin, shining layer of calcium carbonate on the walls of the house Ca(OH Calcium hyar + COr() —> CaCO,() + H,0() Carbon dioxide Calcium carbonate Water (From air) Since this process gives a white, shiny appearance to the walls of a house, itis called white-washing. The calcium carbonate is actually formed after two to three days of white-washing and gives a shiny finish to the walls. 7 ay oe) Figure 26. Calcium oxide reacts Figure 29. Calcium hydroxide solution vigorously with water to form reacts with carbon dioxide gas to form Figure 30. Ammonia combines with hydrochloric acid to form dense white calcium hydroxide. a white solid, calcium carbonate. fumes of ammonium chloride. Example & Ammonia reacts with hydrogen chloride to form ammonium chloride. This can be written as: W® + Hog —, wACW Ammonia Hydrogen chloride Ammonium chloride In this reaction, two compounds, ammonia and hydrogen chloride, combine together to produce ‘a new compound, ammonium chloride. So, this is a combination reaction 7z We will now give some examples of those combination reactions in which a compound rea an element to form a new compound. ta; Fxample %. Carbon monoxide reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide: 2CO(e) + Ong) 20; (g) Carbon monoxide Oxygen Carbon dioxide In this reaction, carbon monoxide compound reacts with oxygen element to form a new comp carbon dioxide, So, this is a combination reaction a ple 10. Sulphur dioxide re Example 10. Sulphur dioxide reacts with oxygen to produce sulphur trioxide. This reaction be written as: q 280, (g) 0; (@) __ Combination 250; g) Sulphur dioxide Oxygen Sulphur trioxide foe Combination reaction, a compound, sulphur dioxide, combines with an element, orygen, form a new compound, sulphur trioxide 2. DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS Those reactions in which a compound splits up into two or more simpler substances are know as decomposition reactions. The decomposition reactions are carried out by applying heat, light o electricity. Heat, light or electricity provide energy which breaks a compound into two or more simple compounds. Please note that a decomposition reaction is just the opposite of a combination reaction, ‘We will now give some examples of decomposition reactions. Example 1. When calcium carbonate is heated, it decomposes to give calcium oxide and carbon dioxide: | CaCOs (s) cium carbonate Ca0(s) + — COs(Q) Calcium oxide Carbon dioxide (Lime) (Decomposition carbon dioxide, so this is a decomposition reaction. Please note that calcium led ‘limestone’ and calcium oxide formed from it is called ‘lime’ (or quicklime). ‘of calcium carbonate (limestone) on heating is an important reaction used in iis is because calcium oxide (lime) obtained by the decomposition of calcium in industry. For example, calcium oxide (or lime) is used on a large scale in ment and glass. Figure 33. This is a lime kiln which decomposes calcium Figure 32. Thisis calcium oxide (orlime). carbonate (limestone) into calcium oxide (or lime)When a decompreition fenction ty entried out by Resting, I 1 exiled ‘thermal decomposition. (Thermal means ‘relat carton diene is an om > heat). The decompanition of calcium carbonate Wate ealehum oxide and enue i: Wa joe A thermal decrwipvanitiom (Inecatiee itis earriee! cat fry heting! 3 Potassium chlorate is heate ae decomposes 16 give potassiam chloride and a OO resene of enn Sei catalyst, it AKO, (8) Heat , xu) + IW Prtwcetnin chloride Onergen Metgecisnen (hor ate nis decomposition reaction This decomposition takes place in the presence of heat and catalyst. In th potassium chloride 2 eingle compound, potasy oaygen. This aie eee is eplitting up into two simpler substances Example 5. When piposition reaction is used for preparing oxygen gas in the laboratory ferrous sulphate is heated strongly, it decomposes to form ferric oxide, sulphur dhoxide and sulphur trianide and 280, (8) a Fe,0, (6) TDecompostion) :0,() + 380; + S08) erro eaiphate : he Pacman Ferrie oxide Sulphur sulphur reer {Neown colour) diawide troride ip this reaction, the green colour of ferrous sulphate changes to brown due to the formation of ferric oxide. A smell of burning is obtained due to the formation of dioxide gas. In this reaction, one substance is splitting up into three substances, oe ‘go this is a decomposition reaction. It i8 Figure 34, Th " ‘ 45, This - a ure 34, Theseareferrous Figure is is ferric oxide ‘actually @ thermal decomposition reaction. syiphate crystals (formed by the decompasition of ferrous sulphatel. ferrous sulphate is also known ), And ferric oxi as iron (II1) oxide Piease note that ‘as iron (Il) sulphate {or just iron sulphate) de is also known . sulphate crystals which are available ip * science ydrate, FeSO,-7H20. isation. These crystals ‘coloured ferrous sulphate (FeSO,.7H,0) are heated, they first lose 7 ‘cation to form anhydrous ferrous is white in colour. And then this anhydrous ° ferric oxide, sulphur dioxide ion, we have written ferrous ‘of erystallisation just t0 Keep the water decomposition reaction of ferrous ollo ina dry