Unit 10

Displacement Reactions

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Choose the correct answer.
1. Which of the following best describes a displacement reaction?
a) A reaction in which two or more reactants combine to form a single product
b) A reaction in which atoms of one reactant replace atoms of another reactant, and form new
compound
c) A reaction in which a compound breaks down into simpler substances by the addition of water
d) A reaction in which a compound gains electrons from another compound
2. In a displacement reaction, which species is usually the one being displaced?
a) The reactant with the highest mass
b) The reactant with the lowest mass
c) The reactant with the highest reactivity
d) The reactant with the lowest reactivity
3. In a displacement reaction, what happens to the element or ion that is being displaced?
a) It remains unchanged
b) It loses electrons
c) It gains electrons
d) It forms a new compound with the other reactant
4. Which statement best describes the driving force behind displacement reactions?
a) The desire for elements to achieve a noble gas electron configuration
b) The need to increase the total number of atoms in the system
c) The requirement for balanced equations
d) The necessity to form compounds with higher stability
5. In the displacement reaction of hydrogen by magnesium, which of the following
statements is true?
a) Magnesium gains electrons from hydrogen ions
b) Hydrogen ions gain electrons from magnesium
c) Magnesium ions replace hydrogen ions in a compound
d) Hydrogen ions replace magnesium ions in a compound
6. In the displacement reaction of copper by iron from copper sulfate solution, what is the
role of iron?
a) Iron gains electrons from copper ions
b) Copper ions gain electrons from iron
c) Iron ions replace copper ions in a compound
d) Copper ions replace iron ions in a compound

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7. Which of the following correctly represents the balanced equation for the displacement
reaction of iron replacing copper in copper sulfate solution?
a) Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
b) Cu(s) + FeSO4(aq) → CuSO4(aq) + Fe(s)
c) Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → Cu(s) + Fe2(SO4)3(aq)
d) Cu(s) + Fe2(SO4)3(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu2(s)
8. Which of the following metals is most likely to react vigorously with water?
a) Aluminum
b) Gold
c) Sodium
d) Zinc
9. Which metal is the least reactive among the following options?
a) Iron
b) Potassium
c) Copper
d) Silver
10. When a metal reacts with an acid, which gas is usually evolved?
a) Oxygen
b) Carbon dioxide
c) Hydrogen
d) Nitrogen
11. Which metal is used in galvanization to prevent rusting of iron?
a) Lead
b) Zinc
c) Magnesium
d) Nickel
12. Which metal reacts readily with oxygen in the air to form a protective oxide layer, thus
preventing further corrosion?
a) Sodium
b) Aluminum
c) Copper
d) Iron
13. When metals react with acids, which gas is commonly evolved?
a) Oxygen
b) Carbon dioxide
c) Hydrogen

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d) Nitrogen
14. Which metal reacts most vigorously with dilute hydrochloric acid?
a) Iron
b) Zinc
c) Copper
d) Silver
15. What is the general form of the chemical equation when a metal reacts with an acid?
a) Metal + Acid → Salt + Water + Hydrogen
b) Metal + Acid → Salt + Oxygen + Hydrogen
c) Metal + Acid → Oxide + Water + Hydrogen
d) Metal + Acid → Hydroxide + Water + Hydrogen
16. Which metal is commonly used in laboratories to produce hydrogen gas by reacting
with acids?
a) Lead
b) Zinc
c) Aluminum
d) Gold
17. Which of the following metals will not react with dilute sulfuric acid?
a) Magnesium
b) Iron
c) Aluminum
d) Silver
18. Which of the following represents a typical displacement reaction involving metals?
a) Zinc + Copper(II) sulfate solution → Zinc sulfate + Copper
b) Copper + Zinc sulfate solution → Copper sulfate + Zinc
c) Copper + Zinc chloride solution → Copper chloride + Zinc
d) Zinc + Copper sulfate solution → Copper + Zinc sulfate
19. When a less reactive metal displaces a more reactive metal from its salt solution, what
happens to the less reactive metal?
a) It gains electrons
b) It loses electrons
c) It remains unchanged
d) It forms a new compound
20. Which metal can displace iron from an aqueous solution of iron(II) sulfate?
a) Aluminum
b) Gold

