Basic Calculus

Week 6
Content Standards
The learners demonstrate an understanding of
the basic concepts of derivatives.

Performance Standards
The learners shall be able to formulate and
solve accurately situational problems involving
extreme values.

2
Most Essential Learning Competencies
• The learners determine the relationship between
differentiability and continuity of a function.
STEM_BC11D-IIIf-1

• The learners apply the differentiation rules in

computing the derivative of an algebraic,
exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric functions
and inverse trigonometric functions.
STEM_BC11D-IIIf-3

3
Most Essential Learning Competency
The learners apply the differentiation
rules in computing the derivative of an
algebraic, exponential, logarithmic,
trigonometric functions and inverse
trigonometric functions.
STEM_BC11D-IIIf-3

4
Session 1

5
Determine whether the following Graphs of the
Functions is Continuous or Discontinuous

6
Determine whether the following Graphs of the
Functions is Continuous or Discontinuous

7
Determine whether the following Graphs of the
Functions is Continuous or Discontinuous

8
Analysis 1:
1. What is the difference between
continuous and discontinuous
functions.

9
Given the graph:
1. At which values of 𝑎 does
lim 𝑓(𝑥)not exist?
𝑥→𝑎
2. At which values of 𝑎 is 𝑓(𝑎) not
defined?
3. At which values of 𝑎 does 𝑓 have
a limit, but lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 𝑓(𝑎)?
𝑥→𝑎
4. State all values of 𝑎 for which 𝑓 is
not continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎.

10
Analysis 2:
1. Which condition is stronger, and hence
implies the other: 𝑓 has a limit at 𝑥 =
𝑎 or 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎? Explain.

11
Analysis 2:
2. Complete the following sentence: “If
𝑓 at 𝑥 = 𝑎 ________, then 𝑓 at 𝑥 = 𝑎
________,” where you complete the
blanks with has a limit and is
continuous, using each phrase once.

12
Continuity & Differentiability

13
 Differentiable:
What
is..

A function is formally considered

differentiable if its derivative exists
at each point in its domain.

14
How to determine Differentiability
The definition of differentiability is expressed as
follows:
• 𝑓 is differentiable on an open interval (𝑎, 𝑏) if
𝑓 𝑐+ℎ −𝑓(𝑐)
lim exists for every c in (𝑎, 𝑏).
ℎ→0 ℎ
• 𝑓 is differentiable, meaning 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) exists, then
𝑓 is continuous at 𝑐.

15
 Example:
Observe the graph
of 𝑓 𝑥 = |𝑥|.
▪ Is it continuous?
▪ What can you say
about the slope?

16
How to determine Differentiability
We use one-sided limit and the definition of
derivative:
𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥) (− 𝑥 + ℎ ) − (−𝑥)
lim− = lim−
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ
−𝑥 − ℎ + 𝑥 −ℎ
lim = lim = lim− −1 = −1
ℎ→0− ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0

17
How to determine Differentiability
We use one-sided limit and the definition of
derivative:
𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥) ( 𝑥 + ℎ ) − (𝑥)
lim+ = lim+
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑥+ℎ−𝑥 ℎ
lim = lim = lim+ 1 = 1
ℎ→0+ ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0

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How to determine Differentiability
Therefore, the function 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| is not
differentiable at 𝑥 = 0. While the function is
continuous, it is not differentiable because the
derivative is not continuous everywhere, as
seen in the graph.

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The
Graphs

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How to determine Differentiability
▪ Cusp or Corner
(sharp turn)

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How to determine Differentiability
▪ Discontinuous

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How to determine Differentiability
▪ Vertical Tangent

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Try This!
The graph of f is given. State, with reasons, the value/s of x where f is
not differentiable.

𝑥 = −4 Cusp
𝑥=0
Discontinuity

25
The graph of f is given. State, with reasons, the value/s of x where f is
not differentiable.

𝑥 = −1
Discontinuity
𝑥 = 2 Cusp

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The graph of f is given. State, with reasons, the value/s of x where f is
not differentiable.

𝑥 = −1
Vertical Tangent

𝑥 = 4 Cusp

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The graph of f is given. State, with reasons, the value/s of x where f is
not differentiable.

