Green Energy and Technology

Parul Agarwal
Mamta Mittal
Jawed Ahmed
Sheikh Mohammad Idrees Editors

Smart
Technologies
for Energy and
Environmental
Sustainability
Green Energy and Technology
Climate change, environmental impact and the limited natural resources urge scien-
tific research and novel technical solutions. The monograph series Green Energy and
Technology serves as a publishing platform for scientific and technological
approaches to “green”—i.e. environmentally friendly and sustainable—technolo-
gies. While a focus lies on energy and power supply, it also covers “green” solutions
in industrial engineering and engineering design. Green Energy and Technology
addresses researchers, advanced students, technical consultants as well as decision
makers in industries and politics. Hence, the level of presentation spans from
instructional to highly technical.
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More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8059

Parul Agarwal • Mamta Mittal • Jawed Ahmed
Sheikh Mohammad Idrees
Editors

Smart Technologies
for Energy
and Environmental
Sustainability
Editors
Parul Agarwal Mamta Mittal
Department of Computer Science and Department of Computer Science and
Engineering Engineering
Jamia Hamdard G B Pant Govt Engineering College
New Delhi, India New Delhi, Delhi, India

Jawed Ahmed Sheikh Mohammad Idrees

Department of Computer Science and Computer Science
Engineering Norwegian University of Science and
Jamia Hamdard Technology
New Delhi, India Gjøvik, Norway

ISSN 1865-3529 ISSN 1865-3537 (electronic)

Green Energy and Technology
ISBN 978-3-030-80701-6 ISBN 978-3-030-80702-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80702-3

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Preface

The title of the book is Smart Technologies for Energy and Environmental
Sustainability, which is published under the book series “Green Energy and
Technologies”.
Green energy is a type of energy that is generated from natural resources that do
not harm the environment by producing greenhouse gases and, therefore, reduce the
impact on global warming. Greenhouse gases consist mainly of ozone, carbon
dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxide, etc. CO2, methane, and nitrogen oxide are not
efficient enough to stop the solar radiation from entering into the atmosphere; they
cannot absorb all these radiations. The rapid rise of carbon footprint, due to several
reasons, is a leading factor of increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the environment
which, in turn, increases the atmospheric temperature.
With technological advancements, we have acknowledged a series of benefits,
but we have also noticed the succession of disasters and catastrophes because of the
misuse or selfish use of these technical advancements. Smart technologies are being
developed and used to reduce greenhouse gas emission. Smart IoT-based services
are producing green benefits. Construction of buildings with net zero carbon emis-
sions and efficient energy usage are on rise. Technologies related to smart agriculture
are also helping to make the environment more sustainable.
The entire world is on the verge of a major energy crisis. We are witnessing an era
in the global energy environment where global measures using smart and intelligent
technologies for the environment have already geared up. This book examines the
trends and analyses factors that impact the environment by focusing on efficient
energy consumption, storage, and management. Efficient energy management tech-
niques using computation models and techniques in domains like transportation,
green buildings, smart homes, and smart cities are much needed. The potentials of
IoT and other smart technologies can provide solutions for the same where smart
algorithms and techniques can be proposed. This book focuses on exploring these
techniques to enhance the performance of energy systems. Methods/models/archi-
tectures/algorithms and their results to improve the consumption of energy and using
alternative sources of energy for protecting the environment are the prime focus of

v
vi Preface

the book. A well-illustrated book with case studies that support the theory is an
important feature of the book.

Book Contents

This book comprises 15 chapters, designed to capture the core ideas of Smart
Technologies for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, and is organized as
follows:

Chapter 1: Organic Semiconductors: Technology

and Environment

Organic semiconductors are based on carbon materials, whereas inorganic semi-

conductors are composed of non-carbon-based materials such as silicon. These
materials are popularly used in compact (in weight and size) and power-efficient
light-emitting devices like small digital display units used in many electronic
gadgets. In this chapter various aspects related to organic semiconductors have
been discussed such as their operation, types, applications, and limitations. This
chapter also reviews the conduction mechanisms of organic thin-film transistor and
issues associated with it.

Chapter 2: Defining and Visualizing Energy and Environment

Related Smart Technologies

Climate change and global warming are global issues. Scientists, experts, and
academicians are much concerned over this issue. They are making policies and
strategies to minimize its impact on the environment. This chapter sheds light on the
need for smart technologies in the area of energy and environment to make our
environment safe and smart.

Chapter 3: Energy Minimization in a Sustainably Developed

Environment Using Cloud Computing

In a cloud computing environment, data centres are used for processing and storing
the data which may cause carbon footprint issues to the environment. Through the
concept of green technologies, this issue may be addressed by how to get a
sustainable cloud computing system by using various techniques like software
optimization, network optimization, and hardware optimization.
Preface vii

Chapter 4: Sensing, Communication with Efficient

and Sustainable Energy: An IoT Framework for Smart Cities

Smart cities refer to a network of physical objects connected through sensors. They
communicate among themselves to accomplish specific tasks. The basic issue is how
to reduce the power consumption of each sensor node. In this chapter, an optimal IoT
framework is discussed for a better energy management system to make the entire
system more sustainable. Here, for simulating the energy consumption of IoT
framework, a simulator named Cooja is used for analysing the energy
consumption data.

Chapter 5: Existing Green Computing Techniques: An Insight

Green computing means eco-friendly usage of computing resources and facilities. It

is directly or indirectly related to the environment. This chapter aims at green design
and manufacturing techniques for reducing the ecological footprints. Green disposal
is equally important because of the growing e-waste problem related to health and
the environment.

Chapter 6: Smart Home for Efficient Energy Management

One of the aspects of a smart home is to manage the consumption of electrical energy
most efficiently. Through intelligent energy management techniques and scheduling
techniques for devices, energy consumption may be reduced that will eventually
reduce the electricity bill. A metaheuristic algorithm is used for the optimization of
energy consumption and to maintain optimal energy consumption with reduced
energy cost without compromising supply and quality.

Chapter 7: Solar Energy Radiation Forecasting Method

Among many alternative energy sources, solar energy is the most powerful source.
In this chapter, a forecasting methodology known as solar irradiance is discussed
considering all important parameters. Combined forecasting methods are also used
for the prediction purpose.
viii Preface

Chapter 8: Electric Vehicles for Environmental Sustainability

Transport vehicles, powered by traditional sources of energy, are one of the prom-
inent sources of pollution in the environment. Electric vehicles may reduce this
pollution level. This chapter discusses the short, medium, and long-term role of
electric vehicles within urban and rural areas. It also discusses the potential market
for it.

Chapter 9: Smart Grid: A Survey

Traditional power grid has not been relevant to meet the current demands and
challenges efficiently. To solve such problems, different techniques are being used
to make the power grid much smarter. This chapter explains about high power
converter, advanced transmission system, and automated control system. This chap-
ter also deals with how to minimize its impact on the environment.

Chapter 10: Green Building: Future Ahead

Green building is not to preserve the environment but to restore it. The utilization of
solar energy, smart home appliances, cool roof technique, etc. makes the building a
zero energy building, which consumes less energy. In this chapter how the concept
of green building is related to the concepts of renewable energy, e-waste, minimizing
toxicity in indoor air, etc. is shown.

Chapter 11: Reliable and Cost-Effective Smart Water

Governing Framework for Industries and Households

Issues related to water leakages during transmission, its consumption tracking, its
overflow from water tanks, and water quality check in industries and households are
discussed in this chapter. An Internet of Things-based sustainable smart water
governing framework is also proposed. Relevant data is collected, analysed, and
visualized using analytics tools to make an effective decision.
Preface ix

Chapter 12: Adaptation of Smart Technologies and E-Waste:

Risks and Environmental Impact

E-waste is a growing environmental issue. It is mainly due to mercury and lead

which are toxic to human beings, air, water, and soil. In this chapter, various
problems are discussed related to e-waste and also how to manage it using smart
technologies. A model is also proposed for handling e-waste.

Chapter 13: A Comprehensive Study on the Arsenic

Contamination in the Groundwater of Assam and West Bengal
with a Focus on Normalization of Arsenic-Filled Sludge from
Arsenic Filters

The presence of arsenic in consumable water, a poisonous chemical element, is

dangerous and harmful to health. It is accumulated in the food chain and thus has
cascading effects on each stakeholder of this chain. This chapter proposes technical
solutions for providing arsenic-free water for consumption; it also discusses safe
deposition and utilization of arsenic-enriched sludge.

Chapter 14: Sustainable Approach for Cloud-Based

Framework Using IoT in Healthcare

Technologies in the healthcare domain are an emerging and important area of

research to address the issues related to healthcare, particularly in developing
countries. In this chapter, two technologies, IoT and cloud services, have been
discussed so as to bring better health services even to remote areas of the countries.
The concerned technologies with their merits and demerits are also discussed.

Chapter 15: A Case Study on Evaluation of Energy

Management System by Implication of Advanced Technology
in a Typical Cement Factory in Tamil Nadu, India

Cement factories are considered to be one of the most polluting agents. So, their
energy assessments and audits help in the analysis and plan of energy use, specif-
ically for the industrial production process. Several reports and documents are
verified pertaining to energy aspects, and the auditor prepares a hierarchical report
which helps factory managers to update and make changes and follow the
x Preface

procedures that lead to better environment-friendly alternatives. This chapter carries

out extensive research on the same and presents a case study on a typical cement
factory located in Tamil Nadu, India.
We hope that you delve deeper into the varied aspects of the book and enjoy
reading and learning about various smart technologies that focus on optimal energy
usage for a better future.
We dedicate this book to our family members without whose support this would
not be possible. The authors form an integral part of this volume. We express our
gratitude to the contributions and are also obliged to the reviewers for their com-
ments that helped to improve the quality of the book. Last but not least, thanks to
God, for showing us the light to start this project and blessing us to complete it.