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c) Silver
d) Copper
21. In the displacement reaction of silver nitrate with copper, what is the product formed?
a) Silver + Copper nitrate
b) Copper + Silver nitrate
c) Silver nitrate + Copper oxide
d) Copper nitrate + Silver
22. Which of the following represents a widespread use of displacement reactions?
a) Electroplating of metals
b) Formation of salts in neutralization reactions
c) Combustion reactions in engines
d) Polymerization reactions in plastics manufacturing
SHORT QUESTIONS
1. Explain with an example how a more reactive metal can displace a less reactive metal
from its compound.
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2. How can you determine whether a displacement reaction will occur between two metals
based on their positions in the reactivity series?
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3. Describe a real-life scenario where displacement reactions are utilized.
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4. What is the reactivity series, and how does it help predict displacement reactions like
hydrogen by magnesium and copper by iron?
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5. Explain how the reactivity series helps us understand the behavior of metals in various
chemical reactions.
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6. Give an example of a highly reactive metal and a less reactive metal, and explain why one
is more reactive than the other.
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Q1. Explain the role of iron in displacing copper from copper sulfate solution.
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Q2. Why is the displacement reaction of copper by iron from copper sulfate solution
considered a useful demonstration of the reactivity series?
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1. What is the chemical equation for the reaction of magnesium with water?
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2. How does magnesium react with water?
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3. What kind of solution does magnesium hydroxide make?
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4. What physical observations can be made when magnesium reacts with water?
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5. Write down the identification test of magnesium hydroxide.
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1. What is the reactivity series of metals, and how is it useful in understanding chemical
reactions?
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2. How do metals like potassium and sodium behave in comparison to metals like copper
and silver according to their positions in the reactivity series?
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3. Can you explain why metals higher in the reactivity series are more likely to displace
metals lower in the series from their compounds during reactions?
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4. Name the more reactive metals than Mg?
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Q1. Write the word equation and chemical equation of the above reaction.
Word Equation:
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Chemical equation:
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Q2. Write the identification test for hydrogen gas.
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Q3. Describe a simple experiment to show the reaction between a metal and an acid.

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 Displacement reaction of Copper and Silver sulphate:

1. What is the chemical formula for silver sulfate?

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2. Describe the color and appearance of solid silver sulfate.

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3. How does copper react with silver sulfate solution? Describe the observed changes.
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4. What type of reaction occurs when copper is added to a solution of silver sulfate? Explain.
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5. How can you separate copper sulfate from silver sulfate in a mixture?
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Applications of Displacement Reactions:

1. Repairing of Railway Tracks:
The repair of railway tracks using the reaction between aluminum (Al) and iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3)
involves several main points:
● Aluminum reacts with iron(III) oxide to produce aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and iron (Fe).
● The reaction between aluminum and iron(III) oxide is highly exothermic, meaning it releases
a significant amount of heat energy.
● The high temperature generated by the exothermic reaction causes the iron to melt.
● The molten iron fills gaps or cracks in the railway tracks, effectively welding them back
together.
● The resulting weld is strong and durable, capable of withstanding the weight and stresses of
trains passing over the tracks.
● This method of repairing railway tracks is relatively cost-effective and efficient compared to
traditional methods such as welding with a flame or using mechanical fasteners.

1. How does the reaction between aluminum and iron(III) oxide contribute to the repair of
railway tracks, and what are the key products formed during this process?
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2. What role does the exothermic nature of the reaction between aluminum and iron(III)
oxide play in the repair of railway tracks, and how does it affect the efficiency of the
repair process?
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3. Discuss the advantages and potential challenges associated with using the reaction
between aluminum and iron(III) oxide as a method for repairing railway tracks,
considering factors such as cost, environmental impact, and safety precautions.
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Write down the definitions of the following vocabulary words.
No. Words Meanings

1 Displacement reactions

2 Word equation

3 Symbol equations

Reactivity series of
4
metals

5 Displaced

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6 Less reactive

7 More reactive

8 Metals

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 Unit 11
Preparing Common Salts