𝑥 = 0 Discontinuity

𝑥 = 3 Cusp

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Relationship between Continuity and Differentiability:
▪ If a function is differentiable at a point, then it
is continuous at that point. However, if a
function is continuous at a point, it is possible
for it to not be differentiable.
▪ Differentiability implies continuity, but
continuity does not imply differentiability.

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Derivatives of a Function

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Activity 1: Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥). Note any pattern and use this to
determine the derivative of the other functions.

Function Derivative
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟑 𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟒 𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒙𝟑
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟓
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟔

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Analysis 1:
1. Based on the pattern, what is the
derivative of a function in the
form𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑛 ?
2. How does it compare to the previous
method – derivative definition?

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Differentiation
Rules

33
Note: If 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) is a function
then the derivative of 𝑦 can be
𝒅𝒚
represented by or 𝒚′ or
𝒅𝒙
′ 𝒅𝒇
𝒇 or .
𝒅𝒙

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Rule 1: The Constant Rule.
The derivative of a constant is zero.
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 0

Example: Differentiate 𝑘 𝑥 = 30
𝑘′ 𝑥 = 0

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Rule 2: The Power Rule.
The derivative of
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
Example: Differentiate 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 .
𝑑𝑦
= 4𝑥 4−1 = 4𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥

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Rule 3: The Constant Multiple Rule.
The derivative of 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓(𝑥), where k is a
constant, is 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
Example: Differentiate 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 .
In this case 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑘 = 3,
Therefore, the derivative is 3 2𝑥 1 = 6𝑥 .

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Rule 4: The Derivative of a Sum or a Difference.
𝑑𝑓 𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑔
If 𝑓 𝑥 = ℎ(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥), then = ± .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example: Differentiate 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 7𝑥.
In this case ℎ 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 7𝑥
𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑔
and so = 6𝑥 and = 7.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑓
Therefore, = 6𝑥 − 7
𝑑𝑥

38
Rule 5: The Product Rule.
The derivative of the product
𝑦 = 𝑢 𝑥 ∙ 𝑣(𝑥)
where 𝑢 and 𝑣 are both functions of 𝑥 is
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
=𝑢 +𝑣 .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

39
Rule 5: The Product Rule.

Example. Differentiate
𝑓 𝑥 = (6𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)(𝑥 3 + 1).
Let 𝑢 𝑥 = 6𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 1.
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
We get, = 12𝑥 + 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 3𝑥 2 .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

40
Rule 5: The Product Rule.
Using the formula for the product rule,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
=𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (6𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)(3𝑥 2 ) + (𝑥 3 + 1)(12𝑥 + 2)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 18𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 + 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 30𝑥 4 + 8𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 + 2
𝑑𝑥

41
Rule 6: The Quotient Rule.
The derivative of the quotient
𝑢(𝑥)
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑣(𝑥)
where u and v are both function of 𝑥 is
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑓 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑢𝑑𝑥
= .
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2

42
Rule 6: The Quotient Rule.

𝑥 2 +7
Example. Differentiate 𝑓 𝑥 = .
3𝑥−1

Let 𝑢 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 7 and 𝑣 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 1

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Rule 6: The Quotient Rule.
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
= 2𝑥 and = 3.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Using the quotient rule, we get:
𝑑𝑓 (3𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥) − (𝑥 2 +7)(3)
=
𝑑𝑥 (3𝑥 − 1)2
𝑑𝑓 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 21
=
𝑑𝑥 (3𝑥 − 1)2

44
Rule 7: The Chain Rule.
If 𝑦 is a function of 𝑢, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢), and 𝑢 is a
function of 𝑥, i.e., 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) then the
derivative of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥 is
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ( )( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

45
Rule 7: The Chain Rule.
Example. Differentiate 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 5)4 .
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 5, therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑢(𝑥) ⇒ = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
and ⇒ = 4𝑢3 . Using the chain rule:
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦
= 4𝑢3 2𝑥 = 4 𝑥 2 − 5 3 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 8𝑥 𝑥 2 − 5 3
𝑑𝑥

46
 Practice!
1. 𝑦 = 10 7. 𝑔 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 1 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥8
1 8. 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 1
7𝑥+2
3. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 9. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 +3𝑥
9
4. 𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑡 10. 𝑦 = 𝑥3 +𝑥2−2𝑥+1
5. 𝑓 𝑥 = 10𝑥 8 11. 𝑓 𝑥 = (6𝑥 2 + 7𝑥)4
2 1
6. 𝑦 = 𝑥3 + 𝑥 2 − 4 3 𝑥 3
12. 𝑦 = 1 − 8𝑥