New Delhi, Delhi, India Parul Agarwal

New Delhi, Delhi, India Mamta Mittal
New Delhi, Delhi, India Jawed Ahmed
Gjøvik, Norway Sheikh Mohammad Idrees
Contents

Organic Semiconductors: Technology and Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Shikha Jaiswal
Defining and Visualizing Energy and Environment Related Smart
Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Manish Kumar Singh and Kamlesh Kumar Raghuvanshi
Energy Minimization in a Sustainably Developed Environment
Using Cloud Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Sanna Mehraj Kak, Parul Agarwal, and M. Afshar Alam
Sensing, Communication with Efficient and Sustainable Energy:
An IoT Framework for Smart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Omid Mahdi Ebadati E., Seyed Mahdi Sadat Rasoul, Kaebeh Yaeghoobi,
and Faezeh Hadadi
Existing Green Computing Techniques: An Insight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Nafisur Rahman
Smart Home for Efficient Energy Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Shakeel Ahmad Siddiqui, Md Omair Ahmad, and Jawed Ahmed
Solar Energy Radiation Forecasting Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Anuj Gupta, Kapil Gupta, and Sumit Saroha
Electric Vehicles for Environmental Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Iflah Aijaz and Aijaz Ahmad
Smart Grid: A Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Sehban Fazili and Jyotsana Grover
Green Building: Future Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Asfia Aziz and Mirza Rahil Beg

xi
xii Contents

Reliable and Cost-Effective Smart Water Governing Framework

for Industries and Households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Usha Rani Nelakuditi, Mohammad Khasim Shaik, and Naveen Avula
Adaptation of Smart Technologies and E-Waste: Risks
and Environmental Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Lubna Ansari, M. Afshar Alam, Ranjit Biswas,
and Sheikh Mohammad Idrees
A Comprehensive Study on the Arsenic Contamination
in the Groundwater of Assam and West Bengal with a Focus
on Normalization of Arsenic-Filled Sludge from Arsenic Filters . . . . . . . 221
Subhashis Chowdhury, Rajashree Lodh, and Souvik Chakraborty
Sustainable Approach for Cloud-Based Framework Using IoT
in Healthcare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Tabish Mufti, Shahab Saquib Sohail, Bulbul Gupta, and Parul Agarwal
A Case Study on Evaluation of Energy Management System
by Implication of Advanced Technology in Typical Cement
Factory Tamil Nadu, India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
X. Agnello J. Naveen, A. Arivoli, S. Boopathi, and V. Rajkumar

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Organic Semiconductors: Technology
and Environment

Shikha Jaiswal

1 Introduction to Organic Semiconductors

The organic semiconductors are picking attention due to easy processing with
reduced cost, large area and flexible structure. Prospects of flexible unbreakable
and lightweight electronics at low cost are very high. Silicon, germanium, gallium
arsenide are fairly in use in micro electronic industry for years. Silicon dioxide
insulator along with gold, aluminum and copper are backbone of this technology but
the inherent limitation of flat and inflexible semiconductor prevents the application
over bigger areas and flexible substrate [1].
The alternative to inorganic semiconductors is the organic semiconductors that
for applications in electronics where cost, area coverage and flexibility in structure
are basic requirements. These materials are just small organic molecules polymers
that offer exciting possibilities for basic research and application in electro-optic and
electronic devices like organic light emitting diodes (OLED), organic field effect
transistors (OFET), lasers, photovoltaics, sensors, detectors etc. [2, 3].
Organic semiconductors are carbon materials like polyaniline (PAn),
polyparaphenylene (PPP), polyparaphenylene, vinylene. They are broadly
categorised into two. First, the organic molecule semiconductors (OMS) having
lower molecular weight and are deposited using thermal evaporation in high vacuum
environment and second is polymeric organic molecule having long chain of organic
molecules processed from solution. These molecules are generally vacuum depos-
ited thus are not printable but have high conductivity [4, 5].
The organic semiconductors have relatively low charge mobility that is why not
competed with Si (inorganic counterparts) in applications that require switching
speed. These materials offer new possibilities for applications in different areas of

S. Jaiswal (*)
Department of Physics, Feroze Gandhi College, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, India

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 1

P. Agarwal et al. (eds.), Smart Technologies for Energy and Environmental
Sustainability, Green Energy and Technology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80702-3_1
2 S. Jaiswal

organic light emitting diode (OLED), organic field effect transistor (OFET), photo-
voltaic, sensors. Organic semiconductors based organic light-emitting diode
(OLED) displays are widely used in smart phones. Organic field effect transistors
(OFETs) are extremely important as they are the main component of organic
electronics. OFETs are integral part of organic electronics. Tsumara et.al introduced
OFET in 1986 [6] and Tang et al. in 1987 [7] demonstrated first OLED and after that
the successive demonstrations of electroluminescent polymer in 1990 [8] i.e. organic
materials. It started with first p-channel (hole-transporting) OFET in 1986 [7] with a
mobility of 10
5 cm2/Vs and reached presently to organic single crystals based
OFETs with a mobility of up to 15–40 cm2/Vs [8]. But it is very difficult to fully
replace silicon with organic materials due to lower speed and high driving voltage of
organic transistors. Thus, the major challenges are stability, mobility and operating
voltage.
Organic materials present the possibility of devices organic thin film transistor
(OTFT) that can be used with human biological systems promise applications to
human health [9]. The device that “uses specific biochemical reactions mediated by
isolated enzymes, immunosystem, tissues, organelles or whole cells to detect chem-
ical compounds usually by electrical, thermal or optical signal,” is said to be
biosensor as defined by Kergoat et al. [10]. Bartic et al. OTFT are well suited for
bio sensing applications as they are biocompatible with bio recognition elements
(BRE) such as enzyme [11]. The electronic materials used now require high tem-
perature and are non porous thus does not suit to incorporate enzyme [12]. Clark and
Lyons review the steady development of biosensors [13]. Yan et.al gave excellent
review articles [14, 15].

1.1 Applications

Due to mechanical flexibility of organics the most important application is wearable

electronics. Organic materials also present the possibility of devices when used in
biological systems can be very helpful in health care application. The organic field-
effect transistors are technological interesting as it serves as an integral part of
electronics. The first p-channel field effect transistor in 1986 with mobility
10
5 cm2/Vs progressed to present organic single crystal based organic field effect
transistor with mobility upto 15–40 cm2/Vs [16, 17]. Mechanical flexibility of
organic semiconductors is an important feature for rollable displays wearable elec-
tronics and the paints. The organic semiconductors can be used commercially in
e-paper, low end data storage, radio frequency identification tags and sensor array.
Devices that can be used with biological systems can be possible. These materials
can be used to make artificial skin with tactile sensitivity or add functionality E2
prosthetic limbs [18–20].
Organic Semiconductors: Technology and Environment 3

1.2 Limitations

Silicon couldn’t be fully replaced with organic materials due to lower speed and high
driving voltage. Materials are highly sensitive to environmental conditions like
stability, mobility and operating voltage are three major fronts.

2 Types of Organic Semiconductors

Organic semiconductors are basically carbon based materials and have ability to
hybridize like conjugated molecules and polymers. They are of two types small π
conjugated organic molecular semiconductors and polymeric organic semiconduc-
tors. The organic molecular semiconductors are low molecular weight organic
molecules and typically deposited by thermal evaporation in high vacuum environ-
ment as for example pentacene, teracene, rubrene, copper phtohaloocyanine(CuPc).
The polymeric organic semiconductors have long chain of organic molecules and
generally process from solution as for example polyaniline (PAni),
polyparaphenylene (PPP), polyparaphenylenevinylene (PPV) and polythiophene
given in Fig. 1 [21, 22]. The organic semiconductors are joined by alternate single
and double bonds due to these alternates bonds they are also called conjugated
molecules. Due to their conjugated nature they exhibit semiconducting properties.

Fig. 1 Organic
semiconductors: conjugated
polymers
4 S. Jaiswal

(a)

(b) 2p

σ bonds

2s sp2 hybridisation pz (π bond)

1s22s22p2

1s

Fig. 2 (a) sp3 hybridisation in carbon atom. (b) sp2 hybridisation in carbon atom

In carbon atom the electrons into a state has 3–4 eV covalent binding energy but
required ~4 eV to jump to 2p orbital, the four electrons in n ¼ 2 state can be
hybridized in three ways sp, sp2 and sp3. Electrons in highest energy state in carbon
help in conduction. Though the carbon should be divalent shown in Fig. 2a as its
highest energy state has two electrons but it is tetravalent because 2p orbitals
hybridize to form four orbitals with equal energy. The hybridization involves one
of 2s and three of 2p orbitals i.e. sp3 and new orbitals form σ bonds shown in Fig. 2b.
The sp and sp2 hybridization are relevant for semiconducting properties. sp2 has only
three electrons 1 in s and 2 in p orbitals participate in hybridization and form sigma
bonds. Only one pz orbital electron is left forming weaker π bond. These weak pz
electrons forms weaker π bond and free to move on molecules and are responsible
for most electronic and optical properties [23, 24].
In hybridisation sp2 (2p orbitals mix with the 2s orbital to form three σ bonds and
the third p-orbital keep p character thus form π bond).
The energy level splits into two bonding and antibonding orbitals as shown in
Fig. 3a, b; σ bonds are much stronger than π bonds, σ bonding and σ* bonding states
formed from the overlap of hybridized sp2 orbitals and π bonding and π* antibonding
states formed from overlap of pz orbitals. The energy gap between bonding and
antibonding sigma levels is much higher than π bonds. The energy gap associated
with sp3orbitals is much larger than sp2. Most plastics are aliphatic polymers only
linked by σ bonds thus electrically insulated due to large energy gap. In contrast the
conjugated molecules and polymers have narrow energy gap thus are expected to
behave as semiconductors.
The state with highest energy of all occupied orbitals is called highest occupied
molecular orbitals (HOMO) and the state with lowest energy of all unoccupied
molecular orbitals is called lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO). Number
Organic Semiconductors: Technology and Environment 5

(a) pz orbital

π bond

σ bond

π bond

(b) σ*

π*

pz pz

π
2
sp sp2

Fig. 3 (a) sp2 hybridized orbital forming a strong sigma bond with its neighbor and pz orbital
forming a weak π bond with its neighbor. (b) Overlap of neighboring sp2 orbitals giving rise to σ
bonding state and σ* antibonding states and overlap of neighboring pz orbitals giving rise to π
bonding state and π* antibonding states

of states increases as the number of molecules in organic material increases. The

energy bandgap is the HOMO-LUMO gap as given in Fig. 4. HOMO level in
organic semiconductors is similar as valence band in inorganic semiconductors
and LUMO level in organic semiconductors is similar as conduction band in
inorganic semiconductors is the. The electron donor is HOMO, the outermost orbital
containing electrons that donate. The electron acceptor is LUMO, the inner most
orbital that accept electrons [25, 26].
6 S. Jaiswal

