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Mathematics is a comprehensive field that encompasses various areas such as number theory, algebra, geometry, analysis, and set theory, focusing on the study and manipulation of abstract objects. It plays a crucial role in numerous disciplines, including natural sciences, engineering, and finance, with a distinction between applied and pure mathematics. The historical development of mathematics has evolved from basic arithmetic and geometry to include advanced fields like algebra and calculus, significantly impacting scientific discoveries.

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15 views1 page

New Text Document

Mathematics is a comprehensive field that encompasses various areas such as number theory, algebra, geometry, analysis, and set theory, focusing on the study and manipulation of abstract objects. It plays a crucial role in numerous disciplines, including natural sciences, engineering, and finance, with a distinction between applied and pure mathematics. The historical development of mathematics has evolved from basic arithmetic and geometry to include advanced fields like algebra and calculus, significantly impacting scientific discoveries.

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athematics is a field of study that discovers and organizes methods, theories and

theorems that are developed and proved for the needs of empirical sciences and
mathematics itself. There are many areas of mathematics, which include number
theory (the study of numbers), algebra (the study of formulas and related
structures), geometry (the study of shapes and spaces that contain them), analysis
(the study of continuous changes), and set theory (presently used as a foundation
for all mathematics).

Mathematics involves the description and manipulation of abstract objects that


consist of either abstractions from nature or—in modern mathematics—purely abstract
entities that are stipulated to have certain properties, called axioms. Mathematics
uses pure reason to prove properties of objects, a proof consisting of a succession
of applications of deductive rules to already established results. These results
include previously proved theorems, axioms, and—in case of abstraction from nature—
some basic properties that are considered true starting points of the theory under
consideration.[1]

Mathematics is essential in the natural sciences, engineering, medicine, finance,


computer science, and the social sciences. Although mathematics is extensively used
for modeling phenomena, the fundamental truths of mathematics are independent of
any scientific experimentation. Some areas of mathematics, such as statistics and
game theory, are developed in close correlation with their applications and are
often grouped under applied mathematics. Other areas are developed independently
from any application (and are therefore called pure mathematics) but often later
find practical applications.[2][3]

Historically, the concept of a proof and its associated mathematical rigour first
appeared in Greek mathematics, most notably in Euclid's Elements.[4] Since its
beginning, mathematics was primarily divided into geometry and arithmetic (the
manipulation of natural numbers and fractions), until the 16th and 17th centuries,
when algebra[a] and infinitesimal calculus were introduced as new fields. Since
then, the interaction between mathematical innovations and scientific discoveries
has led to a correlated increase in the development of both.[5] At the end of the
19th century, the foundational crisis of mathematics led to the systematization of
the axiomatic method,[6] which heralded a dramatic increase in the number of
mathematical areas and their fields of application. The contemporary Mathematics
Subject Classification lists more than sixty first-level areas of mathematics.

Areas of mathematics
Before the Renaissance, mathematics was divided into two main areas: arithmetic,
regarding the manipulation of numbers, and geometry, regarding the study of shapes.
[7] Some types of pseudoscience, such as numerology and astrology, were not then
clearly distinguished from mathematics.[8]

During the Renaissance, two more areas appeared. Mathematical notation led to
algebra which, roughly speaking, consists of the study and the manipulation of
formulas. Calculus, consisting of the two subfields differential calculus and
integral calculus, is

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