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Session 2

48
Derivatives of a
Function
Part 2

49
Rule 8: The Derivative of ln 𝑢.

When 𝑦 = ln 𝑢(𝑥), then according to

Chain Rule:
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
ln 𝑢 = ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥

50
Rule 8: The Derivative of ln 𝑢.

Example. Differentiate ln 2𝑥 + 3 .
𝑑 1
ln 2𝑥 + 3 = ∙2
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 + 3
𝑑 2
ln 2𝑥 + 3 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 + 3

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Rule 9: The Derivatives of Exponential Functions

Natural Exponent: 𝒆𝒙
If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 , then 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 .
Example. Find 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 if 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑒 𝑥 .
𝑑𝑒 𝑥
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 3 ∙ = 3𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

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Rule 9: The Derivatives of Exponential Functions
Exponential Function with base a:
The derivative of an exponential
function with base a is equal to the
natural logarithm of the base times the
exponential function.

53
Rule 9: The Derivatives of Exponential Functions

Exponent with base a:

If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 , then 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = ln 𝑎 ∙ 𝑎 𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑥.

54
Rule 9: The Derivatives of Exponential Functions

Example. Differentiate 𝑦 = 105𝑥 .

𝑑
105𝑥 = ln 10 ∙ 105𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
105𝑥 = 5 ln 10 ∙ 105𝑥
𝑑𝑥

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Rule 10. The Derivative of Logarithmic Functions
According to the rule for changing from base e
ln 𝑥
to a different base a: log 𝑎 𝑥 = .
ln 𝑎
𝑑
Calculate log 𝑎 𝑥.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 ln 𝑥
log 𝑎 𝑥 = ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ln 𝑎
𝑑 1
log 𝑎 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ln 𝑎

56
Rule 10. The Derivative of Logarithmic Functions
Example.
Find the derivative of 𝑦 = log 2 6𝑥.
First, following the Log Rule, simplify the
given:log 𝑎𝑏 = log 𝑎 + log 𝑏
We can write the log function as:
𝑦 = log 2 6 + log 2 𝑥

57
Rule 10. The Derivative of Logarithmic Functions
The first term, log 2 6, is a constant, so its
derivative is 0.
The derivative of the second term is as
follows:
𝑑 1
log 2 6𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ln 2

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Rule 11. Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions.
𝑑
a) (sin 𝑥) = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
b) (cos 𝑥) = −sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
c) (tan 𝑥) = sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

59
Rule 11. Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions.
𝑑
d) (cot 𝑥) = −csc 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
e) (sec 𝑥) = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
f) (csc 𝑥) = −csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

60
Rule 11. Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions.
Example:
Differentiate 𝑓 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 3 csc 𝑥
If 𝑓 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 3 csc 𝑥, then
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + 3 (−csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥)
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − 3 csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥

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 Practice
Differentiate the following:

𝑥 sin 𝑥
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 +
𝑥
2. 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 − 3𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 5 sin 𝑥

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Rule 12. Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric
Functions.
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
a) 𝑑𝑥
(arcsin 𝑥) =
1−𝑥 2
d) 𝑑𝑥
(arccsc 𝑥) =−
|𝑥| 𝑥 2 −1

𝑑 1
b) 𝑑𝑥
(𝑎𝑟𝑐cos 𝑥) =−
1−𝑥 2
e) 𝑑
(𝑎𝑟𝑐sec 𝑥) =
1
𝑑𝑥 |𝑥| 𝑥 2 −1
𝑑 1
c) 𝑑𝑥
(𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan 𝑥) =
1+𝑥 2 f) 𝑑
(arccot 𝑥) =−
1
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2

63
Rule 1.2 Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric
Functions.
Example:
Differentiate 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 5𝑥
1
𝑓′(𝑥) = − ∙5
1 − (5𝑥) 2
5
𝑓′(𝑥) = −
1 − 25𝑥 2

64
Rule 1.2 Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric
Functions.

Example:
Differentiate 𝑦 = 5𝑥 6 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 5
1
= 30𝑥 −
𝑑𝑥 |𝑥| 𝑥 2 − 1

65
 Try This!
1. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (sin 𝑥)

2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑒 3𝑥 )

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