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MODULE 9
A Retrospect of Kapampangan Way of Life

The ideals of the Kapampangan people are

manifested in their sayings such as:

1. Ing e mu ayalduk, e mu payalduk

Do not force others what you cannot do or do
not do unto other what you do not want other do
unto you.

2. Ing mebiglang ibug yang macatdus king susut

Do not be greedy. Family background
– is an essential element of the
3. Ing matas at mataluktuk, masaldak ya Kapampangan identity
pangabaldug – it has been a tradition to introduce one’s
Too much pride is bad. self using his or her family name.
● It has been a practice that people
4. Ing mababang mayayabut, e ne man malulut would judge you not solely because
Anything that is easy to achieve is not worthy.
of your personal attributes by based
on your family history.
5. Nanuyaman ing lamat, tumulu ya nung
taggilan me
A damaged relationship is vulnerable to be Kapampangan Fashion
provoked. 1. Baluti – breastplate
2. Turung – cone-shaped head gear
6. Mitan ka, e ka malawus, sapang masalusu 3. Lacal – padded ring for carrying loads on
agus the head
Relax and take it easy. 4. Talukbung – head cover
5. Baru – shirt or dress
7. Belatan dangalan ing kapagparangalan
6. Balindang - large-sleeved dress
Boastfulness is a garbage wrapped beautifully.
7. Sabing – unrolled sleeves
8. Nung nanung tigtig, iyang ipaldak
8. Balabal – coverings like shawl
Dance to the tune. 9. Takuku – a cape made of nipa to protect
against the rain
9. E ka man tutulawuk, balu ra kang malapatuk. 10. Pakaling - medal-like accessory of
You are known to be boasting. men
11. Suddia – pointed end of a skirt or tunik
10. Anak ya pa ing dutung, balu ta neng 12. Untun – a girdle with pouch which is
lumabung behind the
Childhood gives a clue on the rest of the life of a
13. Tapis – outer garment of women
person.
14. Balabal – piece of garment worn
diagonally like a stole
15. Pinang - “bahag”

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3. High Noon
MODULE 10 a. Ugtu – noon; midday
Kapampangan Concept of Time and Space
4. Afternoon
a. Gatpanapun – afternoon; about 4
Kapampangan people believe that we live in o’clock
meto yatu or single Earth. Alongside with
the Earth is the aldo (sun) and the bulan 5. Late Afternoon
(moon). Above the Earth is the banua (sky a. Apun – time to supper
or heaven). b. Silim – to become dark
c. Iyayabyab ne ing aldo – sunset

6. Night Time
a. Bengi – night
b. Kapitangan bengi – midnight

MODULE 11
Kapampangan Food Culture

Background
● It is a common knowledge among
Filipinos that the Indung
Kapampangan is the culinary
capital of the country.
● Kapampangan is understandably
rich in different sources of food
through hunting, farming, and
fishing.
● They practice different ways of
preserving food such as
pamagburu, pamanindang, and
alike.
Kapampangan Time ● Some animals that are prominent as
main ingredients in Kapampangan
1. Early Morning cuisine are babing dikut, usa,
a. Ganingaldo – early dawn damulag, barag, tugak, kamaru,
b. Muclat sumala - daybreak bulig, itu, balanak, and ulang.
● Galang (1940) asserted that
2. Mid Morning Kapampangan women must know
a. Abak – dawn till noon how to cook and do domestic work.

