I.

Principle of organization, management and administration of law enforcement and public safety
agencies.

Police - branch of criminal justice system which is responsible for maintenance of peace and
order and preventing and detecting a crime.

Police organization - it is a group of highly trained individual for enforcement of law and
protection of lives and properties.

Organization - group of persons with coordinated activities to achieve the goals and objectives.

Types of Organization

1. Formal organization - A structured organization with a clear chain of command,

coordinated activities, cooperation, and unity among its members. Examples include the
Philippine National Police (PNP) and the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP).

2. Informal organization - indefinite and less structured organization where functions are
carried out through feelings, motivation, and empathizing among members. It lacks a
formal hierarchy and definitive structure.

Etymology of the word POLICE - it came from the Greek word POLITEIA which means government
of the city. When Romans occupied Greece, they adapted the word slightly to POLITIA. The term
"police" in French evolved from this etymology.
Acronyms Related to Police
 Acronym of POLICE - Public Officer for Legal Investigation and Criminal Emergencies
 Acronym of word COP - Constable on Patrol

Police Administration - facilitating policies and rules for the organization also called Police in Action. It
includes formulating the policies and guidelines that direct the organization’s operations.

Police management - implementing the policies, rules and regulation made in the process of
administration

Management - The executive function that carries out policies.

Administration - The determinative function that creates policies.

Police management - ensures the judicious use of resources, such as manpower, equipment, and
strategies, to achieve the organization’s objectives.

Police supervision - the authority of the commander to supervise, monitor, oversee the activities of the
police officers.

Police Accountability - responsibility of the commander to whole organization to be accountable for the
mistake.
Police Power - (under our constitution - it is the power of the state to make law - legislative branch) -
power to restrain people action to compel obedience to the law. For example, police officers
enforcing a curfew is an exercise of police power.

Primal Condition of an Organization A-D-M-D

a) Authority - the supreme governing power to organization. - the power to make a command base
on position, rank, seniority

b) Doctrine - refers to the rules, regulations, policies, and procedures. Kapag papasok ka sa
organization dapat may sinusunod na rules and regulations.

c) Mutual cooperation - the organization exist because it serves a purpose

What is the purpose of organization? MISSION
PNP Mission - to enforce the law, to prevent and control crimes, to maintain peace
and order, to ensure public safety and internal security, with the active support of the
community
Vision - it is the aim of the organization. This is what the organization wanted to
become in the future.
PNP Vision - imploring the aid of almighty by year 2030, we shall be a highly
credible, responsible and effective service working with a responsive community to
build a safer place to live, to work and to do business.
What is the core values of PNP? MAKADIYOS, MAKABAYAN, MAKATAO,
MAKALIKASAN
d) Discipline - it is the tool to correct undesirable behavior or performance

What are the types of organization?

1. Line organization - it is the oldest and simplest type of organization. Also called as Military.
It depicts or follows the Line Function, where a line officer holds the authority to make
decisions for the organization. This structure typically involves fewer units and a
straightforward chain of command.

Chain of command - Authority and responsibility flow from the top of the organization
to the bottom and vice versa, based on position, rank, and seniority.

Line organization Chart

2. Staff Organization - administration and organization - the authority and responsibility are
distributed among specialized units or experts. This type of organization features an
intensive division of work and specialization, known as the Functional Principle. It
resembles an umbrella structure and does not have a direct line of authority. The
commander of the specialize units is answerable to the higher officer. For example, the
Cybercrime Group (a specialized unit) is answerable to the Deputy Chief for Cooperation
(a higher officer).
 E.g. The Cybercrime Group (Specialized Units) is answerable to the Dep. Chief for
Cooperation (Higher Officer).

Division of work - In this structure, groups or individuals are assigned specific tasks. For
instance, if one is assigned to intelligence, their sole responsibility may be
conducting covert operations. This division of work promotes specialization
within the organization.

3. Line & Staff organization - Most police organizations adopt this principle, which combines
elements of both line and staff structures. In this model, line officers have authority,
while specialized units provide advice, support, and assistance to the line officers.
Commanders may receive advice based on their personnel's expertise, but such advice
does not carry a formal requirement for acceptance. This structure accommodates several
units working together effectively.

Types of Specialization

a. Specialization by Jobs - means Area of Specialization. This type of specialization categorizes

personnel based on specific job areas, such as investigation, intelligence, and forensic science.

b. Specialization by person - means specialist. This refers to individuals who have specialized
roles within the organization, including investigators, intelligence operatives, and forensic
chemists.

What is the principle which personnel with similar jobs must be grouped together? HOMOGENUITY

HOMOGENUITY - grouping of similar tasks. Grouping of personnel based on factors like function,
time, extent or places of territory or level of authority.

1. According to Function - Grouping is based on the specific purpose of the role, such as
grouping all investigators within a particular unit.

2. According to time - based on the deployment of platoon on a certain shifting. Grouping

personnel based on their deployment schedule or shifts, such as all personnel deployed
from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.

3. According to extent of places/territory - based on the deployment on areas by platoon/teams.

This involves grouping personnel based on their assigned areas, organized by platoons or
teams for different territories

4. According to level of authority - grouping is based on ranks/ position. All lieutenants are
assigned in a certain unit

NDS means - non-duty status - Refers to personnel who are not currently on active duty or are in a non-
working status.

Types of Organizational Function - Function of organization

 1. Line Function - task to fulfill the mission of the organization. Those who perform the primary
tasks. Examples include those assigned to patrol, traffic control, detective work, vice
control, and juvenile control, as well as those involved in crime prevention activities like
checkpoints, police outposts, and route security. These functions are generally performed
in the field.

2. Staff functions - or administrative functions - support the line units fulfill or accomplish it's
mission - those who performed administrative tasks. Administrative tasks pertain to
planning, budget, education, personnel, legal and public relation.

3. Auxiliary Function - focuses on logistic & supplies. Those who performed the secondary
tasks. Secondary tasks refer to communication, transportation, supplies, ammunition and
firearms.

Types of Law Enforcement Units (O-A-S)

1. Operational Units -primary task

2. Administrative Units -administrative task

3. Service Units – secondary tasks

Types of Organizational Unit (T-F-T)

1. Territorial Units (PRBSDA)

2. Functional Units (BDSU)

3. Time/Assignment Units (WP)

Types of Territorial Units (P-R-B-S-D-A)

1. Post – unit or location where the police officer is assigned. Fixed location.

2. Route – a length of street. It is also called LINE BEAT.

3. Beat – location/area designated for either foot/automobile patrol

4. Sector – consist of two or more post, route or beats.

5. Division – geographic section of a city, usually has its own police station.

6. Area – geographic subdivision of a large city, usually consists of several districts.

Types of Functional Units (B-D-S-U)

1. Bureau - largest functional units within a department.

2. Division - primary subdivision of bureau.

3. Section - primary subdivision of division necessary for Specialization

 4. Units - smallest functional group

Types of time units

1. Watch/shift - those personnel who are assigned in a certain schedule

2. Platoon - consist of teams which is headed by a lieutenant.

Q&A

 Pmaj. Lexi lore conducted inspection of all personnel assigned in a checkpoint. What type of
function does she perform? STAFF FUNCTION
 Pat. Scusta Clee conducted patrol along Makisig street with foot patrol. What type of territorial
unit does the statement refers to? BEAT
 What type of organization used by AFP? LINE ORGANIZATION
 PBrig. General Mhot, Chief of information and Communication Technical service is under the
authority of Dep. C, PNP for Admin. What organizational Structure does this statement refers to?
STAFF
 What primal Condition of organization shall be implemented if PCol Lana Rhodes was punished
due to illicit affair with a married man? DISCIPLINE
Principle of Command

 Commander -this is the officer who has the authority to oversee command and
direct a subordinates.
 Command - the product of authority
 Directing - act of making a command
 Directing (act of making command -nag-uutos) vs Command (power to make
command -kapangyarihan mong magutos)
 Command responsibility - the commander is equally liable for the violation of
his subordinates (accountable for the wrong acts of his subordinates)

Principle of management of police organization.

1. Unity of Command - there is only one superior (commander) in a unit. To avoid confusion of
order.

2. Span of Control - it refers to the number of subordinates which can be effectively

supervised

 If the operation is more tactical the span of control will decrease.

 In the execution of warrant of arrest - team leader -8 personnel
 In patrol operation - team leader (one platoon) - 30 -49 personnel
3. Delegation of Authority - assigning the task, duties and responsibilities with appropriate
authority to subordinates. - conferment of authority to lower officer or part of the job is given to
subordinates. (Laissez-faire)
 Laissez-faire leadership, also known as delegative leadership, is a leadership style where the
leader provides resources and support, but allows the group members to make decisions and take
initiative

What is the main purpose of delegation of Authority? TO EASE THE WORKLOAD

OF THE COMMANDER.

4. Principle by Balance - the principle must be applied equally. Especially in authority and
responsibility.

What will happen if there is more authority than responsibility? The members or
subordinates will be frustrated.

If there is more responsibility than authority - the commander will be frustrated.

5. Principle of Absoluteness of Responsibility - the subordinates responsibility to follow is

ABSOLUTE likewise the commander CANNOT ESCAPE the responsibility for the wrong action
of his subordinates.

e.g. PMaj. Juan is the COP of the municipal Police station, however his subordinates
committed bribery, PMaj. Juan is answerable to violation of his men to the Provincial
Director.

6. Principle of Parity and Responsibility - the responsibility given must be covered of his
authority to accomplish the task. (Akma ang responsibilidad)

7. Level Authority Principle - issues which can be decided under the given authority must not
be forwarded to higher officer.

Delegation by Results - the authority given must be enough to accomplish the

responsibility. (Sapat ang kapngyarihan)

Hierarchy - relationship of the officer to subordinates.

Chain of Command vs Scalar Chain - Chain of command (clear line of authority from
highest to lowest or bottom to top) vs Scalar Chain (relationship from highest to lowest -
di pwede ng lowest to highest)

Unity of Direction - the commander and his subordinates must have similar objectives.

8. Principles by Unity of Objectives - the organization is effective as it enables the members to

contribute for the accomplishment of goals and objectives.

9. Principle by Organizational Efficiency - the organizational structure is effective as it

minimizes the cause of each activity.

Esprit De Corps - it literally means team work or team spirit.

II. Power and Function of Major Law enforcement and public safety agencies such as PNP, NBI
PDEA, BID, DDB or PCG

 What is the law created the NAPOLCOM? RA 4864 - Police Professionalization Act - it was
enacted on August 18, 1966 - it created the POLCOM - which was later known renamed to
NAPOLCOM.

 RA 6040 - Law which amended the Civil Service Code.

 What law that requires the police officer to undergo police examination? RA 4864

The authority of NAPOLCOM over PNP:

a. Under 1987 Phil. Constitution - art XVI Sec. 6 - we must have one police force which is
national in scope and civilian in character under a police commission which has power to
administer and control.

b. Under RA 6975 - the NAPOLCOM has the administrative control over the PNP.

Administrative Control - power to manage the recruitment, promotion, retirement or dismissal

(administrative matters).

NAPOLCOM - is the agency which determines the annual quota of the PNP thru the DHRDD -
Directorate for Human Resource and Doctrine Development

NAPOLCOM is under the office of the President

Who approves the plans and programs of NAPOLCOM? PRESIDENT

NAPOLCOM is an attached agency to DILG for policy and program coordination.

NAPOLCOM is responsible for Uniform crime reporting.

Composition of NAPOLCOM:

a. Ex-Officio Chairman (Chairperson) of NAPOLCOM - Sec of DILG

b. Ex-Officio member - Chief of PNP

c. Four Commissioners of NAPOLCOM - Three must belong to civilian sector: one must be the
Vice Chairman - appointed by President and considered as the Executive Officer of
NAPOLCOM.
 One must be woman.
 One must be retired or active officer of PNP or AFP. (once an active official is
appointed, he must resigned or file for early retirement)
 How many years the maximum tenure for NAPOLCOM Commissioners? Ans: 6
years without reappointment
Other qualifications:
  NAPOLCOM Commissioners or member - must be at least 35 years old. -also
must have at least 10 years of experience in law enforcement management.
 RD NAPOLCOM - Must be at least 30 years old. Also, must have at least 5
years of experience in law enforcement management.
What is the authority of DILG over the PNP? Ans. Operational Control and Supervision

Operational Control and Supervision - it is the power to oversee supervised or superintend daily police
activities.

Who are the representative of the commission have the power of operational Control and Supervision
over PNP? Ans. LGE -Local Government Executive -Mayor and Governor

Mayor - has the following powers over the PNP:

1. Mayor could appoint COP - Chief of Police based on the list of 5 eligibles recommended by
PD (Provincial Director)

2. Supervised the implementation of Safety Plan made by City Peace and order Council

3. The power to employ and deploy

 Employ - utilization of element and units of PNP for protection of lives and
properties, maintenance of peace and order and ensuring public safety. The
Mayor use the PNP for crime prevention activities.
 e.g. Mayor Jun command the police to conduct foot patrol activities.
 Deploy - organized physical movement of elements and units of PNP. e.g. Mayor
assigned 5 police from PCP of Brgy. Mabango to PCP Brgy. Mahinay.
 this power is removed from LGE during 40 days before and after the election
because the PNP is under the COMELEC

RA 6975

- DILG Act of 1990 - it was signed on December 13, 1990.

The following bureaus were created:

1. BJMP - it was established on January 2, 1991 and the first C.BJMP was Jail Director
Charles Mondejar.

2. PNP and BFP -were established in January 29, 1991.

- First Chief of PNP - PDG Cesar Nazareno

- First C. NFP - Fire Brig. General Ernesto Madriaga.

In RA 6975 - the educational qualification for this law is only 72 units. (during PD765 - Police
Integration Act - which was enacted on Sept. 8, 1976 - it has no educational qualification)

RA 8551 - PNP Reorganization and Reformation Act of 1998 - it was enacted on February 25, 1998.
What are the units created by this law? Ans. IAS Internal Affair Service and Children and Women's
Desk (10% in annual recruitment quota is allocated for female applicants - all police stations
were given 5 years to recruit female police officers)

RA 8551 - set the amended minimum qualification for appointment of patrolmen/patrolwomen:

1. Citizens of Philippines
2. With good and moral character
3. Must have undergo and passed, phsical, neurological/psychiatric and drug test.
4. The weight must not be more or less 5 kilos.
5. The height for male is 5'2, for female -5'0 (under RA 11549 - Height Equality Law)
6. Must be a holder of Baccalaureate degree.
7. Must be eligible set by the standard of Civil Service
8. Must not convicted by final judgement of crime involving moral turpitude (crimes under
RPC)
9. Must not younger than 21 years old but not older than 30 years old.

Note: Those who did not qualify by means of height, weight and age may apply for waiver program. The
education is removed via RA 9708 from the waiver program. RA 9708 - an act which provides 5 years of
reglementary period to finish the college.

Is there any exception in RA 9708? YES. If the police officer has 15 years or more of active service.

Recruitment - it is the process of attracting qualified applicant, it is also called Pooling of Applicant.

Selection - choosing the most qualified applicants.

Process of Recruitment (Chronological order)

1. BMI - Body mass index - If the applicant undergo waiver program - he must comply with the
weight requirements with 6 months failure to comply shall be terminated.
2. Physical Fitness Test - to test the agility and endurance of applicant.
3. Neuro Psychiatric Test - to test the mental stability of the applicant.
Written examination: What to Avoid
Negative answer. e g. I love my mother but _____: I also love my father
What are you afraid most? Failing the application in PNP.
What is your greatest regret? Failed to apply in PNPA
Enumeration of animals: don't include wild animals like shark etc.,
When asked about your negative qualities: (Workaholic, Perfectionist,
Shy to loan)
Conflicting: Do you love animals? Do you love hunting?

4. Physical and Medical Test - to determine if applicants have contagious disease.

 5. Panel Interview - to determine the desire or attitude by the applicant. (Doesn't determine your
intelligence, instead it determines your willingness to be part of the organization: RCRIM
related or Call center type of questions) Call Center Q type: why the sky is blue? RCRIM
Related Q Type: Miranda Rights violation. What is the difference between the fish stolen
form the market and in the fish pond)

6. Final Deliberation - announcement of the list of successful applicants. (3 days after: oath
taking)
 Eligibility - 25 %
 Education/GWA - 25 %
 Panel Interview - 25%
 Physical Agility -25%

Types of Appointment in PNP (T-P-P)

1. Temporary appointment - those who entered the PNP thru waiver program.

2. Probationary appointment - those who are undergoing the basic training course. 6 months
OJT, 6 months training outside: 4 months, passes.

3. Permanent Appointment - those who completed the basic training course.

Q: How many months is the duration of basic training course? 12 Months

Types of Training in the PNP

1. Mandatory Training - training which is a requirement for promotion
2. In-service Training - general term for all types of training
3. Specialized Training - training which aim to develop specific set of skills. -SWAT, BISOC,
Sniper Course, Commando or Sure Shock.
Sure shock - in one room pepper spray, smoke - suffocate.

Mandatory Training in PNP

1. PSFTP - Public Safety Field Training Program - Patrolman to PCpl. 1 year training. 6 months
inside training, 6 months outside: 4 months passes.
2. PSJLC - Public Safety Junior Leadership Course. PSSgt to PMSgt.
3. PSSLC - Public Safety Senior Leadership Course - PSMSgt to PEMS.
4. PSOCC - Public Safety Officer Candidate Course - PLt (Probationary)
5. PSOBC - Public Safety Officer Basic Course - PLt to Pcpt.
6. PSOAC - Public Safety Officer Advance Course - PMAJ to PLT Col.
7. PSOSEC - Public Safety Officers Senior Executive Course - PCOL - above

School which provides trainings in PNP/BJMP/BFP

1. PPSC - Phil. Public Safety College - the primer educational institution which is responsible for
the training of Jail and Fire Services
 2. PNTI - Police National Training Institute - responsible for specialized and mandatory training
in PNP

3. PNPA - Phil. National Police Academy - offers BS Public Safety

4. NFSTI - National Forensic Science Training Institute - responsible for the conduct of Criminal
investigation courses

5. NPC - National Police College - it offers the Master Public Safety Administration MPSA

Promotion in the PNP - based on the appraisal of the Performance Evaluation

Criteria in Promotion
1. Merits - medals, recognition, awards, commendation, trainings and schooling
2. Seniority - number of years in active service
Time in Grade - number of years in present rank
Time in Grade in the PNP
Pat to PEMS - 2 year
PLt to PCol - 3 years
PBrig - General to Police General - 2 years
3. Availability of vacant slot.

Types of Promotion

1. Regular Promotion - if the applicant possess all the qualification (has Time in Grade,
Eligibility, & Training)

2. Meritorious Promotion - also called Spot or Special Promotion - NAPOLCOM will grant the
promotion upon evaluation except if the spot promotion is granted by the President.
Applicable only from ranks of Pat to PLT COL. Reasons, a. abuse of power, b. possible
of huge loss.
Treatment of Spot Promotion in PNCO vs PCO
 PNCO - all qualifications are waived such as training, time in grade, eligibility.
E.g. P Arroyo
 PCO - only time in grade is waived
Meritorious Promotion - means acts of conspicuous gallantry at the risk of own life.
Posthumous Award - killed while in the performance of duty. Not a type of promotion.

3. Promotion by virtue of position - assigning to key position which has a corresponding rank
which is higher than the rank of the police officer. Upon holding it for 6 months the
police officer will acquire the rank of the position.

E.g. PLT Col Robert was assigned as Chief of City Police Station. Required position of
Chief of City Police Station is PCOL. After 6 months Robert can have the rank of PCOL.

Q: Police Major General Sinio was appointed as RD, NCRPO after holding the position
for 1 year, will Maj. Gen Sinio be promoted? Ans. NO. Because his rank is equal to the
position his holding before he was assigned.
Attrition System - PNP means of removing a personnel from the organization. Under the NAPOLCOM
Memorandum Circular No. 2008-004.

What is the effect of attrition? Ans. Retired/Separation

1. Retired - if the active years of service is 20 years and above.

Retirement Benefits - 50 % of last base pay including the longevity pay and additional
of 2.5% of each year exceeding 20 years.

Longevity Pay - every 5 years, increase of 10% of base pay.

Physical Disability Program - 80% of base pay. No longer an officer

2. Separation - if the active years in service is less than 20 years.

*Leave credits

Types of Attrition System:

1. Attrition by the attainment of Maximum Tenure - C.PNP, Dep. Chief for Admin, Dep.
Chief for Operation and TCDS - The chief of Directorial Staff - 4 years
The tenure of CPNP can be extended by the President in the occasion of the following:
a. During the times of war
b. During the times of national emergency.
Extension is up to 6 months
CPNP is appointed by the President down to the rank of Brigadier General
provided that he is not retirable within 6 months.
RD - 6 years
PD or COP - 9 years
2. Attrition by Relief - has just been relieve for just cause and not activated for 2 years.
3. Attrition by Demotion of Rank and Position - the rank is not commensurate to the position
and stayed for 18 mos.
e.g. COL Naruto was assigned as team leader of Patrol Unit (the rank doesn't suit/fit the
position)
4. Attrition by no promotion - not have been promoted for 10 years.
5. Attrition by other means - to apply the number of years in active service must be at least 5
years.
a. Poor performance in the annual evaluation rating.
- 2 succeeding years (bagsak ka ng 2022 at 2023)
- 3 commutative years (bagsak ka ng 2016, 2019 at 2022)
IPER - Individual Performance Evaluation Rating - it is conducted semi-
annually (twice a year) - passing grade is 80% and above.
b. Failure to attend PFT - Physical Fitness Test.
- 3 consecutive absences even with a valid medical reason.
 - 4 commutative absences even with a valid medical reason
purpose - If you're sick for 3 or 4 years this means you're no longer fit to be an officer.