Fig. 4 Organic
semiconductors: molecular Vacuum level
orbitals and energy levels

ENERGY
Highest unoccupied levels
LUMO
Eg

HOMO
Lowest occupied levels

CONDUCTION
BAND (Ec)
LUMO

EF Energy band
gap

HOMO
FILLED VALENCE
BAND(Ev)

(a) (b)

Fig. 5 (a) Inorganic semiconductor energy bands (b) Organic semiconductor: energy levels

Conjugated molecules and polymers have single and double bond alteration and
small HOMO-LUMO gap. The conjugating polymers are also called conducting
polymers and behave as semiconductors. The variation in conjugation lengths and in
the interaction energies with surrounding molecules give rise to locally varying
polarization energies leading to Gaussian density of States for bonding (occupied)
and antibonding (unoccupied) orbitals of molecular sites [27].
The conventional semiconductor has strong covalent or ionic bonds thus elec-
tronic bands but organic materials have intramolecular covalent bonds and held
together by weak intramolecular Vanderwaal’s interaction. The diagrammatic com-
parison is given in Fig. 5a, b with Table 1 [28, 29].
Organic Semiconductors: Technology and Environment 7

Table 1 Comparison between Organic and Inorganic semiconductors

S. N Organic Inorganic
1 Binding energy Weak (Vanderwaal’s) Strong
2 Mechanical resistance Weak Strong
3 Charge carriers Localised Delocalised
4 Polarisation Strong Weak
5 Charge transport Hopping Band
6 Carrier mobility
1 cm2/Vs
1000 cm2/Vs
7 Exciton Frenkel Wannier

3 Localisation of Charge

Mobility in organic semiconductors is low because of localisation of charge carriers.

The individual molecules have strong localised electronic wave function but weak
intermolecular interaction thus narrow bandwidth responsible for charge conduction.
The mobility in crystalline materials is limited by phonon scattering mechanism that
is moving electrons are hindered by thermal lattice vibration. Thus, at lower tem-
perature, phonons decrease and mobility of charge carrier increases. The charges in
organic semiconductors due to energy disorder localised and charge transport is
described by hopping through localized states that is phonon assisted tunneling from
site to site. By absorbing a phonon charge career gap has enough energy that career
mobility increases with increase in temperature. Localisation can be done in two
ways via polarization and disorder [30, 31].

3.1 Localisation via Polarization

The effect of polarization on charge transport is evaluated by estimating time scale of

each state of process i.e. Residence time is the time the charge carrier stay on the
molecule before moving to next and polarization time is the time to set the polari-
zation. Residence time is to be associated with the width of HOMO and LUMO. The
binding energy in inorganic semiconductor is greater than organic semiconductor
thus the residence time is 100 times smaller in inorganic semiconductor than organic
as the energy gap in inorganic semiconductor is larger i.e. 10 eV and few tenths of
eV for organic semiconductor. Polarization time is associated with energy gap (1 eV)
roughly identical in inorganic and organic semiconductors. In inorganic semicon-
ductors, the residence time is so short i.e ten times lower than polarization time thus
polarization time is not enough to set the polarization though in organic semicon-
ductor the residence time is ten times longer polarization place is always there. The
effect of polarization on organic and inorganic semiconductors is given Table 2.
Polarization is of two types: electronic polarization and molecular polarization.
Electronic polarization is always present in organic semiconductors as the residence
time is longer. Molecular polarization refers to the movement of nuclei of the
 8

Table 2 Effect of Polarization on inorganic and organic semiconductors

Inorganic semiconductor Organic semiconductor
Without Electronic Molecular Without Electronic Molecular
polarization polarization polarization polarization polarization polarization
HOMO-LUMO gap 10 Never Not applicable 0.1 1 Sometimes
(eV
Residence time (s) 10
16 10
14 10
15
S. Jaiswal
Organic Semiconductors: Technology and Environment 9

Fig. 6 Effect of LUMO P-

polarization on HOMO-
LUMO gap

HOMO P+ Molecular
NEUTRAL Electonic

molecules. The characteristic energy is at the vibration of molecule. The residence

time and molecular polarization time have the same order of magnitude thus
molecular polarization depends on precise nature of organic solid. Polarization shifts
HOMO and LUMO towards each other corresponding to polarization energy, an
additional shift is induced by molecular polarization. Polarization induces self-
localisation of electrons and the self-localized charge is called polaron. Polarization
is a direct consequence of weak intermolecular bonding in organic semiconductors.
The charge carrier surrounded by the polarization cloud is called a Polaron. The
polaron is self-localized. Charge transport takes place through self-localized
polarons. As adjacent neutral molecule becomes charged under the effect of thermal
energy, the charge transport occurs. Thus the charge transport is not done through
delocalized level but due to hopping between adjacent localised states. Delocalised
and localised charge carrier transport can be different by temperature dependence of
mobility [32] (Fig. 6).
By Drude’s Model, The effect of temperature on mobility can be seen from
Eq. (1) that shows temperature increases mobility decreases and vice versa.

μ / T
n ð1Þ

As Polaron hopping is thermally activated so temperature decreases and mobility

also decreases.

μ ¼ e
Eact =KT ð2Þ

where Eact is the activation energy.

3.2 Localisation via Disorder

ΔV measures the mean value of variation in potential. The disorder leads to

localization as given in Fig. 7a. It leads to disturb the translational symmetry in
crystal thus no longer the Bloch theorem is followed by ψ but follow the Eq. (3).
10 S. Jaiswal

(a) 1.3.2 Localisation via Disorder

Order--->delocalisaon

Disorder---->Localisaon
DV

(b)

ψ(r)
α

r0

Fig. 7 (a) Disorder leads to localization and ΔV is the mean value of variation in potential. (b)
Localization of wavefunction r0 ¼ coordinate of the site, α ¼ localisation length

Ψ ðrÞ ¼ exp ½
2 fr
r0 g=α ð3Þ

r0 is coordinate of site and α is the localization of length as in Fig. 7b. If ΔV/W < 3, it
is the weak localization and when it is ΔV/W > 3, the strong localization is there,
where W is the Width of conduction band and valence band. W ~ 10 eV in inorganic
semiconductor corresponds to weak localisation and W ~ 0.1 eV in organic semi-
conductor corresponds to strong localisation as shown in Fig. 8.

4 Charge Transport in Organic Semiconductor

The different models for transport of charge carriers in organic semiconductors are:
Vissenberg Matters model: the transport occurs via hopping through localized states
located in energy distributed Gaussian density of states (DOS) of HOMO and
LUMO and Multiple Trapping and Release model: it is associated with that traps
which are localized States in band gap or at the edge of HOMO (or LUMO)
produced by impurity or defects in organic semiconductor [32, 33].
Organic Semiconductors: Technology and Environment 11

(a)
DOS

VALENCE CONDUCTION
Eg
BAND BAND

EV EC

(b)
Mobility
Amorphous silicon edges

Localised
states
Extended states Extended states

Fig. 8 (a) The single crystal has clear gap between conduction and valence band. (b) The
amorphous silicon has extended states due to localisation

Mobility states

Localised states

Fig. 9 Multiple Trapping and release model

4.1 Multiple Trapping and Release Model (MTR)

This is the model of choice for charge carrier transfer in weakly disordered semi-
conductor. MTR model assumes that the charge carriers move in extended states
with μ0. During transfer the carriers are trapped by localized states. As τtrap is greater
than τfree thus the mobility decreases. Due to thermal activation the charge carriers
are released with activation energy of Ec
Etas given in Fig. 9 and shown by Eq. (4).
 
τfree N E
Et
μ ¼ μ0 ffi μ0 c exp
c ð4Þ
τtrap Nt kT
12 S. Jaiswal

where μ0 ¼d mobility in extended states, τtrap¼trapping time, τfree ¼free

time Nc ¼ effective density of extended states, Nt ¼ density of localised states
(traps), Ec ¼ mobility edge, Et ¼ effective energy of traps.

4.2 Hopping Model

In most organic semiconductors the transportation of charge is limited by disorder

which induces a localisation of energy states. Because of the weak nature of
intermolecular bonds, bandwidth is narrow and localisation is strong resulting in
Gaussian density of states. In this context, charge carrier transport occurs through
hopping between localisation states. Hopping model predicts that mobility of charge
carrier depends on both density of charge carriers and electric field.
When all states are localised the charge carrier transport happens by hopping.
Hopping to lower energy states is more likely than hopping to higher energy states.
Thus, the charge carrier starting from dense states near the maximum of density of
states tends to go down to sites with lower energy. However when reaching sites of
energy far from center of Gaussian, the density of site decrease a lot, so the mean
distance between sites become very high and the first exponential in the hopping rate
drastically decreases as given by Eq. (5). So there is a tradeoff between hopping
distance and energy difference as shown in Fig. 10. The hopping to a site closer the
center of density of states becomes more likely. The transport consists of alteration
jump downwards and upwards. All charge carriers localised in deep level will sooner

DOS

Fig. 10 Transportation of charge in organic semiconductor : Hopping between localized states.

(DOS is density of states)
Organic Semiconductors: Technology and Environment 13

or later jump to a site to an energy close to universal value referred to as transport

energy localised slightly lower to the maximum of density of states.

f

  E
Et
2Rij exp
c for Ei < E j
νij ¼ ν0 exp
X kT
a 1 for Ei > E j ð5Þ

5 Optical Properties of Organic Semiconductors: Excitons

An exciton can be defined as an electrically bound combination of an electron and

hole. This is equivalent to lifting an electron from HOMO to the LUMO level.
Exciton can emerge either by absorption of a photon (Photoluminescence) or
recombination of an electron and hole which correspond to electroluminescence.
Electroluminescence is the process in which by light excitation, the organic
molecule absorbs photon and it moves from lower energy state to higher energy
state. Due to the absorption of a photon, an electron–hole pair is generated
[34, 35].
Charged molecules are called Polarons. The hole polaron charged positively and
electron polaron charged negatively. The reaction occurs through the transfer of an
electron from LUMO of electron polaron to HOMO of hole polaron thus forming
excited called exciton. Due to coulombic attraction the HOMO and LUMO levels
come closer to each other leads to the formation of an exciton.