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Influences on Kapampangan Food

6. Arobu – meat browned in lard and boiled
A. Chinese and Malay in water, vinegar, pepper, garlic, and salt. It
Kari, bringhi, lumpia, batsui, battue, suam, is traditionally dry.
pancit
7. Litsun – roasted chicken or pig
B. Spaniards
Morcon, menudo, kaldereta, estofado, 8. Fritu – fish or meat cooked in oil
embutido, asado, lengua, lechon, chicharon,
afritada 9. Titi – fish or meat cooked by submerging
in oil
C. Americans
Mushroom soup, tomato sauce and paste, 10. Liga – meat boiled and seasone with
and pork barbecue salt, pepper, and vegetables

D. Japanese 11. Bulanglang – originally a vegetable

Mochi, haluhalo dish, it is now made of fish or meat boiled
with guava fruit and vegetables similar to
sigang
Basic Kapampangan Methods of
Cooking 12. Kari – beef cooked with ground
peanuts, colored with asuete, and mixed
1. Sigang – fish or meat boiled with fresh with string beans, pechay, eggplant. It is
tamarind or camias or any other acidic partnered with baguc or fish paste
vegetables known as panaslam.
- Evegetables like kangkong, banana 13. Tidtad – pork with blood and seasoned
fluorescence, mustard or pechay with garlic, vinegar, salt and pepper
leaves and taro are added and
seasoned with salt 14. Sisig – a snack with sour dressing; it
can be made up of fruits, meat, or vegetable
2. Ningnang – (or derang) grilled meat or
fish Other Kapampangan Food
15. Pindang
3. Paksi – fish boiled in vinegar and salt 16. Kilayin
added with larang pamaksi, ginger and 17. Tinola
garlic 18. Umba
19. Tibuktibuk
4. Lagat – fish (catfish or mudfish) boiled in 20. Bringhi
vinegar and salt then cooked with lard,
garlic, onion, yellow ginger (ange) and
tangle

5. Pangat – fish boiled in water, salt, and

acidic vegetable

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founder of town (Kuliat), Don Angel

MODULE 12 Pantaleon de Miranda
Kapampangan Built Heritage
CAMALIG DE CAPITAN JUAN
GUALBERTO NEPOMUCENO
HOLY ROSARY PARISH - Declared as Important Cultural
- Pisambang Maragul as it is Property by the National Museum in
commonly called was declared as 2015, this structure was originally
Important Cultural Property by the owned by the De Miranda which
National Museum in 2015. they used to store their rice and
muscovado sugar from their
HOLY ROSARY PARISH RECTORY haciendas.
- This building on the left side of the
church serves as the present home DEPOSITO JOSE PEDRO HENSON
of the parish priest - Another Important Cultural Property
of the city, this was used as
COLEGIO DE LA SAGRADA FAMILIA depository of costly silver-gilt
- Constructed adjoined to the parish, religious floats and statues of Jesus
the original structure was built and other saints owned by the
around 1880 and was intended as Henson clan for the town’s several
the Conventoof the parish priest. religious processions.
- Benedictine German nuns who
spoke English fluently took over the RESIDENCIA DE DON CIRIACO DE
school and renamed it Holy Family MIRANDA
Academy on June 15, 1922. - Built in 1840, the house was owned
by Don Ciriaco de Miranda, the son
RESIDENCIA DE VICENTE GOMEZ of the founder.
- This 1930s ancestral house was
originally owned by Julian D. RUFINA DAYRIT-DYCAICO HOUSE
Nepomuceno but was inhabited by - This private house was vacated
Vicente Gomez, brother-in-law of the during World War II. After the war,
owner. It is said this was the first the house was renovated for the
office of the Angeles Electric Office. debut of the Dycaicos’ youngest
daughter.
ANGELES ICE PLANT
- Built by Don Juan Nepomuceno in RODRIGUEZ DELA CRUZ BUILDING
1922, this ice plant made Angeles - Built in 1933, this structure is said to
the first town in the Philippines to be the first two-storeybuilding
have iced cold drinks. Now it houses intended for commercial use.
a bookstore.
ESTACION DE ANGELES
FOUNDER’S HOUSE - The construction was started in 1887
- Known as Bale Matua, this structure by the Manila Railroad Company.
built in 1824 was owned by the

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APUNG MAMACALULU SHRINE - In the same year, Gen. Emilio

- This is the site of the Lord of the Aguinaldo made it the Presidential
Holy Sepulchre or the Sto. Entierro Residence.
that began in the 1890s.

