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Course Description This course is designed to develop an understanding of the computer as a business and
personal tool. Students will get a working knowledge of a variety of software programs
such as spreadsheets, word processing, databases and presentations. Projects that
simulate business applications are provided. The course is designed to provide the
students with a working knowledge of a robust, integrated software applications as they
are applied to service, retail, and manufacturing businesses.
This course explains the importance of integrated software applications (that
cover database, planning, execution and control) to service, retail, and manufacturing
businesses. It will also discuss the business processes of at least one service company,
at least one retail company, and at least one manufacturing company. A Enterprise
Resource Planning (ERP) concepts and methodologies and their applications to service,
retail, and manufacturing businesses will also introduce.

An introduction to an integrated accounting software package, this course includes

evaluation of common software characteristics and features, a review of internal controls
for computerized accounting systems. The student will become proficient in processing
transactions in a computerized accounting environment using a popular software
package in general ledger, financial statement preparation, accounts receivable,
accounts payable, payroll, inventory, time and billing, fixed assets and depreciation, cost
control, budgeting and reporting.
Course Learning At the end of the course, the student should be able to:
Outcomes  Acquire a basic knowledge of computer hardware and software;
 Become familiar with the functions of Information Systems;
 Understand how computers are integrated into an organization;
 Learn how information is managed within organization;
 Develop basic communication and business skills required in computing.
Evidence of Learning/ Teaching teacher will facilitate the following assessment:
Assessment Tools  Group activity
 Assignment
 Short Quiz
 Oral Recitation/reflection
 Conference Discussion
 Case Study
 Essay
Topics (Coverage) Topics:
Midterm:
Session 10: Presentation Package
Session 11: Data Communication and Computer Network
Session 12: Internet
Target Participants This course is offered to the second-year students taking up Bachelor of Science in
Accountancy and Accounting Information Systems.
Learning Time: September 2022-January 2023

Means for Learner The students may contact teacher for assistance and guidance to the following:
Support Email: [email protected]
Messenger: Mark Efhraem M. Dalman
Mobile No. 0936 043 1723

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Icon used in the Modular Learning Packets

Activation of your prior knowledge icon.

These include introduction of the topic and preliminary activities and/or exercises (not
graded)

Acquisition of new knowledge icon.

This is the learning part of the module where content about the topic/lesson is being
discussed.

Acquisition of new knowledge icon (for online references transcription)

This is the learning part of the module where other learning tools such as video or e-books
about the topic/lesson is being discussed.

Application of acquired knowledge and/or competency icon.

This learning part of the module where the acquired competency and knowledge will be
practiced (may be graded or not)

Assessment of acquired knowledge and/or competency icon.

This learning part of the module where the acquired competency and knowledge will be
evaluated through different assessment activities (may be graded or not)

Resources icon.

This part of the module provided other additional reading materials and/or references for
the student to use in their self-paced learning.

Timeline icon.

This part of the module indicates the activity timeline as guide for the students
(instructions, submissions dates and other announcements).

Rubrics icon.

This part of the module indicates how the student activities will be graded.

*Icons designed by Ms. Lorelie F. Aguilar using Icon maker

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Course Content:

Session 10: Presentation Package

Session 11: Data Communication and Computer Network
Session 12: Internet

Let’s activate your prior knowledge!

Did you experience reports using projectors? How did they make those reports? How can
Internet aid the reporting to make it more presentable?

Now, let’s acquire new knowledge!

Lesson Objectives:
1. Identify the names and functions of the PowerPoint interface
2. Create, edit, save and print presentations.
3. Create and format slide presentations that include texts, graphics, pictures, and themes
4. Learn how to include transition and animation effects
5. Organize and manage your slides using PowerPoint’s View options
6. Learn how to use Slide Illustration and Shapes

LESSON 10: PRESENTATION PACKAGE

Microsoft PowerPoint 2013 is a presentation application that enables an individual from any
technical level to create a dynamic and professional-looking presentation. This is a hands-on
workshop to help University of Pittsburgh faculty and staff with the fundamental features of
PowerPoint and will teach them how to develop a slide presentation that will engage and inform
an audience. Microsoft PowerPoint is a robust application that allows you to combine text,
graphics, and predesigned backgrounds to create professional presentations. The following is an
illustration in how to launch PowerPoint for first time user.

Launch Microsoft PowerPoint 2013

To launch PowerPoint for the first time:

1. Click on the Start button.

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Windows Features

The purpose of Windows Features is to enable the user to perform routine tasks related to the
Microsoft applications. All Office applications share a common appearance and similar features.
Windows Features provide a quick means to execute commands. Below are some pertinent
PowerPoint features:

Feature Terms and Descriptions

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Presentation Slides

Slides in a presentation are similar to pages in a word processing document. All slides and
graphics are saved in one file (example: keys.xppt). Use the PowerPoint file to present the
information in the following ways:

Ways to present
an information  On-screen
using ppt file: slide show: The
- On-screen keys.xppt file
slideshow
- Web pages displays the slide
- Overhead show on a monitor
transparencies or computer-
- Handouts projected large screen.
 Web pages: The keys.xppt file can be saved as Web page and then published on
the Web.
 Overhead transparencies: The keys.xppt file can be printed as transparencies
(Important: Make sure the appropriate transparencies are used for your printer model.
The wrong type of transparencies can melt inside your printer.).
 Handouts: The keys.xppt file can print two to nine mini slides per page.

