Chemistry 9

Electron Configuration Mnemonics 2. Hund’s Rule

- Every orbital in a sublevel is singly
occupied before any orbital is doubly
occupied. All of the electrons in singly
occupied orbitals have the same spin
(to maximize total spin).

Electron Configuration 3. Pauli Exclusion Principle

Main Energy Level - the quantum mechanical principle
which states that two or more identical
Sub-Energy Level fermions (particles with half-integer
Orbitals spin) cannot occupy the same quantum
state within a quantum system
3 Rules simultaneously.
1. Aufbau Principle Representative Elements
- From the German Aufbauprinzip, “to
build” states that in the ground state of 1A - 1ve- to lose
an atom or ion, electrons fill atomic
2A - 2ve- e-/s
orbitals of the lowest available energy
levels before occupying higher levels. 3A - 3ve-

Main Energy Level 2(n2) 4A - 4ve-

1–K - 2e- 5A - 5ve-

2–L - 8e- 6A - 6ve-

3–M - 18e- 7A - 7ve-

4–N - 32e- 8A - 8ve- stable configuration (octet rule)

5–O - 50e- Metals

6–P - 72e- - low ionization energy

- low electronegativity
7–Q - 98e-
Nonmetals
Sub-Energy Level # of orbitals Max # of e-
- high ionization energy
s–0 -1 - 2e-
- high electronegativity
p–1 -3 - 6e-
Transition Elements
-
d–2 -5 - 10e
Fe+2 2ve- Au+ 1ve- Cu+ 1ve-
f–3 -7 - 14e-
Fe+3 3ve- Au+2 3ve- Cu+2 2ve-
18 Ar – 1s22s22p63s23p6
Principal Quantum Numbers (n)
2 2 6 2 6 2 1
21 Se – 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
- total energy of the electrons in an atom

11 Na 1s22s22p63s1 n=3 l =0
- - -
18 Ar )2e )8e )8e
4 Be 1s22s2 n=2 l =0
 Chemistry 9

Azimuthal Quantum Numbers (l) Nature of the Electron

- determines the shape of the orbital - Thomson’s work show that e- behave
like particles
11 Na 1s22s22p63s1 n = 3 l =0
- In 1924, Louis de Broglie states that e-
2
4 Be 1s 2s 2
n=2 l =0 behave like waves based on Bohr’s
Model
Magnetic Quantum Numbers (ml) - This was explained in the
- describe the orientation of orbitals in electromagnetic spectrum
space and can have an integral value Electromagnetic Spectrum
from - l to + l including zero
- formula to be used, 2l + 1 - The movement of electrons produced
lights when release energy
- In 1905, Albert Einstein proposed that
light have properties of particles and
waves

Electron Transition

- e- in the lowest possible energy is in

ground state
Spin Quantum Numbers (ms) - e- that gains energy move to excited
state
- represent the 2 opposite orientations - e- releases energy as it goes back to
for electron spin ground state
ms = + ½ ms = - ½ Quantum Mechanical Model
counter - 1920’s
clockwise clockwise - Werner Heisenburg (Uncertainty
Principle)
Examples:
- Louis de Broglie (e- has wave properties)
12 Mg 1s22s22p63s2 - Erwin Schrodinger (Mathematical
equations using probability, quantum
n=3 ml = 0 ve- = 2ve- numbers)

l =0 ms = - 1/2 Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

- It is impossible to determine
29 Cu 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d9 0
simultaneously both the position and
n=4 ml = +1 ve- = 2ve- velocity of an e- or any other particle
with any great degree of accuracy or
l =2 ms = - 1/2 certainty

Erwin Schrodinger

- Formulated equations that describes

-2 -1 0 +1 +2 behavior and energies of subatomic
particles
Bohr’s Atom Model
- Incorporates both particle and wave
- Confines electron in shells behavior in terms of wave function:
- Electrons loses energy due to its Is proportional to the probability of
movements finding an e-
- Electrons combine in certain levels - Leads Quantum Mechanics:
depending of the energy they have - We cannot pinpoint an e- in an atom but
we can define the region where e- can
be in a particular time called a
Probability Map (Orbital)
 Chemistry 9

Louie/Louis de Broglie Covalent Bond

- Follow the thinking of Albert Einstein - Formed through sharing of electrons

that light can also be thought as a wave - Nonmetal + metal
and a particle (e-)
Molecule
Quantum Mechanical Model
- H O N Cl Br I F diatomic molecules
- The nucleus is still at the center of the - H2 O2 N2 Cl2 Br2 I2 F2
atom and provides the electrical -  H2O CO2 OF2 N2O SO3 SO2
attractions that binds the electrons to
LEDS
the atom
- Contrary to Bohr’s theory, however, the H2 H = 2 x 1e- = 2e- H-H
electrons do not circulate in definite
planet-like orbits O2 O = 2 x 6e- = 12e-

