Assignment 03 Solution

ESC201 2023-24 Sem-II

1. Find the capacitor voltage v(t) as a function of time t for the circuit shown below in Figure 1.
Assume that before switches are thrown at t = 0, the circuit had enough time to reach steady state.

t=0 v t=0

12 Ω 0.1 F
30 V
6Ω 6Ω 3Ω 4A

Figure 1
Solution:

V
.

V, and t is in seconds.
2. Find 𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) for 𝑡 > 0 in the following circuit of Figure 2 if the capacitor voltage is zero for 𝑡 < 0.

Figure 2
Solution:

Before the switch is closed, 𝑣𝑐 (𝑡 = 0− ) = 0.

After the switch is closed, looking from the terminals of the capacitor:

For both open circuit voltage and short circuit current calculation, we apply KVL in the first loop.
We get 5 − 𝑉𝑥 − 𝑉𝑥 = 0 => 𝑉𝑥 = 2.5 V.
2.5 𝑉
Hence, the open circuit voltage is Vth = 2.5V, and the short circuit current is ISC = = 125 mA.
20 𝛺
2.5𝑣
So, 𝑅𝑡ℎ = 125𝑚𝐴 = 20Ω.

Hence, the time constant is 𝜏 = 𝑅𝑡ℎ C = 20 × 10−6 = 20µs.

t
The capacitor voltage is given as 𝑣c (𝑡) = 𝑣c (∞) + [𝑣c (0) − 𝑣c (∞)]e−𝜏 .
𝑡 𝑡
− −
We obtain, 𝑣c (𝑡) = 2.5 + (0 – 2.5 )𝑒 2×10−5 V = 2.5 (1 – 𝑒 2×10−5 ) V, and t is in seconds.
3. In Figure 3 below, assume that the capacitor does not have any initial charge and determine the
voltage across the capacitor V(t) as a function of time t after the switch is closed at t = 0.

Figure 3
Solution:

V, and t is in seconds.
4. Consider the circuit of Figure 4 and determine the voltage v(t) across the inductor for t > 0 after
the switch is connected to B. Assume that the switch was connected to A before, for a long time.

Figure 4
Solution:

s.

A, and t is in seconds.

V, and t is in seconds.
5. Find iL(t) in the circuit of Figure 5 at t equals to (a) −0.5 s; (b) 0.5 s; (c) 1.5 s.

Figure 5
Solution:
Applying source transformation to the ideal voltage source in series with the resistance, we get:

Method 1: Looking at t < 0 and t > 0 separately

For t > 0, the current through the inductor is iL(t) = iL(∞) + [iL(0+) – iL(∞)]e–t/τ.

For t < 0 and after steady state, iL(0–) = 2 A. Hence, iL(0+) = iL(0–) = 2 A.

For t > 0 and after steady state has been reached (t →∞), iL(∞) = 4 A.

The time constant is τ = L/R = 2/5 s = 0.4 s.

So, the current through the inductor is iL(t) = 4 + (2 – 4) e–2.5t A = (4 – 2 e–2.5t) A for t > 0 (t is in sec).

Method 2: Superposition

The effect of the constant current source of 2 A for all time is i1(t) = 2 A.

The effect of the current source of 2 u(t) A is i2(t) = 2 (1 –e–2.5t) u(t) A.

By superposition, we get iL(t) = i1(t) + i2(t) = 2 + 2 (1 –e–2.5t) u(t) A.

6. Find vx(t) for all time in the circuit below shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6
Solution:

, and t is in seconds.
7. In the following circuit of Figure 7, the switch S1 is closed and S2 is left open for a long time. At
t = 0, S1 is opened and S2 is closed. Determine the current through the 5 resistor for all time.

Figure 7
Solution:
For t = 0– and after steady state has been reached:

Note that the 4 H and 6 H inductors are connected in parallel, and this parallel combination having
an effective inductance of 2.4 H is connected in series with the 2 H inductor (along with the 10 Ω
resistor). Hence, the given circuit is only a first order circuit with an effective inductance of 4.4 H.
10×5 10 10 10
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = (10 + ) Ω = (10 + ) Ω, and 𝑖5 = (10+5) × ( 10 ) A = 0.5 A.
15 3 10+
3
5 5
The current through this effective inductance at t = 0– is 𝑖 = (10) × 𝑖5 = (10) × 0.5 A = 0.25 A.
Since the current through the inductor cannot change instantaneously, 𝑖(0+ ) = 𝑖(0− ) = 0.25 A.
For t > 0 and after steady state has been reached (t →∞):

Looking from the two terminals of the equivalent 4.4 H inductor, Rth = [(20||5) + 10] Ω = 14 Ω.
Therefore, τ = L/Rth = 4.4/14 s = 0.314 s.
After steady state has been reached (t →∞), the current through the equivalent inductor at t →∞ is
10 5 10 1 5 5 1 1
𝑖5 = (10+5) × ( 50 ) A = (70) A = (7) A, and 𝑖 = (10) × 𝑖5 = (10) × (7) A = (14) A.
20+
15
For t > 0, the current through the equivalent inductor is i(t) = i(∞) + [i(0+) – i(∞)] e–t/τ.
Therefore, i(t) = (1/14) + [(1/4) – (1/14)] e–3.2t A, where t is in seconds.
𝑑𝑖 5 5 5 1 1
Hence, 𝑣5 = 𝑅𝑖 + 𝐿 (𝑑𝑡) = 7 + (2 − 7) 𝑒 −3.2𝑡 + (4.4) (4 − 14) 𝑒 −3.2𝑡 (−8.2) V.

10 1
Therefore, 𝑉5 = (14) (1 − 𝑒 −3.2𝑡 ) V, and 𝑖5 = (7) (1 − 𝑒 −3.2𝑡 ) A.
8. For the circuit shown below in Figure 8, determine the voltage v across the vertical 2K resistor
as a function of time t after the switch is opened at t = 0.

Figure 8
Solution:

Note that we have used the substitution theorem in the last step by substituting the inductor of known
current (through the element) with an ideal current source of the same current value.