Multiple Choice Questions

1. In the reaction between hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to form
sodium chloride (NaCl) and water (H2O), what are the reactants?
a) NaCl and H2O
b) HCl and NaOH
c) NaCl and NaOH
d) HCl and H2O
2. When sodium chloride (NaCl) is obtained from the reaction between sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl), what are the products?
a) NaOH and HCl
b) NaOH and NaCl
c) NaCl and H2O
d) NaOH and H2O
3. In the preparation of sodium chloride (NaCl) from the reaction between sodium carbonate
(Na2CO3) and hydrochloric acid (HCl), what are the reactants?
a) Na2CO3 and HCl
b) NaCl and HCl
c) Na2CO3 and NaCl
d) NaCl and NaOH
4. When potassium chloride (KCl) is formed from the reaction between potassium hydroxide
(KOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl), what are the products?
a) KOH and HCl
b) KOH and KCl
c) KCl and H2O
d) KCl and KOH
5. What are the reactants in the preparation of calcium chloride (CaCl2) from the reaction
between calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and hydrochloric acid (HCl)?
a) CaCO3 and CaCl2
b) CaCO3 and HCl
c) CaCl2 and HCl
d) CaCO3 and NaOH

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6. What is the general method to prepare a salt by reacting a metal with an acid?
a) React a metal with water.
b) React a metal with an alcohol.
c) React a metal with an acid.
d) React a metal with a base.
7. How can you prepare zinc chloride (ZnCl2) by reacting zinc with hydrochloric acid (HCl)?
a) Zn + HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
b) Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2
c) Zn + HCl → Zn + Cl2
d) Zn + H2O → Zn(OH)2 + H2
8. What is the product formed when calcium carbonate (CaCO3) reacts with hydrochloric
acid (HCl)?
a) Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)
b) Calcium chloride (CaCl2)
c) Carbon dioxide (CO2)
d) Water (H2O)
9. Which metal carbonate reacts with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to produce carbon dioxide
(CO2), water (H2O), and the corresponding sulfate salt?
a) Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)
b) Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
c) Magnesium carbonate (MgCO3)
d) Potassium carbonate (K2CO3)
10. How can you prepare copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4) by reacting copper oxide (CuO) with
sulfuric acid (H2SO4)?
a) CuO + H2SO4 → CuSO4 + H2O
b) CuO + HCl → CuCl2 + H2O
c) CuO + NaOH → Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4
d) CuO + H2O → Cu(OH)2 + H2
11. What is the initial step in the process of purifying salts?
a) Filtration
b) Evaporation
c) Crystallization
d) Dissolution
12. Which technique is used to separate insoluble impurities from a salt solution?
a) Evaporation
b) Crystallization

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 c) Filtration
d) Sublimation
13. What is the purpose of evaporation in the purification of salts?
a) To dissolve impurities
b) To form crystals
c) To remove water
d) To filter the solution
14. After filtration and evaporation, which process is used to obtain pure salt crystals?
a) Sublimation
b) Distillation
c) Crystallization
d) Decantation
15. What happens during the process of crystallization in the purification of salts?
a) Impurities are dissolved in the solution.
b) Salt crystals are dissolved in the solution.
c) Pure salt crystals are formed from the solution.
d) Salt crystals are filtered out from the solution.

SHORT QUESTIONS
1. What are the typical reactants involved in the preparation of salts from metals and
acids?
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2. Describe the products formed when a metal reacts with a non-metal to form a salt.
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3. How do you identify the reactants and products in the preparation of a salt from a metal
carbonate and an acid?
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4. Explain the role of reactants and products in the process of salt preparation through
neutralization reactions.
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5. How do you prepare zinc chloride (ZnCl2) by reacting zinc with hydrochloric acid (HCl)?
Briefly describe the reaction.
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6. What is the process to prepare copper sulfate (CuSO4) by reacting copper oxide (CuO)
with sulfuric acid (H2SO4)? Outline the steps involved.
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7. Explain the method to prepare sodium chloride (NaCl) by reacting sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) with hydrochloric acid (HCl).
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______________________________________________________________________________
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8. How can you obtain calcium chloride (CaCl2) by reacting calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
with hydrochloric acid (HCl)? Describe the reaction.
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9. Briefly outline the steps involved in preparing potassium sulfate (K2SO4) by reacting
potassium carbonate (K2CO3) with sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
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10. What is the purpose of filtration in the purification of salts, and what type of impurities
does it remove?
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11. Describe the process of crystallization in purifying salts. What conditions favor the
formation of pure salt crystals?
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12. Explain why the sequence of filtration, evaporation, and crystallization is essential in the
purification of salts.
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13. What are the key differences between filtration, evaporation, and crystallization in the
context of purifying salts?
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Q. Write down the definitions of the following vocabulary Words.