6 Energy Level Determination

The difference between energy of electrons in solids and that of vacuum is called
work function. This is the energy required to extract electrons from solids. In metals,
the highest energy level occupied is Fermi energy and level is called Fermi level. The
work function is defined as Fermi level and vacuum level energy difference. In
organic semiconductors, the HOMO band is full and the LUMO band is empty, two
energy barriers are to be defined, one to extract electron from HOMO called
Ionisation Potential and one for capturing electrons in LUMO Level called electron
affinity as given in Fig. 11. When metal and organic semiconductor are in contact, to
give electrons to LUMO level, the energy required is the difference of metal work
function and electron affinity of semiconductor.
Similarly the injection barrier to inject holes in HOMO band equals to the
semiconductor’s ionization potential and metal’s work function difference. The
energy level determination is of prime importance in organic semiconductor given
by Eqs. (6) and (7) where Ebn and Ebp are the electron injection barrier and hole
14 S. Jaiswal

Vacuum
level
Electronaffinity

Workfuntion
LUMO
Electron barrier

fermilevel metal
Hole barrier
HOMO

Fig. 11 The different energy levels in organic semiconductor

injection barrier, WM, EA and IP are work function of metal, electron affinity and
ionization potential.

Ebn ¼ WM
EA ð6Þ
Ebp ¼ IP
WM ð7Þ

The useful tool for this is photoelectron spectroscopy: UV photoelectron spec-

troscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy [36, 37].
The organic molecules can be sorted into two families, on the left side the
molecules with deep LUMO level, so electrons are easily inserted due to low
electron barrier height while difficult to insert due to high barrier. On the right
side, the HOMO level is shallow so holes are easily injected while electrons are
difficult to inject as shown in Fig. 12. Semiconductors with easy electron injection is
called n-type where n: negative and semiconductors with easy hole injection are
called p-type where p: positive. The semiconductor between two extremes has
complex situation, these are called ambipolar.

7 Charge Carrier Injection

Unlike inorganic semiconductors, the organic semiconductors have very small

density of charge carriers when at equilibrium. Charge carrier injection is therefore
the fundamental process in organic semiconductors. In case of disordered solids, the
states are localized and randomly distributed, transport occurs by hopping in local-
ized states. The first step is to jump to a state close to metal-semiconductor interface.
The first step is thermally activated, the transport occurs against the electric field so
the charge carrier can go back and recombine in the metal. The second step can be
either ballistic transfer over the barrier i.e. thermionic emission or diffusion of
Organic Semiconductors: Technology and Environment 15

E(eV)

Pentacene

CuCp1
-2

ALq3

TTB
F8
6P
LUMO
-3 THAP
C60

HOMO
-4
TCNQ

PTCDA

-5

-6

Fig. 12 The molecules are n-type with deep LUMO level are on LHS so electrons can easily be
inserted due to low electron barrier while it is difficult to insert holes. The molecules are p-type with
shallow HOMO level are on RHS so holes can easily be inserted while holes are difficult to insert.
Between these are ambipolar semiconductors

carriers. Diffusion occurs in materials with lower carrier mobility which is the case
for most organic semiconductors. The third mechanism is tunneling that takes place
at low temperature or for thin barrier, the charge carriers can tunnel through the
barrier. Injection strongly depends on width of Gaussian density of states. As the
width of Gaussian density of states increases the injection current increases. Qual-
itatively, the disorder reduces the injection barrier by creating localized levels in the
energy gap [38, 39].

8 Types of Organic Semiconductors

The inorganic semiconductors are either p or n type, however the organic semicon-
ductor can be p-type, n-type or can be both p-type and n-type known as ambipolar.
p-type organic semiconductor e.g. pentacene teracene, rubrene. n-type organic semi-
conductors e.g. perfluoropentacene, naphthalene dimide, perylene dimide still lag
behind p-type due to low device performance, ambient stability and complex
16 S. Jaiswal

synthesis. Mobility is upto 0.11 cm2/Vs with on-off ratio 105 by introducing cyano
halogen or by imide functionalization. They are highly planar and conjugated with
tunable electronic properties. Most promising result for n-type polymer is naphtha-
lene based (P(NDI2OD-T2) with mobility greater than 0.1 cm2/Vs upto 0.85 cm2/Vs
and on-off ratio 106 [40].

8.1 Major Challenges

The electrons are injected in LUMO level of semiconductor from a suitable electrode
is the major challenge in p-type organic semiconductor. For n-channel devices, the
major challenge is to be operated and tested under inert condition due to their
susceptibility to water and oxygen in ambient conditions.

8.2 Ambipolar

The complementary approach is superior to unipolar in fabricating integrated circuit.

It can be used both as n and p channel thus can be used as inverters. The deposition
of two organic materials in controlled amount on substrate increases the complexity
and manufacturing cost. They work on both p and n depending on supply voltage
though unipolar works on single polarity. In ambipolar transistor, higher power
dissipation is due to leakage current and lower switching speed. Two materials show
both polarity: amorphous silicon and carbon tubes [41]. The major challenges are
efficient injection of both types of carrier and their trapping.
FET based on semiconducting single walled carbon nanotube (S-SWNT) can be
tuned to p-type, n-type or ambipolar by using proper injecting electrodes or doping
[2]. Mobility is high and greater than 1000 cm2/Vs. The density of traps in crystalline
semiconductor is low as compared to carrier concentration therefore the effect is
almost negligible but in disordered organic semiconductor due to high trap density
the carrier transport is interrupted by capture and release process. As injected carrier
concentration increases, the traps are filled by charge carriers and charge transport
improves i.e. the mobility is again thermally activated. In highly purified organic
molecular crystals mobility follows inverse power law dependence on temperature,
as temperature decreases, the mobility increases [24, 25].

9 Technology and Environment

Organic semiconductor has remarkable advances and applications in displays used

in computers, palmtops, mobile phones, and TV sets. Their features of flexibility,
transparency, low weight, color scale, brightness, shorter reaction time, wider
Organic Semiconductors: Technology and Environment 17

viewing angle are giving importance to this area. OLEDs are better than traditional
illumination systems because of large surface area with higher energy efficiency and
minimum heat emission [21]. Currently TFTs based on amorphous Si and organic
semiconductors are used.

10 Conclusions

The mobilities of organic semiconductors progressed from 10
5 cm2/Vs for

polythiophene to 10 cm2/Vs for diketopyrroleopyrrole (DPP) based polymers. The
factors for high performance organic semiconductors are purity, molecular structure,
electronic structure, molecular packing and energy alignment. The mechanical
flexibility of organic semiconductors leads to the most important application of
wearable electronics. These have the possibility to interface with biological system
thus have promising bright future in healthcare applications though silicon couldn’t
be fully replaced with organic materials due to lower speed and high driving voltage.
Organic materials are highly sensitive to environmental conditions i.e. stability,
mobility and operating voltage are three major challenges.

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Defining and Visualizing Energy
and Environment Related Smart
Technologies

Manish Kumar Singh and Kamlesh Kumar Raghuvanshi

1 Introduction

Envisaging energy and environment related smart technologies have become key
concern in the recent times worldwide. We know that technology grows much faster
than we catch it up. It has impacted our lives and work seamlessly with the advent of
myriad smart technologies that are sparked by latest apps on our mobile phones and
guided by the artificial intelligence to manage and access data. Most importantly,
today’s technology is evolving to lead us to live a greener and a smarter life.
In this chapter, we are going to put light on defining and visualizing the smart
technologies in the areas of energy and environment. In its second section, we will
explain how technology is making environment “smart”, whereas the third section
will cover the relation between smart environment and pervasive computing, the
fourth section details the impact of smart technology on environment, the fifth
section is devoted to smart technology for energy, while the sixth section provides
an account of the future scope of energy and environment related smart technologies,
and we will conclude the chapter in the seventh section.

M. K. Singh
Department of Computer Science, Shyama Prasad Mukherji College (University of Delhi), New
Delhi, India
K. K. Raghuvanshi (*)
Department of Computer Science, Ramanujan College (University of Delhi), New Delhi, India

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 21

P. Agarwal et al. (eds.), Smart Technologies for Energy and Environmental
Sustainability, Green Energy and Technology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80702-3_2
22 M. K. Singh and K. K. Raghuvanshi

2 How Technology Is Making Environment “Smart”

Smart environment is the term used famously to correlate human beings and their
ability to affiance and interconnect with their surroundings through advance tech-
nologies and software based services [1]. It is quite worthy to note that the advance-
ment in technologies has shaped the twenty-first century to fulfill the dream of
“smart environment” which is capable enough to perceive technology besides
doing fast computational processing [2] (Fig. 1).

2.1 Definition of Smart Environment

According to (Cook, Diane; Das, Sajal (2005). Smart Environments: Technology,

Protocols and Applications. Wiley-Interscience.): A smart environment is defined as
“an ecosystem built on the edifice of various kinds of smart devices that is supposed
to ease one’s life” [3]. It aims to felicitate its inhabitants with an environment
equipped with automated agents that accompany them to carry out their tasks in
safe and easy manner without undergoing intensive or dangerous labor.

2.2 Key Features of Smart Environment

– Devices in a smart environment can be remotely controlled, just like the devices
controlled by power line communication systems [4].
– Communicating devices of smart environment are connected through Wireless
communication or middleware in order to obtain connected environments in real
sense [5].

Fig. 1 Concept of “Smart Environment”

Defining and Visualizing Energy and Environment Related Smart Technologies 23

– Smart environment has decision making and predictive capabilities [6].

– It uses sensor networks to acquire or disseminate information [5].
– The intelligent agents of smart environment provide enhance functionalities [7].