PNP Administrative Machineries

Major Classification of Administrative Cases:

1. Non-feasance - neglect of duty or failure to perform a lawful duty.

2. Mis-feasance - irregularity in the performance of duty. -from the word mis - mistake - due to
negligence, accident or ignorance.

3. Mal-feasance - misconduct - the acts are prohibited by law. - from the word Mal - malicious or
intentional.

Where the citizens complaint can be filed? (C-M-P)

1. CoP Chief of Police - the number of days of suspension is 15 days or less.

2. Mayor - the number of days of suspension is 16 to 30 days.

3. PLEB - if the number of days of suspension is more than 30 days up to dismissal.

PLEB - People's Law Enforcement Board -it is the central receiving entity of all
citizens complaint.
 PLEB to Police Ratio - 1 PLEB to 500 police officers
 PLEB members are civic duty ( but some cities give at least 1000 pesos per
hearing)
Composition of PLEB :
1. Representative of Sangunian Bayan or Panlunsod
2. Barangay Captain or Chairman
3. (3) members to be selected by the Peace and Order Council.
- one must be woman
- a college graduate
- member of bar
Members of the PLEB must have proven integrity and probity.
How many years is the tenure of PLEB members? Ans. 3 years and eligible to
reappointment for 2 times

Internal Discipline - the authority of the officer to suspend his erring personnel even without a citizens
complaint. - it can be used only for minor offense.
 COP - can suspend his personnel 15 days
 PD or equivalent supervisor - 30 days
 RD or equivalent supervisor - 60 days
 CPNP - 180 days.
Q. Police Brigadier General Thompson, Chief of Forensic Group wanted to suspend his personnel. How
many can the said officer suspend his men? 60 days; equivalent supervisor of RD

Summary Dismissal - the power to dismiss a police even without a formal proceedings.
Who can exercise the summary dismissal of power?
1. CPNP
2. NAPOLCOM
3. RD
Grounds for exercise of Summary Dismissal Power
1. The offense is serious and the evidence of guilt is strong.
2. He is a recidivist. (Recidivist - paulit ulit ang admin case)
3. Conduct of unbecoming a police officer.
4. AWOL for 30 days.

Appellate Boards of NAPOLCOM

1. RAB - Regional Appellate Board - the following are the cases appealable:
a. Decision of Mayor
b. Decision of COP, PD, RD or equivalent supervisor.
c. Decision by PLEB
d. Decision by CPNP not involving dismissal or demotion.
e. Recommendation of RD, IAS which is not acted upon by the RD, PNP for 30 days.
2. NAB - National Appellate Board - the following are the cases appealable:
a. Decision by RAB
b. Decision by CPNP involving dismissal or demotion.
c. Recommendation of Inspector General of IAS not acted upon by CPNP for 30 days.
IAS - Internal Affairs Service - disciplinary machinery within the PNP. It has
no dismissal power only recommendation. (If the recommendation is
not acted upon by CPNP or RD the recommendation will be enforced.
*Recommendation can be approved, denied or modified. If the recommendation
lapses for 30 days it will be automatically approved.
IAS is headed by Inspector General (position or designation not a rank)
appointed by the President and a civilian with a rank of DIRECTOR.
IAS investigators are police officers.
d. Complaint dismissed by IAS for lack of probable cause. (Victim is the one who
appeal)
Q: What if the NAB approved the decision for your dismissal, do you have
remedy or revenue to appeal? Ans. Yes, you can file an appeal to SILG -
Secretary of Interior and Local Government.

NBI National Bureau of Investigation

 What is the law which created the forerunner of NBI? Ans. Act No 181 - DOJ Act (this is also
the law which established the Division of Investigation - forerunner of NBI)
 1947 - the Division of Investigation was renamed to Bureau of Investigation (BI) -Act no. 157.
  1949 - the BI was changed to NBI- thru Executive Order No. 94
 Brainchild of DI - President Manuel L. Quezon
 Captain Thomas Dugan (NYPD Police Officer) and Flaviano Gurero (Filipino FBI agent) -
they organized the DI
 First Director of DI - Capt. Thomas Dugan
 First Filipino Director of NBI - Joaquin Pardo De Tavera.
 What is the NBI Modernization and Reorganization Act? Ans RA 10867
Functions of NBI

1. To investigate crimes which the NBI has primary jurisdiction.

2. Issue a subpoena to secure the attendance of a person or submission of document from rank
RD to Director.
 to secure attendance of person - Subpoena Ad Testificandum
 submission of document - Subpoena Duces Tecum
 Failure to comply with a subpoena can result in being held in contempt of court.

3. Assist in the process of Mutual Legal Assistance and Extradition referred by DOJ.

4. Established and maintained a modern Forensic Science and Research Center.

That's why they are the one who examine Alice Guo' fingerprint

5. Establish and maintain a Cybercrime Investigation Center.

Cases where NBI has primary jurisdiction:

1. Human Trafficking at the airport (violation of RA 9208)

2. Killing allegedly committed by the agents of government against activist and media
personalities. E.g. Percy Lapid Case

3. Attack or threats against the person of the President, Vice President, Senate President, Speaker
of House and Chief Justice of Supreme Court.

4. Killing of Justice or Judges

5. Corruption Cases (violation of RA 3019 - Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act) referred Anti-
Graft Inter-Agency Council.

6. Violation of Cybercrime (RA 10175)

7. Transnational Crime in relation international agreement.

8. Violation of Anti-Dummy Act (CA 108) - foreigners who encroaches the rights exclusively
for Filipino citizen (building a Private Security Agency - allegedly Filipino is an owner
but in reality, it is owned by a Foreigner) E.g. Rappler - Maria Risa: not a Filipino
Citizen. ABS CBN.
 9. Identification of victims during mass fatality incident.

10. Economic and Financial Crimes:

a. RA 8792 - Electronic evidence and e-commerce Act - (it punishes hacking, virus
dissemination and software piracy)
b. PD 1689 - law which increase the penalty of some acts of estafa.
c. RA 1899 - Phil. Stock and Security Code
d. RA 8484 - access device Act (illegal use of ATM cards and Credit Cards)
e. RA 8293 - Intellectual property rights. (E.g. Tito Vic - Eat Bulaga Case)

Rank Classification

1. Director - (1) appointed by the President with a cabinet of Undersecretary - SG 30 - with a

tenure of 6 years without appointment.

2. Deputy Director - (2) for administration and for Operation - they have cabinet rank of Assistant
Secretary

3. Assistant Director - The National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) Assistant Director leads one of
the following seven services:
 Investigation Service
 Intelligence Service
 Human Resource and Management Service
 Comptroller Service
 Forensic and Scientific Research Service
 Legal Service
 Information and Communications Technology Service
4. RD, NBI
5. Asst. RD

6. Head Agent

7. Supervising Agent

8. Senior Agent

9. Investigation Agent III - lowest ranking NBI Agent.

Qualifications to become NBI Agent.

How to become an NBI Agent: Qualifications

1. Must be a Filipino citizen, of good moral character, and in excellent physical and mental
condition
2. A member of the Philippine Bar or a holder of a Baccalaureate Degree who passed the
necessary government licensure examination relevant to the investigative functions of the
NBI
3. No pending criminal, civil, or administrative charge/s and never been convicted of any crime
4. Between 25 to 35 years old
 5. At least 5’5 in height (male) and 5’3 for female
6. With a general weighted average (GWA) of 85% in the transcript of records
7. Vision within normal range; vision is 2020
8. No tattoo marks or pierced ears
Willing to be assigned anywhere in the Philippines

Note: Those who finished at least second year in the college of law and/or holders of a bachelor’s degree
in Information Technology or its equivalent from reputable institutions are a plus factor in NBI’s
evaluation. Successful recruits will undergo training under NBI academy headed by the superintendent
appointed by the President.

PCG - Philippine Coat Guard

 What is the Law created PCG? Ans. RA 9993 - PCG Law

 The PCG is attached agency to DOTr (Department of Transportation)
 But during the times of war the PCG (uniformed and armed organization) it is attached to DND -
Department of National Defense.
Rank Classification in PCG.
1. Admiral -(1) has a tenure of 3 years -4 star general
2. Vice admiral - (1) has a tenure of 3 years - 3 star general
3. Rear Admiral - (5) has a tenure of 3 years – 2 star general
4. Commodore - (15) has a tenure of 5 years – 1 star general
5. Captain – has a tenure of 7 years- equal to Colonel
6. Commander
7. Lt Commander
8. Lt. Senior Grade
9. Lt Junior Grade
10. Ensign - lowest commissioned officer
Non-commissioned officer
1. First master chief petty officer
2. Master chief petty officer
3. Senior chief petty officer
4. Chief petty officer
5. Petty officer 1st Class
6. Petty Officer 2nd Class
7. Petty officer 3rd class
8. Seaman - 1st class
9. Seaman - 2nd class
10. Seaman 3rd class - lowest rank in PCG
Notable Powers and Functions of PCG

This section outlines the powers and functions of the Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) under its mandate to
promote safety, security, and environmental protection within the maritime jurisdiction of the Philippines.
Here’s a breakdown:
1. Regulation Enforcement: The PCG enforces maritime laws and international treaties to ensure
safety at sea, including port state control (a).

2. Ship Inspections: They conduct safety inspections on merchant vessels, especially before
departure, to enforce compliance (b).

3. Detainment of Unsafe Vessels: They can prevent ships that don’t meet safety standards from
departing (c).

4. Emergency Readiness: They evaluate emergency preparedness on merchant vessels (d).

5. Rule Making: With approval from the Secretary of Transportation (DOTC), they can create
safety rules for maritime activities (e).

6. Navigation Support: They develop and operate navigation aids, vessel traffic systems, maritime
communications, and rescue facilities (f).

7. Hazard Removal: The PCG removes or transports hazards to navigation, including illegal
fishing vessels (g).

8. Salvage Operations: They issue permits and oversee marine salvage operations (h).

9. Search and Rescue: They assist vessels and individuals in distress within the Philippines'
maritime jurisdiction, including high seas, often with other agencies' help (i).

10. Accident Investigation: They investigate maritime accidents involving fatalities, injuries, or
property damage (j).

11. Law Enforcement Assistance: They support enforcement of various national laws on fisheries,
customs, immigration, firearms, human trafficking, and more within maritime zones (l).

12. Vessel Boarding: They can board and inspect any merchant ship or watercraft (m).

13. Marine Protection: They enforce laws to protect the marine environment and resources from
pollution (n).

14. Oil Spill Response: The PCG develops and manages oil spill containment and cleanup efforts
(o).

15. Interagency Assistance: They may assist other government bodies when needed, within their
capacity (p).

16. PCG Auxiliary: They oversee and train the PCG Auxiliary to support their operations (q).

17. Other Necessary Functions: The PCG performs additional functions to meet the objectives of
this Act (r).
Bureau of Immigration and Deportation (BID)

 What is the department which has authority over BID? A. DOJ

 BID headed by a commissioner and assisted two associate commissioners
 Board of Commissioners of BID - composed by one commissioner and two associate
commissioners.
 It has exclusive jurisdiction over cases of Deportation (ito ang ginawa sa mga undesirable
foreigner)
 What is the law enforced by BID? CA 613 Commonwealth Act - Philippine Immigration Act of
1940.
PDEA and DDB (Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency and Dangerous Drugs Board) - created RA 9165
- Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 - on July 4, 2002
1. PDEA - implementing arm of 9165
DDB - strategy formulating body which is responsible to formulate policing plan and program
against dangerous drugs
2. The new law has stiffer penalties
3. The plea bargaining is not allowed (later on the SC declares it unconstitutional) ad probation
The PDEA is the main responsible in collecting and safekeeping of all pieces of drug evidence.

 Under Sec 21 of RA 9165 - chain of custody in illegal Drugs Evidence after inventory. The
confiscated pieces of drug evidence must be turned over to PDEA within 24 hrs
 The PDEA must examine pieces of drug evidence within 24 hrs except if the drugs is unknown.
 Upon filing of cases, the court must conduct ocular inspection within 72 hrs
 Upon final disposition of the case, the pieces of drug evidence must be disposed (burn) within 24
hrs.
 Sec 21 of RA 9165 is amended RA 10640 - amending the Sec 21
 PDEA is headed by Director General appointed by President with cabinet rank Undersecretary
 PDEA has two Deputy Director Generals appointed by the President with rank of Assistant
Secretary

DDB is composed of 17 members

 Ex- officio -12 members - Sec of DOJ, DILG, Sec of DF, Sec of DepEd, Sec of DOJ
 Permanent - 3 members - all members are civilians appointed by President from which the
Chairman is selected
 Chairman - is the head of DDB which has cabinet rank of secretary.
 Regular - 2 members - President of IBP - integrated Bar of the Philippines and President of NGO
- Non Government Organization which has an endeavor against dangerous drugs
 Permanent Consultants - (tagapayo) CPNP and NBI Director
Rank in PDEA (Intelligence Agent)
1. Intelligence officer 1
2. Intelligence officer 2
3. Intelligence officer 3
4. Intelligence officer 4
III. Assessment of the efficiency of Policing in according to POP - Police Operation Procedures

Crimestat - Crime Statistics - it is the science of collecting, analyzing, evaluating quantitative crime data
to support police operation.
Formula for Crime Rate: TCV/PDx100,000
TCV means Total Crime Volume - number of crimes reported to police station
PD - Population Density - number of inhabitants in a given geographical unit
CD -Crime Density - crimes committed every 100,000 population

CSE - Crimes Solution Efficiency - battling average of the performance of the police station in crime
solution
Aspects of CSE:
NCE - Number of Crimes Solved
NCR - Number of Crimes Reported
Formula: CSE = NCS/NCR
= 4/10
CSE = 40%

Arrest Rate (AR) - battling average of the accounting or inventory of arrested wanted person.
WPA - Wanted Person Arrest w
WAR - Warrant Arrest Received
Formula: AR = WPA/WAR

Q: What is the difference between index crime and non-index crime?

A: Index crime means there's sufficient regularity it always occurs refers to crimes against person
and property. While, non-index crime pertains to all crimes except crimes against person and
property.

Q: What is the difference between indictable and non-indictable crimes?

A: Indictable crimes pertain to crimes in violation of the revised penal code and special panel
laws. While, non-indictable crimes refer to crimes in violation of ordinances

LEA 2 Models of Comparative Policing

I. Theories of Policing, The Philippine Policing and Transnational Crime.

Fundamentals of Comparative Policing

Comparative Policing - this is a science or art of comparing and investigating police forces among
nations. -it covers the study of organization structure, methods of policing and training.

Q: What is the official name of Japanese Police? Ans. NPA - National Police Agency of Japan
Q: What is called the Police officers in Japan? Keisatsu-cho
Q: What is policing? Action by person or group in authority to ensure fairness and legally in public life.

What are the types of Policing?

1. Transnational Policing - Policing which transgresses (lumagpas) beyond the

boundary/bounder of other country.
e.g. US DEA Agent (Drug Enforcement Agent) A US DEA agent crossing into Mexico to
capture a drug lord..

2. International Policing - policing which deals with international affairs - deals with
international cooperation and coordination (when PNP coordinated with foreign Law
Enforcement Agencies), often involving mutual legal assistance and extradition.
e.g. The Philippines, through the DOJ, coordinating with Timor Leste’s police for the
extradition of Gov. Arnie Teves.

3. Global Policing - policing which is global in scope ( pulis pandaigdigan) - e.g. INTERPOL,
EUROPOL, ASEANAPOL, IACP and UN Police.
Q: Why do we need to have a strong coordination and relationship with other law
enforcement agencies? Ans. Because of GLOBALIZATION
Globalization - this is the transnational flow of people, investment (products),
information, technology from one country to another. It is also the integration
of economies and government among nations - products, people, technology,
and information freely enter from other countries.
Q. What is the worst effect of globalization? Transnational Crimes
Note: Bangladesh - is the most polluted country in the world.

Transnational Crimes - also called as Cross border or Borderless crime. Crimes which involves more
than one country.
1. During it inception (paninimula)
2. During the execution (pagsasagawa ng krimen)
3. During the conclusion (pagtatapos)

Top 5 Transnational Crimes.

I.) Illegal drug trafficking:
Q. What is the most important drug route in the world? Ans. M-T-E-U
1.) Primary Drug Route (M-T-E-U)
1. Middle East - responsible for cultivating, planting and harvest of plant based illegal
drugs (opium)
2. Turkey - responsible for preparation and distribution.
3. Europe - responsible for manufacturing or synthesizing (Dito naka established ang
mga clandestine laboratory - e.g. opium nagiging methadone)
4. USA - in charge of commercial and selling. Important player among the drug route.
2.) Secondary Drug Route
a. Golden Triangle (T-L-M)
 Thailand
 Laos
  Myanmar
b. Golden Crescent (A-P-I)
 Afghanistan - major producer of opium in the world.
 Pakistan
 Iran
3.) Other Drug Route
1. SILVER Triangle - major producer of cocaine in the world - South American
countries (P-B-C)
 Peru
 Bolivia
 Columbia
2. Center Drug trafficking in the world - Mexico
- Mexico - major producer of marijuana in the world.
- Mexican Drug Cartels - most serious threats in the national security USA.
- Father of Mexican Drug Cartel - Miguel Angel Felix Gallardo.
- What is the most notorious drug syndicate in the world? Ans. Sinaloa Drug
Cartel
- Sinaloa Drug Cartel - headed by Joaquin El Chapo Guzman Loera.
3. Green Triangle in the Philippines (B-K-M)
 Benguet
 Kaling
 Mt. Province
The major groups responsible for drug trafficking - the Big 6 Criminal Enterprise
1. Italian Criminal Enterprise
a. La Cosa Notra (US Based)
b. Camorra (most powerful criminal syndicate in the world)
c. N'drangheta
d. Sacra Corona Units)
- Head is called Boss/God Father ( US )
2. Yakuza - also called Boryokudan in Japan (hoodlums). The group originated from
people who Bakuto (gamblers), Tekiya (street peddlers) and Gurentai (criminals)
- Head is called Oyabon or Kumicho
- The word Yakuza derived from a card game (oicho kabu - katulad ito kung
paano laruin ang lucky 9) of losing combination:
 Ya - 8
 Ku - 9
 Za -3
3. ROC - Russian Organized Crime - the head is called Pakhan. They are called
redfellas.
- What is the most powerful faction of ROC?Ans. Solnsevskaya Bratva
(brotherhood)
4. Chinese Triads - the oldest criminal syndicate in the world - characterized by three
sides of the triangle (Heaven, earth and man)
According to PDEA, the following are the triads operating in the Philippines:
 a. Sun Yee On - most powerful triad which means righteousness and
peace.
b. 14k Gang - is the largest triad in the world
c. United Bamboom Union of Taiwan
5. Mexican Drug Cartels
6. Columbian Drug Cartels.
Medellin Drug Cartel - headed by Emilio Pablo Escobar Gaviria - El Patron and
King of Cocaine
Q: What is the syndicate who is responsible for the distribution of drugs by the
Big 6? Ans. Nigerian Criminal Syndicate
Cold turkey - doesn't need rehabilitation to avoid drugs. Can eliminate drugs
without any intervention of medicine. Doesn't feel any physical or
psychological dependence.
II. Gun smuggling - the reason why rebellion, terrorism and war doesn't stop.
RA 8294 - repealed - old firearms law
RA 10591 - New law on firearms
Q. Johny used an unlicensed firearm to commit robbery. Upon committing the crime, he was
arrested. What is the crime committed by Johny? A. Robbery and Illegal possession of
Firearms
Under the new law - RA 10591 - if the crime is committed with the use of unlicensed firearm the
crime is separated except if the crime is rebellion - the illegal possession will only serve
as aggravating circumstances
III. Human Trafficking - the transfer of any person to another place with the use of violence,
intimidation and fraud for the purpose of exploitation such as labor, sex, prostitution and retrieval
of organs.
 Human Smuggling - walang pananakot or panloloko - the victim is willing to be
transferred to another country - thru illegal means.
 RA 9208 - Illegal Trafficking of Persons Act.
 What is the country presently considered as sexual tourism capital in the world?
Thailand
 The most common form of human trafficking - Labor Trafficking

IV. Money Laundering - the concealment of dirty money to a financial institution (banks) to make it
appear came from legal source.
Stages of money laundering
1. Placement - putting the dirty money in to financial institution (pagdedeposito ng pera
sa banko)
2. Layering - transfer of dirty money to various accounts (wire transfer - online bank
transaction)(Bank in another country with strong Bank Secrecy Law)
3. Integration - using the dirty money to purchase properties - paper money trail of
AMLC is nearly impossible.
AMLC - Anti Money Laundering Council - primary agency task to investigate
case of money laundering

RA 9160 - Anti Money Laundering Act

 Covered transaction : 4 million
Freezing of Account : 15 days
RA 9194 - act amending the anti-money laundering act.
Covered Transaction: 500,000php and above
Freezing of Account - 20 days but with court permit
Covered transaction - amount deposited or withdrawn which is subject for AMLC
investigation

V. Cybercrime - fastest growing Transnational Crime in the world.

 Cybercrime - crimes committed thru the use of computer with internet
 Computer Crimes - crime can be committed without any internet
 Q. What is the most successful e-commerce product in the internet? Pornography

What is the difference between Transnational Crimes and international crimes?