Create Slide Presentation

This section will teach the basics of opening PowerPoint and beginning a presentation. When
PowerPoint is launched the Presentation window will appear.

When creating a new presentation, you have choices about how to proceed. PowerPoint gives
you a range of ways with which to start creating a presentation. You can start your presentation
with:
ways to start creating
a presentation:  Blank: Slides that are unformatted and have no color scheme.
1. Blank  Design: Slide Themes that have design concepts, fonts, and color schemes.
2. Design  Template on Microsoft.com: Microsoft Office Templates and Theme Gallery
3. Template on
Microsoft.com which are arranged according to type (Click on the File tab, select the New option, and
then click on PowerPoint presentations and slides from the Available Templates
and Themes.).
File tab - New option - Available templates and themes -
PowerPoint presentations and slides
Design Theme

A Theme gives your slides a consistent appearance throughout your presentation. Themes
contain color schemes with custom formatting, styled fonts, and layouts. When you apply a
design template to your presentation, the slide master and color scheme of the template
replaces the original blank slide.

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Select the Design tab, then on the Theme group, click on the drop-down arrow next to the
last Theme.

1. The All Themes window will appear with available presentation Themes.
2. Hover the mouse pointer over a Theme to preview it.
3. Click on a Theme of your choice.

Note: You can

change the Theme
during or after the
creation of your
PowerPoint file.

Add Text

The template for the design Theme you

select will determine the font type and text
alignment. PowerPoint places all
information (text and graphics) contained
on a slide in separate Placeholders.
Placeholders are designated by dotted
lines; they appear on a slide as guides, but
they will not appear on the finished
presentation. In order to edit text, click
once inside of the Text Placeholder and the
insertion point will appear; then begin to
type your text.

1. Click in the Title Placeholder and

type the text title below
2. Click in the Subtitle
Placeholder.
3. Type the text below (You will need to press the Enter key after each line of text.)
4. Save the presentation. Click on
the File tab and then click on
Save As. The Save As window
will open. In the File name box,
type Keys to Success for the presentation name. The instructor will indicate where to
save the file.
5. Click on the Save button.

Add New Slide

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A slide layout defines the placement of text, pictures, tables, and graphs. If you change the
layout of a slide, the text and graphics remain intact. You can resize text and graphic boxes to
conform to the new layout.

1. On the Home ribbon, located in the Slides group, click on the New Slide drop-down
arrow. The Office Theme panel will appear with multiple slide layouts. Select your
desired slide layout.
2. For this exercise, click on the second Layout (Title and Content) in the first row.

3. In the Title Placeholder, type the text Agenda as seen above.

4. In the Text Placeholder, type the bulleted text as seen above (You will need to press
Enter after each line of text.).
5. Add another new slide.
6. On the Home ribbon, click on the New Slide drop-down arrow and then select the Two
Content slide layout (This slide contains a title, text, and clip art placeholders.).

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7. Click inside the Title and Text Placeholders and type the text shown above.

8. On the Quick Access Toolbar, click on the Save button to save your presentation
changes.

Editing Techniques

This section will teach you basic techniques for editing slides.

View Modes for Editing

1. Normal The Normal, Slide Sorter, Reading, and Slide Show Views allow you to type, edit, and view your
2. Slide Sorter presentation. To switch between views, click the View Options buttons at the lower right-hand
3. Reading side of the PowerPoint window.
4. Slide Show

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Edit Bulleted List

Typing text in PowerPoint is similar to typing in other applications. However, since PowerPoint
deals with bulleted lists, a few keystrokes will be identified to help in typing multiple lines.

1. Confirm you are on slide

three.

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2. In Normal View, edit the bulleted list to include the circled text above. Place the
Insertion bar after each line of the bulleted text and then press the Enter key.

3. To add a sub-bullet, click on the Increase Indent button, located on the Home ribbon.
The Tab key can also be used to indent text.
4. Type the text and if additional sub-bullets lines are needed press the Enter key, after
your line of text.

Add Pictures

Online Pictures are any type of computerized images such as artwork and photos. You can
make your presentation more eye-catching and entertaining by adding Pictures.

1. Confirm you are on slide three.

2. Click on the Online Picture button in the Illustration box,

located in the Text Placeholder.

3. The Bing Image Search window will appear.

4. In the Search box, type the word

Classroom, and then press the Enter key. A
variety of online images associated with your
search will appear.