3 Smart Environment and Pervasive Computing

Smart environments are considered an improved version of a concept known as

pervasive computing. The pervasive computing works on the philosophy of
connecting a world through computers and sensors [8] (Fig. 2).
Pervasive computing (widely known as Ubiquitous computing) is a technique
where internet is used to connect smart computers in order to carry out every-day
functions in an automatic fashion [9, 10]. An Apple Watch, for instance, provides
features of not just alerting a person to a phone call but also to complete the call.
Other examples of pervasive computing include digitally locked doors, Wi-Fi
lighting, smart appliances, like TV, Refrigerator, Air Conditioner etc. The phrase
of “ubiquitous computing” was coined by Mark Weiser when he was the Chief
Technologist of the Xerox Palo Alto research facility (PARC) in 1988 [11, 12].
The categorization of a “smart environment” can be done into three types with
consideration of systems, services and devices: (a) virtual (or distributed) computing
environments, (b) physical environments and (c) human environments, or a hybrid
combination of those. They can be explained as:

Fig. 2 Smart environment and pervasive computing

24 M. K. Singh and K. K. Raghuvanshi

– Virtual computing environments: They are concerned with making the smart
devices capable enough to provide suitable services anytime anywhere [13, 14].
– Physical environments: They can be created as well as monitored by smart
devices through sensors, tags and controllers which may exist in different ver-
sions varying from nano- to micro- or of macro-sized [15].
– Human environments: They are sensible environments for devices that can
essentially be developed at individual or collective basis by humans. Neverthe-
less, such environments can have humans (instead of smart devices) dressed
with surface-mounted devices (viz. wearable computing) or embedded devices
like pacemakers (to cater a heart operation in healthy manner) or AR contact
lenses [16].

4 Impact of Smart Technology on Environment

The industrial revolution has fueled immense power among modern technologies.
This revolutionized the manufacturing processes of the US as well as Europe
between 1760 and1840. Following this, a continued industrialization and further
technological advancements were observed round the world (particularly among the
developed countries), which led to adverse impacts on the environment including the
misuse and damage of our mother earth [17]. They further damaged our world in two
main ways—(a) pollution and (b) the reduction of natural resources.
Irrespective of the technology’s adverse impacts on environment, the recent
concern for climate change at global level has resulted into the event of latest
environmental technology development in order to build a sustainable economy
with less carbon [18]. Environmental technology, additionally, implies to a ‘green’
or ‘clean’ technology which comprises of the state-of-the-art technologies that are
meant to the environment conservation and to monitor or to reduce the technology’s
ill effect on the environment. Moreover, it aims to lessen the human dependence on
the non-renewable resources.
The 2016 Paris agreement was signed to bring all the countries of world to adopt
steps to deal with the issue of global climate change and to cap the earth’s average
temperature at 2
C of pre-industrial levels [17, 19].
Let us check out the definite impacts of technology on the environment in the
wake of the given aspects: (a) renewable Energy; (b) Direct Air Capture’ (DAC);
(c) electric vehicles; and (d) smart technology.

4.1 Renewable Energy

Also known as ‘clean energy’, renewable energy, in general, implies to the energy
gathered from renewable resources which are obtained from nature in the given
forms—sunlight, geothermal heat, rain, wind, waves and tides. The latest
Defining and Visualizing Energy and Environment Related Smart Technologies 25

Fig. 3 Use of Renewable energy is a smart way to build a “smart” and safe Environment

environmental technology has provided an opportunity to tap this present energy and
change it into some pertinent products including electricity or useful energy with the
help of devices like solar panels, water turbines and wind, which provides
technology’s promising side with respect to the environment.
Renewable sources took over coal and became electricity’s second largest gen-
erator since 2015. UK at present produces 20% of its electricity through renewable
sources which EU aims to likely extend it to about 30% till 2020. Even though
several projects harnessing renewable energy are available on large scale, the
technologies mean for renewable energy retrieval are furnishing in developing
countries and remote areas since energy plays vital role to human development in
these regions (Fig. 3).
The technologies for harnessing renewable energy (for instance, wind turbines or
solar panels) cost less and so the many governments are investing huge amount in
them. Consequently during the period of 2007–2017, the country like Australia
observed an amazing rise in the rooftop solar installations from forty six thousand
households to over 1.6 million.

4.2 Direct Air Capture (DAC): Dealing CO2 in Air

The idea of removing CO2 from the atmosphere has been a key research topic for
years in the area of mitigating climate change (at global level), however it’s only
recently been implemented and remains within the early stages of development. The
‘Direct Air Capture’ (DAC) is considered as an environmental technology that
converts CO2 present in the ambient air to produce CO2 of concentrated stream for
further use. The air is then pressed into a filter using several giant fans that help to
remove CO2. It is, however, observed that this technology is not suitable to control
26 M. K. Singh and K. K. Raghuvanshi

Fig. 4 Removing CO2 from Atmosphere through DAC

emissions from distributed sources, for instance exhaust emitted from cars. A full
scale DAC, on an average, can absorb around 250K cars’ annual carbon emissions
(Fig. 4).
It is argued by many that DAC is significant for the mitigation of climate change
(at global level) which it can help to achieve goals of the Paris Climate Agreement, to
lessen the presence of CO2 in the atmosphere. Nevertheless, the costly DAC is not a
good choice on an outsized scale in the present times and a lot more is still to be done
to use this technology on wider scale to lessen carbon emissions from the
environment.

4.3 Electric Vehicle as a Smart Technology

An electrical vehicle proves to be an environmental friendly technology that

employs electric motors to control its operations by utilizing the energy reserved
in its batteries which are rechargeable. An amazing rise has been observed since
2008 in the development of electrical vehicles which is attributed to the global
concerns of combating air pollution and ‘greenhouse effect’.
Governments of many countries worldwide have provided many incentives in the
form of tax credits, plug-in vehicles, subsidies to develop, promote and adopt the
idea of electrical vehicles as a part of environment technology initiative. Electric
vehicles are supposed to fulfill the vision of a greener society and the organizations
such as Bloomberg expects electrical vehicles will be available at cheaper rate as
compared to petrol or diesel car by 2024. The car manufacturing company, Nissan,
has worked for having more charging stations of electrical vehicles in the UK as
compared to fuel stations (Fig. 5).
Defining and Visualizing Energy and Environment Related Smart Technologies 27

Fig. 5 Smart vehicle under

environment technology

Fig. 6 Smart technology for environment

4.4 Smart Technology

It uses tools like sensors and other electrical components to the IoT (i.e. Internet of
things) that can be programmed and monitored remotely to enable them to become
energy efficient and to reply to the users’ requirements.
The IoT uses a mechanism of connecting objects through the Internet which are
capable enough to gather data through the technologies of embedded sensors
[20]. The IoT devices utilize such gathered data to ‘take decisions’ autonomously
on real time basis. For instance, smart lighting system illuminates desired areas and a
smart thermostat maintains the temperature of a house. Both the devices prevent the
wastage of energy, time and money.
The IoT enabled technologies are environment friendly that simply need Internet
connectivity either through WiFi or Bluetooth to connect objects and their sensors
are easy to fit and configure in house buildings and around cities. Many IoT
practitioners with the support of their governments are on verge to build ‘smart
cities’ which would be energy efficient and would connect everything from elec-
tronic gadgets to household appliances or from vehicles to traffic lights through
Internet and sensors. It will ultimately lead to a smart environment [20, 21] (Fig. 6).
28 M. K. Singh and K. K. Raghuvanshi

5 Smart Technology for Energy

Smart energy solutionscomprise of devices like smart meters and smart grids that are
employed to gather relevant data. Conceiving this information, informed decisions
can easily be made by an energy provider to conveniently control power flow
completely at the three verticals—(a) power generation, (b) its transmission, and
(c) its distribution [19].
To suffice the electricity demands of the skyrocketing population across the
world, power generation companies and utilities are regularly optimizing their
existing methodologies. By advancing the methodologies of working and machin-
eries, the efficiency of the general plant can be improved which eventually enables
utilities to provide electricity to large number of people. For an extended duration,
PLCs (aka programmable logic controllers) along with SCADA systems have
allowed the companies to check the condition and effectiveness of tools and equip-
ment of the power plants owned by them. Nevertheless, SCANDA system faces
certain limitations including (a) it has less interoperability, and (b) it also lacks
monitoring system that could check the electricity utilization of the consumers [22].
The development in the area of IoT research brought a great revolution in energy
sector in the form of smart energy solutions. IoT sensors along with telemetry
powered these solutions at a breakthrough level to provide rich serviceability to
the facility industry including the monitoring of utilization pattern, optimizations of
operations, and controlling asset performance.
Smart meters and smart grids are the key devices in smart energy technology that
help to collect important data. The data gathered in smart energy technology are
helpful to identify variables associated with the electricity flow. These variables
range from the kit performance to the top consumers’ utilized energy [23]. Conceiv-
ing this information, informed decisions can easily be made by an energy provider to
conveniently control power flow completely at the three verticals—(a) power gen-
eration, (b) its transmission, and (c) its distribution. The IoT plays a significant role
in maintaining the electricity flow through the above mentioned stages that enables
the facility companies to easy control the electricity availability during rush hours
and cap its dissipation. Let go into the details of benefits that IoT provides during
these stages [24] (Fig. 7).

5.1 Generation of Power

To deal with the wastage of electricity, the power plants’ components must be
effective. Nevertheless, there are certain limitations faced by power plants, including
increased inefficiency and unreliability. This may be attributed mainly to: (a) use of
old and flaw assets, (b) irregular procedures of operations and maintenance (OM),
and (c) wrong way of using assets related historical data.
Defining and Visualizing Energy and Environment Related Smart Technologies 29

Fig. 7 Smart Grid as A Smart Technology for Energy

The above conditions have negative impacts on the workings of kit and the entire
system. IoT provides facilities (that are cost-effective) to companies associated with
power generation by advancing their operations and maintenance (OM) related
tasks, hence upgrading their assets’ lives. By tracking kit’s working and performance
at constant rate, two key things can be predicted with accuracy—(a) it’s failure point,
and (b) required maintenance time [22].
1. Uptime tracking: Uptime tracking implies to the course of time during which
device or system is working. Whilst the system is working, distinctive parameters
are computed to determine its condition and performance. These parameters are
not sufficient enough to compute the duration of system breakdown or even
schedule circumstance, predictive, or threat-based maintenance obligations.
2. Downtime tracking: Downtime tracking implies to the course of time during
which a system undergoes maintenance or just not working. Suitable repairs and
maintenance are generally made by utilizing the gathered historical data through
myriad embedded sensors so as to allow the system to do operation.