- International crimes it can be committed by only one country while Transnational
Crimes it needs involvement of 2 or more counties
- International crimes - crimes against the Peace and security of mankind.
e.g. Genocide - mass killing of group of people due to their religion, political, ethnicity
(WW1, Adolf Hitler), culture., Oppression and terrorism.

Theories in Policing:
1. Alertness to crime theory - the citizen develops a sense of responsibility to report a crime and
ask the police to solve it.
2. Economic and Migration Theory - crimes are everywhere as a result of unrestrained
migration and overpopulation.
E.g. Maraming tao ang pumupunta sa Maynila para magkaroon ng magandang Buhay,
failed to find a job, resorting to commit crime.
- Related to the Social Disorganization Theory
3. Deprivation Theory - progress come along with the rise of expectation. People at the bottom
developed unrealistic expectation.
E.g. a child from the lower economic class wants to have an Iphone 15, to satisfy the
want of the child the parents commit crimes as a means to afford the phone.
While people at the top don't see themselves rising too fast
E.g. Congressman commits corruption to afford 3 Ferrari.
4. Demographic Theory - refers to an event where greater number of children are being born, as
these baby booms grow and developed in a delinquent sub culture (group of youngsters
who do evil acts) due to adolescence identity crisis.
Adolescence Identity Crisis - the youth doesn't know his role in the society.
5. Opportunity Theory - along with higher standards of living people tends to become careless
of their belongings which multiply the opportunities to commit crimes.
6. Modernization Theory - sees the problem of the society becoming too complex.
e.g. due to the rise of technology, numbers of person commit fraud using fake FB account
due to anonymity (can't recognize).
 7. Theory of Anomie and Synomie - progressive lifestyle and new norms resulted to the
disintegration of older norms (matandang kaugalian) tulad ng pagmano or pagsagot ng po
at opo) which once held the people together.
Anomie - it came from the word ANOMOS - which means lawlessness or normalessness
(kawalan ng batas)
Synomie - (opposite of the anomie) social cohesion on values.

Community Policing and Team Policing

Community Policing - integration of efforts between police and community to solve the
problems of community.
Team Policing - it involves the deployment of team of police officers to a certain area in
permanent basis to determine the problems, preference, culture, and behavior of the
community.
Community Policing - (centralize program -ipinatutupad sa buong kapulan) vs Team Policing
(decentralized program - maari lang ipatupad kahit ng Isang COP ng City or
Municipality.)

Q: Where the team policing originated? Ans. Aberdeen , Scotland but first official or formal used by
Syracuse Police Department of US.
Q: What is the team policing program of the PNP? A. COPS - Community Oriented Policing System
 The main objective of COPS is to established 1 PCP per Brgy.
 PCP - police community Precinct - the forefront of police response
 If PNP has PCP, how about in Japan?
 In NPA of Japan, it is called Koban - smallest police unit in Japan - methods of
policing in Japan.
 Germany - Bundespolizei (national Police) - the counterpart of PCP - is crime
stoppers.
 Singapore Police Force (most effective police force in the world) - it has NPC -
Neighborhood Police Center
What is the country considered as the most peaceful in the world? A. Iceland - it has no police
force.
Top 5 most peaceful country in the world
1. Iceland
2. Switzerland - it used iron fist and velvet gloves (mataas and parusa)
3. Singapore - most effective police force
4. Netherlands
5. New Zealand
Country with the highest crime rates - Venezuela. -high inflation rate

II. Apply the models of policing.

The police force of each country is deeply rooted on Socio-Cultural and Historical Background
1. Model of Policing by Legitimacy
a. Models of Policing by Consent - the police force is created thru volunteerism and
upon express demand of the people.
 e.g. Mutual Pledge Agreement of England (Tythings) and Posse Commitatus of
US.
Posse Commitatus - means power of the community - derived from the famous
quote of Robert Peel (Father of Modern Policing) - Community is the
Police and Police is the Community.
b. Models of Policing by Law - the police force is created thru the passage of statutes
(batas)
In Philippines all of the Police Forces are created thru laws:
Act No. 70 - Metropolitan Police Force of Manila (MPD) on January 9, 1901
Act 175 - it created the Insular Police - August, 1901
Act 255 - it renamed IC to Philippine Constabulary - October 1901
PD 765 - PC- INP (Integrated National Police) - Sept 8 1976
RA 6975 - it created the PNP
2. Models of Policing by Controls: (Sino ang may control sa pulis)
a. Centralize - The police force is being controlled by National Government
b. Decentralized - the police force is being controlled by local government. (Mayor,
Governor)
c. Integrated - also called share control, the police force is being controlled by both
national and local government.
 Q: What model of Policing by control is being used in PNP? Ans. Integrated
 Reason: Controlled nationally by NAPOLCOM, locally controlled by mayor or
governor.
3. Models of Policing by Command Structure (who has the authority and power within the
organization) (C-D-S)
a. Centralized - the authority is from the top management (the power belongs to whom
who has the highest rank or position)
b. Decentralized - the authority is distributed (kalat ang kapngyarihan) to several officers
 e.g. US State Police - ang NYPD ay pinangungunahan ng COP, ang BPD
may COP at LAPD - pantay pantay ang kanilang authority.
 Extremely Decentralized - Fragmented (ito ang model na sinusunod ng
US)
c. Single - person in an event - the authority is give to the most skilled personnel. (Hindi
ranggo or position ibinibigay ang authority kundi sa pinakamagalingsa Isang
situation) - applicable for police force with small jurisdiction.
4. Models of Policing number of forces:
a. Single/Singular Line of Authority - in single country, the entire policing is the
responsibility of a single police force under a single commander.
- Sa Isang bansa - isa lang ang nirerecognized na police force.
a. Philippines
b. China
c. Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia - the name of their police force is called PSP
PSP - Public Security Police - their authority emanated from the King.
Types of PSP:
  Regular Police - those who are assigned in patrol and traffic.
 SPI - Special Police Investigator - also called Mubahit.
 Mutawa/Mutawwein - religious police which still implements
harsh punishment.
- They still implement Rex Talliones. Eye for an eye.
Japan - Toko
China - the name of their police force is called PAP - People's Armed Police.
PAP - is under the MPS. - Ministry of Public Safety.
*MPS is the counterpart of DILG
Q: What is the counterpart of NAPOLCOM to China, Japan and Korea?
A: NPSC - National Public Safety Commission
China is using British rank. (Commissioner to Constable)
 Highest rank in PAP - Commissioner General.
 Lowest rank in PAP - Constable 4th Class.
b. Multiple Model - in a single country, there are more than one or several number of
police forces (sa isang bansa higit sa isa ang police force)
Types of Multiple Model:
a.) Multiple Coordinated - there is a well defined territory and no overlapping of
functions. (Walang sapawan)
France - multiple Coordinated model.
Types of Police Force in France
1. Police Nationale - formerly known as Surete Nationale (founded by
Eugene Vidocq considered as first detective agency in the world) -
those assigned in urban areas.
2. Gendarmerie Nationale - those assigned bin rural areas. Don't have the
authority in urban areas vice versa.
Gendarmerie/Gendarme - military with police functions (similar in
SAF) - originated from the French word GEN D ARMES -
means men in arms.
b.) Multiple Uncoordinated - there is overlapping of functions and territory
(may sapawan)
e.g. US Policing - kapag may crimes na nangyari sa New York ang
magiimbestiga ay NYPD - maari itong kunin ng FBI, CIA, Secret
Service, Homeland Security. etc.,
US Policing - it uses the fragmented model (extremely decentralized)
Types of a Police in US
1.) Federal Police - national in scope, can cross border.
The following are the examples of Federal Police in US:
a. FBI - premier investigative agency in US - formerly known as
Texal Ranger - the first FBI Director is Edgar Hoover.
(Relationship with his deputy)
b. CIA - Central Intelligence Agency in US - formerly known as
OSS. Office of strategic Service - the first CIA Director -
 Maj. General William Donovan - Father of American
Intelligence
c. Secret Service - (ito ang counterpart PSG) - responsible to
protect the president and his first family. Also, respond for
investigation of crimes against US Treasury and Bank
notes (kapag may nameke ng US dollar ang Secret Service
ang nagiimbestiga.
d. US Marshal - protection of high-ranking government
officials, VIP and high-profile inmate. (counterpart in the
Philippines - PSPG - Police Security and protection
Group).
PSPG - apply in Crame.
2. State Police - local police - responsible to the general policing of US
(refers to those who patrol and direct traffic)
*US Flag - 50 stars - 50 State Police
The following are the examples of state police.
a. NYPD - New York Police Department - it is the largest
police department in the world.
b. BPD - Boston Police Department - it is the oldest Police
Department in US
⮚ Q: What is the oldest Police Force in the world?
River Thames Police (itinayo noong 1898 at
hanggang ngayon existing parin)
⮚ Philadelphia Police Dept. -first state police.
⮚ LAPD - Los Angeles Police Department - first
police department which recruited female police
officers.
⮚ One of the first police woman in the world - Alice
Stebbin Wells
⮚ First female investigator or detective - Kate Warne
3. Sheriff and County Police - Sheriff is the head of County Police.
 Sheriff - it derived from the word shire (territory) and reeve
(leader). Area Leader.-Shire Reeve later on became Sheriff.
 Sheriff - is elected not appointed.
 Sheriff in US and pH - has the same responsibility.
 Sheriff - main responsibility is to enforce the court order.
 County Police - police sa mga liblibPuerto Rico Police Force
and Guam National Police. na Lugar
4. Municipal Police also called as Town Marshals
5. Police of other Jurisdiction - US still colonize 2 country (Puerto Rico
& Guam); Puerto Rico Police Force and Guam National Police.

India – India Policing

 ⮚ the national Police in India is called IPS - India Police Service - it has
the highest number of police officers in the world - approx. 1.2 million
- Highest Rank - Director General. (Civilian ranks - police officer to
Director General)
- Lowest Rank - Constable
⮚ Police officer in India Chowkidar
⮚ Police station is called chowki
⮚ Counterpart of FBI of US in India? CBI Central Bureau of
Investigation
- Philippines - NBI
- Japan -Tokko
- Germany - BND - Bundesnachrictiendient.
- Russia - FSS - Federal Security Service
5. Models of Policing by Forces.
 Coordinated Centralize Model - there is an organized command structure
(there’s an established chain of command)
 Decentralized Command Structure Model - there is no apparent command
structure.
e.g. Maldives. Only Few personnel. No need for ranks

III. Evaluate the importance of policing in social life and Multi-Cultural Police
Q: What is the importance of multi- Cultural policing? ans. To solve the problem pertaining to cultural
relationship.
Note: unrelated: if a police officer found positive of drugs, punishment for 2nd offense is applied.
Types of Multi-Cultural Societies (F-U-U-B)
1. Folk Communal Society - it is the primitive society - no specificity on police and punishment
- usually the type of punishment being implemented is harsh and barbaric.
2. Urban Commercial Society - considered trade as the essence of their market system. This is
the society during Medieval era. The law is the order of the King. In this era, Civil law
was introduced.
3. Urban Industrial Society - produced goods and services they need without government
interference.
- Crimes against property become notorious.
- Police officer in this society become expert or specialized in handling property crimes.
4. Bureaucratic Society - it is the modern society. They feature fully developed laws and
lawyers. The police officers are well trained to handle multiple types of crimes.
- Only 8 countries are considered including the US. - Russia, UK, France, Germany, Spain,
China and Italy.
What are the phenomena which only happens in Bureaucratic Society?
1. Political Crimes.
2. Terrorism
3. Juvenile Delinquency

The Six Pillars of Policing: Chronological

 1. Building trust and legitimacy.
2. Policy oversight.
3. Technology and Social Media
4. Crime Reduction
5. Community Policing
6. Schooling and Training

Law Enforcement Concepts

1. Old Concept - the effectiveness of the police is being measured by the number of arrest, cases
filed and number of persons detained.
2. Modern Concept - the policeman is considered as the first line of defense in Criminal Justice
System. The main objective is absence of crime. (Crime prevention)
Crime Triangle - elements: 1. desire 2. Opportunity 3. Instrumentation
*The presence of the uniform police officers is enough to remove the OPPORTUNITY of
criminal to commit a crime.
Police Omnipresence - psychological aspect, that in the mind of the criminal, the police
are everywhere.

Theories in Policing
1. Home rule theory - police officers are considered as servant of the people or community.
2. Continental theory - the police officers are servant of higher authorities or state.

Era in Policing:
1. Political Era - 1830 to 1920 - the police officer was under the control of the politicians with
regards to recruitment.
2. Reformation Era - 1921 -1980 - police officer was not anymore under the control of
politicians - this is the era where the police started to undergo trainings.
3. Community Era -1981 - present - the police officers acknowledge the importance of
community participation

Styles in Policing: (L-W-S):

1. Legalistic Style - focuses on law enforcement - they are not giving emphasis to Order
Maintenance, characterized by usual performing the arrest and search.
- It is more of reactive than proactive and has a limited interaction with the community.
2. Watchmen Style - Focuses on crime prevention - they give more emphasis to order
maintenance and only use the law to control the behavior of the public.
3. Service Style - the policemen are considered as full time public servants and willing to
perform even a non-related criminal operation. Focused on interacting with community.

Legal System
Types of Legal System (C-C-S-I)
1. Common Law System - it is also called Anglo American Justice - it has an intense
adversarial approach. Based on customary law and previous court decision (stare
decisis).
 a. Adversarial Approach - both parties are given opportunities to present evidence -
presumption of innocence (presumed innocent until proven guilty). In favor of
the accused.
b. Res ipsa loquitor - the thing speaks for itself.
c. Equipoise Rule - if both parties presented same weight of evidence the judgment must
be in favor to the accused and thus must be an acquittal.
d. Doctrine of Pro Reo - if there are two interpretations of law one is lenient but the
other is not, the law favorable to the accused shall be the one impose.
2. Civil Law System - it is also called Romano-Germanic Justice or Continental Justice. It
uses an intense Inquisitorial approach - less right are given to the accused.
- Inquisitorial approach - in favor of the victim.
- Civil Law System is based on written laws or statutes.
- Nullum Crimen Nulla Poena Sine Legi - there is no crime if there is no law punishing.
3. Socialist System - focuses on the rehabilitation of the offender.
4. Islamic System - is based on natural justice, tribal traditions and customary law.
Q: What is the legal system of the Philippines? Mixed System – because it is the combination of the
following:
1. Civil Law
2. Adversarial
3. Socialist System
4. Islamic System – Sharia Law

IV. International Policing, cooperation, extradition and other foreign assistance.

INTERPOL
 Interpol - International Criminal Police Organization
 it was established on 1923 in Vienna, Austria
 Presently the Interpol HQs is located in Lyons, France.
 It has 196 member countries.
 Secretary General - official of Interpol assigned in Lyons, France - it has the
responsibility to oversee the day to day activities of Interpol.
Q: Who is the first secretary general of Interpol? Ans Oskar Dresser
President - he chairs the general assembly (annual meeting of Interpol members) and the head of
the executive committee.
Executive committee - is composed 13 members.
1 President - tenure 4 years
3 Vice President of Interpol
9 - delegates of Interpol
Q: Who is the representative of Interpol to each member country? NCB
NCB - National Center Bureau - it has direct authority to Phil. Center for Transnational Crimes.
Notices of Interpol
1. Red Notice - refers to the arrest or extradition - considered as the international warrant of
arrest
2. Green notice - provides warning or intelligence
3. Blue - seeking information
 4. Yellow - information about missing person
5. Black Notice - identity of the deceased person
6. Purple - modus operandi
7. Orange - warning of danger to a pending event
8. UN Special Notice - issued against the targets of UN
ASEANAPOL
 Association of South East Asian Nation Chiefs of Police. It was founded on 1981 in Manila
Philippines
 Presently, the ASEANAPOL has 10 members
1. Indonesia
2. Malaysia
3. Thailand
4. Singapore
5. Philippines
6. Burnie
7. Myanmar
8. Cambodia
9. Laos
10. Vietnam
 Where is the international HQ of ASEANAPOL? Ans. Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
 General Secretariat - is in rotational basis - the country which hold the ASEANAPOL
meeting will be the general Secretariat.
 Executive Committee of ASEANAPOL - Composed of 3 members.
- 1 - Executive Director - has a tenure of 2 years - the present and first Filipino who
becomes the Executive Director of ASEANAPOL - PCOL David Vinluan.
- 2 Director - for Police Service and Programs and Research - 2 to 3 years of tenure.

UN - Policing
- UN was founded on 1945 and was formerly known as League of Nations. The main
objective of UN is to Stop wars.
- Q: What is the UN Council considered as the most powerful and influential? Security
Council
- Security Council - it has 5 members (permanent members) which required to be
consensus in order to approve an activity
Permanent members:
- US
- UK
- France
- China
- Russia
- Although the UN has 193 members - only 90 countries participated in UN Policing (UN
Peacekeeping Mission)
Qualifications for UN Peace Keeping Mission
 1. Rank -PNCO - At least PSSgt. PCO at least PCpt
2. Age - not younger than 25 years and not more than 53 years old
3. Status must be in permanent status with at least 5 years of active service.
4. Recommendation from Unit Commander. (The UN deployment is discretionary)
5. Skills - marksmanship, Driving skills and Communication Skills

IACP
- International Association of Chief of Police - the oldest and largest non-profit international police
organization in the world
- Extradition treaty and mutual legal assistance
What is the law which governs the process of extradition? RA 1069
Office of the Chief State Counsel of DOJ - considered as General Attorney of the Country
In charge to assist the secretary of DOJ in the following matters:
⮚ Extradition
⮚ Mutual Legal Assistance (MLA)
⮚ Transfer of Sentenced person.
MLA - To provide assistance in criminal cases such as securing of witnesses evidence and legal
matters
What are the Countries which the Philippines has MLA agreement?
- China, Hong Kong, Australia, Korea, Russia, Switzerland, SPAIN, US, UK
ASEAN - the Philippines as multi- lateral conventions and treatise
*No countries in ASEAN that does have MLA because there's already in treaties
ASEAN Treaty on Terrorism
ASEAN Convention on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Proceeding.
Who shall file a request of extradition to the country? The Diplomat of Requesting Country -
shall file the request for extradition address to the Department of Foreign Affairs.
Q: What are the countries in the Philippines has extradition treaty? Australia,
China, Canada, Korea, Micronesia, Russia, Switzerland, Spain, Thailand, United
Kingdom and United States.

Indonesian National Police - police force is called POLRI

Chief of Police -KEPOLRI
Police Force in Indonesia - KEPOLISIAN
Two types of Koban in Japan
Chuzaisho - Koban which is located outside the urban district and usually manned by single
police officer who work in Koban together with his family.
Hashutsujo- Koban which is located within the urban district and manned by 3 to 4 police
officers who work under shifting basis.
Chusai San - Police officer in Japan assigned in provinces
Italy has how many police forces - it has 8 national Police Forces
What is the oldest retirement age of all police forces? Ans. Spain-Policia Nacional 67 years old
Youngest recruitment age - Bundespolizei of Germany - 16 years old
What is the official name of police force of Greece? Ans. Elliniki Astymnomia - helenic police
Lebanon - ISF - Internal Security Forces
New Zealand - Ngā Pirihimana o Aotearoa
What is the community program of the royal Malaysian police? Ans. Rakan Cop
Royal Brunei Police - police Force which is also responsible for safekeeping of inmates and firefighting
operation

Industrial Security Management

I. Relate the principles and theories in Security and Safety.

Security - state or condition of being secured against danger, vulnerabilities or crimes.
Security - degree of protection provided by a person, group or agency in authority.
Security Management - it refers to planning, organizing, staffing, coordinating, and budgeting of
industrial security affairs.
Basic Principles in Security:
1. Command Responsibility - security cannot be delegated but it can be assigned.
2. Compartmentation - Compartmentation – need-to-know basis (only those who should
be aware of the security measures should have access to security information) –
also called Compartmentalization.
Security Clearance - administrative determination that the person is qualified to
access confidential information.
Security Clearance – an administrative determination or clearance granted to a
person who is qualified. Vs Compartmentation – the granting of access,
allowing a person to access confidential information.
Types of Security Clearance. (I-F)
a. Interim Clearance - valid for 2 years
b. Final Clearance - valid for 5 years
3. The security is the concern of all - (all personnel in a company or building
(regardless of their position or role) is responsible for ensuring the quantum
safety/security even if it is not part of your duty)
4. Balance between security and efficiency - security always prevail over efficiency –
Security should always take precedence over efficiency. It is preferable to invest
in robust and reliable security, even if it is costly, rather than opting for less
expensive but weaker security measures.
5. General principle that security must remain constant.