5. Scroll through the Pictures window to find

your desired image.

6. To insert the image, place the mouse

pointer on the image and then click on the
left mouse button twice.

Slide Masters

PowerPoint has a set of Master Slides available for every Design Theme. The three Masters
include a Slide Master, Handout Master, and Notes Master. Masters correspond directly to the

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slides. Masters contain the elements that appear on every slide and control the format for all
slides in a presentation, which provides a consistent appearance for each slide.

Edit Slide Master

The Slide Master View is located on the View ribbon. This exercise will demonstrate how to
modify a Slide Master which will affect your entire presentation.

1. Change to Slide Master View by selecting the View ribbon. Click on the Slide Master
button, located in the Master View group as shown above.

2. Click on the Master Title Style placeholder border. This will activate the entire title area.

3. Select the Home tab and then click on the Font show dialog box.

4. The Font window will appear.

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5. Confirm that the Font tab is active.

6. In the Latin text font box, change to a different Font type.

7. In the Font color box, change to a different color.

8. Click on the OK button.

9. Select the View ribbon tab and then click on the Normal button in the Presentation Views
group.

10. Scroll through the slides to see how the font and color changes made in the Slide Master
have affected the entire presentation.

Format Slide

You can change the format appearance of text and slides in the Slide View as well. Formatting
can be applied to all slides at the same time as in the Master View or only on an individual slide.

Replace Font

Use the Replace command to change the font throughout a presentation.

1. Go to slide two.

2. Click on the Text Placeholder (bulleted list) border.

3. On the Home ribbon, click on the drop-down arrow next to the Replace button, located in the
Editing group, and then select the Replace Font option.

4. The Replace Font window will appear.

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5. In the Replace box, click on the drop-down arrow and select the Font you want to replace.

6. In the With box, click on the drop-down arrow and select the desired Font.

7. Click on the Replace button to change all slides.

8. Click on the Close button.

9. View your change.

Format Text

Text appears on each slide in a format consistent with the template. You can add or change any
text attribute such as bold or italics on any given slide by making the change on the slide. The
Font button commands are located on the Home ribbon in the Font group.

1. Go to slide one.

2. Select the Title Placeholder, and click on the Italic button in the Font group.

3. Use the Font Size button to change the point size to a higher number.

4. Go to the next slide. Notice that the title text on this slide has not been affected.

5. Go to slide two, click on the Font Color button, located in the Font group, to select a different
color.

Format Placeholder

You can resize or add color and lines to a placeholder, as well as changing the text to a
different style and color.

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1. On slide two, select the Text Placeholder.

2. On the Drawing Tools ribbon, click on the Format View the different formatting options
within the groups.

3. In this exercise the instructor will guide you through several formatting options for your
placeholder.

Change Bullets

PowerPoint allows you to change the style, color, and size of bullets. You can apply the new
bullet style to a single bullet, a bulleted list, or for an entire presentation. To change a single
bullet, click the cursor anywhere in the line corresponding to the desired bullet. To change
multiple bullets/lines, use the mouse to select the bulleted items you want to change, or select
the Text Placeholder to change all bullets within the placeholder.

1. Go to slide three.

2. Click anywhere in the first line of Computer-base training (CBT).

3. Select the Home tab, click on the drop-drop arrow next to the Bullets button.

4. The Bullets panel will appear and then you have the option to select one of the bullet styles
that appear.

5. More bullet options are available by clicking on the Bullets and Numbering option, located at
the bottom right-hand side of the window (On the Bullets and Numbering window, you have
Bulleted and Numbered tab choices.).

6. The Picture and Customize buttons will appear on the bottom of the Bullets and Numbering
window.

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7. Clicking on the Picture button provides an array of picture bullets to select. Clicking on the
Customize button will allow you to choose a variety of Symbol windows with each window
having multiple symbols to select as bullet options.

8. In this exercise you will select a square-shaped bullet style and then click OK.

9. Notice the bullet changed only on line one.

10. Change the bullet style for the remaining lines of text by selecting the desired indented lines
of text.

11. Select the Home tab, click on the drop-drop arrow next to the Bullet button.

12. The Bullet panel will appear.

13. Click on a different bullet style or the same style on line one.

Change Theme

You have the option to change the slide Theme on one slide or an entire presentation. Hovering
the mouse pointer over the Theme will allow you the options of Apply to All Slides or Apply to
Selected Slide.

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Change the slide Theme to your presentation. Select the Design ribbon and then click on the
drop-down arrow on the right-hand side of the last Theme thumb print row. More Themes will
be previewed; select your desired Theme.

Modify Theme

You have the option to change the Theme color, font, and background on your slides. Use the
Design ribbon to modify your presentation Theme.

1. To change your slide Theme color scheme, click on the drop-down arrow next to the Color
button, located in the Themes group, and then select your desired color scheme.