CLEMENTE N. DAYRIT HOUSE

MODULE 13
- Built in 1917, the house was built by
Angeles City's Timeline
Dr. Clemente Nepomuceno Dayrit, a
doctor of medicine, a lawyer, and a
former mayor of the town.
1796
CARMELITE MONASTERY (CARMEL OF Don Angel Pantaleon de Miranda, Capitan
THE INFANT JESUS OF PRAGUE (town mayor) of San Fernando in the
previous year, leads the clearing of Culiat, a
MONASTERY AND CHAPEL)
barrio of San Fernando, to pave the way for
- Built in 1962, the chapel is special his hacienda.
because the altar retablo is said to
be painted by the National Artist 1811
Carlos “Botong” Francisco. Now retired, Don Angel ends clearing
activities in Culiat and puts up his first
BALE HERENCIA house “on the northwest corner of the
intersection of Sapang Balen creek and the
- During his term as parish priest of
road to Porac” (present Robin Theatre).
Angeles, the Spanish Agustinian
Friar Padre Guillermo Gomez 1812
Masnou, O.S.A. had this house Don Angel builds the first chapel of Culiat
constructed through the carpenters (where the present Chowking Restaurant is
from Vigan, Ilocos Sur. located), despite opposition from the parish
priest of San Fernando, Fray Jose Pometa,
ISA.
EDILBERTO NARCISIO HOUSE ● Culiat is now composed of four
- It was originally owned by Don barrios: Santo Rosario (in honor of
Teofisto Ganzon and Dona Engracia Our Lady of the Holy Rosary whose
Gonzales. image was carried in procession
during the clearing activities),
MUSEO NING ANGELES Cutcut, Pampang and Pulung
Anunas.
- Built in 1922 as the Municipio
Pueblo or town hall of Angeles, the 1813
structure is now used as a museum. The Archbishop of Manila, Juan Antonio
de Zulaibar, arrives to personally
PAMINTUAN MANSION inaugurate the new parish of Culiat.
- Build in 1890 as a wedding gift to
Florentino, the unico hijo Mariano 1822
Don Angel builds the first primary school,
Pamintuan and his wife, Valentina.
first sugar mill (located in Cutcut) and an
In 1899, Gen. Antonio Luna declared alacan or alambique (alcohol distillery).
the house as the command center of
the First Filipino Army.

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1824 residence, to where the Museo ning

Don Angel abandons first house and builds Angeles is now.
a new residence near the chapel. It still
exists today. 1846
Spanish Governor-General Don Narciso
1825 Claveria, today known for his 1849 decree
Padre Macario Paras, a native of Culiat but hispanizing native surnames, visits Angeles
first assigned in Ilocos, becomes parish and approves expansion of the town’s land
priest of Culiat. area to 8.120 hectares.

1829 1847
After Don Angel pays (from his own pocket) Pio Rafael Nepomuceno of Lukban,
the municipality of San Fernando the Quezon marries Maria Agustina Henson,
equivalent amount of taxes collectible from granddaughter of Don Angel Panteleon de
the 160 pioneer settlers of Culiat, the town Miranda, thus starting a great family dynasty
is formally separated from its matrix, San in the town:
Fernando, on December 8.
● Culiat is renamed Angeles, 1850
dedicated to the Los Santos Town population: 4,452.
Angeles Custodios (Holy Guardian Number of houses: 742.
Angels) but actually in honor of the ● Nipa palms (sasa) are still abundant
founder, Don Angel. in Angeles, especially along Sapang
● The town acquired three additional Balen in Mangga and Pulung Bulu.
barrios: San Nicolas, San Jose and
Amsic. Total population of the new 1851
town: 500. Townspeople build Santo Rosario Bridge,
made of stone, near where the present
1830 Saver’s Mart on Plaridel Street is.
In an effort to further promote devotion to ● Three years later, the Santo Angel
the Our Lady of the Holy Rosary, patron Bridge was opened (in front of the
saint of the founder’s wife, the new town present church).
celebrates for the first time on October ● The third bridge over Sapang Balen,
10 its own version of La Naval. the San Jose Bridge downstream,
● In December, the townspeople of was built five years later.
Angeles also hold for the first time a
lantern procession called 1855
lubenas, a custom that survives to The public market goes up in smoke, and is
this day. transferred to its present location in San
Nicolas.
1834 ​
The original chapel is replaced with a larger 1857
church at the same site. The old cemetery is transferred to its
present site in Cutcut.
1835
The town’s founder, Don Angel Pantaleon 1863​
de Miranda, 70, was found dead in his bed On June 3, on the eve of the feast of
in the morning of June 21. Corpus Christ, an earthquake caused
considerable damage to the town. The only
1840 medico (unlicensed doctor) is Don
The Tribunal (municipal hall) is transferred Silvestre Flores, who is on call from his
from its first site beside the founder’s residence in Calulut, San Fernando.

