BERNOULLI’S THEOREM

FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW

10/25/2023 ENGR. JOHN CEEDEE M. ALVAREZ-DPWH QUEZON II DEO 1

DISCHARGE OF FLOW RATE, Q
Is the amount of fluid passing through a section per unit of
time.
Volume flow rate, Q=AV
Mass flow rate, M=ρQ
Weight flow rate, W=ϒQ
Where:
Q=discharge (m^3/s or ft^3/s)
A=cross-sectional area of flow (m^2 of ft^2)
V=mean velocity of flow (m/s or ft/s)
ρ=mass density in kg/m^3 or slugs/ft^3
ϒ=weight density in N/m^3 or lb/ft^3

10/25/2023 ENGR. JOHN CEEDEE M. ALVAREZ-DPWH QUEZON II DEO 2

ENERGY AND HEAD
The energy possessed by a flowing fluid consists of the kinetic
and the potential energy.

1. KINETIC ENERGY
The ability of the fluid mass to do work by virtue of its velocity.
𝒗𝟐
Kinetic head or Velocity head =
𝟐𝒈

10/25/2023 ENGR. JOHN CEEDEE M. ALVAREZ-DPWH QUEZON II DEO 3

2. POTENTIAL ENERGY
(ELEVATION ENERGY)
The energy possessed by a flowing fluid by virtue of its position
or elevation with respect to a datum plane.
Elevation Head = 𝒛
3. POTENTIAL ENERGY (PRESSURE
ENERGY) 𝑷
Pressure Head =
Where: ϒ
Z=position of the fluid above (+) or below (-) the datum plane
P= fluid pressure
V=mean velocity of flow

10/25/2023 ENGR. JOHN CEEDEE M. ALVAREZ-DPWH QUEZON II DEO 4

TOTAL FLOW ENERGY, E
The total energy or head in a fluid flow is the sum of the kinetic
and the potential energies.

𝒗𝟐 𝟐 𝑷
Total Head, E = 𝒗+ +𝑷 z
= +
Total Head, E 𝟐𝒈 ϒ + z
𝟐𝒈 ϒ

10/25/2023 ENGR. JOHN CEEDEE M. ALVAREZ-DPWH QUEZON II DEO 5

BERNOULLI’S ENERGY THEOREM
Results from the application of the principles of conservation of
energy.

Principles of Conservation of Energy

“Energy cannot be created nor destroyed,
Energy is just transformed.”

𝑬𝟏 = 𝑬𝟐
10/25/2023 ENGR. JOHN CEEDEE M. ALVAREZ-DPWH QUEZON II DEO 6
ENERGY EQUATION WITHOUT HEAD LOST
(THEORETICALLY):
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒, 𝐸𝐺𝐿
𝑣12
2𝑔 𝑣22
𝑬𝟏 = 𝑬𝟐
2𝑔 𝑣12 𝑝1 𝑣22 𝑝2
𝑝1 + + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
1

𝑝2
𝛾
𝑧1
2

𝑧2

10/25/2023 ENGR. JOHN CEEDEE M. ALVAREZ-DPWH QUEZON II DEO 7

ENERGY EQUATION WITH HEAD LOST
(ACTUALLY):
𝑣12 𝐻𝐿1−2
2𝑔 𝑬𝟏 = 𝑬𝟐
𝑣22 𝑣12 𝑝1 𝑣22 𝑝2
𝑝1 2𝑔 + + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 + 𝐻𝐿1−2
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
1

𝑝2
𝛾
𝑧1
2

𝑧2

10/25/2023 ENGR. JOHN CEEDEE M. ALVAREZ-DPWH QUEZON II DEO 8

ENERGY EQUATION WITH PUMP:

𝑬𝟏 = 𝑬𝟐
𝑣12 𝑝1 𝑣22 𝑝2
+ + 𝑧1 +𝐻𝐴= + + 𝑧2 + 𝐻𝐿1−2
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
HA= Head Added by the pump (m)

10/25/2023 ENGR. JOHN CEEDEE M. ALVAREZ-DPWH QUEZON II DEO 9

ENERGY EQUATION WITH TURBINE:

𝑬𝟏 = 𝑬𝟐
𝑣12 𝑝1 𝑣22 𝑝2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 + 𝐻𝐿1−2+𝐻𝐸
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
HE= Head Extracted by the turbine (m)