No. Words Meanings

1 Acids

2 Salts

3 Reactants

4 Products

5 Herbicide

6 Common salt

7 Chlorides

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8 Sulfates

9 Nitrates

10 Crystals

11 Crystallization

12 Filtration

13 Evaporation

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Unit # 9
Density

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 Multiple Choice Questions:
Which unit is commonly used to express the
What is the formula for calculating density?
density of a solid?
A. Mass × Volume
A. kg/m³
B. Mass / Volume
B. g/cm³
C. Volume / Mass
C. kg/L
D. Mass + Volume
D. m³/g

Why do objects with higher density than

If a solid has a mass of 200 g and a volume of
water sink?
50 cm³, what is its density?
A. They are heavier than water.
A. 4 g/cm³
B. Their mass is less than their volume.
B. 2 g/cm³
C. Their density is greater than water's
C. 5 g/cm³
density.
D. 0.25 g/cm³
D. They displace more water.

Which of the following liquids will float on What happens to the density of a gas if the
water? temperature increases??
A. Oil (density = 0.9 g/cm³) A. Density increases
B. Honey (density = 1.4 g/cm³) B. Density decreases
C. Milk (density = 1.03 g/cm³) C. Density remains the same
D. Alcohol (density = 0.8 g/cm³) D. Density doubles

If two objects have the same mass but

An object will float in water if its density is: different volumes, the one with the larger
A. Equal to water's density volume will have:
B. Greater than water's density A. Higher density
C. Less than water's density B. Lower density
D. Equal to or less than water's density C. Same density
D. No density

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Which property is NOT directly related to
The density of water is approximately:
the density of a material?
A. 1 g/cm³
A. Mass
B. 0.5 g/cm³
B. Volume
C. 1.5 g/cm³
C. Temperature
D. 2 g/cm³
D. Color

A balloon filled with helium floats in air

Which gas is denser than air?
because:
A. Helium
A. Helium is heavier than air
B. Carbon dioxide
B. Helium is lighter than air
C. Oxygen
C. Helium has no density
D. Hydrogen
D. The balloon is waterproof

If the volume of an object is 100 cm³ and its When a substance changes from a liquid to a
mass is 250 g, what is its density? solid, its density usually:
A. 0.4 g/cm³ A. Increases
B. 2.5 g/cm³ B. Decreases
C. 1.5 g/cm³ C. Stays the same
D. 3.5 g/cm³ D. Becomes zero

DEFINITIONS
No. Words Meanings

1 Density

2 Mass

3 Volume

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 Standard Temperature
4
and Pressure (STP)

5 Sinking

6 Floating

7 Weather Prediction

SHORT QUESTIONS
1. Define density.
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2. How can you calculate the density of a liquid?
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3. Why do icebergs float in water?

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4. What happens to the density of a substance when it is heated?
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5. Explain why oil floats on water.
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6. What is the relationship between mass, volume, and density?
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7. How does pressure affect the density of gases?
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8. Why do some materials sink in water while others float?
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9. How can you use density to identify a substance?
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10. What is the significance of the density of water being 1 g/cm³?
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HOT QUESTIONS
1. Explain why a ship made of steel floats on water even though steel is denser than water.
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2. How would you design an experiment to compare the densities of different liquids?
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3. Discuss the impact of temperature and pressure on the density of a gas, providing real-
world examples.
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4. If two substances have the same mass but different volumes, how does this affect their
densities and potential uses in industries?
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5. Why might a helium balloon rise faster on a hot day compared to a cold day?
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 Self-Assessment Checklist:
(Density)

Instructions:
For each criterion, mark yourself on a scale from 1 to 3 based on how well you think you
understand and can apply the concept.
Score
No. Topics
3 2 1
1. Density
2. Mass
3. Volume
4. Density in Solids
5. Density in Liquids
6. Density in Gases
7. Floating
8. Sinking
9. Standard Temperature and Pressure
10. Weather Prediction

Total Score:
 Add up your marks for each criterion to get a total score.
 Maximum score: 30

My Score: ________
Reflection:
What are my strengths?
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Which areas do I need to improve?

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 ENERGY
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
What is the main difference between heat
and temperature?
A. Heat measures energy; temperature Which of the following is a unit of heat
measures mass. energy?
B. Heat measures mass; temperature A. Kelvin
measures energy. B. Celsius
C. Heat is the total energy of particles; C. Joule
temperature is the average energy of D. Newton
particles.
D. Heat and temperature are the same.