Types of measures as protection against crimes:

1. Active Measures - the utilization of physical security, such as the use of vaults, locks, security
lighting, fence, alarm or locks to deterred stealing or any other crimes.
2. Passive Measures - those who are deterred to commit such acts due to the fear of being
caught, cases filed in court or being dismissed.
Broad Categories of Security: (P-P-D)
1. Physical Security - it is the broadest aspect of security. It refers to system of barriers which is
place between potential intruders and matter to be protected.
System of barriers (physical security) pertains to the application of various security
measures. If only one is being employed it is only considered as physical
barriers.
2. Personnel Security - the weakest link among security measures and it is considered as the
most important aspect. A person can be compromised, he is possibly become
vulnerable. Refers to the established procedures, standards or inquiries to determine the
applicant work suitability. (The use of Resource Management to choose or hire
personnel)
3. Document and Information Security - protection afforded for confidential information and
document.

What is the difference between physical security, physical barrier and perimeter barrier?
Physical Security - system of barriers (various number of barriers being utilize)
Physical Barriers - device or structure which impedes, delay or prevents unauthorized entry. It
refers to a one aspect only of physical security such as security lighting, alarm or fence.
Perimeter Barrier - (enclosure/fence) - refers to medium or structure which defines the physical
limits of the installation. It showcases the territory of the owner - to show ownership.
(Fence, warning)

Factors of Insecure Condition (T-H-V-R)

1. Threats - it is a passive inimical act (unavoidable) - pending danger.
e.g. Hiring a person with criminal records
2. Hazards - the chance of being injured or harmed.
e.g. absence of fire extinguisher in an establishment, in times of fire the employee
become vulnerable.
3. Vulnerability - inability to withstand the hostile effects of environment.
e.g. can a building survive if there's a 9.9 magnitude of earthquake.
4. Risk - the probability of an event which leads to loss.
- uncertainty, fear of the unknown
e.g. buying a cheap padlock but it can be easily detached

Security Hazards - refers to acts or condition which is conducive to the breach of protection system
which lead to compromise or loss to properties and personnel.
Types of Security Hazards
1. Man-Made Hazards - act or condition which affects the safe operation of the facility
caused by human action. The following are the examples of man-made hazards:
a. Pilferage - stealing. Pilferer.
b. Sabotage - act of destroying the operation - (Saboteur)
e. Espionage - acts of spying - compromise of information and document
f. Accident
g. Mistake
 h. Negligence
2. Natural Hazards - cause of natural phenomena or calamities such as typhoon, earthquake,
or foods.
Inundation - big floods
Conflagration - large fires -natural fires or forest fires.
Types of natural or forest fires:
1. Ground fires - burning of roots, dried leaves or branches or stem
2. Surface Fires - burning of plants or vegetation
3. Crown Fires - burning of trees

Types of the degree or extent of Risk:

1. Relative Criticality of Operation - refers to the importance of firm relative to national
economy and national security.
2. Relative Vulnerability - susceptibility of the plant/facility to loss, damage and disruption of
operation due to various hazards.

Types of Barriers (H-A-N-E-S)

1. Human Barriers - use of guard system.
2. Animal barriers - the use of dogs and geese.
Q: What is the most common breed of dog used for security or policing? German
Shepherd
- Dogs has 10 million times more powerful sense of smell compare to human.
Q: What is the breed of dogs who has the most powerful sense of smell? Blood Hounds -
they are also fast runner
3. Natural Barriers - refers to the mountains, rivers, cliffs etc. e.g. Malacanang Palace - Pasig
River
4. Energy Barriers - refers to the use of electricity or electrical gadgets such as CCTV Cameras.
Safety guidelines regarding electrical installations, including grounding, fall under the Philippine
Electrical Code (PEC) issued by the Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the
Philippines (IIEE) and enforced by the Department of Energy. The PEC outlines safe
practices for grounding and electrical installations to prevent accidents. Theres a
prohibition of placing the electric ground at a lower level because people might
accidentally lean on a wall or fence with an electric groubnding at that height, risking
injury. Instead, electric grounding is only allowed at the top of the structure. By placing it
higher up, the risk of accidental contact is minimized. Additionally, if someone does
attempt to ground themselves or make contact at the top, it would likely indicate an
intentional, potentially unlawful, attempt to enter or climb the structure.
5. Structural Barriers - barrier which protects the surroundings of installation.

Line of Defense in Security

1. First Line of Defense - refers to perimeter barrier
a. Outside perimeter - area outside the facility or areas which are not part of the
installation.
 b. Inside perimeter - part of the property. it refers to the areas which is adjacent (katabi or
nasa loon) to the entry stations, gates or any channel which passes through the
area of matters to be protected.
Entry station - gate
2. Second Line of Defense - refers to walls, doors, windows, floors, roofs or grills.
3. Third Line of Defense - refers to security cabinet such as vaults, safe etc.

Q: If the buildings are adjacent to each other and the establishment of perimeter barrier is nearly
impossible. What will be the first line of defense? Walls
If it is impossible to have the first line of defense, the second line of defense will serve as the First line.

Types of Fences:
1. Solid Fence - it does not allow visual access.
Advantage - feel of the unknown, prevents planning
2. Full View Fence - it allows visual access

There is no barrier or fence which is impenetrable. - One of the principles of Physical Security.

Types of Full View Fence (C-B-C)

1. Chain Link Fence - must be at least 7 ft tall. The gauge of wire is 9 or heavier. The mesh
openings is not larger than 2 inches.
2. Barb Wire Fence - must be at least 7ft tall. The gauge of wire is 12 or heavier, double strands
and has a 4-point barb.
Distance between strands - should not exceed 6 inches.
Distance between post - 6ft apart
3. Concertina - also called Dannert Wire - consist of large coils (cyclone wire)
Length - at least 50 ft long.
Diameter - at least 3 ft.
What is the overhang barbed wire which is place above the perimeter barrier? Top Guard
Top Guard - number of strands must be 3 to 4. Distance should not exceed 6 inches. Distance between
post is 6 ft apart. Angle must be 45 degrees outward.
Clear Zone - unobstructed area between the perimeter barrier. Distance should be at least 20 ft - distance
between the perimeter barrier and exterior structure (outside clear zone) 50 ft - distance between
the perimeter barrier and structure within the protected area (inside clear zone)

Types of Restricted Areas: (C-L-E)

a. Controlled Area - area in which the unauthorized entry of people and vehicle is not allowed.
b. Limited Area - adjacent or beside restricted area. Area within or adjacent to the controlled
area/restricted area. It has higher level of security measures.
c. Exclusion Area - area in which the matters of security interest (expensive item or confidential
information) are kept. It must be monitored 24/7 since it has the highest level of security
measures.
What types of passes which can be used to enter the controlled, restricted and limited area? Pass
Exchange System
 - Pass Exchange System - use to enter restricted or controlled areas.
- Single Pass System - issued to an employee or person to allow entry to a specific area within the
facility. For example, if you enter the AVR (Audio Visual Room), it is the only room you are
permitted to access
- Multiple Pass System - several copies of passes are issued to the same person, allowing entry to
multiple rooms, such as the AVR (Audio Visual Room) and Convention Room.
How do you obtain authority to access the exclusion area? You must obtain a Security Clearance - your
name will be included on the ACCESS LIST.
Security Lighting - it refers to device which is use to illuminate areas during the darkest of
hours.
Lighting - as a barrier, it provides a psychological effect to deter a person to enter the
establishment illegally.
*Nighttime can only be considered generic aggravating if the perpetrator uses it for his advantage.
Types of Security Lighting:
1. Stationary Lighting - series of fixed lumination use to illuminate approaches near the
installation such as boundaries or gates.
Types of stationary Lighting: (G-C)
a. Glare Projection Type - focuses on the intruder but the observer remains comparative
darkness.
b. Controlled Lighting - focuses on pile of item rather than the background. The
intensity of the light beam can be adjusted.
2. Movable Lighting - type of lighting which can be use for outdoor activities.
3. Standby Lighting - device which is manually operated or by automatic means.
4. Emergency Lighting - lighting which can be used during electrical failure.

Types of Security Lamp (G-Q-I)

1. Gaseous Discharge Lamp - it is rare to use in industrial security purpose since it takes 2-5
minutes.
Types of Gaseous Discharge Lamp
a. Sodium Vapor Lamp - it emits yellow/amber light. It is most effective as insect
repellent.
b. Mercury Vapor Lamp - it emits blue-green light
2. Quartz Lamp - it emits bright white light.
3. Incandescent Lamp - it is common in household.

Types of Security Lighting Equipment (F-S-F-S)

a. Flood Lights - it projects a concentrated beam to illuminate boundary areas or gates. Also use
to light the grandstand or stage.
b. Search Light - it has intense incandescent light - to pinpoint trouble spot.
c. Fresnel Light - it consists of wide beam unit to illuminate long and horizontal strip. It has an
angle of vertically 15 to 40 degrees and horizontally 180 degrees.
d. Street Light - it is a diffused light (kalat, scattered light) rather than directional beam - used in
parking areas.
Security Alarm - it provides audio and visual signals to detect unauthorized intrusion.
Major parts of Alarms (S-C-A)
- Sensor - it detects the abnormal condition
- Circuit - also called transmitter - it relays the communication from sensor to annunciator.
- Annunciator/Enunciator - this is the actual alarm.

Types of Security Alarm System

1. Central Alarm Station - several compounds (companies) connected their alarm system with a
central station which located outside of the facility (subscriber). The central alarm station
will notify the police, fire or ambulance in case of emergency.
Central Alarm Station - it is a service provider. It has company, it serves
2. Proprietary Alarm Station - it works the same as central station but the proprietary console is
located within the subscribers (company) facility which bases or owns it. The operator of
proprietary Alarm Station is an employee of the facility.
The company owns the alarm system and the people who works is its personnel.
3. Auxiliary Alarm Station - installation owned system which is direct extension to law
enforcement agencies and fire station.
Bank Alarm
Types of Bank Alarms (F-B-K-F)
a. Foot Rail Activator - the alarm is place on the floor in the manner that the
teller may put the front part of her feet on the activator rod.
b. Bill Traps - also called Currency Activator Device. - it is located at the
teller's top cash drawer.
c. Knee or Tie Button - located at the teller's deck or teller's station.
d. Foot Button - work as the same foot activator
Double Squeeze Method - to activate the alarm you need to press the button twice or
more. To prevent accidental sounding of alarm (false alarm). Not an alarm but just a
method.
4. Local Alarm System - the actual rigging of alarm thru visual or audio signal near the
protected object. (Common type of alarm system)
*In BJMP, if there's riot the alarm is also there

Types of Alarm Device

1. Metallic Foil Alarm Device - it uses an electrically charged strip of tin foil wire. Usually place
on door or windows.
2. Photo Electric or Electric Eye Device - use of beam which transmits several thousands
vibration per second. It will sound if any object will cross the laser beam.
3. Audio Detection Alarm Device - it uses supersensitive microphone system.
4. Vibration Contact - it is place on the top of the barrier to detect the attack against the
structure itself.
5. Microwave Motion Detection Alarm - one of the sophisticated and advance alarm device
which detect motion/movement thru radio wave pattern.
6. Fire Alarm - alarm which detects fire, smoke or sudden increase of temperature.
Smoke Detector - it detects smoke which is a sign of fire.
 Automatic Sprinkler System - if there is a sudden increase of temperature, that sprinkle
will automatically pour water of the areas.
Fire extinguisher - portable metallic container which is use to put out small fires.
Classification of Fire Extinguisher
Class A - it contains water - it has cooling effects - it removes heat.
Class B - it contains foam - for Class B Fires - it has smothering effects - it removes oxygen.
Class C - it contains Dry Chemicals - for class C fire- it has inhibition effects - disruption of chemical
chain reaction.
Class D - it contains Dry Powder (for Class D fire) - it has inhibition effects - disruption of chemical
chain reaction.

Test for Fire Extinguisher (S-H)

1. Service Test - to determine if the extinguisher is operational (if it still works) - it is done
annually
2. Hydrostatic Test - to determine if the pressure bis enough. It is done every 3 years.
How to use the fire extinguisher?
Pull the pin
Aim at the nozzle
Squeeze the lever
Sweep side-by-side

Security Lock - mechanical, electrical hydraulic or electronic device to prevent unauthorized entry.
What is the common type of lock? Padlock
 Padlock - it is a portable and detachable pivoted device which passes thru a staple ring.
 What is the most essential part of the padlock? Staple ring
 Pivoted or Sliding Hasp: The thickness of the staple ring determines the strength of the padlock.
 What is the least secured lock? Warded Lock
 Warded Lock - only use for privacy purposes
 Disc Tumbler Lock - also called Wafer tumbler Lock - use for automobile industry - it
afforded 10 minutes of delay.
 Lever lock - use for safety deposit box
 Pin tumbler Lock - use for front, doors, safe, mailboxes and gunlocks.
 Code Operational Lock - use of specific arrangement of series of numbers.

Key Control - refers to management of keys.

Types of Keying System
 Submaster Key - it can open a group of lock.
 Master Key - it can open a series of locks.
 Grand Master Key - it can open all locks in the facility - consist of two or more master
keying System.

What is the type of Keying System which can only open single lock? Change Key
What is the article of RPC which defines the False Key? Art. 305 -False Key - (if the false key is used to
enter then steal the crime committed is Robbery)
 1. Genuine key stolen from the owner.
2. Picklocks - materials which is form like key.
What do you call a person who is expert in lock picking? Peterman
3. Other similar tools.

If the person used the ATM Cards to pick the lock of the door and stole a cp. What is the crime
committed by the said person? Robbery - ATM or Credit Cards can be considered as other
similar tools.
Is the possession of picklock punishable by Law? Yes thru Art. 304 of RPC - Possession of picklocks -
punishable if the picklock designed to commit robbery.

II. Salient provisions of RA 11917 and other laws:

History of the Industrial Security in the Philippines
What is the first Private Security Agency in the Philippines? Ans. Special Watchmen Agency - which
was established on March 11, 1933 - later on it was renamed to Jimenez Security Agency - since
it was owned Pedro and Juan Jiminez.
May 30, 1958 - the authorized security organization for security was founded - PADPAO - Philippines
Association of Detectives and Protective Agency Operation
June 13, 1969 - thru the initiative of PADPAO officers the RA 5487 - Private Security Agency Act
(repealed) was enacted.
PD 11 - act which widens the definition of security which include those who are employed to secure
agricultural pastural lands, mining and logging concession.
PD 100 - act which broadens the definition of RA 5487 - which include those employed by both national
and local government to secure offices.
RA 11917 - Private Security Professional Act - which repealed the RA 5487 - it was enacted on July
30, 2022.
What is the first supervisor unit which has authority over Private Security Agency (PSA)? Ans. PC-
SAISO - Philippine Constabulary Security and Investigation Supervisory Office
PC SAISO was renamed to PC SUSIA - Supervisory Unit for Security and Investigation
Upon the enactment of RA 6975, on 1991 PC SUSIA was changed to PNP -SAGSD- Security Agency
and Guard Supervisory Division
PNP-SAGSD was renamed to PNP SOSIA - Supervisory Office for Security and Investigation Agency
(Present)
PNP SOSIA - is under the CSG - Civil Security Group (also FED - Firearms and Explosive Division is
under CSG)
Who is authorized to issue LTO - License to Operate? Ans. CPNP thru CPNP SOSIA

Security Guard Forces:

CGF - Company Guard Forces - the LTO for initial application is valid for 3 years and for renewal 5
years of validity.
PSA - Private Security Agencies - the LTO for initial application is valid for 3 years and for renewal - 5
years of validity.
Government Security Force (GSF) LTO is valid for 3 years.
LTO can be renewed 60 days before the expiration of LTO provided that all license of firearms are
renewed and updated.
If the LTO is not renewed nor applied for renewal 60 days after the expiration - the PNP SOSIA will
issue CTOO - Ceased to Operate Order.

Guidance to Firearms under RA 11916.

What is the minimum number of firearms must be possessed as a requirement for regular LTO? Ans. 79
firearm units.

Types of LTO.
1. Temporary - if there is a lacking of requirement (lack of firearms and personnel) - valid for 2 years
non- renewable.
2. Regular - issued when requirements are complied with or submitted.
What is the maximum number of firearms which can be possessed by the PSA or CGF? Ans. 2000 units
The security-to-firearms ratio does not exceed one firearm per security personnel

Firearms which can be possessed by the PSA.

1. Rifle - shotgun - 12 gauge or lower.
Q. SG Rodolfo was equipped with 10-gauge shotgun. Is this authorized? Ans. No because
10-gauge shotgun is a higher caliber compare to 12-gauge shotgun.
2. Revolver - Cal. .22 and .35
3. Pistol - 9mm or lower
Number of Ammunition
PSA must stock each fire with 50 rounds
Security Guard must possess this number of ammunitions during duty (issued) -25 rounds

Required number of security personnel for application of regular LTO

1. CGF - the minimum number 30 personnel and maximum is 2000.
2. PSA - the minimum number 200 personnel (under the new law - you can apply for temporary
LTO for as low as 3 personnel) and maximum is 2000.
3. GSF - the minimum number is 30 personnel and maximum are 2000.
If hindi nakapag comply - 2 years nonrenewable.
Security Bond - the payment of 50,000 Php the owner of the PSA must present a bank account with
initial deposit of 1 million.
LESP - License to Exercise Security Profession - valid for 5 years it can be renewed within 60 days
before the expiration.

Qualifications for Security Professional

Educational Qualifications:
1. Security Guard/Private Security Professional - at least K-12 graduates/highschool
graduates.
2. Security Officer - at least K-12 graduates
3. Security Manager - also called Security Operator - at least college graduate
4. Security Consultant - must be a holder of masters degree.
 Age Qualification:
1. Security Guard/PSP - Watchman - must be at least 18 years old - not authorized to
possess firearms. - maximum age is 50 upon application (first time).
2. Security Guard - PSP - Private Security Professional - must be at least 21 years old -
authorized to possess firearms during duty. - maximum age is 50 upon
application.
3. Security Officer - must be at least 21 years old
4. Security Manager/Operation - must be at least 25 years old.
5. Security Consultant - must be at least 25 years old.
Experience:
1. Security Guard, PSP and Watchmen - none
2. Security Officer - None
3. Security Manager/Operator - None
4. Security Consultant - at least 8 years of industrial security experience (Old law 10
years)
Trainings:
1. Security Guard/PSP and Watchmen - Pre Licensing Training Course (PLTC)-150
hours
2. Security Officer - SOTC - Security Officer Training Course - 300 hours.
3. Security Manager/Operator - Security Manager Course (SMC) - 48 hours.
4. Security Consultant - Security Supervisory Course - 48 hours.
Basic Trainings in Security:
1. PLTC
2. Re-Training - 8hrs
3. SOTC
4. Security Supervisory Course

Who is authorized to issue DDO Duty Detail Order? Security Manager/Operator

DDO - order from the Security Operator to oblige the security personnel to perform or render duty.
DDO Duty Detail Order - must not be prepared 30 days before duty except if the duty is involving
transfer of money through armored vehicle. Transfer of money through armored vehicle (possible
DDO 2 months)

Staffing Pattern in Private Security Agency - (Organizational Structure)

1. SD - Security Director - also called Agency Manager and Chief Security Officer - in charge
with the operation and administration of the entire security agency.
2. SED - Security Executive Director - also called Assistant Agency Manager and Assistant
Chief Security Officer - assist the SD.
3. SSD - Security Staff Director -a. SSD for Operation b. SSD for Administration and c. SSD
for Training

Line Officers Level

1. Security Supervisor 3 - also called Detachment Commander - the are head of security agency.
 2. Security Supervisor 2 - also called Chief Inspector - in charge with the inspection of the
entire detachment.
3. Security Supervisor 1 - also called Inspector - in charge with the inspection in area assigned
to him by Detachment Commander and Chief Inspector.

Security Guard Level

1. Security Guard 3 - also called Post In charge - responsible for the security assigned in certain
establishment - (Security Officer ng lahat ng nakaassign sa parking area)
2. Security Guard 2 - also called Shift In charge - responsible for the security assigned in a
certain shift or schedule (e.g. security officer in charge sa duty ng 8am to 8pm)
3. Security Guard 1 - also called watchmen/PSP - the guard who actually posted.

What are the necessary traits that the security personnel must possess?
A-J-C-P-T-S
Alertness - capable of spotting a violation
Judgement - sound decision and discretion
Confidence - faith in one self
Physical Fitness - must be in condition to perform strenuous duty.
Tactfulness - ability to successfully deal with other without offending them.
Self-control - ability to restrain oneself under a provoking situation.