10/25/2023 ENGR. JOHN CEEDEE M. ALVAREZ-DPWH QUEZON II DEO 10

POWER AND EFFICIENCY
Power is the rate at which work is done. For a fluid of unit weight ϒ
(N/m^3) and moving of Q (m^3/s) with a total energy of E (m), the power in
N-m/s (Joule/sec) or watts is:
Values of E:
POWER= QϒE (watts) In pumps, E is HA
In turbines, E is HE
𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
Efficiency= 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎 In pumps, the power immediately solved from BE is an OUTPUT
In turbine, the power immediately solved from BE is an INPUT
𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕

Where: Note:
Q=discharge (m^3/s or ft^3/s)
ϒ=weight density in N/m^3 or lb/ft^3 1 Horsepower (hp) =746 watts
E=Energy Head (m or ft) 1 Horsepower (hp) =550 ft-lb/sec
1 watt = 1 N-m/s = 1 Joule/sec

10/25/2023 ENGR. JOHN CEEDEE M. ALVAREZ-DPWH QUEZON II DEO 12

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It is required to pump oil (s=0.756) to tank D as shown at 172 liters/s. The loss of head in the 300-mm∅ suction pipe is 2.2 J/N
and the loss of head in the 300-mm∅ discharge pipe is 9.4 J/N. Assuming a pump efficiency of 78%, how much horsepower
is required by the pump? Draw the energy grade line.

EL = 60 m

EL = 10m

P C
B EL = 7.0 m

10/25/2023 ENGR. JOHN CEEDEE M. ALVAREZ-DPWH QUEZON II DEO 21

It is required to pump oil (s=0.756) to tank D as shown at 172 liters/s. The loss of head in the 300-mm∅ suction pipe is 2.2 J/N
and the loss of head in the 300-mm∅ discharge pipe is 9.4 J/N. Assuming a pump efficiency of 78%, how much horsepower
is required by the pump? Draw the energy grade line.

H.L.

EL = 60 m
H.A.
D

EL = 10m
H.L.

P C
B EL = 7.0 m

10/25/2023 ENGR. JOHN CEEDEE M. ALVAREZ-DPWH QUEZON II DEO 22

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5. A 300 mm dia pipe line 3000 m. long runs
on a constant grade between two
reservoir of surface elevations 150 m. and
120 m. respectively. The flow rate trough
the line is inadequate and a pump is
installed to increase the capacity to 0.17
m^3/s.
a. Assuming the friction factor “f” of 0.02, compute
the head loss of the pipe using the Darcy-Weishback
Formula.
b. Compute the total energy head that the pump
must supply.
c. Determine the Horsepower that must be delivered
to the water. 𝒇𝑳 𝑽𝟐
Darcy-Weishback Formula is 𝑯𝑳 = 𝟐𝑫𝒈
d. Determine the required rate of the Pump needed Where:
for the system. Assume Efficiency of 85% HL= Head loss (m)
f=Friction Factor
L=Length of the pipe (m)
V=Velocity (m/s)
D= Diameter of the Pipe (m)
g=acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s^2)
10/25/2023 ENGR. JOHN CEEDEE M. ALVAREZ-DPWH QUEZON II DEO 28
6. Water flows from an upper reservoir to a lower
one while passing through a turbine as shown.
Total length of the pipe is 100 m with the diameter
of 250 mm. Water flows at a rate of 150 lit/s.
a. Compute the head loss of the pipe system using
Hazen Williams Formula with C=120 for Head loss.
b. Compute the total energy extracted by the
turbine.
c. Compute the power generated by the turbine,
(use 9.79kN/m^3)
d. Determine the required rate of the turbine
needed for the system. Assume Efficiency of 90%
𝟏𝟎.𝟔𝟒 𝑳 𝑸𝟏.𝟖𝟓
Hazen-Williams Formula is 𝑯𝑳 = 𝑪𝟏.𝟖𝟓 𝑫𝟒.𝟖𝟕
Where:
HL= Head loss (m)
L=Length of the pipe (m)
Q=Discharge (m^3/s)
C=Hazen Williams Coefficient
D= Diameter of the Pipe (m)
10/25/2023 ENGR. JOHN CEEDEE M. ALVAREZ-DPWH QUEZON II DEO 29
7. For the water shooting out of the pipe
and nozzle under the condition shown,
compute the following:
a. Velocity at A.
b. Velocity at the nozzle.
c. Height above the nozzle to which the water will
shoot. Assume negligible head loss.
d. Height above the nozzle to which the water will
shoot. Assume head loss to be 5% of the velocity
head at the nozzle.

10/25/2023 ENGR. JOHN CEEDEE M. ALVAREZ-DPWH QUEZON II DEO 30

 Quiz:
20 minutes

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𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

10/25/2023 ENGR. JOHN CEEDEE M. ALVAREZ-DPWH QUEZON II DEO 33