The kit’s supply can be computed by tracking myriad equipment’s uptime and
downtime simultaneously in a power station. The machines in-standby can then be
operated at the time of rush hours to deal the excessive demand. Few other benefits
of tracking kit’s supply availability include: (a) less cost of maintenance, (b) assets’
efficiency and enhanced reliability, (c) speedy analysis and determination of failure’s
sources.
30 M. K. Singh and K. K. Raghuvanshi

5.2 Advantages of Smart Grids During Complex

Transmission

1. Catering Renewable energy: Variable power is the term used for such energy that
is produced through renewable resources since such energy results from changes
observed in environment conditions. A transmission of sensible kind is able to
detect such variations and try to equipoise the facility supply by withdrawing
electricity from power plants of traditional kinds.
2. Less cost of operation: Smart grids are capable of computing consumption of
electricity in various sites through certain distribution systems and attempts to
seek period during which rush power consumption is high. Using this knowledge,
software can resolve the suitable time to start “peaking plants” (the plants that run
during rush hours) to control the supply of power during rush hours. Conse-
quently, the utilization of slow peaking plants becomes less which ultimately
lowers the operational costs [25] (Fig. 8).
3. Catering Asset: There are several transformers, substations and transmission
wires present during a transmission. Due to uninterrupted operation and over-
loading, chances are high of fault development and further deterioration of these
assets and equipment. Eventually, several IoT sensors are employed on many
occasions to track myriad asset associated factors to detect safety risks and
un-safe asset units. This simply upgrades the tasks associated with up-keeping
and improving the life expectancy of the transmission assets.

5.3 Power Distribution

IoT is at its best to improve the services and users’ experiences related to smart grids
and smart meters. IoT caters to provide important data ranging from a house’s

Fig. 8 A home battery of

Tesla company
Defining and Visualizing Energy and Environment Related Smart Technologies 31

electricity consumption to the service provider through smart meters. The customer
can also access this information using internet based application [26].
In short, the smart power distribution has become possible through the smart
meters enabled systems which provides many benefits with respect to various fields
including [27]:
1. Restoring and rerouting of power supply: Systems meant for transmission have
the chances of getting their components damaged in case of abrupt and undesir-
able overload or environmental conditions which may result into the limited
electricity flow in specific sites. It would lead to wastage of an appreciable
amount of time while fixing the situation of power cut and restore the electricity.
This issue can be effectively dealt by using smart grids along with smart meter
which altogether is capable enough to determine a distinct path for availing
electricity and letting software to change the route of electricity supply to meet
the demands of the blackout affected sites [28].
2. Catering home related energy need: The home appliances can be smartly built
through smart meters that enable them to store, analyze and share data associated
to utilization of energy [29]. This data is transmitted to a compact platform by
smart meters in order to make data available to television screen for viewing
purpose or for further analysis. The consumers can utilize this information to
cater their house’s electricity need and hence controlling prices of their electricity
bills [30].
Smart technology allows companies and households to use energy more
efficiently which will simply lower the need for creating additional power
stations. This will ultimately help to prevent pollution caused due to the burning
fossil fuels like that of gas or coal by traditional power stations.

6 Smart Technology for Energy and Environment:

Future Scope

To achieve the idea of smart energy and smart environment, the utilization of
renewable energy sources on an urban scale and thus the introduction of smart
mobility plans are supposed to be the major future concerns [31]. There is utmost
need for developing, promoting and utilizing smart technologies in the areas of
energy and environment that could help to meet environment objectives (decrease of
energy utilization and contaminating emanations), financial objectives (lessening of
administration costs for citizens and for public organization, development of com-
panies and alarming employment situation) and social objectives (enhancement of
the welfare and QoS i.e. quality of services).
M. Casini in his conference paper titled “Green Technology for Smart Cities” put
a light on some of the newly adopted techniques in the recent times that are well
contributing to the idea of smart energy and smart environment [32]. These tech-
niques are illustrated under Sects. 6.1–6.3.
32 M. K. Singh and K. K. Raghuvanshi

6.1 Green Buildings

The construction industry is one among the cornerstones of priority effort for the
fulfillment of the dream of a “smart, sustainable and inclusive” growth and for a
transition to an economy that could support efficient utilization of resources and low
carbon emissions. At present, over 40% of the ultimate energy consumption within
the EU-27 is done by houses, public and personal offices, shops and other buildings
(43% is utilized by households, 44% by industry and remaining 13% from the
services) [33] (Figs. 9 and 10).
As far as the goal of achieving green building is concerned, there is a need for
promotion of the energy modernization techniques in the already existing as well as
public buildings through the following ways [35, 36]:
– by backing the energy sufficiency measures. It is concerned with the means to
scale back dissipation through the building envelopes;
– by advocating the usage of cleaner sources of energy. For instance, replacing
patrol with natural gas;
– by encouraging the usage of renewable sources of energy. For instance, solar
thermal, heat pumps, solar photovoltaic etc.;
– by promoting the production of the clean energy means for the hot domestic
water; and
– by incorporating the measures of energy efficiency and checking their emissions.

Fig. 9 Future scope of smart technology w.r.t energy and environment

Defining and Visualizing Energy and Environment Related Smart Technologies 33

Fig. 10 An example of green building [34]

Several cities of the world have started rewarding condominiums to those

adopting efficient energy solutions. MVRDV designed Seoul Sky-garden in South
Korea are progressing to be a botanical reference site with over 250 diverse species
of trees sorted steady with the Korean letter set. The transformation, which can
permit citizens to require an alternate route to go to the rail station, will permit one to
travel in 11 min instead of 25, strolling through trees and bushes and looking at the
town by 17 feet tallness [37].

6.2 Smart Lighting with Smart Grid

The much effort for lowering the energy utilization on an urban scale is centered
mainly on (a) the improvement of the civil power grid to make it a ‘smart grid’,
(b) improving the effectiveness of public lighting through the substitution of obso-
lete lights with traditional LED lamps, (c) the usage of photovoltaic or wind
controlled plants, and (d) the utilization of sensors for real-time information
discovery.
The power systems of cities are required to be developed as sensible machines
that can oversee the reversal of energy flow in real-time, from fringe hubs dissem-
inated inside the region towards the center of the system (dispersed generation), and
any surplus of energy due to renewable sources, adjusting request and grant.
Keeping this thing in mind, AEEGSI (an Italian Authority for Energy) provided
minimum features for brand beating latest smart power counters through its Reso-
lution 87/2016/R/eel (version 2.0) that will progressively take over the output of the
34 M. K. Singh and K. K. Raghuvanshi

Fig. 11 The Brooklyn Microgrid

essential generation produced since 2001 and whose valuable life of 15 years
finished at the best of 2016. The smart counters’ latest generation guarantees to be
more user-friendly and smart as compared to the past one [22, 38].
Especially focusing the smart grids field are the ventures that are supposed to
build microgrids of communities to allow clean energy sharing similar to the one
managed by the New York’s TransActive Grid(a start-up) in two areas (Park Slope
and Gowanus) of Brooklyn [38, 39]. The venture is trying to pursue the conviction of
building a trans-active network, means that each person can constitute a hub using
this network within his/her house. This requires the person to go through agreements
with his/her neighbors for granting or purchasing energy in addition to having
physical connection. It naturally differs from the normal supply of energy where
an individual purchases energy either from the government or from the company.
The other benefits of microgrids of communities include the transaction warranty
and security offered by their blockchain powered pc system (Ethereum which is
nothing but a bitcoin equivalent) that regulates the microgrids against any kind of
tampering [40] (Fig. 11).
EnGoPLANET, a corporate entity, patented and installed one of innovative
systems of smart grid in 2016 in the city of Las Vegas which consists of an integrated
lighting system with floors tiled with piezoelectric tiles that can transform the
pedestrian walks into electric energy. The system further comprises of sensors
(which will sense motion to facilitate the illumination), Wireless pads or USB
charging devices, video surveillance cameras to check vehicular traffic and addi-
tional sensors to determine temperature air quality, precipitations [41].
Defining and Visualizing Energy and Environment Related Smart Technologies 35

6.3 Smart Mobility

The measures for achieving a sensible mobility within cities revolve around follow-
ing concerns:
– encouragement to the development and use of effective systems related to
transportation including driverless vehicles, combustion engines with
low-emissions, hydrogen or electric motors;
– promoting the idea of (a) using electrical and hybrid vehicles by individuals,
(b) installing charging columns (likewise in the European Union), developing
more rental services for electric cars, and launching of smart charging systems
including vehicle to building and vehicle to grid;
– solar photovoltaic cycle paths shall be developed to support clean smart and clean
environment, similar to that developed in Netherlands and France.
– backing the idea of car sharing, bike sharing and policy building of car-pooling;
– instrumenting early caution frameworks for traffic passage, devising parking
addressing systems and further promoting the idea of pay parking;
– smart streetlights that allow automated lighting modulation shall be developed
with respect to the number of the transit whose data can later be analyzed to build
important logistics for public administration;
– the public transport system shall be digitized through smart palettes as well as
panels with suitable instructions at traffic stops, and development of info-mobility
kiosks that will deliver instructions related to waiting hours, urban lines, atmo-
spheric conditions etc. on the smartphones of the individuals [17];
– encouragement to foot activity policies’ building with respect to traffic so as to
promote walking indeed through the retraining of the ways, the improvement of
lighting and establishing dedicated signage;
– smart traffic lights shall be developed that can count the car flows on the real time
basis as presently developed in a few cities inside the US;

7 Conclusion

The rising concerns for climatic change and global warming have caught the
attention of academicians, researchers and industry persons to the development of
energy and environment related smart technologies at global level. The energy sector
with the help of smart technology is predicted to lessen CO2 emissions by replacing
fossil fuels in the power generation industry and the transportation sector. Due to the
adverse effect observed during the production of conventional energy and its
irreversible nature, the time has come to develop and promote the production of
renewable energy based smart technologies [42]. This will not only help us to make
our environment smart but also help to make it safe to live.
However, there are certain future concerns related to the smart environment.
These concerns are mainly attributed to the use of IoT (Internet of Things), its
36 M. K. Singh and K. K. Raghuvanshi

sensors and components that are utilized to monitor, collect and analyze data of the
environment and sharing information obtained from this data with the users for
decision making or any related purposes [43, 44]. Won’t it make human beings feel
under continuous surveillance? Won’t it raise privacy issues if data goes in the
wrong hands? Will the environment be a safer place in real sense if the technology
becomes more autonomous and doesn’t require any human intervention at all? There
is a need to think over these issues and come out with full-proof solutions to make
the idea of a smart environment “safe” in all aspects.