Chemical Bond N2 N = 2 x 5e- = 10e-

- The force that holds together 2 atoms

in a molecule/more complex unit Family Elements Covalency #
- Formed either by the transfer of
electrons from one atom to another or 1A H 1
by sharing of electrons 4A C, S, Ge 4
LEDS (Lewis Electron Dot Structure) 5A N, P, As, Sb 3
 Gilbert Newton Lewis 6A 0, S, Se, Te, Po 2
- Chemical symbols of an element
surrounded by dot equal in number to 7A F, Cl, Br, I, At, Ts 1
the number of ve- present in atoms
Polar Covalent Bond

- Results from unequal distribution of

shared pairs of e-
a. H+ Nonmetal
Ionic Bond b. C+ Nonmetal
- Formed through the transfer of c. 2 nonmetal belonging to the
one/more e- from metals to nonmetals different families
d. Moderate electronegativity
Family Group # of ve-
+1 1A 1 Non-Polar Covalent Bond
+2 2A 2
- Equal sharing of e-
+3 3A 3
a. 2 identical nonmetals
±4 4A 4
b. 2 nonmetals belonging in same fam
-3 5A 5
-2 6A 6 c. Negligible electronegativity
-1 7A 7 LEDS of Polyatomic Ions
0 8A 8 CO3-2
C = 1 x 4e- = 4e-
O = 3 x 6e- = 18e-
22e-
+ 2e-
24e-
+
NH4
N = 1 x 5e- = 5e-
H = 4 x 1e- = 4e-
9e-
- 1e-
8e-
 Chemistry 9

Metallic Bonds and the Properties of Metals Types of Numbers:

- Metals are not ionic but share several Exact Numbers: (do not affect SF in calculations)
properties with ionic compounds - Counting Numbers
- Metals also form lattices in the solid - One in conversion factors
state, where 8 to 12 other atoms closely - Definitions
surround each metal atom Inexact Numbers
- Within the crowded lattice, the outer Rules in Significant Figures
energy levels of metal atoms overlap 1. Non-zero digits are always significant
- The electron sea model proposes that 2. Any zero between two significant digit
all metal atoms in a metallic solid are significant
contribute their ve- to form a “sea” of 3. A final zero or trailing zero in the
electrons decimal portion only are significant
- The electrons are free to move around
and are referred to as delocalized
electrons, forming a metallic cation
Electron Sea Model
- Solid metal consist of closely packed
and orderly arranged cations. These
cations re the metal ions with
one/more electrons removed
- The electros are not removed from the
array of cations rather than suffuses
coral beds at the bottom of the sea.
This is where the name of the model
was derived
Why are Metals Good Conductors?
- Delocalized (free) electrons can move
rapidly in response to electric fields and
transmit heat, hence, metals are good For Addition and Subtraction
conductors of heat and electricity 1. Count the number of significant figures
- The array is held together by the strong in the decimal portion only for each
attraction between the positive cations number in the problem
and the negative electrons (metallic 2. Add or Subtract in the normal fashion
bonding) 3. The final answer may have no more
- The electrical conductivity of metals is significant figure to the right of the
attributed to the freely moving decimal than the least number of
electrons that suffuse the metals significant figures in any number in the
cations which remain fixed in the solid problem
state For Multiplication and Division
- The thermal conductivity of the metals
is also attributed to the electrons that
carry
Why are Metals Lustrous?
- They absorb visible light and
immediately reemit it
- When the light energy hits the
delocalized electrons, they absorb the
energy and jump and energy level
Why Metals have High Boiling Point? 1. The least number of significant figures
- Strong attraction (electrostatic forces) in any number of the problem
between the positive cations and determines the number of significant
delocalized electrons figures in the answer
Significant Figures The MOLE
- Scientists report measurements using - The MOLE (mol) is the amount of a
the concept of SF. The minimum substance that contains the same
number of digits required to report a number of entities as there are atoms
value without loss of accuracy is the in exactly 12g of carbon. In Latin, mole
number of SF. means “massive heap” of material
 Chemistry 9

- The term “entities” refers to toms, ions.

Molecules, formula units, or electrons –
in fact any type of particles
- One MOLE (mol) contain 6.022x1023
entities (to four significant figures). This
number is called Avogadro’s number
and is abbreviated as N.
Entities/Particles
- Elements = atoms
- Elements with + or - = ions
- Covalent compound = molecules
- Ionic compound = formula units
Moles ------------- particles
A. #

Atomic Mass Made by:

- Mass of an atom in atomic mass units Gian Paolo O. Dolor
(amu) 9 – Lime
- Average of the naturally occurring
isotopes of element
By definition: 1 atom 12C “weighs” 12 amu Credits:
Ag = 107.87 amu Norielene Inacay for the Pictures
Formula Mass (Ionic Compound)
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Molecular Mass (Covalent Compound)

MOLE MAP