6.
Distributed Generation and
Micro-grid System
Mekelle University,
EiTM
Presenter:
Dr.ir. Leake Enquay
[email protected]
Outline
Introduction
DG Systems
The Micro-Grid System
Distributed Generations
Introduction
Distributed generation (DG):
also distributed energy, on-site generation (OSG) or
district/decentralized energy is electrical generation
and storage performed by a variety of small, grid-
connected devices referred to as distributed energy
resources (DER).
Source of Distributed Power
Generation
Wind power
Natural gas
Biogas
Solar thermal
Solar PV
Fuel cell
Combined Heat and Power
Micro Turbines
Sterling Engines
Motivations for DGs
Increasing energy demand and depleting fossil fuels
Proximity of load and source - reduce T & D losses
Increase system-wide reliability
Peak operating costs
Give customer more choices.
Environmental problems
Abundant renewable energy
Motivation …
Liberalization of energy market
Standalone and grid connected systems can be used
for augmentation and hence improving power quality
and reliability of supply
Efficiency of system can be improved
To further:
Adjust energy structure
Transform economic development pattern
Achieve sustainable development
Features of DGs
decentralized, modular & more flexible technologies
located close to the load they serve
have capacities of only 10 megawatts (MW) or less
typically use RESs (eg. small hydro, biomass, biogas,
solar power, wind power, and geothermal power)
Can comprise multiple generation and storage
components; referred to as hybrid power systems
may lower environmental impacts and improve
security of supply
Advantages of DGs
Support the increasing power demand
Offer better reliability of supply
Serve with reduced transmission
Have reduced distribution losses and cost
Reduce the GHG emissions.
Mitigate the severity of voltage dips.
Cont …
HV
0 N0 MV
PCC
CB 1
1
2
NA2YSY 240se
L = 5 km
.
.
.
3 N3
6 N6
NAKBA 95SM
L = 0.95 km
CB 2 CB 2 Neighboring feeders
7 11 DG unit of 1.38 MW (DGPL= 10.3%)
8 N8 12
Short-circuit powers at POCs are
NAKBA 50SM
9 13 N13
L = 2.2 km
LV
10 N1 0 14
End-user
higher with the DG units
15 N1 5
Local feeder
Cont …
Penetration level:
The contribution of DG units to the total supply is
expressed in terms of penetration level given by
formula:
PDG
%DGPL 100
PDG PCG
where DGPL: penetration level of DG-units,
PDG : total power of DG-units,
PCG : power of central supply generated by HV/MV transformer.
Cont …
Disadvantages of DGs
their contribution of power delivered to the utility grid
remains small as compared to the power injected by
the large centralized power plants
Voltage dip ride-through capabilities are required by
grid operator to alleviate the stressing behavior of DG
units on the utility grid
Increased short-circuit power during fault conditions
Storages might be needed
Complexity of location and sizing problems
Protections issues (e.g. blinding and false tripping of
protection)
Integration of DG with the grid
Due to reliability, DGs would be connected to the grid
as central stations
Various technical and economic issues occur in the
integration of DGs to the grid (e.g. PQ, voltage
stability, harmonics, reliability, protection, and control)
large scale deployment of distributed generation may
affect grid-wide functions such as frequency control
and allocation of reserves
Status: Distributed Generations
Micro-grid system
Micro-grid?
is a localized grouping of electricity
generation, energy storage, and loads
that normally operates connected to a
traditional centralized grid (macro-grid).
The single PCC with the macro-grid can
be disconnected and the micro-grid can
then function autonomously.
Generation and loads are usually interconnected at low
voltage and can operate in DC, AC or combination of both.
From the DSO point of view, a connected micro-grid can
be controlled as if it were one entity.
Micro- …
source can include stationary batteries, fuel cells, solar,
wind, or other energy sources.
would provide highly reliable electric power due to the use
of multiple dispersed generation sources and ability to
isolate the microgrid from a larger network
power is generated by the community for the community,
and any excess is fed directly into the power grid.
Size may range from homes to municipal regions to
industrial parks
Components of micro-grid
Components of a Micro-grid?