What does the law of conservation of energy

How does thermal energy transfer from one
state?
object to another?
A. Energy can be created and destroyed.
A. From colder to hotter objects
B. Energy cannot be created or destroyed,
B. From hotter to colder objects
only transformed.
C. Only between objects of the same
C. Energy is only conserved in living
temperature
organisms.
D. Only in solids
D. Energy conservation applies only to heat.

What is heat dissipation? Which process of heat transfer requires direct

A. The process of energy being stored contact between particles?
B. The transfer of thermal energy from hot to A. Conduction
cold areas B. Convection

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C. The creation of thermal energy C. Radiation
D. The destruction of thermal energy D. Evaporation

Which process of heat transfer occurs in Which method of heat transfer does not
fluids like liquids and gases? require a medium?
A. Conduction A. Conduction
B. Convection B. Convection
C. Radiation C. Radiation
D. Absorption D. Evaporation

What happens during cooling by

evaporation? Which of the following best explains why
A. Heat is absorbed by the liquid, cooling the sweat cools your body?
surface. A. Sweat insulates the skin.
B. Heat is released by the liquid, warming the B. Sweat absorbs heat as it evaporates, cooling
surface. the body.
C. The temperature of the liquid increases. C. Sweat increases body temperature.
D. Evaporation occurs only when a liquid D. Sweat reflects heat away from the body.
reaches boiling point.

Which material is the best conductor of In which process does warm air rise and cool
heat? air sink, creating a cycle?
A. Wood A. Conduction
B. Plastic B. Convection
C. Copper C. Radiation
D. Glass D. Dissipation

What type of heat transfer is experienced What is the role of insulators in thermal
when standing in sunlight? transfer?
A. Conduction A. They increase heat transfer.
B. Convection B. They reduce heat transfer.
C. Radiation C. They convert heat to electricity.

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D. Evaporation D. They store heat.

Which of the following is an example of How does radiation differ from conduction
conduction? and convection?
A. Boiling water in a pot A. It only occurs in solids.
B. Warm air rising in a room B. It involves the movement of particles.
C. Feeling heat from a fire without touching it C. It can transfer heat through a vacuum.
D. A metal spoon heating up in a hot soup D. It only happens in liquids.

Which type of thermal transfer is most Which of the following appliances uses the
significant in the Earth's atmosphere? principle of radiation?
A. Conduction A. Refrigerator
B. Convection B. Radiator heater
C. Radiation C. Ceiling fan
D. Evaporation D. Microwave oven

What type of energy transformation occurs What factor does NOT affect the rate of
in a hot object cooling down? evaporation?
A. Thermal to chemical A. Temperature
B. Thermal to mechanical B. Humidity
C. Thermal to potential C. Surface area
D. Thermal to environmental D. Color of the liquid

DEFINITIONS
No. Words Meanings

1 Energy

2 Heat

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3 Thermal Energy

4 Internal Energy

5 Kinetic Energy

6 Temperature

7 Dissipation

8 Thermal Transfer

9 Conduction

10 Convection

11 Radiation

39
12 Evaporation

13 Joule

14 Exothermic

15 Endothermic

16 Insulation

Infrared
17
Radiation

18 Thermal Imaging

40
 SHORT QUESTIONS
1. Define heat and temperature.
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2. Explain the principle of the conservation of energy.
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3. Describe how thermal energy moves between objects of different temperatures.
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4. What is heat dissipation?
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______________________________________________________________________________
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5. How does conduction transfer heat?
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6. Explain how convection occurs in the atmosphere.
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7. Describe the process of radiation in heat transfer.
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8. How does evaporation lead to cooling?
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______________________________________________________________________________
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9. What is the role of conductors and insulators in thermal transfer?
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10. Why does sweating cool the body?
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HOT QUESTIONS
1. How can the principles of heat transfer be applied to design energy-efficient buildings?
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2. Discuss the environmental implications of heat dissipation in industrial processes and
suggest ways to reduce energy loss.
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3. How does understanding thermal energy transfer help in developing better cooling
systems for electronic devices?
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4. Explain how the principle of evaporation cooling is utilized in traditional clay water pots
or modern air coolers.
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5. How might climate change affect the natural processes of convection and radiation in the
Earth’s atmosphere?
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45
 Chapter # 16
Electrical Circuits