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1880
1865 A series of earthquakes on July 18 rocked
The town’s parish priest, Fray Masnou, the town.
further renovated the church with the ● In November, the colony’s
installation of galvanized iron roofing Governor-General Don Fernando
imported from England. Primo de Rivera, visited Angeles –
a sign of the town’s growing
1868 prosperity and importance.
The market is again razed down.
1881
1871 Taug River overflows and floods the town,
On the eve of La Naval, a strong typhoon sweeping away the three bridges on
blows away the church’s new Sapang Balen and several houses in barrio
galvanized-iron roof and destroys lavish San Jose.
decorations of thousands of lanterns that
the townspeople, under Mayor Mariano 1882
Vicente Henson, have been preparing On October 20, the most destructive

⬇️
since July. The clamor to push through with
the celebration gives rise to this ditty:
typhoon ever caps a year of unusually
numerous storms. Afterwards, a cholera
outbreak kills many townspeople.
1872
“Ing burin nang Don Marianu 1885
Mag Naval pang pasibayu Taug River again overflows into the Sapang
Mica tore’t mica circu​ Balen, destroying the town’s three bridges
Pitu lang bandang musicu” once more.
● The first telegraph posts are put up ● Starting this year, the provincial
in Angeles. governor, formerly known as alcalde
mayor, is called gobernador
1873 provincial.
Fray Mosnou installs silver fittings on the ● The town mayor, on the other hand,
church’s main altar, including the is known as gobernadorcillo until
now-famous sunburst. The convento (now the Maura Law changes it to capitan
residence of the Holy Family Academy’s municipal in 1894.
Benedictine nuns) is also constructed.
1888
1875 The first resident medico (unlicensed
Drought and locust infestation in the town doctor) of Angeles, Eulalio Castro of
forces the importation of rice from China. Sindalan, San Fernando, moves in.
● The first drug store, owned by
1876 pharmacist Ignacio Quero of
On the town’s founding anniversary (Dec. Ilocos, opens along Miranda Street.
8), the Archbishop of Manila, Pedro Payo,
celebrates first-ever pontifical mass in 1892
Angeles. The Angeles section of the
Manila-Dagupan Railroad is inaugurated
1877 on February 22.
Fray Masnou is succeeded by Fray Ramon
Sarrionandia, OSA. 1895
Fire once again destroys the public market,
including the row of houses along Miranda