Distributed Generation
Loads
Storage devices
Controls
Point of Common Coupling
System Structure of Energy Station
Micro-grid
Design of Micro-grid
A major challenge (and opportunity) is
deciding what components to choose and then
how best to operate them to meet demand
Location Adaptation Protocol (LAP™):
allows each Micro-grid to be designed using
optimum resources and provide optimum
benefits.
• The system should run as much as possible on its RESs,
using diesel generators or batteries when needed
• The system should provide perfect reliability—that is, it
should never fail to meet total customer demand
Design …
Key design questions:
How much generating capacity
in PV panels and wind
generation?
What should be done in diesel
generators and batteries or other
storage sources for backup?
What mix will provide the necessary performance at the
least cost, or with the lowest possible emissions, or with
some mix of the two?
Design …
Integration challenges:
Voltage, frequency & power quality
are three main parameters that must
be considered and controlled to
acceptable standards while the
power and demand are balanced
Resynchronization with the utility grid is complex and
operation must be seamless and automatic:
when the power system shuts down, the microgrid may need to
ramp up generation and possibly cut service to some customers;
when the power system comes back on, the micro-grid must
resynchronize
Design …
Integration challenges:
Micro-grid protection is one of the
most important challenges
Electrical energy stored in battery
banks or other storage devices will
require more space and maintenance
Issues such as standby charges may
present barriers for Micro-grid
Sailing features of Micro-grids
Micro-grids are flexible
Can provide electricity to
remote loads or communities
Can be connected to a central
power system, selling and
buying electricity as needed
and increasing reliability to customers by continuing to
operate even when the central system goes down
Sailing features …
Micro-grids can support integration of intermittent
energy sources (wind and solar)
When the sun doesn’t shine or the
wind doesn’t blow, micro-grid
operators can get power from
batteries or diesel generators, they
can buy it from their utility, or they
can reduce demand by cutting service to self-selected
customers or loads
Types of Micro-grids
1. Campus Environment/Institutional Micro-grids
2. Remote “Off-grid” Micro-grids
3. Military Base Micro-grids
4. Commercial and Industrial (C&I) Micro-grid
5. Community/Utility Micro-grids
Benefits of micro-grids
1. Improving local energy delivery
Micro-grids can help to guard against power outages
Benefits …
2. Increasing reliability
Micro-grids can help to secure more energy by reducing imported energy
Benefits …
3. Saving money
Micro-grids can help to reduce power and financial losses
Benefits …
4. Generating revenue
Micro-grids can generate revenue to the community by providing energy to the wider gird
Benefits …
5. Aiding economic growth
Micro-grids can stimulate the creation of jobs, business opportunities and innovations.
Benefits …
6. Making the grid more resilient
Micro-grids can bring more price stability.
Benefits …
7. Helping to counter climate change
Micro-grids can help to cut carbon emissions and thus help to counter climate change.
Drawbacks of Micro-grids
1. Voltage, frequency and power quality must be
considered and controlled to acceptable standards.
2. Technology challenges that limit near-term economies
of scale for the Micro-grids due to their infancy
3. Energy storage options & capabilities are a very weak
link in the success of Micro-grid operations. Require
more space & maintenance due to battery banks.
4. limited information on the true total cost of operation
for Micro-grids and the associated payback periods
due to their infancy .
Drawbacks …
5. Resynchronization with the utility grid is difficult.
6. Micro-grid protection
7. Limited information on the true total cost of operation
for Micro-grids and the associated payback periods
due to their infancy
8. Business case for Micro-grid deployment is difficult as
they can be of different size, varying geographic
footprints and involve many different device types
Challenges of Micro-grids
1. High installation cost
2. Standards are not yet available for addressing
operation and protection issues.
3. No standard legislation and regulations available.
4. Market monopoly.
Incentives for DGs and Microgrids
Challenges and solutions
Assignments
Reading assignments
1. Voltage control and reactive power control techniques
with DGs
2. PQ problems due to DGs
3. Optimal Placement of DGs