During calamities and disaster, who is authorized to tap all security personnel in the area to help the city
or Municipality? Mayor
If there is upsurge of criminality and violence, who is authorize to deputize security personnel to help
PNP? CPNP

III. Discuss the Security Survey and other types of Security.

Pilferage - act of stealing something (theft)
Pasportation
Factors affecting theft (pilferage) (N-P-C)
1. The Needs or Desire - the needs to commit theft such gambling, extravagant life or financial
problems.
2. The Psychological needs - Kleptomaniac.
Is a certified kleptomaniac being criminally liable if he committed theft? Yes, the liability
will only be mitigated.
Criminal liability extinguished: Mentally insane & imbecile
3. Criminal Tendency - the tendency of a person to commit a crime is increase if there is a lack
of security measure.
Types of Pilferers:
1. Casual Pilferer - those who steal due to irresistible urge for an opportunity. The type of
Pilferer which is more difficult to detect. It only steals when there's an opportunity.
2. Systematic - those who steal with preconceived plan and will take away anything of value in
the facility.
Communication Security - protection of communication against interception.
Cryptography - science of using codes and ciphers. It came from the word Kryptos which means hidden
or concealed.
Coding/Encrypting - turning the message into unintelligible form.
Base word: ILOVEYOU
What do you call the expert in encrypting? Cryptographer
Decoding/Decrypting/Decipherment - breaking of codes and ciphers.
What do you call the expert in decrypting? Crypto Analyst

Threats in Communication Security (B-W-E)

Bugging - use of tools and equipment to record or listen to conversation. Use of audio, listening
or electronic device.
Wiretapping - discreet listening or recording of telephone conversation.
Eavesdropping - unauthorized listening - or illegal/discreet listening (palihim ka nakikinig)

What is the law which makes the wiretapping evidence inadmissible in court? RA 4200
RA 4200 - Anti Wiretapping Act - all pieces of evidence obtained thru wiretapping are inadmissible in
court except:
1. There must be a court order (Order to Wiretap)
2. Wiretapping must be performed within 60 days. Unlike Cybercrime warrant; Validity 10 days,
extend 10 days : 20 days
3. For crimes against national security, rebellion, proposal and conspiracy to commit rebellion,
sedition, inciting or conspiracy to commit sedition and kidnapping.

Document and Information Security

Classification of Documents:
1. Class I - Vital Documents - this is the document which is IRREPLACEABLE.
2. Class II - Important Document - It loss will result to CONSIDERABLE DELAY.
3. Class III - Useful document - its loss will result to INCONVENIENCE.
4. Class IV - Non-essential Document - loss has NO EFFECTS.
Classify - assigning of documents to the four security classification.
Reclassify - changing of the security classification either upgrading (Confidential -secret) or
downgrading - (Secret- Restricted)
Declassify - removal of document to the four security classification.

Four Classification of Security Document (T-S-C-R)

Top Secret - exceptional grave damage to nations political, economic and military. It has color
code of Green.
Secret - endanger the national security - color code is Red.
Confidential - prejudicial to the interest and prestige of nation (nakakasira sa reputation ng
bansa) - color code is BLUE
Restricted - document which requires special security classification - color code is White or
Colorless
Memorandum Circular No. 78 - Security Classification of Government Document

Who is authorized to classify Top Secret? Secretary of Department of National Defense

Who is authorized to classify Secret Matters? All Cabinet Secretaries and equivalent ranks, also AFP
Chief of Staff
Who is authorized to classify Confidential Matters? All Undersecretaries, CPNP and other equivalent
ranks.
Operational Security - part of physical security primarily focused on the protection, process, formulas,
patents, and other industrial and manufacturing activities.
Proprietary Information - information which is in special way related to the possessor’s status,
activities or operation in which the possessors assert ownership.
Trade Secrets - refers to formulas, patterns, device, or compilation of information which is necessary to
one's business.
If an employee provides a monkeypox formula, considered a trade secret, to a competing company, the
employee may be charged with Revelation of Industrial Secret under the Revised Penal Code (RPC).

What violation might you commit if you use proprietary information that belongs to another?
Answer:
Using proprietary information belonging to others may result in a violation of Republic Act No. 8293 -
Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines.

Violation of RA 10175 - Particularly identity theft.

Patent - grant given by the government to the inventor which is valid for 20 years.

Storage/Security Cabinet S-V-F

1. Safe - metallic container usually use to keep items of small value. The safe must have a weight
at least 750 lbs, thickness of wall 1 inch, thickness of door - 1 1/2 inches.
2. Vault - constructed as fire and burglar resistant which is part of building structure
Fire resistant 4 to 6 hours
Size of vault not larger than 5,000 cubic feet
Thickness of wall - 12 inches Floor or roof
Thickness of door 6 inches
3. File room - constructed a little bit lighter than vault and can accommodate number of people to
work inside
Fire resistant 1 hour
Ceiling height 12 ft
Size of file - not larger than 10,000 cubic feet room
What is the test for safe to determine the quality by undergoing a temperature of 2000%F - Explain
Hazard Test
Fire Endurance Test - test to determine that the safe temperature inside will not reach 200°F all the time
personnel Security

2 purpose of Personnel Investigation

1. Determine the work suitability
 2. Retention of employees (extend paba ang contrata ng tauhan)
Types of Investigation under personnel Security
1. PSI Personnel Security Investigation - inquiry to determine the applicant’s discretion,
morals, character, reputation, integrity, loyalty for work
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE CONDUCT OF BI
Discretion - act or decision which is based on prudence (pagiingat)
Morals - distinctive Identifying qualities
Character - sum of all traits
Reputation - opinion or estimation which one is generally held
Loyalty - faithful allegiance to government
Integrity - uprightness of the person - quality of being moral
*Moral Turpitude - act of baseness and vileness which one's owes to his fellowmen
Types of PSI
- NAC National Agency Check Investigation of records which involves NBI
clearance, BI Bureau of Immigration clearance or PNP IG- Clearance
- LAC Local Agency Check - investigation which involves barangay
clearance, mayors clearance and court clearances
2. BI Background Investigation - to verify the information of the applicant on his personal data
sheet
Types of BI
CBI - Compete Background Investigation - it involves all circumstances of
one's life
PBI partial Background Investigation - investigation which is limited to the
applicants residence or locality
.
Bank Security - specialized aspect of physical security which involves the protection of personnel, asset
and Bank specially cash asset during storage, transit and transaction.
Banko Sentral Circular memorandum No. 60 - which increased the security measure implemented in
all banks.
Personal security vs VIP Security
personal security - security afforded by a private individual such as hiring of personal
bodyguards
VIP Security - protection given to high ranking government officials and VIP.
PSPG - Police Security Protection Group - unit in the PNP task to perform VIP Security Operation.
Security Survey - also called Security Risk Analysis - refers to audit, inventory or checklist of all
security implemented by the facility
What is the activities to be performed before the security Survey? Security Inspection
Types of Security Inspection
1. Formal Inspection - refers to an announced or scheduled inspection.
2. Informal inspection - refers to random or surprise inspection

What are the two aspects of Security Survey?

1. Threat analysis/assessment - to determine the existence of hazards of an individual or group
 2. Vulnerability Analysis/assessment - to determine the existence of hazards of facility or
establishment.,

LEA 4: LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATION WITH POLICE PLANNING AND CRIME

MAPPING
I. Police planning
Planning - deciding in advance of what is to be done and how it is to be done.
Police Planning - the integration of efforts of all public safety agencies to make the community a safe
place. Maximize the resources. Cooperation between performing units. Unity of operation.

What are the elements of Planning (G-C-I-R)

1. Goal - it is a broad commitment. It answers the question "what do you want to achieve?".
Matagal bago makamit.
Objective - specific commitment - madaling makamit/maabot.
2. Course of action - refers to strategies and tactics. It also answers the question "How would
you achieve the goals"
Strategies refers to long action. Used to achieve the goals.
Tactics - short term action. Use to achieve the objectives. This is what is done to solve
the existing problem.
3. Implementing Group - refers to the person or group who will perform or execute the plan
Implementing Group in AFP and PNP
R1 - administration
R2 - intelligence
R3 - operation
R4 - logistics
R5 -public relation /PCR
R6 - finance
R7 - Investigation
R8 - Training
R9 - DLO (Discipline, Law and Order)
4. Resources refers to manpower, equipment or financial. Most important element of planning

Characteristics of a Good Planning

1. plan will tell people what to do
2. a good plan is an image builder since it will show your experience and skills
3. a good plan is proactive not reactive planning
Proactive Plan - a plan which anticipates future problems
Reactive Planning a quick plan for a particular situation or event. Usually for situation
of calamities and disaster
 4. a good plan has a good point to effective and efficient to achieve the goal

Terminologies in Relation to Planning

Forecasting refers to a sound or good assumptions of what will happen
Prioritizing to identify what is more important
Recording or Documenting to record the progress of plan
Interoperability if the plan involved more than one units. Ability to work in synergy with other units
(kakayahang magtrabaho Kasama ang iBang units)
SMART in Planning
 Simple
 Measurable -involves monitoring
 Attainable or achievable
 Realistic
 Timebound
Monitoring - identify success indicators and make a follow up
Evaluation - part of the plan, which determines the success indicators, indicates whether the plan is
effective or not.
Flexibility of Plan - plan could adapt to changes of situation. Example, a patrol plan was made that even
in the bad weather or raining, the police officer could still make a patrol

Types of Planning in Accordance to Time Period

1. Strategic Planning or Long Range Planning - five years or more
2. Midterm Planning or Intermediate Planning - involves one year to less than five years
3. Tactical Planning or Short Range Planning -involves less than one year. To cope up with
specific situation and known location. It is also termed as Combat or Assault Plan.
Example, conduct of raid (specific situation) in Pasig City (known location)
Operational Planning (OPLAN) - refers to plans of special division such as patrol, traffic, detective,
vice and juvenile control. If the plan involves anti-criminality or crime prevention it is operational
plan. To meet the current needs (kasalukuyang pangangailangan). Plan to accomplish the primary
police task.
Policy Planning / Procedural Planning - standard operating procedures (SOP) which guide the routine
and field operations and some special operation

Types of Policy Planning

1. Field Procedures -intended to be used in all situation and all kinds which is outlined to guide
the officers and men in the field. Example, PCol. ay nagbigay ng guidelines sa mga patrol
officer kung paano I handle and mga matandang offenders.
2. Headquarters - all of the personal assigned in an office. Refers to routine duties such as
patron jailers operators dispatchers.
3. Special Operating Procedures - use for tactical operation. Procedures use for hostage crisis.

Policy and Programs - refers to guidelines which the officers must follow

Types of Policy (OAIS)

 1. originated policy - policy came from the top official of the organization. E.g. PO1 filed for
leave because they were getting married. The night before the wedding, the Chief PNP
announced that all leaves were canceled due to full alert.
2. appealed policy - 99.9% of these requests have still not been granted. issues regarding the
policy arises at the bottom.
e.g. Since the church and reception were already reserved and all invitations had been
distributed, PO1 filed a request to be allowed to take leave despite the full alert –
they appealed the policy.
3. Imposed policies -policies which is based on laws.
e.g. The policy under RA 8551 states that you cannot apply to be a police officer if you
are not a college graduate.
4. specific rules - policy used on a certain situation.
e.g. Policies applied to tactical operations, such as hostage crises, terrorism, or bombing
incidents.

Types of Broad Policy Making

1. Internal Broad Policy Making - the point of understanding, the policies primary
responsibility of CPNP or COP's. Policies which derived from memorandum and
circulars. E.g. NAPOLCOM - Memorandum 2008-005 - Administrative Machineries in
PNP
LOI - Letter of Instructions - LOI Tamang Bihis - it provides guidelines of proper
wearing of PNP Uniform and Grooming. (Including the firearms and bullet, you
can't bring civilian firearms if you're wearing in GOA)
Memorandum and Circulars - are the Fastest means of disseminating policies. It came
from the word memorare means "to be remembered".
2. External Broad Policy Planning - responsibility of legislative bodies (congressman or
senators, or has quasi legislative power like the president). Policies derived from statutes
or thru passive of laws.
What are the PNP Master Plans and Current PROS?
1. LOI Sandigan - it refers to operation which aims for crime prevention.
e.g. Checkpoint, patrol, police visibility, route visibility, par marshall
2. LOI Sangbanat - it refers to anti-illegal Drugs operation.
What are the OPLANS in relation to LOI Sangbanat?
OPLAN TOKHANG - Plans which gives new opportunity for new life to all drug
involve personalities.
OPLAN ICEBERG - a drug operation which aims to eradicate illegal Drugs at Brgy
level.
OPLAN HUNTER - aims to apprehend police and military officers involve in illegal
Drugs.
OPLAN THUNDERBOLT I. - plan to destroy the underworld drug syndicate.
OPLAN THUNDERBOLT II. - plan to locate clandestine laboratory.
OPLAN THUNDERBOLT III. - plan to exterminate drug Lords (cutting bthe head
of the snake)
 OPLAN SAGIP YAGIT - aims to rescue the street children used by drug syndicate
for illegal drug trafficking.
OPLAN MERCURION - aims to file case against to drugstore which do not comply
with the guidance of RA 9165.
OPLAN ATHENA - operation against 14k Gang
OPLAN CYCLOPS - operation to all types of Chinese Triads and their Filipino
associates.
OPLAN GREENGOLD - marijuana eradication program.
3. LOI Sandugo - internal security operations against rebellion, insurrection or terrorism.
4. LOI Sang-Ingat - public safety operation during local and international evens or national
holidays.
5. LOI Saklolo - refers to disaster management and the conduct of search and rescue operation.
6. LOI Sangyaman - refers to protection and conservation of natural resources.

What types of plans that involves the PNP investigation manual? Policy or Procedural Plan, because it
pertains to procedures that the police officers are oblige to do when responding in crime
operations.
Primal duty of a police officer when responding to crime scene. Saving life/Protection of life
The most important task of a Police is to SAVE LIVES. Gunshot bring to the automobile
*Dying declaration - aka Anti Mortem Statement.
If the victim survives the dying of deceleration become parts of res gestae - things done.

Organizational Planning:
Vision - that is the aims of organization. What the organization wanted to become in the future?
Visionary Planning - it refers to the aspirations of each department. Aspiration means pangarap or
minimithi.
Mission - refers to the purpose of organization. It can function, responsibility or duties.
Core Values - principles of organization - in the PNP (MAKADIYOS, Makabansa, MAKATAO, at
MAKALIKASAN - under RA 8491 - it is the national motto of the Philippines)

SWOT Analysis - it involves the assignment of Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threats.
Strength - it refers to the advantages or capabilities of a unit. E.g. Since the Tacloban Police
Station has many SWAT teams, it is highly effective in responding to hostage crises.
Weakness - it refers to the lacking of resources or incompetency of personnel. E.g. Since a
particular police station does not have a well-trained SWAT team, it struggles in
responding to hostage crises.
Opportunities - it refers to resources which can be tapped
Threats - it poses serious challenge to an organization - unavoidable - e.g. In the PNP, due to
human nature, police officers recruited 20 years ago are no longer as physically strong as
they used to be.
PNP Patrol Plan 2030 and Beyond - strategic planning which aims to make PNP effective, responsible
and credible by year 2030.

Peace and Order Agenda for the Transformation and Rule of Law - that it has four stages.
 1. Resource Management
2. learning and Growth
3. Process Excellence
4. Community Satisfaction

PGS - Philippine Government System - process in which a unit must utilized the resources and
personnel properly.
Technical Planning - planning which involves proper utilization of resources.
Quantitative Planning - Planning which involves cashflow, budget and financial projections.
Qualitative Planning - planning which use descriptive method. Describing a certain problem in order to
identify it.
Contingency Planning - it is a reserve plan in case that the primary plan has failed.
SARA Process - it is a specific planning process to solve a problem. (Similar to synoptic) Problem-
oriented approach
The 4 stages of SARA Process:
Scanning - the manager and decision maker will look for a problem either internal or external
challenges. It answers the question 'What is the problem?'.
It utilizes the following aspects or assessment involved in strategic planning:
a. External Environment Assessment (EA) - it focuses on external factors, physical
environment, geographic division or social climate. Social climate -
perception of the public (how the people view the organization). e.g. General
Danao issue
b. Organizational Assessment (OA) - also called institutional analysis. It involves
the assessment of the health of the organization - internal problems.
Internal Cleansing in PNP - the removal of corrupt police officers.
What operation support unit (OSU) is responsible for internal cleansing in PNP?
PNP-IMEG - Integrity Mobile Enforcement Unit
Analysis - once the problem is identified, additional information will be collected and analyzed -
what are the causes of the problem?
Response - focuses on the offender, victim or environment. Actual solving of the problem. The
use of methods and techniques to solve the existing problem.
Assessment - discover the impact of response. It is the evaluation phase of SARA Process.

What is COPLAN? Case Operational Planning

Case Operational Planning - planning used to perform an intelligence project. This is the plan to be
performed before a covert operation. (e.g. Surveillance, undercover, casing, etc.)
IMPLAN - Implementing Plan - it provides guidelines on the execution of the plan from higher
headquarters. It involves national events.
OPLAN for SONA
Programmatic Plan - plan which is made by the commander or Chief of Police which involves the
scheduling of the duties of his personnel.
What is the SITAR Model in Planning? SITAR Model - it is the compilation of different methods of
planning to solve a problem.
SITAR Model
1. Synoptic Planning - also called Rational Comprehensive Planning - it uses a traditional and
Problem Oriented Approach. Involves creating alternatives (backup strategies if the
primary strategy fails).
Contingency Planning is a reserved or backup plan, while Synoptic Planning involves a
single plan with multiple alternatives within it.
Factors in making alternatives in Synoptic Planning: (S-C-M)
a. Strategic Planning - Synoptic Planning is part of a larger strategic plan. The
alternative should be acceptable, suitable, and feasible (realistic). This is
considered a subjective approach.
b. Cost effective approach - The chosen alternative must maximize the cost-
benefit ratio, meaning the chosen alternative should be cost-efficient.
This is considered an objective approach.
c. Must want approach - Combines both subjective (acceptable, suitable,
feasible) and objective (cost-effective) factors, making it ideal for
Synoptic Planning.
2. Incremental Planning - the problems are too difficult to solve if grouped together. Can be
accomplished if taken one step at a time.
- Involves breaking down complex problems into smaller parts to address them one step
at a time.
3. Transactive Planning - A plan developed through face-to-face interactions with all involved
parties. The plan reflects all decisions and discussions made by team members during
meetings.
4. Advocacy Planning - it is a plan focused on defending the weak, poor, and politically
powerless/impotent. Advocacy implies an aspiration or intention to create positive
impact.
5. Radical Planning - A comprehensive plan that may have negative side effects due to its
extreme or rapid implementation
It has two mainstreams:
1st mainstream - A consolidated effort to achieve concrete results in the near future.
2nd mainstream - critical to a long social process in which the character permeates
(kumalat) and affects the social and economic lives of the people.
e.g. COVID-19 Pandemic - Sudden restrictions, such as prohibiting people
from leaving their homes or going to work, were imposed to control
the spread.

 PLt. Badang made a plan to decrease the robbery incident along Madilim ave. What type of the
plan does this refers to? OPLAN - Reduce criminality
 What type of plan needed by PCOlm Anygma to manage his resources? Technical Plan -
resources
 What type of policy planning involves if the COPs made a memorandum? Internal Broad Policy
Planning
 Police Captain Ina made a plan for typhoon. What type of plan does this refers to? Reactive
Planning
  This answer the question 'How would you achieve your goal? Course of Action
 Police Colonel Dimagiba made a plan to counter or neutralize the hostage taker. What type of
plan does this refers to? Tactical Plan
 If Patrolman Cruz followed the order of CPNP to render duty even on day offs. What type of
policy does this refers to? Originated Policy
 If the Police officer focuses on solving the problem before it happens. What type of planning is
this? Proactive Planning
 Who is responsible for the External Broad Policy Planning? Senators
 XCops, CPNP, Regional director
 What stage of SARA process which answer the question. What are causes of the problem?
Analysis X Scanning, Response, assessment

II. Law Enforcement Operations:

Raid - sudden or unexpected attack on building or establishment. Raid is only done if all other police
operations have failed.
Composition of Raiding Party:
1. Raid Commander - must be at least PMaj. - overall in charge with the conduct of operation.
2. Asst. Raid Commander - must be the next highest ranking PCO - assist the raid commander.
3. Spokesperson - representative of raiding to media.
4. Recorder - representative to court hearing. He is responsible for the safekeeping of all records
and document regarding raid.
5. Entering Party - also called the Assault Team. Responsible to engage the subject and conduct
arrest and search.
6. Surrounding Party - also called confinement team. Responsible to prevent the escape of the
subject.
7. Vehicle Security - responsible to protect the vehicle of raiding party.
8. Vehicle Enabler Team - responsible to destroy the vehicle of subject to prevent possible
escape.