2. To change your slide Font, click on the drop-down arrow next to the Fonts button, located
in the Themes group, and then select your desired Font options.

3. To change your slide Background Color, click on the drop-down arrow next to the
Background Style button, located in the Background group, and then select your desired
background categories. (To remove a slide background graphic, select the Hide Background
Graphics box.)

Add Footer

To insert information in the slide Footer, select the Header and Footer button located on the
Insert ribbon. Information such as the date and time, the slide number, and desired text can be
inserted on the Footer of the slides.

1. Select the Insert ribbon tab and then click on the Header and Footer

2. The Header and Footer window will appear.

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3. Confirm that the Slide tab is active.

4. Select the Date and time

5. Select the Fixed button and then type today’s date in the Fixed entry box.

6. Select the Footer box and then type University of Pittsburgh in the Footer entry box.

7. Click on the Apply to All button. This will enable all slides to have the new information.

Transition and Animation

PowerPoint allows you to apply special effects by using slide transition and text/graphical
animation to make your presentation more visually appealing.

Slide Transition

Transitions are visual special effects that you see when you move from one slide to the next.
Working in Normal or Slide Sorter Views allows you to set transitions for a slide. The Transition
ribbon allows you to apply slide transitions.

1. Go to slide one.

2. Click on the Transition tab and then click on the drop-down arrow located in the
Transition to This Slide group to view the transition categories as seen below.

3. In the Exciting selection, click on the Blinds The selected slide will demonstrate this effect
as you make your choice. Click on the Preview button located on the Transition ribbon to
demo the effect again.

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4. To apply your selection to all slides, click on the Apply to All button, located in the Timing

5. Notice the transition indicator icon on the left-hand side of the thumb print slide in
Normal View.

Note: You can also apply sound and timing speed to the selected transition from the Timing
group located on the Transition ribbon. Click on the drop-down arrow in the Sound box to
choose a sound. Click on the up or down arrow in the Duration box to set the timing on the
transition.

Text Animation

Bulleted text animation refers to the progressive display of bulleted items. Bulleted items, by
default, appear at the same time on a slide. When text animation is applied, bulleted list items
can appear on the slide one at a time or can have motion as they display on the screen. Select
the Animation ribbon to apply animation to slide text.

1. Confirm that you are in Normal View (View, Normal).

2. Go to slide two.

3. Click inside the Text Placeholder and select the text area.

4. Click on the Animation tab and then click on the drop-down arrow located in the
Animation group to view the animation categories as seen above.

5. In the Entrance section, click on the Fade

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6. Notice the animation indicator icon on the left-hand side of the thumb print slide in
Normal View.

7. Go to slide five, and select the Title Placeholder.

8. Click on the Animation tab and then click on the drop-down arrow located in the
Animation group to view the animation categories.

9. In the Entrance section, click on an animation of your choice.

Slide Illustrations and Shapes

Illustration Features

Microsoft Office has multiple Illustration and Image features to enhance your document with
numerous graphics, sound, and motion. PowerPoint allows you to insert Illustration and Image
features such as Tables, Charts, SmartArt, Pictures, and Media Clips within the Text
Placeholders.

1. Click on an Illustration and Image button to locate, format, and insert features into your
slide (These features can also be located on the Insert).

2. The SmartArt is the newest feature in Microsoft Office. When you click on the SmartArt
button, the Choose a SmartArt Graphic window will appear. You can enhance your slide
presentation by incorporating text with a variety of images.

3. Go to slide three and then add a new Title and Content

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4. In this exercise the instructor will guide you through the use of SmartArt and several other
Illustration features.

Create Shapes

SmartArt has numerous graphical options to select from, but you can also create your own
graphical slide by using Shapes. Select the Insert ribbon to view available shapes.

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1. Confirm slide four is selected and then add a new Blank Layout

2. The instructor will guide you through this exercise in creating shapes on the new slide that is
illustrated on the next page.

Slide Show

Once you are finished adding text, graphics, and formatting to a presentation, then you can run
the Slide Show. PowerPoint allows you to preview, rehearse, or show your presentation
electronically to an audience. Display the presentation on-screen by selecting the Slide Show
ribbon.

Launch Slide Show

Select the Slide Show ribbon and then click on the From Beginning button. The Slide Show will
begin with the first slide.

Note: The Slide Show button on the Option Views bar will start the slide show beginning
with the current slide.

Navigation Slide Show

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When running your slide show, advance to the next slide by clicking with your mouse, pressing
the right arrow on the keyboard, or pressing the Enter key. To return to the previous slide,
press the left arrow on the keyboard. To end the presentation, press the Esc key on the
keyboard.

You can use the following keyboard and mouse controls while running a slide show. Press the
F1 key during a presentation to display the dialog box below.