46
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
In a parallel circuit, how does the current What happens to the total resistance in a
divide? parallel circuit when more resistors are
E. Equally across all branches added?
F. Based on the resistance of each branch E. It increases
G. Only through the branch with the least F. It decreases
resistance G. It remains the same
H. Current does not divide in parallel circuits H. It doubles
Which instrument is used to measure Where is an ammeter placed in a circuit to
current in a circuit? measure current?
E. Voltmeter E. In parallel with the component
F. Ammeter F. In series with the component
G. Ohmmeter G. Across the battery terminals
H. Multimeter H. Outside the circuit
Which instrument is used to measure
How is a voltmeter connected in a circuit?
voltage across a component?
E. In series with the component
E. Ammeter
F. In parallel with the component
F. Voltmeter
G. Across the battery terminals only
G. Ohmmeter
H. Between two separate circuits
H. Multimeter
What happens to the brightness of lamps in What is the effect of adding more cells in
a series circuit when more lamps are added? series to a circuit?
E. Brightness increases E. Increases the total current
F. Brightness decreases F. Decreases the total current
G. Brightness remains the same G. Has no effect on the total current
H. Lamps will not light up H. Reduces the voltage
What is the formula for calculating What happens to the total current in a circuit
resistance? if the resistance increases?
E. Resistance = Voltage + Current E. Total current increases
F. Resistance = Voltage / Current F. Total current decreases

47
G. Resistance = Current / Voltage G. Total current remains the same
H. Resistance = Voltage - Current H. Total current doubles.
In a parallel circuit with two identical
What is the symbol for a resistor in a circuit
resistors, what is the total resistance
diagram?
compared to one resistor?
E. A circle with a cross inside
E. Double the resistance of one
F. A rectangle
F. The same as one resistor
G. A zigzag line
G. Half the resistance of one
H. A straight line
H. Triple the resistance of one
How does the total voltage in a series circuit
relate to the voltage across each
component? What happens to the total voltage in a parallel
E. It is equal to the sum of the voltages across circuit?
each component. E. It is divided equally across all branches
F. It is less than the sum of the voltages across F. It is the same across each branch
each component. G. It increases with each branch added
G. It is greater than the sum of the voltages H. It decreases with each branch added
across each component.
H. It remains constant across each component
Which component is used to control the What is the effect of a closed switch in a
current in a circuit? circuit?
E. Resistor E. It stops the current flow
F. Capacitor F. It allows current to flow
G. Switch G. It decreases the voltage
H. Transformer H. It increases resistance
In a series circuit, what happens if one lamp Which component can vary its resistance in a
is removed? circuit?
E. The remaining lamps will glow brighter E. Fixed resistor
F. The remaining lamps will not light up F. Variable resistor
G. The total current will increase G. Capacitor

48
H. The circuit will continue to function H. Diode
What happens to current in a parallel
circuit with multiple paths? Which symbol represents a battery in a
E. It remains the same in all paths circuit diagram?
F. It splits according to the resistance of each E. A long and a short parallel line
path F. A zigzag line
G. It only flows through the path with least G. A rectangle
resistance H. A circle with a cross inside
H. It stops flowing completely

DEFINITIONS
No. Words Meanings

1 Circuit Diagrams

2 Fixed Resistor

3 Series Circuit

4 Parallel Circuit

5 Voltage

6 Resistance

49
 7 Superconductors

SHORT QUESTION
1. Describe how current behaves in a parallel circuit.
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2. How do you connect an ammeter to measure current in a circuit?
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3. Explain the effect of adding more lamps in a series circuit.
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4. What is the role of a resistor in a circuit?

50
______________________________________________________________________________
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5. How does increasing resistance affect the current in a circuit?
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6. Describe the difference in voltage measurement between series and parallel circuits.
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7. What is the function of a variable resistor?
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8. How does adding more cells in series affect the circuit?
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9. What happens to total resistance when more resistors are added in parallel?
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10. How do you measure voltage across a component?
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 HOT QUESTIONS
1. How can understanding the principles of series and parallel circuits be applied in
designing home electrical systems for safety and efficiency?
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2. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using parallel circuits over series circuits in
household wiring.
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3. How would you redesign an electrical circuit in a toy to make it more energy-efficient?
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4. Explain how the resistance of materials affects the design of electrical components in
everyday appliances.
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5. If a circuit in a building has multiple appliances, how would using a combination of series
and parallel circuits optimize power distribution and safety?
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 Self-Assessment Checklist:
(Electrical Circuits)

Instructions:
For each criterion, mark yourself on a scale from 1 to 3 based on how well you think you
understand and can apply the concept.
Score
No. Topics
3 2 1
1. Circuit Diagrams
2. Fixed Resistors
3. Series Circuit
4. Parallel Circuit
5. Voltage
6. Resistance
7. Superconductors
8. Voltmeter
9. Ammeter
10. Buzzer

Total Score:
 Add up your marks for each criterion to get a total score.
 Maximum score: 30

My Score: ________
Reflection:
What are my strengths?
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Which areas do I need to improve?