Factors Affecting Raid

1. Size of the raiding party - the number of the raiding must have a bigger size.
2. Speed. The movement must be faster
3. Surprise - the most essential factors in raid.
4. Superiority of Firearms - equal or must stronger. Reference for Combat: size of the bullet,
range (accurate range), maneuverability (weight),
*M16 vs AK47 - 400 yards
Can raid be conducted even without a search warrant? Yes, thru the following:
1. Search incidental to lawful arrest (e.g., in a buy-bust operation, if drugs are bought from and
sold by the pusher in front of their house, the police may enter the house and search the
immediate surroundings).
Immediate surroundings
2. Exigency and Emergency Rule - There is no means of obtaining a warrant, and the danger is
imminent..
Arrest and Search Operation:
If the police officers will serve warrant of arrest or search warrant outside of their jurisdiction, they
should be first coordinate with police station.
Arrest - it is the lawful taking of person into custody of the law so that he may be bound to answer for the
commission of an offense.
Purpose:
1. So that the court may have jurisdiction over the person of the accused.
2. To inform the accused of the nature of accusation filed against him.
Modes of arrest
1. Actual Restraint of person
2. Voluntary Surrendered
If. Johny illegally arrested Lex. What is the crime committed by Johny?
Ans. Arbitrary Detention (bakit Hindi unlawful arrest - although one of the elements is "committed by
private or public person" - ang public officer na tinutukoy Dito ay Yung mga walang special
power of arrest - Hindi law enforcer)

Methods of arrest
1. Arrest with Warrant - order in writing issued in the name of the people of the Philippines. Signed by
Judge ordering the peace officer to bring he subject before the court.
Warrant of Arrest - has no expiry. But it can be removed thru:
1. Death of the wanted person.
2. Warrant is already been served.
3. Lifted by the Judge who issued it.
Although it has no expiry, however after 10 days upon issuance, the police officer must report
before the court to explain why the warrant was not served. The court will issue an alias
warrant (ito rin ang warrant of arrest - pero ipapkalat na)
Warrant of Arrest - must be served day and night
2. Warrantless Arrest - also called citizens arrest. This is under Sec. 5 Rule 113 of Revised Criminal
Procedures.
1. Inflagrante Delicto (caught of the act) - in your presence, the person to be arrested has
committed, actually committing or attempted to commit a crime.
2. Hot pursuit or probable cause - the criminal has just been committed (reglementary period of
arrest -12 hours -light offenses - 18 hours - less serious offense -36 hours - serious
offense) you have probable cause to believe based on your personal knowledge of facts
and circumstances that the person to be arrested has committed.
3. Fugitive - also called escapee - those who escaped while serving his sentence to the penal
institution or while his case is pending.
Disobedience - person who escaped in checkpoints
Other forms of warrantless Arrest:
1. Arrest made by a bondsman - if the person with pending case and release thru
corporate surety (bail) jumped bail.
2. Violation of conditional pardon.
3. If after the arrest, the arrested person is immediately rescued or escaped.
 4. When the person release on bail, attempted to flee the country without court
permission.
What are instances that the person arrested can be presented to media?
1. Arrested with warrant.
2. Arrested thru inflagrante Delicto but after inquest proceedings.
3. Arrested made during the execution of search warrant.
Inquest proceedings - to determine whether the warrantless arrest is legal or illegal.
If the inquest prosecutor, finds illegality in the arrest or finds no probable cause for the person to be
detained - he will issue RFFI - Release for Further Investigation.
What are the instances in which the presence of arrested person is not required during inquest
proceedings?
1. If he is suffering from mental disorder.
2. Hospital confinement.
3. Danger to the public.
Search - examination of person, building, or vehicle for the purpose of discovery of evidence.
Confiscation - seizing of contrabands (illegal items)

Means of Search
1. Search warrant - order in writing issued in the name of the people of the Philippines, signed by Judge,
ordering the peace officer to bring the property specifically described therein.
What is the type of warrant which involves more than one offense? Ans. Scatter-Shot Warrant
Search warrant has a validity of 10 days - without extension.
What is the similarity and dissimilarity of search warrant and cybercrime warrant?
Ans. Cybercrime warrants have the validity 10 days it can be extended for another 10 days if there is a
justification.
Cybercrime warrants can be applied through the RTC Manila, Makati, Pasig, Quezon City, Cebu, Davao,
Ilo-Ilo and Cagayan De Oro.
WDCD - Warrant to Disclose Computer Data - it gives 72 hours for subscribers and service providers
to submit the data.
Service providers -Fb, Ig, YouTube
Subscriber - person
WSSECD - Warrant to Search, Seize and Examine Computer Data - use during raid in relation to
Cybercrime.
WECD - Warrant to Examine Computer Data - the law enforcers are given 30 days to examine
Computer data.
Within 48 hours - you must give the court of copies of evidences. Then in the office or station you will
Apply for WECD - to examine the evidence. After 30 days - evidence back to court. Then Court
may release order, but if it is a violation of Anti-Pornography Act of Children it will release a
destruction order.

What is the affidavit use for application for search warrant? Ans. Deposition - type of affidavit use for
discovery process.
 1. Deposition Perpetuam Rei Memoriam - (in perpetual memory) - deposition which is filed
before the actual filing of case. e.g. Deposition para sa Search warrant na na file sa court
kahit wala pang kaso ang subject.
You can't join illegal possession of firearms and RA 9165 - warrant must be separated.
*Drug pushers always carry firearms.
2. Deposition De Bene Esse - (for what its worth) - the deposition is use upon filing of case.
Usually for the purpose of preserving the testimony.
Reasons for preserving a testimony of witness:
a. The witness has terminal disease.
b. The witness will reside abroad.
De Bene Esse doesn't have the same weight of the actual testimony, because actual
testimony can be cross examined.

Warrantless Search - the following are the examples of search which legal even without a warrant:
1. Plain View Doctrine
2. Stop and Frisk - applicable only in the implementation of security measures of building or
establishment. BP 9 - Illegal possession of deadly weapon. Exception: if it is used for
livelihood.
3. Search Incidental to Lawful Arrest
4. Search made at the airport or seaport.
5. Routine search in relation to National Security.
6. Consented Search
7. Search Moving Vehicle - for smuggling cases.

Custodial Investigation - stage of the investigation where it is a no longer a general inquiry but the
Investigator is focuses on the guilt of arrested person.
Custodial Investigation - questioning of person after he has been taken.
According to RA 7438, a mere invitation from the police constitutes a custodial Investigation.
RA 7438 - Rights of person under arrest custodial investigation and detention.

What is the manner of questioning during custodial investigation? Interrogation type of questioning -
skillful questioning

Types of questions use for interview and interrogation: (O-C-D-N-L)

Open Ended Questions - it means narrative type of answer without any interruptions - use for
interview purposes
Close Ended Questions - answerable by yes or no.
Directed Question - it asks for specific answer either quality or quantity.
E.g. Quantity (ilang gramo ng shabu ang binebenta mo? Quality (Anong kulay ng kotse ang
ginamit mo sa kidnapping)
Non-Directed Question - it provides choices
Leading Question - it is also called Assumptive Question - it guides the subject towards the
desired answer.
Preliminary Investigation - Inquiry to engender a well founded belief that a crime was committed - to be
mandatory the penalty must be at least 6 years and 1 day.
If the arrested person is apprehended thru warrantless, he may request for PI provided that he will execute
a waiver for Art. 125 of RPC. the PI must be conducted within 5 days and shall not exceed 20
days.

Process of PI.
Issuance of Subpoena - within 10 days
Submission of counter affidavit by the respondent - within 10 days.
(Counter - Reply - rejoinder)
Resolution of Preliminary Investigation - within 10 days.
Approval of Chief State Prosecutor - within 5 days.
Dissemination of the resolution within 10 days

Surveillance and Undercover Operation

Surveillance - discreet observation of people, place or vehicle.
Two major types of Surveillance (S-T)
Stake out Surveillance - fixed surveillance - waiting for the anticipated arrival of the subject in a
fix location.
Tailing or shadowing - moving surveillance - the surveillant follows the subject (rabbit)
Types of tailing (C-L-R)
Close Tail - uses extreme precaution of not loosing the subject.
In cases of Burnout - Avoid the contact, even if it is just a small doubt
that you think the case is made/burnout.
Loose Tail - focuses on the general impressions of subjects habit and his
associates.
Rough shadowing - it uses special precaution - the subject maybe aware that he
or she is being followed. Use for VIP Security Operation.
In Surveillance operation, the most important is that the surveillant must blend in with the environment.
Types of Cover: (N-A-M)
1. Natural Cover - use of true background
2. Artificial Cover - alters the true background
3. Multiple Cover - use of more than one background

Types of undercover assignments. (R-W-S-S-M)

1. Residential Assignment - also called dwelling assignment - the operation is conducted within
locality of the subject.
2. Work Assignment - the agent will apply in the establishment where the subject is being
employed.
3. Social Assignment - learn to drink without being drunk. Go to places where the subject
usually hanging out.
4. Subversive Organization - the most dangerous type of undercover assignment. The agent will
penetrate the enemies group. The agent must not bring his IDs all time during undercover
operation - only Mission Order.
Ah Kong - uncle, highest rank in Chinese Triads
Casing - inspection of the area to determine its suitability for undercover or covert operation.
Classification of members of covert operation:
a. Primary Agent - also called Principal or sponsor. Overall, in charge in a cover operation.
b. Action Agent –
1. Espionage Agent - agent who will infiltrate a highly sensitive target.
2. Propagandist - agent who molds the behavior and attitude of the public (Influencers).
c. Support Agent –
1. Surveillant - the one who follows the subject.
2. Investigator - the one who collects information.
d. Communication Agent - agent who protects the communication against interception.

Checkpoint/Chokepoint Operation
Checkpoint Operation - place on strategic areas where crimes are widespread (inilalagay ito sa mga
lugar kung saan mataas ang krimen). The main purpose of checkpoint operation is crime
prevention.
Chokepoint Operation - also called Dragnet Operation or Hasty Checkpoint - hastily built along the
boundaries of cities and municipalities or at entry or exit points. The main purpose is to neutralize
the fleeing suspect.
In checkpoint - the purpose is to decrease or prevent crimes. In Chokepoint there's crime committed and
you need to arrest the criminal escaping.
Is the requirement for a valid checkpoint applicable in Chokepoint? Ans. No, but they are not allowed to
cite a violation of law or traffic laws.

Requirements for a valid Checkpoint:

1. Must be lead by a PCO - (at least Police Lieutenant and above)
2. Must be in proper uniform.
3. Must have a marked vehicle.
Is motorcycle from police station can be used as marked vehicle? Ans. No, only mid-
carrier vehicles - like Sedan or Patrol vehicles.
4. Must be in a well lighted area.
5. Must have a proper signage. ("Checkpoint operation. Sorry for inconvenience")

Composition of Checkpoint Team:

(the minimum number of personnel in a checkpoint operation is 8)
1. Team Leader must be at least Police Lieutenant. (Q: What is the highest rank that can serve as
a team leader at a checkpoint? A: Police Colonel (PCol).
2. Assistant Team Leader - next highest rank or the most senior PNCO.
3. Spotter - responsible to conduct profiling of motorist.
4. Verifier - responsible to check the driver's license or OR/CR.
5. Investigation Sub-team.
6. Arrest and Search Sub-team
7. Security Sub-team
8. Blocking and Pursuing Sub-team
What are the elements of checkpoint which are authorized to carry high powered firearms? Ans. Blocking
and Pursuing Sub-team and Security Sub-team.
In checkpoint operation, the type of search which is legal to perform? Ans. Visual Search
Physical Search - opening the compartment. Maybe done for the reason - if there is probable cause. e.g.
Drunk, if there’s a possibility that the car is from carnaping.
If physical search is done illegally in checkpoint operation with violence or intimidation of person. What
is the crime committed by the Police? Ans. Grave Coercion.
If the illegal search is done without violence or intimidation of person? Ans. Unjust Vexation
Power Tripping
If there's a vehicle which ignore the checkpoint, and during hot pursuit operation. What should the first
action of blocking or pursuing Sub-team? Ans. Use the megaphone to give warning to motorist.
Don't do warning shot. Don't block the driving car. To call the sniper team in the area.
If the fleeing vehicle is already accosted (stopped), the police officers must instruct the driver to:
= First is to show your feet followed by hands and put the hands on the top of the vehicle.
High risk stop - accosting (stopping) of vehicle with armed occupants.
High risk arrest - arrest of armed suspect.

Patrol operation - it is the systematic process of walking and driving along the area to monitor the
following:
1. Crimes committed
2. Observation of alleged illegal activities
3. Perception of the public
Patrol - is the backbone of the police service. The only unit which cannot be eliminated.
Composition in Police Station
Patrol - 50%
Investigation - 15%
Traffic - 10%
Administrative - 10%
Children and Women Desk - 10%
Auxiliary - 5%
What is the major function of a patrol officer? Ans. Observation

Types of Patrol Methods

1. Foot Patrol - oldest and the most expensive type of patrol.
Expensive - because you need a lot of personnel to take an area.
Advantages:
a. Rapid response.
What is the standard time for police response? Ans. 5 minutes
What is the difference between response time and critical time?
Response time - time between the report or complaint to the police and the arrival of
police in the area. (is the time between calling for police assistance and their
arrival)
Critical time - time between the commission of the crime up to arrival of police officers
at the crime scene.
 2. Automobile patrol - it is the most extensively use (lagging ginagamit) and considered as the
most economic type of patrol.
August Vollmer - he suggested that vehicles must be used for patrol purposes (father of
modern law enforcement administration)
OW Wilson - he recommended that every patrol car must be equipped with
communication device.
Communication - it is the heart of patrol.
1954 - year when the mobile patrol was introduced in MPD.
Isias Alma Jose - the first Chief of MPD Mobile Patrol Unit.
Composition of mobile patrol unit.
Composition of three personnel.
a. Team leader
b. Recorder
c. Driver
What are the advantages and disadvantages of one-man patrol and two-man mobile
patrol?
Two-man patrol
1. Can respond to even more dangerous operations.
2. It provides more deterrence.
3. There is more cooperation between the two personnel.
One man patrol
1. More focus on the beat.
2. It avoid conflict between personnel.
3. Bicycle Patrol - it has stealth and mobility - can be employ in a patrol beat which is too long
for foot patrol but too narrow for automobile patrol.
4. Horse Patrol - it can be used to the following:
a. Park patrol
b. Beach patrol
c. Posse and Search method - use if the criminal fled to mountainous area.
d. Parade and crowd control
5. Air Patrol - it is considered as the most extensive type (can reach the farthest distance) of
patrol.
Types of Air Patrol
 Helicopter Patrol
 Fixed Wing Patrol
6. Motorcycle Patrol - usually for traffic law enforcement.
7. Marine/water patrol - usually for smuggling cases - if PCG - to enforce maritime law.
8. Plainclothes Patrol - the primary objective is to increase the number of arrests.
9. Canine Patrol - use of EDCs and NDCs
EDC - Explosive Detection Canines
NDC - Narcotics Detection Canines
What is the success rate of Canine team in paneling or searching operation? Ans. Canine - 93%; Human
Team - 53%
What is the difference between the success rate of Canine and Human team in paneling or searching
operation? 40%
Traditional methods in foot patrol
1. Clockwise method - the patrol officer will conduct this method before the 8 hour of duty -
bago ang 8-hour of duty.
2. Counter clockwise method - the patrol officer will conduct this method before the end of 8-
hour duty. (Bago matapos ang 8-hour duty)
3. Criss Cross Method - this has designated points of arrival.
4. Straightway Method - directly
Decoy - the use of deception to make the surveillant believe that the subject boarded the subject vehicle.
Convoy - The primary responsibility is to detect surveillance.

CDM Civil Disturbance Management / crowd control operation

 BP 880 - Public Assembly (rights to expression) - law which governs the rallies and
demonstration
 Based on BP 880 -all rallies must secure a permit unless:
1. the demonstration is held in freedom parks
2. in private properties
 In accordance with the law, the CDM contingent led by PCO must maintain a distance of
100 m from the demonstration
Types of CDM
1. Line Formation - most common CDM formation
2. Double Line Formation - use as preparation for umbrella formation
3. Umbrella Formation - use to protect the contingent against all forms
of attack
4. Box formation - used to protect VIPs
5. Wedge Formation /U formation - use to disperse violence rallyist
6. Arrow Formation - use for the safe passage of the VIPs
Search and Rescue Operation:
Emergency came from the word "emergencia" which means plugging or dipping (paglubog). Sudden
event which requires immediate action
Disaster - is either natural or manmade which is also random and then expected
Crisis - refers to time of suffering difficulties or danger (panahon ng kakulangan or panganib)
Agency in charge with Disaster Management and Preparation - National Disaster Risk Reduction
Management (NDRRMC)

BFP - agency primarily responsible for search and rescue operation

BFP motto - to save lives and properties
Under BFP, there is a unit who is specialized in search and rescue operation in all disaster and
calamities
BFP Special Rescue Unit
Respond to the following
1. Typhoon of and floods
Training: (WASAR) Water Survival Search and Rescue
 2. Collapse Structure Operation
Training:
Earthquake
1. MCIM Mass Casualties Incident Management
2. USAR Urban Research and Rescue
3. CSSR Collapse Structure Search and Rescue
3. CBRN Chemical Biological Radioactive and Nuclear Attack
Characteristics of CBRN
1. Lack of insect life
2. dead animals
3. Unpleasant smell or odor
Steps in Disaster Response Procedures
1. Identify the nature and extent of disaster
2. Inform the headquarters
3. Apply first aid to the victim of disaster
4. Established a command post
Ground Commander - authorized to establish a command post or incident command post
minimum at least six at least chief of Municipal or City Fire Station
BFP with regards to terrorism is only an auxiliary function
PNP with regards to terrorism is only support and function
AFP with regards to terrorism is the primary function
Crime Mapping
Adriano Balbi and Andre Michel Guery - the first to make the first type of crime mapping
Adolfe Quetelet - made the first three thematic maps
Frederick Thrasher - concentration of criminal activity of guns or in area with social control and
disorganized
Gen. Benjamin Magalo - PNP officer who first implemented an effective and modern GIS during 2012
in CAR
GIS most essential tools in crime mapping
Crime Mapping - systematic process of using spatial analysis for crime analysis. A computer software
which produces maps from point feature to three dimensional map. Tools used by the law
enforcement analyst to analyze, evaluate and interpret crime incident patterns
Temporal (Oras) Data - information which is prescribed in a given schedule or period of time (info na
may kinalaman sa oras)

Aspects of Crime Mapping

1. Thematic Mapping - maps which only focuses on one subject (weather, population, density,
geology)
*crime mapping is a thematic map since it focuses in crime incident pattern
2. Crime Hot Spots - refers to crime areas prone areas
Crime Map - location or place which the crime is usually committed
Crime Clock/ Frequency of Crimes - time or period in which the crime is frequently
committed
 3. Geographic Profiling - use to identify location of the next crime which will be committed by
a serial criminal
4. Non-Geographical Indicators - refers to information which is not related to special data
patterns frequencies or temporal data
5. Spatial Regression -changes in a variable related to the changes of an independent variable.
e.g. 12 incidents of theft in one month (variable) committed in Baguio (variable).
Pagpalitan mo ang isang variable, mapapalitan at maaapektuhan rin ang isa pang variable
(interrelated to each other)

Types of Crime Mapping

1. Manual Pinning Map - most traditional, very simple but limited in use. Use of colored pins to
identify crime incident patterns
2. Point Feature Map - work the same as manual pinning but it uses computer software
3. Computer Map -computer generated map in which the map will be shown by typing its
address on the search bar (Google map or Waze)
4. Polygonal Map - one of the high-tech maps. A software with uses poly dimensional sides of
maps. Used three-dimensional generated map

GIS Geographic Information System - most essential to crime mapping. Capable to identify crime
hotspots. It is a computer software.
Layers in GIS:
1st Layer - imagery - grounds
2nd Layer - elevation - mountains, volcanoes, hills and other rock formations
3rd Layer - water marks -water feature such as seas, rivers, lakes or other bodies of waters.
4th Layer - land marks - buildings, institution or establishment.
5th Layer - transportation - routes, roads and other transport areas.
6th Layer - your Data - it can be symbols, numbers, words or letters.

What is the method of the analyst putting data or variable in crime mapping? Ans Chart Mapping
Types of Chart Mapping:
1. Pie Chart Mapping - it focuses on relative percentages, characterized by slice of pie.
2. Bar Chart Mapping - it focuses on relative frequencies.

A type of GIS which is an essential tool in all type of crimes and mapping application. -Maptitude
Maptitude - it is a computer software in which the map can be viewed (makita), edited (baguhin ang
values or description) and Integrated (pagsamahin ang dalawang lugar)

What is a simplified GIS and can be used by a novice user? Interactive Crime Mapping
Buffer Zone - refers to surrounding areas from 50ft to 500 miles - a crime which is rampant to an area
can be rapidly spread to another area.

Classification of Maps:
1. Thematic Maps
 2. Political Maps - it shows political boundaries between regions, provinces, cities and
municipalities - it is the most common type of map.
3. Geologic Maps - maps which show the rock formation, stones, sediments and other geologic
features.
4. Topographic Maps - it is also called Physical Map - it shows natural features of the world -
mountains, hills, volcanoes, beaches, rivers or other tourist attractions.
Crime Analysis - it is a systematic assessment of crime incident pattern with the use of spatial and
temporal analysis.

Types of Crimes Analysis (S-T-A)

1. Strategic Crime Analysis - it refers to the effects of crime incident which is long term
application of the relationship of crimes to various factors.
2. Tactical Crime Analysis - uses for immediate crime incidents - if this incident is related to
another similar incident.
3. Administrative Crime Analysis - crime analysis in relation to criminal research, political,
economic, geological or actual application.