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Street (across the present Equitable-PCI fact, prefer to remain under the Spaniards
Bank). rather than the new occupiers.
● On May 7, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo
1896 arrives from Factoria, Nueva Ecija
Shortly after the completion of the big and makes Angeles the capital of his
church, the Katipunan-led revolution revolutionary government until July
against Spain breaks out. when he transfers the capital again
● On August 30, a thousand Guardia to Tarlac.
Civil members arrived in Angeles en ● On June 12, the first anniversary
route to Factoria (San Isidro) in of Philippine Independence was
Nueva Ecija, to fight the forces of held in Angeles with a field Mass
revolutionary leader General officiated by Fr. Vicente Lapus for
Mariano Llanera. the assembled revolutionary forces
under Gen. Aguinaldo, Gen. Marcelo
1897 H. Del Pilar, Laguna Morales and a
Pro-Spain Cazadores arrive and fortify the battalion from Zambales.
Tribunal(municipal hall in front of the
church) with bamboo stakes and earth 1900
revetments. On New Year’s Day, the first US-sponsored
● Devotion to Apung Mamacalulu civil government is established in Angeles,
reaches cult proportions after a man with Don Mariano Vicente Henson as first
named Roman Payamu, arrested town mayor.
on suspicion of being a Katipunero,
miraculously escapes death during 1901
the quinario Townspeople who evacuated when
Philippine-American War broke out, start
1898 returning home. They gather in a square in
As the revolution against Spain escalates, Talimunduc (Lourdes Norte) to witness the
more than 300 Cazadores, members of the public hanging of US soldier George
Guardia Civil, and Voluntarios de Raymond, who murdered a fellow
Macabebe, rescue the last Spanish parish American soldier over a Filipino woman.
priest of Angeles, Fray Baltazar Gamarra,
OSA and bring him to safety in San 1902
Fernando. Land taxes are collected for the first
● The town’s first theatre opens on the time. On October 3, the local units of the
property of Don Modesto Quiason US Army vacated the church premises and
along Miranda Street. moved to barrio Talimunduc (now Lourdes
● Among the first stage productions Sur, near the train station).
are comedia(Guagua’s Don Martin ● The first Rizal Day is
Gonzales Bravo in the role of commemorated on December 30,
Gonzalo de Cordoba), zarzuela six years after the hero’s execution.
(featuring 10-voice ventriloquist
Pregolini and local thespians Petra 1903
Pili and Monico Resurrection) and Town population: 10,646.
circo (operated by the Antonieta Number of barrios: 22, namely, Amsic,
Circus Co.). Anunas, Balibago, Capaya, Cutcut, Cutud,
Malabañas, Mining, Pampang, Pandan,
1899 Pasbul Bulu, Pulung Bulu, Pulung Cacutud,
News of the occupation of Manila by Pulung Maragul, Sapa Libutad,
another country called America throws the Sapangbato, San Nicolas, Santo Cristo,
town in panic; some families in Angeles, in Santo Rosario, Santo, Tabun and Tacondo.

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bagun (railroad wagons); it is the first

1904 modern sugar central in Central Luzon.
The first municipal cemetery is put up along
Santo Entierro Street (later called Patirik- 1920
tirik). Airport at Fort Stotsenburg opens.

1909 1922
The Angeles Band, playing Tobani’s Crème The Benedictine Sisters take over the
de la Crѐme, wins first prize at the Colegio de la Sagrada Familia. On October
prestigious Manila Carnival. 16, the old Tribunal (municipal building) is
replaced with the present edifice. Don
1910 Juan D. Nepomuceno opens a modern ice
Dr. Jose Tayag, with post-graduate studies plant.
at the University of Paris, together with Dr.
Clemente Dayrit and Dr. Pacifico Panlilio, 1923​
put up their respective clinics. Don Juan Nepomuceno inaugurates the
Angeles Electric Light and Power Plant
1911 on July 10.
On July 20, Taug river overflowed into the
Abacan River and wreaked havoc 1933
downstream. Later in the year, however, Parish priest Fr. Pedro Santos inaugurates
drought damages crops in Angeles. Sapangbato as a separate parish.
● Holy Angel Academy, the country’s
first Catholic school run by lay
1912 persons opens.
Using personal money, Don Jose P. Henson
builds a concrete levee, 300 m long and 3 m 1934
high, between Bitlung river and Ebus river La Naval celebrations are ruined by a strong
(leading to Taug river), which are only 40 m typhoon which strikes the town on the eve
apart, to avoid merging. of the fiesta. The following month, a strong
earthquake rocks the town.
1913
Three bars operate in Angeles for the 1936
benefit of UD soldiers; they are “Edgar,” The town’s fourth bridge, connecting barrio
“Johnson” (for blacks) and “Farrell.” San Nicolas with the road to Porac (near the
Town population: 26,027. present fire department), opens. Another
typhoon spoils this year’s La Naval
1914 Festivities.
Don Celso Dayrit of San Fernando built the
first ice plant in barrio Lourdes Sur; it folded 1937
three years later. The most modern hospital in Central Luzon,
the Angeles Hospital owned by Dr.
1918 Placido de Guzman, is inaugurated on
The Colegio de la Sagrada Familia is October 5.
transferred to the convento (present Holy
Family Academy). 1941
On December 8, at 12:10 P.M., Japanese
1919 planes bomb Clark Field, signaling the
Angeles sugar planters begin sending their start of World War II in the Philippines.
produce to the Pampanga Sugar Mills
(PASUMIL) in Masulput (Del Carmen) on