1. Navigate through the Slide Show by using some of the keyboard and
mouse controls.

2. Right-click with your mouse during the Slide Show and the menu
below will appear; you can also use this to navigate through your slide
show.

Print Presentation

Use the File tab and Print option to print your presentation in slides, outlines, speaker’s notes,
and audience handouts. Slides will be printed in full color (on a color printer) or in gray scale
(on a black and white printer). A PowerPoint presentation can also be printed on transparencies
(Important: Make sure the appropriate transparencies are used for your printer model. The
wrong type of transparencies can melt inside your printer.).

Print

1. Click on the File tab and then select the Print option.

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2. The print Settings and Preview screen will appear.

3. In the Print All Slides area, you have the option to print all slides or determine which slides
to print.

4. After selecting your print Settings, click on the Print button.

Sample Output

1. Presentation Outline

In the Full Page Slides section, select the Outline option. Your presentation outline will preview
before you print. Notice that graphics don’t display on the outline.

2. Presentation Speaker’s Notes

In the Full Page Slides section, select the Notes Pages option. Your speaker’s notes will
preview before you print.

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3. Presentation Audience Handout

In the Full Page Slides section, select the number of slides per page (3 Slides) option. You
can select from one to nine slides per page. The slides per page will preview before you print.
Three slides per page will place lines on the right-hand side of the slide. This is for audience
notes.

Add and play sounds in a presentation

You can add audio, such as music, narration, sound bites, and more to your presentations to
add emphasis.

Overview of adding audio clips

When you insert an audio clip on a slide, an icon appears that represents the audio file. While
you give your presentation, you can set the audio clip to play automatically when the slide
displays, to start when you click the mouse, or to play across all slides in the presentation. You
can even play media continuously in a loop until you stop it. You can add an audio clip from
files on your computer, a network, or the Clip Art task pane. You can also record your own

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audio to add to a presentation or use music from a CD. You can preview an audio clip and you
can hide the audio icon during a slide show.

Add an audio clip

To prevent playback issues, you can embed your audio clips in your presentation.

1. Click the slide to which you want to add an audio clip.

2. On the Insert tab, in the Media group, click Audio.

3. Do one of the following:

a. Click Audio from File, locate the folder that contains the file, and then double-click
the file that you want to add.

b. Click Clip Art Audio, locate the audio clip that you want in the Clip Art task pane,
and then click to add it to the slide.

Preview an audio clip before you add it to a

slide

You can preview a clip before adding it to

your presentation.

1. In the Clip Art task pane, in the box that

displays the available clips, move your
mouse pointer over the clip's thumbnail.

2. Click the down arrow, and then click

Preview/Properties.

3. In the Preview/Properties dialog box,

click Play.

4. Press Play to preview the audio clip in the

Preview/Properties dialog box

Set the playback options for an audio clip

1. On the slide, select the audio clip icon .

2. Under Audio Tools, on the Playback tab, in the Audio Options group, do one of the following:

 To start the audio clip automatically when you show the slide, in the Start list, click
Automatically.
 To manually start the audio clip when you click it on the slide, in the Start list, click On
Click.
 To play an audio clip as you click through the slides in your presentation, in the Start
list, click Play across slides.
 To play an audio clip continuously until you stop it, select the Loop until Stopped
check box.

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Note When you loop a sound, it plays continuously until you advance to the next slide.

Hide the audio clip icon

Important Use this option only if you set the audio clip to play automatically, or if you
created some other kind of control, such as a trigger, to click to play the clip. (A trigger is
something on your slide, such as a picture, shape, button, paragraph of text, or text box, that
can set off an action when you click it.) Note that the sound icon is always visible unless you
drag it off the slide.

1. Click the audio clip icon .

2. Under Audio Tools, on the Playback tab, in the Audio Options group, select the Hide
During Show check box.

Delete an audio clip

To delete one or more audio clips, do the following for each one:

1. Locate the slide that contains the audio clip that you want to delete.

2. In Normal view, click the sound icon or CD icon , and then press DELETE.

Trim an audio clip

You can trim audio at the beginning and end of each clip. Perhaps, a narration discusses a
subject that is not pertinent to the message of your audio clip or you want to shorten the audio
to fit with the timing of your slides.

1. Select the audio clip, and then press Play.

2. Select the video on the slide.
3. Under Audio Tools, on the Playback tab, in the Editing group, click Trim Audio.
4. In the Trim Audio dialog box, do one or more of the following:

 To trim the beginning of the clip, click the start point (shown in the image below as a
green marker, on the far left). When you see the two-headed arrow, drag the arrow to
the desired starting position for the audio clip.
 To trim the end of the clip, click the end point (shown in the image below as a red
marker, on the right). When you see the two-headed arrow, drag the arrow to the
desired ending position for the audio clip.

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Tips in Making an Effective Presentation

What do you need?