The relation of crime mapping to other types of policing

Intelligence Led Policing - information driven policing in which the superior officer is an
intelligence officer which is tasked to assess the risk for every police operation. Crime
Mapping - is being used for information collection.
Problem Oriented Policing - types of policing which analyze the root causes of crime and its
relation from minor or petty crime to serious or major crime incident. Crime Mapping -
is used to assist crime analyst to determine the root cause of the crime.
Community Oriented Policing - types of policing which the police will render a full service to
community- it involves numerous PCR - Police Community Relation Activities. Crime
Mapping - to identify the problem of the community

What is Compstat Policing? Short for computer statistics which is breakthrough in policing and made it
proactive rather reactive
Compstat Policing - was developed by Richard Mahere and was introduced by NYPD during 1990s
Compstat Policing focuses on the following:
1. Effective and Efficient collection of information or intelligence
2. Rapid deployment of police officers on the street.
3. Resource Management
4. Effective use of strategies and tactics
5. Frequent follow up
What is the difference between Patriotism and Nationalism
Patriotism - characterized by vigorous support to one's country. It manifests the love for country which
extend to another country and people.
Patriotism - Makabayan
It includes the following:
1. It has defensive attitude
2. It promote democracy
3. It involves civic activities
4. Gives emphasis to international cooperation and unity (ang mga patriotic na bansa ito
Yung mga tumutulong sa ibang bansa)
Nationalism - characterized by loyalty to one country which affects and destroy another country and their
people.
It focuses on the following:
1. It has aggressive attitude. (Handang pumatay at mamatay sa bansa)
2. Characterized by Xenophobia (fear to foreigners) Egolitarianism (mas superior ng bansa
kaysa sa iBang bansa) centralization (gusto nito nasa kaniya ang authority kahit ng
ibang bansa)
3. Believe in expansionism. (Territory is a symbol of power)
4. It is exclusionary (mapag-isa)
5. Provokes war or asking for war.
6. Violates the law of other country (international law)
The China violates the international UN Convention on the law of the seas (UNCLOS) - the Philippine
has EEZ - 200 nautical miles from the shore of island.
Countries considered as Patriots:
1. USA
2. Japan
3. Saudi Arabia
Countries considered as Nationalist
1. China
2. Russia
 3. North Korea
What is the first instance that the Filipinos showed nationalism? Ans. April 27, 1521 - Battle of Mactan.
Lapu Lapu - as the First Police in the Philippines
Ferdinand Magellan - first European explorer arrived in the Philippines on March 17, 1521 in Guian,
Eastern Samar.
March 31, 1521 - Magellan held the first Catholic Mass in Limasawa.
Magellan also declared that the town Cebu was the first city in the Philippines.
Victoria Expedition of Magellan - proven that the world is round.
2nd European Explorer - Ruy Lopez De Villalobos he named the country Philippines (Las Islas
Folipinas) to honor King Philip II of Spain. (former named is OPHIR - the land of treasure)
Archipelagic Doctrine - it means that the surrounding water between islands shall form part of the
country's territory.
How many islands do we have in the Philippines? 7641 islands (Low tide) 7640 (high tide)
What is the farthest island in the north? Y'Ami (part of Batanes group of islands) South -- Saluag.
3rd European Explorer who initiated the colonization and considered as the first Governor General in the
Philippines - Miguel Lopez De Legazpi.
Who initiated the longest revolution which lasted for 85 years? Fransisco Dagohoy - the hero of Bohol -
armed with Dragon - an amulet which allegedly gives him power to jump across rivers.
The Filipino patriotism emerged during - 19th century - in the execution of GOMBURZA on 1872.
GOMBURZA - did not advocate revolution but only the secularization of Filipino Priest.
1. Padre Mariano Gomez - oldest among the priests
2. Padre Jose Burgos - leader and a professor of law
3. Padre Jacinto Zamora - youngest
Jose Rizal dedicated his novel "El Filibusterismo" as tribute to GOMBURZA.
El Filibusterismo - The reign of the greed (ang pagtatagumpay ng mga ganid)
Noli Me Tangere - Touch me not.
Subsequently the manifestation of Nationalism of Filipino after the execution of GOMBURZA -
Execution of Dr. Jose Rizal.
Andres Bonifacio - Supreme Leader of Kataastaasan Kagalanggalangan Katipunan ng mga Anak ng
Bayan - Considered as the Father of Philippine Revolution
Emilio Jacinto - Brain of Katipunan
Form a faction in KKK - called Magdiwang (Bonifacio and Jacinto)
Emilio Aguinaldo - First President of the Philippines, founder of PMA and he designed the first
Philippine Flag which was sewed Marcela Agoncillo.
Apolinario Mabini - brain of Philippine Revolution. He was the first Prime Minister of the Philippines
and also first Chief Justice of Supreme Court.
Antonio Luna - the Greatest General in the Philippines - first Training Director of PMA.
Magdiwang - Bonifacio, General Tinio
Magdalo - Aguinaldo
Treaty of Paris - the Spaniard sold the Philippines to America
Principalia - elite family clans during Spanish Era.
Illustrado - educated Filipino belong to higher class.
Indio - uneducated Filipino, belong to lower class.
American Colonialism
Commonwealth - Emilio Aguinaldo and Manuel L. Quezon run for the position of president
Manuel Quezon - Andress Bonifacio's skeleton
Manuel L. Quezon - first President of Commonwealth Government. He implemented the Tydings Mc
Duffe Law.
- rape case (defense: with a face like this, do I need to rape?), top 3 in the Bar
Manuel L. Quezon - made the national language as FILIPINO.
Language Nationalism - the use of common language to exercise dominance.
How many are the major dialects in the Philippines? Approximately 70 to 80 dialects.
Around 300 dialects if minor/small/unestablished dialects included
What are the Filipino forces daughter against Japanese occupation? HUKBALAHAP and USAFE
HUKBALAHAP - Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon
USAFE - US Armed Forces of the Far East
Who are the traitors during Japanese Occupation? Makapili
Manuel Roxas - his program is called Parity Rights
Carlos P. Garcia - his program is called Filipino First Policy.
RA 8491 - Philippine Flag and Heraldic Act of 1998 - it was enacted on Feb. 12, 1998.
RA 646 - Orden De Caballeros De Rizal - Knights of Rizal Law
Jose Rizal - unofficial National Hero - American influence - to avoid revolution
RA 1425 - known as RIZAL LAW - it required that the RIZAL SUBJECT in tertiary education.
RA 8044 - Youth Nation Building Act. It created the National Youth Commission.
RA 7077 - Philippine Reservist Act. - in accordance with this law, the following are the categories of
reservist.
1st Category Reserved - ages from 18 to 35 years old.
2nd Category Reserved - ages from 36 to 51 years old
3rd Category Reserved - from 52 years old and above.

CLFM 1
National Symbols in the Philippines
Official National Symbols
1. National Tree - Narra
2. National Flower - Sampaguita
3. National Bird - Philippine Eagle
4. National Gem - Pearl
5. National Sports - Arnis
Unofficial National Symbols
1. National Hero - Dr. Jose Rizal
 2. National Animal - Carabao
3. National Leaf - Anahaw
4. National Fruit - Mango
5. National Costume – Baro’t Saya; Barong Tagalog
6. National Dance - Cariñosa
7. National Fish - Bangus (Milkfish)
8. National Slippers - Bakya
9. National Food - Adobo
10. National House - Nipa Hut (Bahay Kubo)
11. National Song - Bayan Ko

Salient Provisions of RA 8491

In what occasion/national holidays does the Philippine Flag must be displayed?

April 9 - Araw ng Kagitingan
May 1 - National Labor Day
May 28 - National Flag Day (Flag days - from May 28 up to June 12)
June 12 - National Independence Day
Last Sunday of August - National Heroes Day.
Nov. 30 - Bonifacio Day
December 30 - Rizal day
 Flag Raising Ceremony - Morning of Monday
 Flag Lowering Ceremony - Friday afternoon
 The Philippine Flag must be hoisted (raising) briskly (mabilis) and lower it
ceremoniously (mabagal)
 If there is a typhoon or storm during the flag raising ceremony, do we need to hoist the
flag? No.
 If there is typhoon or storm during flag lowering ceremony, do we need to lower the flag?
No
 Any part of the flag must not touch the ground.
Folding of Philippine Flag
1. Fold it lengthwise - red is on top
2. Then fold it again - to cover the red with blue color.
3. Make a triangular fold until it reaches the white color.
Parts of Philippine Flag
1. Fly - part of Philippine Flag after the hoist, which waves.
2. Hoist - part of the Philippines flag near the flagstaff, in which the halyard is attached.
(dalawang butas)
3. Halyard - refers to the rope use for hoisting the flag.
4. Flagstaff - also refers as flagpole
Size of Flag
Width - 1
Length - 2
Ratio 1:2
There's no actual size but it only has a ratio.
Side of triangle - 1
1:1:2
Base of the Philippine Flagpole also called footing, foundation of Flagstaff - size or ratio in the flagpole
is 1:10, deep 1:10

Size of Philippine Flag -width -1, length - 2 (1:2)

Base or footing of flagpole 1(width, length and deep) is to 10.
Appropriate cable no. of each color in the Philippine Flag in accordance to RA 8491:
1. White Color - cable no. is 80001
2. Red Color - Cable no. 80108
3. Blue Color - Cable no. 80173
4. Golden Yellow - Cable no. 80068
Symbols in Philippine Flag
1. Blue Color - Peace and Justice
2. Red color - courage and patriotism
3. White color - Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity
4. Golden Sun - Unity, Freedom, People's Democracy and Sovereignty.
Eight Rays of the Sun - it refers to the 8 provinces which initiated the revolt against
Spain (NPBMRLCB)
 Nueva Ecija
 Pampanga
 Bulacan
 Manila
 Rizal (Morong)
 Laguna
 Cavite
Three Stars - Luzon, Visayas (panay) and Mindanao
How many points does the three-star in Philippine Flag have? 5-point Star
National Coat of Arms - symbols:
Sun - Japanese occupation
Lion - Spanish occupation
Bald Eagle - American occupation
Three Stars - Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao
White - it refers to purity and transparency
Blue - seas and ocean
Red - revolution
The Philippine Flag is displayed with another Flag both are national flags. The following must be
observed.
1. It must be in the right side (left side of the observer)
2. Both flags must have similar size.
3. Each of the Flag is attached in a separate Flagstaff. (However, when the Philippine flag is
displayed with other flags that are not national flags, they may be flown on the same
flagstaff—provided that the Philippine flag is at the top and larger in size.)
What is the position of Philippine Flag during parade? It must be at the center-front of the parade.

Half mast - giving courtesy to fallen comrades or government official.

Guidance in Half mast:
10 days - for President or former Presidents - buong bansa
7 days - for Vice President, Senate President, Speaker of the House and Chief Justice of
Supreme of Court. - buong bansa
Less than 7 days - other person in which the institution approves. e.g. Carlos Yulo - buong bansa
The half mast of decedent official (namatay na government official) of the offices where he was
last assigned is FROM DAY OF DEATH to the DAY OF INTERMENT. - sa office lang
kung saan huling nagserbe ang gov official
What is the weight of the merchant vessel that the Philippine Flag must be displayed?
Ans. More than 1000 gross tons and all naval vessels (anuman ang timbang ng barko basta galing sa
Philippine Navy or PCG - dapat may Philippine Flag.
Notable Prohibited acts in the display of Philippine Flag
1. It must not displayed as a festoon (hang in curved shape between two point-banderitas)
2. It must not be displayed as drapery (kurtina)
3. It must not used as table cloth
4. Must not be painted on the hood or any part of the automobile.
5. The Philippine Flag must not vow to others or other symbol as a sign of salute.
National Anthem - Lupang Hinirang - Composed by Julian Felipe.
National Anthem shall not be played for the purpose of recreation and entertainment. Except:
a. International Competition - in which the country is one of the participants - (FIBA, SEA
GAMES, ASIAN GAME and other sports competition)
b. Local Competition - e.g. Palarong Pambansa, PBA, etc.,
c. During Signing in or off radio and television network. (12 midnight)
d. Initial and Last Screening of Films in cinemas
The national anthem and Philippine Flag are prohibited to be displayed or played in place of frivolity
(night clubs, beer house or gambling)
How would you show the respect to Philippine Flag and National Anthem of played?
Ans. Stop, Stand in attention at the first note, put your right palm on the left side of your chest.
If the blue color of the Flag is at the top it means that the country is in the time of peace. If
sideways, the blue color must be at the right side (left side of the observer)
If the red color of the flag is at the top it means that the country is in the times of war. If
sideways, the red color must be at the right side (left side of the observer)
George Orwell - he delineated the difference between the aggressive and defensive attitude of
Nationalism and patriotism.
Stephen Nathanson - according to him nationalism is a sense of personal and national identity which
focuses on the welfare of the country and willing to do ULTIMATE SACRIFICE.
Ultimate Sacrifice - it means to give up one's own life.
What is the most noble job in a country? (Ano ang pinaka dakilang trabaho sa isang bansa?) Police -
because you are willing to sacrifice your life even to those persons who is not related or unknown
to you - stranger
Types of Patriotism (S-M-P-O)
1. Strong Patriotism - morality of patriotism - as seen natural to us communal being.
Kapag ikaw ay Pilipino dapat Makabayan ka sa Pilipinas.
Strong Patriotism - the patriots are willing to make the ultimate sacrifice.
2. Moderate Patriotism - it is the opposite of Strong Patriotism. It also means less intense
patriotism.
Ito yung mga makabayan pero hindi handang i-sacrifice lahat - pamilya, negosyo or
buhay.
3. Personal Patriotism - the patriot adheres to certain values. He only follow being a patriot
because he wanted to.
Personal Patriotism - basis is the preference of the people - e.g. Your desire to
recognize Dr. Jose Rizal as a national hero even without a law mandating it.
4. Official Patriotism - relies heavily on symbolic acts being a patriot is based on law or statutes.
Official Patriotism - it is mandatory because it is under the law - it is mandatory or
obligatory. e.g. respect to Philippine Flag.

Classification of Patriotism (B-C)

1. Blind Patriotism - characterized by:
a. Unquestioning positive evaluation - Only the good qualities of the idol are seen.
b. Staunch Allegiance - Strong camaraderie or loyalty.
c. Intolerance to Criticism - Refusal to accept criticism of the idol.
2. Constructive Patriotism - Characterized by questioning support and offering criticism. The
criticism is constructive or beneficial.
What are the elements of Nationalism?
1. Defined Territory - most of nationalist countries wanted to expand their territories. E.g. Iran,
China
Mineral Reserved - Mineral deposit in Palawan
2. Common Interest - Vox Populi - voices of the people - it requires unity of all people.
The following are the instances in which the people could show vox Populi:
a. Election
b. Plebiscite - issue in the community must be decided by the constituent. - e.g. The
Mayor filed a petition for their municipality to become a city. Before it can
be approved, a plebiscite is required to determine if the people agree to their
area becoming a city.
c. Referendum - changing the law thru the initiative of the majority of people.

Types of Nationalism
1. Ethnic Nationalism - nationalism which is based on ethnic groups, shared culture and the
membership is hereditary (If your parents are Filipino, you should be patriotic towards
the Philippines, and you should have no excuses)
Ethnic Nationalism - it is mandatory all people of the country. E.g. North Korea, if you
speak out against the country, you may be punished for political crimes - (3-Gen
Rule)
Its political legitimacy is based on homeland or ethnic group.
 Basic unit of society - Family
2. Civic Nationalism - focuses on Liberalism (you have freedom) and Rationalism (you are free
to choose, you have choices).
The membership in civic nationalism is voluntary. (You have the freedom to be patriotic
or not.)
Civic nationalism is a product of democracy and the political legitimacy is upon
volunteerism of the people.
The Philippines under the constitution has Republican and Democratic state.
Where the authority and sovereignty of the government emanated from? People
3. Expansionist Nationalism - it is an aggressive and radical nationalism. - nationalism of
countries who wanted to occupy the territory of another country.
Expansionist - territory is a symbol of power.
What are the expansionist group during the 20th Century?
a. German Nazis - led by Adolf Hitler.
b. Italian Fascist - led by former President Benussi
c. Japanese Imperial Army - led by Admiral Isoruko Yammamoto (responsible
for pearl harbor bombing)
4. Romantic Nationalism - it is a form of ethnic Nationalism. Also called organic or identity
nationalism.
Political legitimacy is upon expression of the people.
e.g. A Japanese Filipino named Uchimo posted on FB regarding support to Philippines in
its dispute against China in WPS.
5. Post Colonial Nationalism - it is the rise of the third world nationalism. Post Colonial wanted
to get out from foreign denomination.
They wanted to author their national identities by themselves without any influence from
the foreign country.
Foreign invaders
6. Liberation Nationalism - dedicated to national liberation as view of their nation. It refers to
the battle between lower and higher class. The self-determination of each people can be
done by getting out of the control from the higher class.
Who advocated the liberation nationalism?
a. Carl Marx -
b. Joseph Stalin -
c. Mao Tse dong -
(Leaders of communism)
The concept of liberation nationalism is related to Cultural Conflict Theory - Higher
Class controls the lower class.
7. Cultural Nationalism - refers to shared culture and variety of nationalism.
Those foreigners who adapted the nationalism in the Philippines for living in the country
for a long time.
Those people who was born to another country but still nationalist in his own country.
Just Soli - (by soil) the citizenship is based on the country where the person was born. -
e.g. Japan.
 Just Sanguinis - (by blood) - the citizenship is based on the nationality of one or both
parents.
8. Revolution Nationalism - it is a radical nationalism which aims to overthrow corrupt and
evil government.
For this to become successful, it requires the unity of all people.
Civil war will occur if half or the people are against to the government and another half is
not against to the government.
9. Left wing Nationalism - also called socialist nationalism. This nationalism believes in the idea
of communism.
Left wing - it refers to communism
Right wing - refers to military
Extreme Rightist - refers to military who wanted to overthrow the government. (Coup D
Etat or Rebellion)
Who is this former President of Cuba, use the left-wing nationalism to establish his
revolutionary government to replace Pres. Fulgencio Bautista? Ans. Former
Pres. Fidel Castro.
Left wing groups around the world
Ireland - Sinn Fein.
Israel - Labor Zionism
South Africa - South African Congress
Philippines – CNN (CPP-NPA-NDF)
Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) - considered as the BRAIN
of communism.
New People's Army (NPA) - considered as the SWORD of
communism.
National Democratic Front (NDF) - considered as the SHIELD of
communism. - party list group - AKBAYAN, BAYAN MUNA,
KMU, GABRIELA, ACT etc.
Communism - utilitarianism - for the greater number of people. Earnest to all. Promotes
equality.
Proletariat - in communism these are the owners of the businesses - Vanguard
(workers) must have equal opportunity.
*That's why in China most of the businesses owned by the government.
10. Liberal Nationalism - they often defend the national identity and for them you must have a
national identity to become meaningful in life.
- defend the cultural heritage
Liberation - higher and lower class
e.g. A Korean tore a piece of paper with the Philippine flag drawn on it.
Who introduced the Liberal Nationalism?
a. Ernest Renan
b. Stuart Mill
11. Language Nationalism - the use of common language to exercise dominance.
According to Philippine Constitution - what is the language which serves a medium of
instruction? Ans. English
 12. Pan-nationalism - it is a form of cultural and ethnic Nationalism. (Pan-all). Refers to large
ethnic group which is distributed to several states. (This ethnic group is present in all
states or areas of the country.) - also called Pan-Germanism.
13. Diaspora Nationalism - also called long distance nationalism. (e.g. OFW while away from
the country still nationalist to their own country)
14. Stateless Nationalism - refers to ethnic group or a country which has no government or state.
Refers to a group of people which the activities are not recognized by their government.
Abu Sayyaf wanted to liberate or separate Mindanao from the Philippines - this group or
advocacy is not recognized by the government.
Under the Constitution, Provinces, districts, Cities, Municipalities or Barangay shall not
be integrated, alters the boundary, transfer to other political units unless provided
by the Local Government Code.
RA 7160 - the Local Government Code of the Philippines
15. National Conservatism - it is a political ideology which combines the nationalism and
conservatism (traditionalism - focuses on the preservation tradition and custom).

Positive and Negative Traits of Filipino

What is the core of Filipino personhood? Ans. Kapwa or Pakikipagkapwa
1. Pakikisama - smooth interpersonal relationship. (During a drinking session, everyone will
contribute fairly.)
2. Empathy - Filipinos usually understand the feelings of another.
3. Kindness - sensitive to the dire needs of people.
4. Hospitality - Filipinos are very warm and welcoming.
5. Respectful - especially to our elders:
Po at Opo - words which is a sign of respect to elders which means yes.
Pagmamano - act of respect to elders which means blessed.
6. Strong Family Ties - we tend to care deeply to our family members. Most of Filipino families
are EXTENDED (Nuclear Family- Father, Mother and children).
7. Bayanihan - this term is derived when a Filipino is trying to change the location of his house
(mostly the traditional Nipa Hut - made from light material) several people lifted it
together to help. - it manifests that Filipinos are naturally helpful.
8. Resilient and Adaptability - Filipinos always do their best even the most challenging
situation.