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Energy Minimization in a Sustainably
Developed Environment Using Cloud
Computing

Sanna Mehraj Kak, Parul Agarwal, and M. Afshar Alam

1 Introduction

From the last two decades, hardware and software developers have given sustain-
ability a great deal of significance because of the increased growth in the utilization
of energy. Energy utilization and management methods have been kept under close
surveillance. Whatsoever, limiting the energy utilization can mainly result in a cost
decrease. The complete effect of ICTs on the environment has been studied to
improve and increase green developments and sustainability. This can increasingly
improve the present weakening situation of the environment and decrease the
adverse effect that has been deepened for the last decades. In ICTs, the green
attributes of services and products have been seen in concepts related to sustainabil-
ity like sustainable computing, green computing, green ICTs including ecological
and environmental informatics [1, 2]. In addition to high energy costs in data centers,
heat discharge increases with a higher power utilization resulting in system
dis-functioning. The switching of data from one CSP to another is yet one of the
big tasks. QoS-aware resource selection has a vital part to play in cloud computing.
Datacenter resources witness a varied performance to the clients. There is an
increased variation in the workloads that need to be kept in check and control.
Increased energy efficiency can be attained by using better selection and equipment
of resources [3]. Thus, the workload policies and the distribution of resources should
be consolidated and should be delivered to the provider that can calculate and make
sure that the whole computation takes place in an energy-saving mode. Technology
has been playing a vast role in sustainable development covering all of its aspects:
social, economic, and environmental. Below are a few ways to develop and use

S. M. Kak (*) · P. Agarwal · M. A. Alam

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 39

P. Agarwal et al. (eds.), Smart Technologies for Energy and Environmental
Sustainability, Green Energy and Technology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80702-3_3
40 S. M. Kak et al.

technology for attaining sustainability. The technologies of green cloud computing

should implement and use technologies that can be useful in decreasing environ-
mental issues like decreasing the carbon footprint. The appeal of cloud computing
has been so huge that in most of cases, its influence on the environment has been
neglected by both the CSP and the consumer.
• Environmental Sustainability
Everything one needs for survival relies upon the surrounding natural envi-
ronment. Environmental sustainability generates and sustains the conditions with
which humans and nature can co-exist in a valuable synchronization with one
another while still being able to maintain social and economic necessities. Thus,
by regularizing ideas and conserving our way of life in such a fashion that it does
not exhaust our resources, we are making a promise to the future generations who
will also be capable of sustaining themselves. The main goal of green technology
is to alternate the methods that deplete or exhaust the natural resources with
methods that are sustainable and resourceful. So, consuming renewable sources
of energy as an alternative can highly decrease pollution and depleting natural
resources [4]. There are quite other forms of green technologies including newly
used green building techniques and eGain forecasting. Green buildings or sus-
tainable buildings are concrete constructions that are resource-efficient as well as
environmentally responsible. EGain uses weather prediction to estimate how
future weather patterns will affect the construction, which can decrease the
unnecessary use of heat, energy consumption, and GHG emission.
• Economic Sustainability
Economic sustainability requires various approaches that use resources mostly
finely and reliably so that a clear balance can be made between the resources used
now and the resources required in the future. Technological advances in health,
business, and the environment will provide a chance for the communities in the
shape of new jobs and opportunities. Small businesses that use the local produce,
employ recycling and green energy should be supported as it is a great way to
increase the local economy as well as help in storing the resources at the same
time. Partaking in sustainable agriculture and fisheries that do not consume
pesticides or hormones or any type of antibiotics on their produce decreases the
depletion of natural resources on a large scale as well as delivers products with
health benefits and not the reverse.
• Social Sustainability
Social sustainability includes a wholesome area including the basic human
rights and corporate governance to something philosophical features of an indi-
vidual’s behavior and his attitude towards sustainability. Economic and environ-
mental sustainability are solely dependent on social sustainability. The difference
between a ‘desires’, what one wants, and ‘necessity’, what one needs, need to be
evaluated by the people for a clear idea. Relatedly, it is hard to manage businesses
that employ green energy because they are more expensive. So people prefer
going to a more affordable, easier, and available option hence abandoning the
very basic concept of sustainability. Since social sustainability is the key to basic
Energy Minimization in a Sustainably Developed Environment Using Cloud. . . 41

Table 1 Technologies based on various cloud computing services

Cloud computing service Technology
SaaS Facebook, You Tube, Google Applications
PaaS MS Azure, Amazon Simple DS/S3, Google App Engine
IaaS Amazon EC2, Flexiscale
HaaS Data centers, Servers, Backup

Table 2 Top 10 CSPs S. No. Cloud service providers

1 Microsoft Azure
2 Amazon Web Services (AWS)
3 Google Cloud
4 Alibaba Cloud
5 IBM Cloud
6 Oracle
7 Salesforce
8 SAP
9 Rackspace Cloud
10 VMWare

sustainable habits, the easiest way to encourage and advocate economic and
environmental sustainability is through education. By educating ourselves and
people, we can have a clear idea of the sustainable alternatives that we have
around in our daily lives such as food, clothes, common household items, and
building materials [4].
The cloud computing revolution is reshaping and restructuring modern network-
ing, and highly contributing to environmental protection as well as economic and
technological advancements. These technologies can potentially enhance energy-
efficiency and decrease carbon footprints and e-waste. These features can alter cloud
computing into green computing which is the main aim here. Cloud computing
comprises of four service models. Table 1 below refers to some technologies for
various cloud computing services.
Limiting the energy utilization doesn’t diminish the gigantic expense and
improves framework quality, yet it helps in ensuring our natural balance and habitat.
Therefore, decreasing energy utilization of a cloud computing framework and data
centers is a test since information and applications are developing at a rapid speed
that needs bigger servers which requires processing them quickly within the neces-
sary slot of time frame. The unexpected expansion of the data centers has been
greatly increasing its effect on the environment, the economy, and the services
provided by the CSPs. Table 2 gives a list of the top 10 CSPs.
Among these top 10 CSPs; AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud are the main players
that offer cloud computing to the world with annual revenue of $33 billion for AWS,
$35 billion for Microsoft Azure, and $8 billion for Google Cloud. US government
has infused cloud computing in all aspects of their trade and communication. The
42 S. M. Kak et al.

Fig. 1 Largest CSP’s around the globe

better services provided by the CSPs result in better security [5]. Various studies
have been made by the researchers where they secure the searching and recovering
of the client data in a cloud environment. There are usually several distinct interfaces
each of which are dealing with a different characteristic of the cloud services.
Figure 1 shows the number of servers and the number of users among the largest
cloud service providers all over the earth.

1.1 Minimizing the Energy Consumption

One of the most obvious disadvantages of using cloud computing is that we cannot
access the data without the internet which could have been easier if we had direct
access to the services first hand. Among various struggles of cloud computing,
minimization of energy consumption takes a huge area of interest as the service
providers have been developing ideas trying to save energy by using renewable
sources of energy which shall be our main area of interest in the study. The main
energy loss happens in cloud data centers. The present energy-efficient resource
management techniques use a lot of energy while executing the tasks. Cloud data
centers should provide cloud services with a minimum discharge of heat and carbon
footprint as a greenhouse gas which is one of the main concerning issues. Below are
the suggested steps that can be used to build energy-saving algorithm:
1. Identifying the resource and the resources available that can be used.
2. Calculating the processing time of each available resource.
3. Calculating the processing time of arriving task size.
4. Calculating the processing time for the total number of tasks.
5. Allocating the processing time to the resources for the whole task.
6. The un-allocated resource saves energy by moving to the idle state.
7. Repeat the steps for accuracy.
Energy Minimization in a Sustainably Developed Environment Using Cloud. . . 43

2 Literature Survey

In [6], authors focus on the struggles of a CSP to decrease the operational cost by
improving the utilization of energy while providing the services to the customers.
The paper provided a broad view of the failures that can happen within a cloud
system considering the spatial and temporal characteristics of the surroundings.
They summarized and measured the total effect of the failures on the task and servers
considering energy waste within a properly evaluated trace log. The authors con-
clude their paper by mentioning that their results are depicting that the
re-submissions due to task and server crash failure produce crashing computations
resulting in major loss of energy, almost 21%. Their results proved 88% of task
failure occurred among the low priority tasks which further produced 13% of energy
waste and only 1% of task failure occurred among high priority tasks because of the
server failure which accounts for 13% of the total energy loss.
In [7], a survey on cloud computing was made and emphasis was laid on the need
of the hour, i.e., decreasing the use of energy in a data center. They included the
architectural elements, the models, and services which gave an understanding of
energy enhancement. The authors in this paper presented system categorization in
cloud computing. They further focused on migration, virtualization, and task sched-
uling algorithms. They believed that by using scheduling algorithms, they could
control and improve the processing time taken for mapping data center servers and
the tasks. They presented the main architectural elements of cloud computing, the
models, and all the involved elements. They also used different kinds of simulators
that were particularly developed for the cloud computing environments. Their future
work discussed developing an innovative structure for decreasing the usage of power
in a cloud computing environment using a cloud simulator, CloudSim.
In [8], the authors researched various aspects of the cloud computing environ-
ment by improving the resources of computing, which is hardware optimization,
network optimization, storage optimization, and software optimization. This paper
gives an overview of optimized cloud computing energy techniques. This study will
further be used to design a fresh data center or to decrease the energy in an already
operating data center. The authors concluded the paper by stating the hazardous
presence of carbon footprint in the environment and supporting the eco-friendly data
center which is more efficient and will help in saving energy. The authors also
suggested simulating the designed data center by using energy-aware cloud simula-
tors such as GreenCloud, CloudSim, etc. Their future focus would mainly be on
decreasing the consumption of energy in a data center where they may use renewable
resources as their main source of power.
In [9], the authors discussed about the role ICT plays which include the ability to
gather the data for monitoring purposes, finding alternative ways of working, and
controlling the energy supply and control transport. The author also emphasizes on
educating people about the conservation of energy and finding the potential alterna-
tives to attain sustainability. The author concludes by considering sustainability as
the main and core element of teaching and research in ICT. The author believes that
opportunities offered by making ICT sustainable will promote a green IT environ-
ment in the future.
44 S. M. Kak et al.