1. Presentation file in PowerPoint

2. Desktop or Notebook computer that has PowerPoint installed properly
3. Mouse
4. Projector
5. Speakers for sound
6. Handouts

Tips in creating your slides

Choosing a Template
Factors in template selection
1. What image would you like to project
 Corporate (the company you represent)
 Personal (your own)
2. Profile of your audience
3. Tone you’d like to set
Text Tips
1. Make your titles short and snappy
2. Keep your text concise – 6 to 7 words per line is a good rule of thumb
3. Keep overall context of the page concise – 5 to 6 lines of text per slide
4. Use up to 2 levels of bullets only
5. Use phrases not sentences
6. Proofread for misspelling
Font selection

1. Is it readable
2. Does it steal attention from the message?
3. Will it fit in the space allocated?
4. Fancy is not always better.
5. Use 2 to 3 types per slide
6. Avoid thin-body fonts
7. AVOID ALL-CAPS

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8. Use italics, bold and colors to highlight
9. Avoid using less than 24 points
10. Avoid rare fonts

Colors
1. Color blindness: Avoid red and green colors next to each other
2. Color variety: 2-3 for text graphics
3. Color contrast: use high contrast combinations
4. Background color: Light or Dark?

Graphics

1. Will this enhance the slide or am I just using it because its available?
2. Is there anything in the graphics that might offend or exclude part of the
audience
3. Is it worth the disk space it will occupy?

More Tips
Use special effects sparingly
 Word art
 Enhanced text
 Sound
 All can be annoying if used to excess

Make sure you will be using good presentation equipment

 If using borrowed equipment, rehearse well head of the actual

presentation
 Always have one or two contingency plans
 Prepare, prepare, prepare! No amount of nice pictures can make a
disorganized presentation succeed.

Lesson Objectives:
1. Define the basic terminology of computer networks
2. Recognize the individual components of the big picture of computer networks
3. Outline the basic network configurations
4. Cite the reasons for using a network model and how those reasons apply to current
network systems

LESSON 11: DATA COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTER NETWORK

A system of interconnected computers and computerized peripherals such as printers is called

computer network. This interconnection among computers facilitates information sharing among
them. Computers may connect to each other by either wired or wireless media.

Classification of Computer Networks

Computer networks are classified based on various factors. They include:

 Geographical span
 Inter-connectivity
 Administration
 Architecture

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Geographical Span

Geographically a network can be seen in one of the following categories:

 It may be spanned across your table, among Bluetooth enabled devices, Ranging not
more than few meters.
 It may be spanned across a whole building, including intermediate devices to connect all
floors.
 It may be spanned across a whole city.
 It may be spanned across multiple cities or provinces.
 It may be one network covering whole world.

Inter-Connectivity

Components of a network can be connected to each other differently in some fashion. By

connectedness we mean either logically, physically, or both ways.

 Every single device can be connected to every other device on network, making the
network mesh.
 All devices can be connected to a single medium but geographically disconnected,
created bus-like structure
 Each device is connected to its left and right peers only, creating linear structure.
 All devices connected together with a single device, creating star-like structure.
 All devices connected arbitrarily using all previous ways to connect each other, resulting
in a hybrid structure.

Administration

From an administrator’s point of view, a network can be private network which belong to a
single autonomous system and cannot be accessed outside its physical or logical domain. A
network can be public, which is accessed by all.

Network Architecture

Computer networks can be discriminated into various types such as Client-Server, peer-to-peer
or hybrid, depending upon its architecture.

 There can be one or more systems acting as Server. Other being Client, requests the
Server to serve requests. Server takes and processes request on behalf of Clients.
 Two systems can be connected Point-to-Point, or in back-to-back fashion. They both
reside at the same level and called peers.
 There can be hybrid network which involves network architecture of both the above
types.

Network Applications

Computer systems and peripherals are connected to form a network. They provide numerous
advantages:

 Resource sharing such as printers and storage devices

 Exchange of information by means of e-Mails and FTP
 Information sharing by using Web or Internet
 Interaction with other users using dynamic web pages
 IP phones

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 Video conferences
 Parallel computing
 Instant messaging

Types of Computer Networks

Generally, networks are distinguished based on their geographical span. A network can be as
small as distance between your mobile phone and its Bluetooth headphone and as large as the
internet itself, covering the whole geographical world.

Personal Area Network

A Personal Area Network (PAN) is smallest network which is very personal to a user. This may
include Bluetooth enabled devices or infra-red enabled devices. PAN has connectivity range up
to 10 meters. PAN may include wireless computer keyboard and mouse, Bluetooth enabled
headphones, wireless printers, and TV remotes.

For example, Piconet is Bluetooth-enabled Personal Area Network which may contain up to 8
devices connected together in a master-slave fashion.

Local Area Network

A computer network spanned inside a building and operated under single administrative system
is generally termed as Local Area Network (LAN). Usually, LAN covers an organization offices,
schools, colleges or universities. Number of systems connected in LAN may vary from as least
as two to as much as 16 million. LAN provides a useful way of sharing the resources between
end users. The resources such as printers, file servers, scanners, and internet are easily
sharable among computers.