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 Unit # 13
Reflection and Refraction
Multiple Choice Questions:
1. In the process of reflection, light bounces off a surface. This process is known as:
a) Absorption
b) Refraction
c) Reflection
d) Transmission

2. What is the angle between the incident ray and the normal in the laws of reflection?
a) 90 degrees
b) 0 degrees
c) 45 degrees
d) It varies

3. A shiny, smooth surface like a mirror reflects light through:

a) Absorption
b) Scattering
c) Regular reflection
d) Refraction

4. Which law of reflection states that the incident ray, reflected ray, and the normal to the
surface all lie in the same plane?
a) First law
b) Second law
c) Third law
d) Fourth law

5. When light passes from air into glass, it:

a) Speeds up
b) Slows down
c) Changes direction
d) Disappears

6. What causes refraction of light when it passes from one medium to another?
a) Reflection
b) Dispersion
c) Change in speed
d) Absorption

7. The bending of light as it passes from water into air is an example of:
a) Reflection
b) Dispersion
c) Refraction

56
d) Diffraction

8. When light travels from water into air, which part of the light spectrum is refracted the
most?
a) Red
b) Green
c) Blue
d) Violet

9. What happens to white light when it passes through a glass prism?

a) It scatters
b) It reflects
c) It disperses into colors
d) It absorbs all colors

10. The sequence of colors produced when white light is dispersed through a prism is known
as:
a) The color wheel
b) The visible spectrum
c) The color ladder
d) The rainbow sequence

11. Which color of light has the shortest wavelength?

a) Red
b) Green
c) Blue
d) Violet

12. When all the colors of light are combined, what color is produced?
a) Black
b) White
c) Red
d) Yellow

13. If an object appears green, it means that the object:

a) Absorbs green light
b) Reflects green light
c) Absorbs all colors except green
d) Absorbs all colors

14. When blue light and red light are added together, what color is produced?
a) Yellow
b) Green
c) Blue
d) White

57
15. What type of mirror is commonly used as a rearview mirror in a car?
a) Convex mirror
b) Concave mirror
c) Plane mirror
d) Spherical mirror

16. Which optical instrument uses two concave mirrors facing each other to create multiple
reflections and produce an upright image?
a) Microscope
b) Periscope
c) Kaleidoscope
d) Telescope

17. In a concave mirror, if an object is placed beyond the focal point, the image formed is:
a) Real and inverted
b) Virtual and upright
c) Real and upright
d) Virtual and inverted

18. What is the focal length of a convex mirror?

a) Positive
b) Negative
c) Zero
d) Cannot be determined

19. Which type of mirror is used in a makeup mirror to produce a magnified image?
a) Convex mirror
b) Concave mirror
c) Plane mirror
d) Spherical mirror

20. What is the primary use of a concave mirror in a solar cooker?

a) To reflect light into the cooker
b) To focus sunlight on the cooking pot
c) To keep the food warm
d) To block sunlight

58
Question: Label the following diagram.

Question: Label the following diagram.

SHORT QUESTIONS

1. What is reflection of light?

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______________________________________________________________________________
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2. State the first law of reflection.
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3. Describe what happens to light when it passes from air into water.
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4. What is dispersion of white light?
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5. What color is produced when red and blue light are added together?
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6. What type of mirror is commonly used in side-view car mirrors?
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7. How does a convex mirror affect the size of the image?
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8. In a solar cooker, what is the purpose of a concave mirror?
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 Paper Pattern
For End-Year Exam Class VIII the maximum marks will be out of 100.
For Exam, the paper will consist of 3 Sections with the following percentage weightage
Section A: Objective Type (MCQs, True/False etc) 30%
Section B: Short Questions/Answers 30%
Section C: Extended Response Questions 40%
Cognitive Complexity:
Thinking process that students are expected to engage in while answering the items on the
paper:
1. Knowing 30-40%
2. Applying 30-40%
3. Reasoning 20-30%

Time Allocation
Class VIII 2hrs

62