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1942
Mass evacuation of Angeles begins in 1968
the morning of New Year’s Day, on orders The Nepo Mart Commercial Complex
from the United States Army Forces in the opens, legitimizing the PX trade in the city
Far East (USAFFE). and redefining Kapampangan taste.

1943 1972
The Kempei tai (Japanese Military Police) Sapang Balen and Abacan rivers wreak
starts zoning the town’s male population to havoc in Angeles during the monsoon
prevent them from joining the guerilla season; dozens of houses in Pulung Bulu
movement. and San Jose are washed away.

1944 1978
The Japanese converted a portion of barrio Entire neighborhoods apply for jobs in the
Pandan into an airfield, to augment similar Middle East; many employees in Clark Air
landing fields in Cutcut and Clark Field. Base do the same.

1945 1986
A US B-25 bomber plane strikes the nave of Cory Aquino and Doy Laurel held a
the church on January 7 before crashing on massive political rally at the Nepo Square;
the grounds of the Holy Angel Academy. within weeks, the People Power
Revolution toppled the Marcos
1946 dictatorship.
Cine Paraiso located along Miranda ​
Extension was inaugurated on November 1990
16. Residents start selling American goods A Magnitude 7.6 earthquake rocks Angeles
in earnest. City and its environs, but Cabanatuan City
and Baguio City that takes the brunt of the
1947 temblor.
Marte, another movie house (after Eden
and Paraiso), opens. 1991
● An intense storm on November 7 On June 15, Typhoon Yunya crossed
destroyed more than a hundred Angeles at the same time that Mount
houses in barrios Margot, Baliti and Pinatubo erupted.
Sapangbato and caused damage at
Clark Field estimated at P1 million. 1992
● On December 26, another strong The city holds the first Tigtigan Terakan
typhoon causes widespread king Dalan to cheer its citizens up. Local
destruction in the town. Town businessmen and entrepreneurs, led by the
population: 34,328. Angeles City Chamber of Commerce,
decide to stay and rehabilitate the
1964 devastated city.
Angeles becomes a chartered city,
following approval by Congress of a bill 2003
sponsored by Congresswoman Juanita The first Giant Sisig Festival is held in
Nepomuceno. Balibago.

1966
The 1947 Military Bases Agreement was
revised, setting its expiration date on
September 16, 1991.

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MODULE 14
Kulitan: The Kapampangan Indigenous Writing

• Kapampangan people were mainly using

Kulitan or Sulat Kapampangan, the
Kapampangan Indigenous script.

• Kulitan, an Indic-inspired script is an

abugida or alphasyllabary (Pangilinan,
2012).

• According to (Daniels, 1996), in an

abugida, the consonantal character is fused
with a default sound.

VOWEL SOUND
a. á – The diacritical mark above the
vowel indicates that it is a long
vowel
b. â – The diacritical mark above the
vowel indicates that it is a glottal
stop vowel.

THE WRITING SYSTEM

Kulitan characters are categorized into two,
the indung sulat and the anak sulat.
● Indung sulat have no altered
inherent vowel sound. They become
anak sulat if the default sound is
changed.

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