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LANs are composed of inexpensive networking and routing equipment. It may contain local
servers serving file storage and other locally shared applications. It mostly operates on private
IP addresses and does not involve heavy routing. LAN works under its own local domain and
controlled centrally. LAN uses either Ethernet or Token-ring technology. Ethernet is most widely
employed LAN technology and uses Star topology, while Token-ring is rarely seen. LAN can be
wired, wireless, or in both forms at once.

Metropolitan Area Network

The Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) generally expands throughout a city such as cable TV
network. It can be in the form of Ethernet, Token-ring, ATM, or Fiber Distributed Data Interface
(FDDI). Metro Ethernet is a service which is provided by ISPs. This service enables its users to
expand their Local Area Networks. For example, MAN can help an organization to connect all of
its offices in a city.

Wide Area Network

As the name suggests, the Wide Area Network (WAN) covers a wide area which may span
across provinces and even a whole country. Generally, telecommunication networks are Wide
Area Network. These networks provide connectivity to MANs and LANs. Since they are equipped
with very high speed backbone, WANs use very expensive network equipment.

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WAN may use advanced technologies such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), Frame
Relay, and Synchronous Optical Network (SONET). WAN may be managed by multiple
administrations.

Internetwork

A network of networks is called an internetwork, or simply the internet. It is the largest network
in existence on this planet. The internet hugely connects all WANs and it can have connection
to LANs and Home networks. Internet uses TCP/IP protocol suite and uses IP as its addressing
protocol. Present day, Internet is widely implemented using IPv4. Because of shortage of
address spaces, it is gradually migrating from IPv4 to IPv6.

Internet enables its users to share and access enormous amount of information worldwide. It
uses WWW, FTP, email services, audio, and video streaming etc. At huge level, internet works
on Client-Server model. Internet uses very high-speed backbone of fiber optics. To inter-
connect various continents, fiber are laid under sea known to us as submarine communication
cable.

Internet is widely deployed on World Wide Web services using HTML linked pages and is
accessible by client software known as Web Browsers. When a user requests a page using some
web browser located on some Web Server anywhere in the world, the Web Server responds
with the proper HTML page. The communication delay is very low. Internet is serving many
proposes and is involved in many aspects of life. Some of them are:

 Web sites
 E-mail
 Instant Messaging
 Blogging
 Social Media
 Marketing
 Networking
 Resource Sharing
 Audio and Video Streaming

Network LAN Technologies

Ethernet

Ethernet is a widely deployed LAN technology. This technology was invented by Bob Metcalfe
and D.R. Boggs in the year 1970. It was standardized in IEEE 802.3 in 1980. Ethernet shares
media. Network which uses shared media has high probability of data collision. Ethernet uses
Carrier Sense Multi Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) technology to detect collisions. On the
occurrence of collision in Ethernet, all its hosts roll back, wait for some random amount of time,
and then re-transmit the data.

Ethernet connector is network interface card equipped with 48-bits MAC address. This helps
other Ethernet devices to identify and communicate with remote devices in Ethernet. Traditional
Ethernet uses 10BASE-T specifications. The number 10 depicts 10MBPS speed, BASE stands for
baseband, and T stands for Thick Ethernet. 10BASE-T Ethernet provides transmission speed up
to 10MBPS and uses coaxial cable or Cat-5 twisted pair cable with RJ-5 connector. Ethernet
follows Star topology with segment length up to 100 meters. All devices are connected to a
hub/switch in a star fashion.

Fast-Ethernet

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To encompass need of fast emerging software and hardware technologies, Ethernet extends
itself as Fast-Ethernet. It can run on UTP, Optical Fiber, and wirelessly too. It can provide speed
up to 100MBPS. This standard is named as 100BASE-T in IEEE 803.2 using Cat-5 twisted pair
cable. It uses CSMA/CD technique for wired media sharing among the Ethernet hosts and
CSMA/CA (CA stands for Collision Avoidance) technique for wireless Ethernet LAN.

Fast Ethernet on fiber is defined under 100BASE-FX standard which provides speed up to
100MBPS on fiber. Ethernet over fiber can be extended up to 100 meters in half-duplex mode
and can reach maximum of 2000 meters in full-duplex over multimode fibers.

Giga-Ethernet

After being introduced in 1995, Fast-Ethernet retained its high-speed status only for three years
till Giga-Ethernet introduced. Giga-Ethernet provides speed up to 1000 mbits/seconds.
IEEE802.3ab standardizes Giga-Ethernet over UTP using Cat-5, Cat-5e and Cat-6 cables.
IEEE802.3ah defines Giga-Ethernet over Fiber.