Negative Traits of the Filipinos:

1. Ningas Kugon - when Filipinos are good in the beginning but lazy at the end.
2. Bahala na - also called Fatalism. The success is surrendered to faith (Tadhana). Also means
'what comes around goes around' or 'come what may'.
3. Mañana Habit - also called procrastination - the Spanish word Mañana means tomorrow. The
work will be done instead in the present but later on.
4. Crab Mentality - the most toxic traits of Filipino. In order to climb the ladder of success,
Filipinos step on another.
5. Gossiping - fond of talking other people's business. (Tsismosa/o)
6. Hypocrisy - demeaning a person for not living up to the expectation of society.
 7. Onion Skin - Filipinos are over sensitive and easily to get hurt.
8. Filipino Time - refers to tardiness of Filipino.
9. Utang na Loob - norm of reciprocity - that good deeds must be returned.
10. Colonial Mentality - Filipinos has preference over foreign products. (Gusto ng imported
products)
11. White Supremacy - Filipinos believe that Foreigners has superior intelligence than Filipino.
12. Blaming - Filipinos are too self-righteous and do not admit their wrongs.
13. Festive - Filipinos are too extravagant when it comes to celebration of events.
14. Shyness - or hiya, result to loss of opportunities.

Sovereignty - it is the authority to govern one's country without foreign control.

Art 2 of Philippine Constitution - what is the primary duty of the government? Ans. To serve and
protect.
In PNP - "To serve and protect" - is a motto.
Who is the protector of state and its people? In art 2 of Consti - AFP - Armed Forces of the Philippines.
During the times of war, the government may call on all people to defend the country.
What are the Constitutional Commission?
1. Civil Service Commission - consist of one chairman and two commissioners
2. Commission on Audit - consist of one chairman and two commissioners
3. Commission of Election - consist of one chairman and 5 commissioners.
Commission of Human Rights - consist of one commissioner and 5 members.
Under Sec. 1 of Art. III of Bill of Rights, what are the rights being protected?
Ans. Due process of law and equal protection of law.
Right to privacy of communication shall be inviolable except:
Ans. Lawful order of the court
Writ of Habeas Corpus - order of the court, which compels agents of government to Present the Body.
Writ of Amparo - issued by the court as protection by a person against arbitrary actions of the agents of
government which violates his right to life, liberty and security.
Writ of Habeas Data - issued by the court to compel an agency of government to provide the requested
document.
Right to abode - right to residence and liberty to change residence.
If a government official compels you to change your residence - expulsion
If committed by private person - Grave Coercion
Right to travel - right to locomotion.
CLFM 2
I. Leadership Characteristics and Traits of Good Leadership

Leadership - it is an act of supervision, preparing target and monitor its execution.

Leadership - act of guiding the members of followers towards the achievement of organizational goals
and objective.
What are the elements of Leadership?
L-F-C-S
Leader - head of the organization - who has the authority to administer and manage the
organization
Followers - the members of the organization
Communication - it is the most essential element of good leadership
Q: If the communication is the most essential element in good leadership, what is the most
important in communication? Listening
Situation - the leader must be knowledgeable to the strengths and weaknesses of his members.

What are the traits of a good Leadership?

V-I-C-E-D-A-T-E-H-A
Visionary - align his goal towards his vision
Integrity - the leader must live in a morally manner. Must be incorruptible.
Courage - leader can make a decision even in the most challenging situation.
Emotional Responsive - means that the leader can determine the emotions of his members.
 Delayed Self Interest - to leader the organizational interest is more important than self-interest.
Accountability - the leader is responsible for his mistake.
Timely - the leader's decision must be done on time without any delay.
Empathy - understand the feelings of his members.
Humility - not too arrogant and he gives credit to his members in times of success.
Adaptability - the leader could change in a given situation.

Styles in Leadership:
1. Autocratic Leadership - also called authoritarian leadership. That only the leader makes decision
for the organization. He does not get any suggestions from his members.
Advantages:
1.) Most productive - leaders usually use the coercion or threats to force their employees to
perform.
2.) The guidance is clear and direct.
3.) It uses the Principle of Centralization - only the leader has the authority.
4.) Timely decision, action and response.
2. Democratic Leadership - also called Participative Leadership. Members are allowed to give their
suggestions, recommendation, ideas or insights which will become part of decision making.
Advantages:
1.) The most effective leadership style - not only being productive but members are
motivated.
2.) It promotes creativity among members. Members are encouraged to think of the best way
to manage the organization.
3.) focuses on empowerment. It either the leader trains his members or the members undergo
trainings to improve their skills.
4.) it utilizes the Principle of Decentralization. Authority is distributed to several leaders.
5.) It avoids micromanagement - (The leader, even for the smallest task, investigates
thoroughly.)
3. Laissez Faire - it is also called Delegated Leadership. It is a passive and hands-off leadership.
Leader gives the responsibilities to his members. This is the least effective style of leadership.
Advantages:
1.) If the members are competent the organization will succeed.
2.) It empowers the members and serve as trainings for future leaders.
3.) It gives members freedom to do their job.
4. Servant Leadership - nontraditional style of leadership (Typically, leadership styles focus on
making the organization successful, but servant leadership focuses on the people.). Focuses
on the welfare and growth of the members.
5. Transformational Leadership - the leader inspires and motivates his members or group of
members to make them believe a shared vision and to unlock their potentials. Motivate to
change in a positive way.
6. Charismatic Leadership - the leader uses his extra ordinary qualities such as intelligence or
charisma.
Charisma - compelling attractiveness.
7. Bureaucratic Leadership - also called by the book leadership - style in leadership and
management characterized by strict adherence to rules and regulations, structured
 organization and has established hierarchical chain. Use for large and complex
organization.
8. Transactive Leadership - it uses the rewards and punishment system. When a member, entered
the organization and agrees to follow with the rules and regulations it will be deemed as
TRANSACTION between him and the leader.
9. Situational Leadership - leadership style which changes in any given situation.
e.g. Democratic leadership was being used, but upon noticing the disobedience of members,
the leader switched to autocratic leadership.
10. Strategic Leadership - the leaders align the small objectives of the organization to a larger goal.

What is the first stage of leadership? Self-leadership

Factors on developing Self leadership:
1. Clarity of Purpose - you must have a clear vision.
2. Aim for success and take reasonable risk - challenge yourself and accept that risk is a
part of life.
3. Make a reflection of yourself - allow others to make the reflection.
4. Avoid negative thoughts -be optimistic rather than pessimistic.

*John Maxwell - the difference between a good leader is he never commit the same mistake twice. A good
leader is not afraid to try new stuff.
*Irwin Feederman - in leadership your job gives you authority but your behavior earns your respect.
*Harold Geneen - leadership is not so much by words but as for actions and attitudes.
*Confucius – a good leader is that during the success people gives credit to his members not him.

Q: Is a good leader born? No. It is a product of experience, trainings and education. (General rule/answer)

The two theories in Leadership.

1. Traits or Person Oriented Approach – good leaders are born – the traits of the parents can be
transferred to their offspring (genetics)
*There are 23 pairs of chromosomes, chromosomes carry genes, genes carry heredity, traits
that can be pass to offspring.
2. Situational Approach - the good leaders are not born - they are the product of a certain experience
or situation.

Key Skills in Leadership

1. Strategic Thinking - leaders must be conceptual and always thinks of the future.
2. Conflict Resolution - leaders are able to solve personal (self) an interpersonal (other members)
problem of his members.
3. Collaboration - leaders promotes unity and teamwork.
What is Esprit De Corps? It means teamwork or team spirit. "Not me but us"
4. Time management - a leader must finish his task on time.
5. Change management - leader must be open-minded in any possible change to improve the
management of organization.
6. Coaching and Empowerment - leader must personally coach his members and encourage them to
improve their skills and knowledge.
 7. Performance Management - leader must be detailed regarding the performance of his members -
he must strive meritocracy not nepotism.
Meritocracy - the improvements or promotion based on skills and knowledge.
Nepotism - also called favoritism - through connection or relation.

Characteristics of Good Leadership

1. There must be followers.
2. Working relationship between leaders and members. The leader must strive to maintain a
healthy working environment.
3. Reciprocal Relationship - the leaders could influence the members in return the members could
also influence their leaders.
Order of reciprocity - if there's no extradition between country, this must be issue in order to
extradite with another country.
4. Community Interest - the leader and members must have similar goals and objectives.
In relation to the principle of Unity of Direction.
5. Personal Quality - the attitude or character of individual may influence others. e.g. Pedro is an
employee who is always late but never scolded by the manager. Others will imitate him if
there is no discipline.
6. Relate to Particular Situation - that leadership can be based to the past situation or events. (If you
were the leader of an event, you could research similar successful events and replicate what
the other leaders did)
7. The leader must guide his members to a right direction not misdirection.
8. Power relationship - the leader must have power over his members.
9. Shared function - the leader must work together with members.

Q: What is the term if the leader/manager is knowledgeable about the work of his members? Technical
Knowledge

Nature of leadership
(S-F-F-P)
1. Leadership as a Status Group - leadership is acquired through the following:
a. Election - Tangol was elected as chairman by the board of directors of Diwata Pares
b. Appointment/Selection You were chosen by the owner of the company to be the
president.
c. Heredity - Inheritance of leadership is possible.
2. Leadership as a Focal Person - according to this view, people regarded as leader by virtue of
position held by them. If you were the director of a corporation, you could not avoid being a
leader.
3. Leadership as a Function - leadership is compromises of activities to facilitate the achievements
of organizational goals and objectives.
e.g. For internal cleansing to succeed, CPNP Marbil, upon assumption of office, removed
2,000 police officers with cases.
4. Leadership as a process - leadership must be interactive process. The leader must know how to
communicate for clear guidance and direction.
Q: If General Regor is more focus on the welfare of his subordinates than the PNP itself. What is the
leadership style does this refers to? Servant Leadership
Q: The PNP and AFP is closely related to this style of leadership. Bureaucratic Leadership.
Q: Diwata is a non-chalant leader. What this leadership style does this refers to? Laissez Faire
Q: If an employee has bad performance but not discipline can influence other employees. What characteristics
of Good Leadership does this refers to? Personal Quality
Q: Traits of leader in which he understands the feeling of another. Empathy

Management - set of related activities which is use for effective and efficient utilization of resources. Is a set
of principles referring to planning, organizing directing, cooperating and budgeting in an organization.

Theories of Management
1. POSDCORB Principle is advocated by Luther Gullick. (Must be logical)
Planning - knowing in advance
Organizing - proper allocation of resources including the men and women of the organization.
Staffing - filling up the position of the right person
Directing - act of making a command or order
Coordinating - communication to other units
Reporting - it involves documentation of process of organization
Budgeting - financials
2. Scientific Management Theory - it is developed by Frederick Taylor also known Taylorism. It focuses on
the efficiency and productivity.
This theory uses best method and the most efficient means of doing a job. It does not follow the rules
of thumb but to the proven strategies in managing an organization (This is not based on
tradition but on proven strategies.)
Advantages;
1. Work efficiency
2. Clear guidelines
3. Specific rules and regulations
4. It reduce time and motion (Work can be done faster with fewer movements.)
Technique in using the Scientific Management Theory
Time and motion study - relation of task to the time of accomplishment
Work study - the study focuses on the performance of the employees
Gantt Chart - analysis of the workflow in relation to the performance of the employee
Scientific Management Theory - it gives emphasis that employee must be paid in the whole of work,
that if the employees go beyond his work, he should be rewarded but if the employee’s
performance is below that the assigned task, his salary should be deducted.
Q: What is the main motivator of employees according to scientific management theory? Money

Q: Who is the Father of Modern Management? Henry Fayol

Henry Fayol - he developed the Principles of Management Theory, System Theory and Administrative
Management.

Principles of Management Theory.

1. Division of work/labor - every employee must be assigned to a specific work. Employees must
strive to become specialist to his work.
 2. Authority and Responsibility - it must be balanced.
3. Subordination of Individual Interest - organizational interest is more important than personal
interest.
4. Unity of Command - each employee must have one supervisor.
Perspective of Law Enforcement - 1 unit 1 commander
5. Renumeration - employees must be paid appropriately.
6. Unity of Direction - managers and employees must have similar objectives.
7. Centralization - the flow of authority emanated from the highest position - one or few managers
has the authority for the organization.
Decentralization - authority is given to several authorities.
8. Scalar Chain - synonymous to chain of command - there must be a clear line of authority.
9. Discipline - it uses to increase performance and productivity.
10. Order - the manager must maintain a good working environment - in which the employees will
work harmoniously.
11. Equity - the manager must avoid nepotism - he should treat his employees without any
discrimination.
12. Stability - the employees will be more productive if they are secured to their jobs.
13. Initiative - the employees must strive to goes beyond their assigned task. The employees should
be more dedicated and motivated.
14. Esprit De Corps - means Team work or Team Spirit - the manager must promote the unity,
cooperation, brotherhood, and camaraderie.

System Theory - theory of management which manifest that an organization is a large system interconnected
with sub systems.
Sub system - it refers to the units within the organization.
The performance, productivity, enchantment, issues, vulnerability and situations in a subsystem could
affect the entire or whole large subsystem.
Administrative Management Theory - it focuses on the strict implementation of policies, rules and
regulations to increase production and efficiency among employees. Personnel-centered
management theory.
It gives emphasis to the following:
1. Employees Performance
2. Recruitment Selection
3. Trainings
4. Specialization

Behavioral Management Theory - Developed by Payol and Max Webber - it gives emphasis to interaction
and cooperation among employees. It is the psychological side of management.
Characterized by the following:
1. Relationship among employees. (Avoid jealousy and competition)
2. Cooperation and unity among employees.
3. Work is done in a personal manner.
4. Focuses on employees training band improvements.

Theory of X and Y - developed by Douglas McGregor on 1960s - it is two contrasting theories about human
relation to management.
 Douglas McGregor - he authored the book 'The Human Side of Management'.
Theory X - it utilized Authoritarian Style of Management - characterized by strict implementation of
policies and procedures. The main tool used is SUPERVISION.
Following bare the characteristics of Theory X:
1. It considered that employees are lazy and not motivated.
2. Employees do not like to work as much as possible. That's why supervision is used to
ensure that the employees will perform their jobs.
3. The main motivation not of employees are just to comply. (The work lacks quality.)
4. The use of threats and coercion to force them to work.
Theory Y - it is more participative style of management. The employees have freedom to do their
jobs. Ideas and insights are consolidated to formulate programs which will increase the
productivity and efficiency.
Q: What is the main tool of Theory Y? Rewards and Incentives
Characteristics of Theory Y:
1. Employees are hardworking and dedicated.
2. Employees are willing to help the organization to achieve its goal.
3. Employees doesn't want the job but the responsibility behind the job.
4. There are sense of fulfillment every time an employee accomplishes a task.
Theory Z - was first developed by Abraham Maslow (hierarchy of needs) - but the modern Theory Z
is completed by Dr. William Ouchi.
Dr. William Ouchi - is an American and Japanese philosopher who formulated a successful
strategy to combine the eastern style of management to Western management style -
he authored the book entitled "Theory Z - Facing the challenges of Eastern Style to
Western Style of Management"
Theory Z - it focuses to make the employees become GENERALIST rather than Specialist.
(Contradict Payol). The employees are knowledgeable to all types of work in the
company.
Characteristics of Theory Z:
1. Managers - should be focused on planning.
2. Employees - should be focused on execution.
3. Frequent performance evaluation.
4. Trainings and Schooling.
5. Develop the loyalty of the employees.

Bureaucratic Management Theory - advocated by Max Webber, this is a management style use in large and
complex organization. It has formal organizational structure and established chain of command is
followed. The Senior Employees has the authority to direct new employees (there's seniority) and the
new employees has no other choice but to follow.
Characteristics of Bureaucratic Management Theory:
1. Recruitment is strictly thru qualifications.
2. Staffing bis thru Specialization. (Assignment of the personnel based on his expertise)
3. Strict implementation of rules and policies.
4. The work is done in an impersonal manner (No personal issues, just work.)

Q: Is management a never-ending process? Yes, because it is a cycle.

Cycles of Management
(P-D-S-A)
1. Plan - formulate activities band programs. (You deployed police officers on a street for police
visibility.)
2. Do - perform the activities and programs or execution of plan. (The police officers have already
reported for duty.)
3. Study analysis of quantitative data - objective vs result. (50% vs 20% - not effective)
4. Act - refers to modification or changing or programs. (You added more police officers.)
-management is used for utilization of resources.
Management is an occupation so it means it is also a PROFESSION.
What are the tools for effective management resources?
1. Measurement
2. Controlling
3. Planning

Level of Managers
1. First Line Managers - they are also called SUPERVISOR.
In PNP - First Line Managers - PCP Commanders or COPs
These are the managers who have direct contact with employees. They are considered as the
Immediate Superior of Employees.
In construction work, the first line manager is called FOREMAN.
In police operation such as Checkpoint - the first line manager is called TEAM LEADER
- immediate supervisor of employees
2. Mid-Level Manager - refers to departmental manager between Supervisor and Top Manager.
Mid-Level Manager is also called FUNCTIONAL MANAGER.
- Immediate Superior of Supervisor
3. Top Manager - are managers who have the authority to make policies or to decide for the
organization. e.g. President, Vice President, Chairman, Director, CEO or COO.
In PNP:
Provincial Director/Regional Director - Mid Level Manager
CPNP, Dep C for Admin, Dep. C for Operation and TCDS - Top Manager

Types of Managers
1. Coaching Manager - willing to become a teacher-like role to teach employees.
2. Result Based Manager - do not give emphasis on how the work is done, what is important that the
job is done.
3. Strategic Manager - manager who aligned the goals and objectives to the vision and mission of
organization.
4. Tactical Manager - focuses on issues encountered in the daily basis. Focuses that the work is
finished in a given day.
5. Charismatic Manager - focuses on the qualities of a good manager.
6. Proactive Manager - focuses on solving problems before it happens. The manager already found
a solution before the problem will show.

III. DECISION MAKING

Decision Making - it is the process of selecting a course of action over available options. It involves analyzing
the alternative, choosing the alternative and implementing the alternatives.

Steps in Decision Making

1. Define the problem –
a. Set clear goals
b. Set clear objectives
c. Identify the problem
2. Gather Information –
a. collection of data
b. Asking to other managers about the problem
c. Research
3. Assessing the Options –
a. Analyzing the data
b. Study of alternatives
4. Choosing Alternatives –
a. Selection of the best option
b. Comparison
5. Implementing the decision –
a. dissemination
b. Enforcement
6. Monitoring and review the decision - review the decision is the last step in decision making.

Decision Making Models

Rational Thinking Decision Making Model - it is the decision-making model which the decision
maker will make decision out of several options. Choosing the best option or alternatives.
Factors affecting the Rational Decision Making
a. Evaluation - decision is made by weighing the pros and cons.
b. Purpose - decision bis based on function.
c. Commitment - decision focuses on one subject, problem or issue.
d. Positive - decision based on result.
e. Process - decision making is systematic
Intuitive Decision-Making Model - decision is based on experience, insights, and intuition.
Direct Decision Model - it involves only one decision maker but the decision is based on his
personal knowledge or experience and not to other source of information.
Analytic Decision-Making Model - involves only one decision maker but has multiple sources of
information.
Behavioral Decision-Making Model - the overused of this decision-making model will result to
Decision Paralysis.
Decision Paralysis - nobody wants to make a decision.
Conceptual Decision-Making Model - it promotes innovative thinking. The decisionmaker will look
into the future and make their decision.

Techniques to be used in Decision Making:

1. Marginal Analysis - this is the conduct of study if the cause of the operation compensates with the
benefits it provides.
 2. Pareto Analysis - (80/20 Principle) - in any situations, the decision must be benefited (80%) and
possible loss is (20%).
3. (CBA) Cost Benefit Analysis - it covers wider scope of assessing if the company will become
successful or failed. The basis of this technique is the performance of the company.
Marginal - only pertains to the program, while CBA refers to the company.
4. SWOT Analysis
5. Brain Storming Technique - the decision bis based on the ideas of group of people.

What type of decision making is more appropriate in Democratic Style of Leadership? Participatory Decision
Making

Types of Organizational Decision Making

1. Policy Decision Making - it involves decision based on policies, rules and regulation which has
long term application to organization.
2. Strategic Decision - decision which aligned to national and governmental development plan.
3. Tactical Decision - this decision making bis focuses on how the work should be done.
4. Operation Decision - also called Routine Decision Making - this is the decision made if the
manager encounter a problem in daily activities or operation.

Individual Decision-Making vs Organizational Decision Making

Individual Decision Making - decision is based on personal preference (personal decision making)
favorite color, wanted to eat, or who you want to be partner with.
Organizational Decision Making - also called Group Decision Making - consolidated decision by all
members of organization.

Public Decision vs Private Decision Making

Public Decision Making - decision made by the government agency in which the public must be informed.
Private Decision Making - decision made by the private companies or corporations.

Departmental Vs Interdepartmental Decision Making

Departmental Decision Making - the decision only involves one department.
Interdepartmental Decision Making - it involves two or more departments.

Programmed and Non-Programmed Decision Making

Programmed Decision Making - it is common and repetitive (Decision-making that is repetitive)
Non-Programmed Decision Making - it is distinct and non-repetitive (Different decisions are being made)