Virtual LAN

LAN uses Ethernet which in turn works on shared media. Shared media in Ethernet create one
single Broadcast domain and one single Collision domain. Introduction of switches to Ethernet
has removed single collision domain issue and each device connected to switch works in its
separate collision domain. But even Switches cannot divide a network into separate Broadcast
domains.

Virtual LAN is a solution to divide a single Broadcast domain into multiple Broadcast domains.
Host in one VLAN cannot speak to a host in another. By default, all hosts are placed into the
same VLAN.

In this diagram, different VLANs are depicted in different color codes. Hosts in one VLAN, even
if connected on the same Switch cannot see or speak to other hosts in different VLANs. VLAN is
Layer-2 technology which works closely on Ethernet. To route packets between two different
VLANs, a Layer-3 device such as Router is required.

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Lesson Objectives:

1. Explain various terminology used in internet

2. Use various services provided by internet
3. Search the desired information over internet define e-mail and its various features

LESSON 12: INTERNET

Computer Network - TOPOLOGIES

A Network Topology is the arrangement with which computer systems or network devices are
connected to each other. Topologies may define both physical and logical aspect of the
network. Both logical and physical topologies could be same or different in a same network.

Point-to-Point

Point-to-point networks contains exactly two hosts such as computer, switches, routers, or
servers connected back to back using a single piece of cable. Often, the receiving end of one
host is connected to sending end of the other and vice versa.

If the hosts are connected point-to-point logically, then may have multiple intermediate devices.
But the end hosts are unaware of underlying network and see each other as if they are
connected directly.

Bus Topology

In case of Bus topology, all devices share single communication line or cable. Bus topology may
have problem while multiple hosts sending data at the same time. Therefore, Bus topology
either uses CSMA/CD technology or recognizes one host as Bus Master to solve the issue. It is
one of the simple forms of networking where a failure of a device does not affect the other
devices. But failure of the shared communication line can make all other devices stop
functioning.

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Both ends of the shared channel have line terminator. The data is sent in only one direction and
as soon as it reaches the extreme end, the terminator removes the data from the line.

Star Topology

All hosts in Star topology are connected to a central device, known as hub device, using a
point-to-point connection. That is, there exists a point to point connection between hosts and
hub. The hub device can be any of the following:

 Layer-1 device such as hub or repeater

 Layer-2 device such as switch or bridge
 Layer-3 device such as router or gateway

As in Bus topology, hub acts as single point of failure. If hub fails, connectivity of all hosts to all
other hosts fails. Every communication between hosts takes place through only the hub. Star
topology is not expensive as to connect one more host, only one cable is required and
configuration is simple.

Ring Topology

In ring topology, each host machine connects to exactly two other machines, creating a circular
network structure. When one host tries to communicate or send message to a host which is not
adjacent to it, the data travels through all intermediate hosts. To connect one more host in the
existing structure, the administrator may need only one more extra cable.

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Failure of any host results in failure of the whole ring. Thus, every connection in the ring is a
point of failure. There are methods which employ one more backup ring.

Mesh Topology

In this type of topology, a host is connected to one or multiple hosts. This topology has hosts in
point-to-point connection with every other host or may also have hosts which are in point-to-
point connection with few hosts only.

Hosts in Mesh topology also work as relay for other hosts which do not have direct point-to-
point links. Mesh technology comes into two types:

 Full Mesh: All hosts have a point-to-point connection to every other host in the
network. Thus, for every new host n(n-1)/2 connections are required. It provides the
most reliable network structure among all network topologies.
 Partially Mesh: Not all hosts have point-to-point connection to every other host. Hosts
connect to each other in some arbitrarily fashion. This topology exists where we need to
provide reliability to some hosts out of all.

Tree Topology

Also known as Hierarchical Topology, this is the most common form of network topology in use
presently. This topology imitates as extended Star topology and inherits properties of Bus
topology.

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This topology divides the network into multiple levels/layers of network. Mainly in LANs, a
network is bifurcated into three types of network devices. The lowermost is access-layer where
computers are attached. The middle layer is known as distribution layer, which works as
mediator between upper layer and lower layer. The highest layer is known as core layer, and is
central point of the network, i.e. root of the tree from which all nodes fork.

All neighboring hosts have point-to-point connection between them. Similar to the Bus topology,
if the root goes down, then the entire network suffers even though it is not the single point of
failure. Every connection serves as point of failure, failing of which divides the network into
unreachable segment.

Daisy Chain

This topology connects all the hosts in a linear fashion. Similar to Ring topology, all hosts are
connected to two hosts only, except the end hosts. Means, if the end hosts in daisy chain are
connected then it represents Ring topology.

Each link in daisy chain topology represents single point of failure. Every link failure splits the
network into two segments. Every intermediate host works as relay for its immediate hosts.

Hybrid Topology

A network structure whose design contains more than one topology is said to be hybrid
topology. Hybrid topology inherits merits and demerits of all the incorporating topologies.

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