In [10], the authors suggested two energy models for interchanging between the
operational modes of the servers. The team investigated the power estimation taken
at the input of the server’s AC, to decide the energy exhausted in the idle state, the
sleep state, and the turn off state, to see the impact of interchanging between these
states. However, interchanging between these modes is a bit time-consuming and
can degrade the performance if there is any sort of hike in the load. In addition, the
structure of the servers which take on the load can favorably shift consistently,
suggesting short idle states for almost half of the servers used. More power
displaying methods have been suggested by a few researchers.
The work suggested in [9] treated a single assignment processing in the cloud as
the central unit for summarizing the energy. With this strategy, Chen and her other
partners saw that the overall energy utilization of two tasks isn’t comparable to the
aggregate of individual utilized energy because of scheduling overhead. They
introduced a power model for overall energy utilization that centers on storage,
calculation, and communication assets. Then again, a few research actions have been
additionally made to lower the energy utilization in a cloud environment for the most
part on virtualization. This approach utilizes fewer servers offering services to more
than one device.
The power utilization model suggested in [11] examined a connection between
the usage of energy of the CPU and the workload taking time into consideration. In
[12], authors additionally suggested an energy utilization model that studied the
relationship between the total system power utilization and the use of the component.
In [13], the authors suggested that cloud virtualization can be a prospective method
to decrease unnatural weather change and energy utilization. Their methodology
uses a smaller number of servers as opposed to utilizing different servers to offer
help for various applications. The power demonstrating strategies for the physical
foundation data centers suggested in [14] are generally pertinent.
In [15], the authors have discussed various features related to the adoption of
cloud computing. They expanded the basic cloud computing components, its advan-
tages, and management services and discussed various limitations of cloud comput-
ing. The creativity to clear the basic confusion about the technologies used and
implemented in the cloud was carried out in alliance with HP Enterprise Businesses.
The main steps that need to be implemented while achieving a successful imple-
mentation of cloud is clearly a regular check-up of organizational errors and activity
plans, a well-designed strategy for error, consequences of cloud adoption as per the
price, and proper calculation of technical interfaces used in the cloud implementa-
tion. There have been several pros and cons of cloud computing and its implemen-
tation. The user cannot have direct control of the access but as per the cost, the
services used by the user are higher than the money he spends on accessing them.
But sometimes in a business, the opponent company may be using the same services
as us, which can be an issue in the competitive world.
In [16], the authors mainly focused on task scheduling using an algorithm, Clonal
Selection also known as TSCSA to improve the energy and processing time. CSA is
a distinctive class of immune algorithms that are stimulated by clonal selection
theory to provide us with effective methods for search and development. They
Energy Minimization in a Sustainably Developed Environment Using Cloud. . . 45

observed that a multi-objective CSA-based optimization algorithm solved the task

scheduling issue in cloud computing surroundings in which the number of data
centers and the customer jobs change energetically. Thus, a multi-objective
CSA-based algorithm is the most suited algorithm for cloud computing surroundings
where this algorithm uses the system resources to decrease energy and makespan.
The experimental results proved that the suggested TSCSA was better than several
application scheduling algorithms and random scheduling.
In [17], the authors derived an energy-aware task scheduling model (EATS)
which schedules and splits big data in the cloud. The main objective of EATS is to
decrease the consumption of energy and increase the efficiency of the applications of
the core resources. The power usage in a computational server has been measured
under various workloads. The experiments showed that the ratio of energy usage to
peak performance compared to an idle state is 1.3 which illustrates that resources
must be utilized appropriately taking performance into account. Thus, the imple-
mentation of such strategies by the CSPs can highly save energy in a cloud data
center. The increased cost of power usage in data centers and its parallel environ-
mental failures and threats has exponentially raised the demand for energy-efficient
computing. Thus, the amount of energy consumed by the overloaded and
underutilized servers is something that needs to be taken into consideration.

3 Enhancing Energy-Efficiency in a Cloud-Computing

Environment

Improving energy effectiveness in cloud computing is a necessity. It is suitable to

accomplish energy proportionality at the cloud data center levels by dynamically
moving tasks between servers and doing server combinations with the goal that the
specific state of the power dissipation vs. utilization curve at the server level turns
out to be less important, whereas the shape of the power utilization curve at the cloud
data center level converts into a line at the starting point which is the origin
[18]. Additionally, it has been shown that energy progressive operation can be
achieved for delicately used servers with full-system coordinated idle low-control
modes [19]. The effects of consuming energy proportional servers in data centers are
studied in [20]. The authors revealed that 50% of energy can be decreased by the
usage of energy-proportional servers with the idle power of 10% of peak power
rather than average servers with 50% idle power utilization. They also proved that
expanding the power proficiency of the disk, memory, network cards, and CPU aids
in constructing energy-proportional servers. Besides, DPM strategies, for example,
DVS and sleep mode for disk and CPU segments, expand the power proportionality
of the servers. A high energy ratio in a cloud computing environment might be
accomplished by substituting traditional cloud data centers geared with progres-
sively more powerful and energy proficient servers. The servers use more progressed
inner cooling frameworks with lesser energy devoured by their fans which makes it
46 S. M. Kak et al.

significant because the power utilization of the internal server decreases is magnified
by reserve funds in the rack and cloud data center power dissemination and cooling
structures. System-wide power management is a significant key method for progres-
sive energy effectiveness in cloud figuring situations. Firstly, we have the TCO
which is the cost of Ownership for cloud computing environments, which incorpo-
rates the power cost of managing a cloud data center. The general power scattering in
a cloud data center must be diminished in order to limit the cost. Furthermore, the
limit of the power sources for cloud data centers and electrical flow constraints of the
energy conveyance system in the cloud data center also exists, which set the farthest
point on the peak control at the server level and data center level. Expanding the
cooling effectiveness is an additional approach to bring down the power cost of
cooling a cloud data center by CRAC which is the compute room air conditioning
units and air handling units with request focused, variable frequency drive (VFD)
fans within exchanges so as to coordinate variable loads of heat with a variable rate
of airflow. Finally, limiting energy utilization would result in a cover cost decrease.
Aside from the massive cost of energy, heat discharged increments with complex
power utilization, accordingly, thus increasing the load which results in system
failure [21].
The development of GCC is highly influenced by the development of green data
centers. The whole setup in a green data center is planned to attain maximum energy
efficiency with decreased impacts on the environment. Such data centers use sub-
stitute energy sources that uses the minimum power resources for both procedures
and maintenance of all the gears [22]. Thus usage of GCC would be far easier to
implement if all the available data centers used these features. To decrease the
energy usage of a server, two main levels of resolutions are recognized [23]:
1. Server Level: Decreasing the power used by a single server
2. Data Center Level: Enhancing the usage of the power of a group of servers
At the server level, precise approaches and procedures have been suggested for
decreasing the consumption of energy at the compiler level as well as for operational
and application layers [24]. These methods include—decreasing the clock speed of
CPUs, turning off parts of the chip, developing methods to run in high-temperature
surroundings, improved performance per watt, increased efficiency in managing the
workload, and turning off the parts when in an idle state.
At the data center level, the main work is done in developing the methods for
virtualization. It further improves resource utilization and provides reliability and
flexibility. The consumption and usage of power can highly be developed by using
software and hardware techniques [25]. DVFS (Dynamic voltage frequency scaling)
and DPM (Dynamic power management) are usually used for hardware optimiza-
tion. Software techniques for GCC comprise of project strategy to increase the
efficiency and to use less space for storage and computing modes like distributed
and grid computing and other high-performance computing.
Thus, sustainable energy comprises two modules: energy efficiency and usage of
renewable energy. The foremost advantage of GCC is the reduction of carbon
footprint. The use of renewable energy decreases the emission of CO2 into the
Energy Minimization in a Sustainably Developed Environment Using Cloud. . . 47

environment. Garg et al. [26] suggested an architecture that could reduce the carbon
footprint in cloud structure entirely in an integrated way established on three
constraints: emission rate of CO2, the efficiency of VM, and power efficiency of
the data center. Further, Wadhwa and Verma [27] suggested a technique for the
distribution of VM and relocation in two steps. In the first step, the VM was placed
with a host that emitted less CO2 from data center distribution. In the second step,
VM was optimized within each data center. Their suggested technique was devoted
to geographically distributed clouds. Decreasing the operational costs is another
advantage of moving to GCC for the user as well as the provider. For a cloud service,
charges reduce as an outcome of decreased expense on energy and the necessity for
infrastructure. The employment of energy-saving methods and ideal cooling systems
can decrease the cost and maintenance. There have been proofs for having a
company server using only 10–30% of the offered computing power and the desktop
computers have an average capacity utilization of less than 5%. Lesser the infra-
structure, the better as it helps in decreasing the e-wastes that are produced by the
consumers using the cloud services.

4 Measures for Reducing Carbon Emissions

Higher performance and higher energy efficiency are hindered by several serious
issues. For example, reliability is highly decreased by the excessive use of power.
The necessity for decreasing the CO2 emissions into the atmosphere affects several
divisions of the economy like energy creation, transport, construction, manufactur-
ing, cultivation, human settlements, etc. They are explained as follows:
Energy Creation: The accessibility of sufficient power resources is a very essential
aspect of the present modern existence. Presently, non-renewable resources like
coal, oil, and natural gas offer the main percentage of energy. These resources
need to be replaced by renewable resources that are lesser to nil carbon-emitting
fuels, such as wind energy, solar energy, and nuclear energy. Even though the
generation of nuclear power has definite risks, it will help to escalate the amount
of lesser to nil carbon as the higher concentration will be given in intensifying the
safeguards. Better emphasis needs to be put on technologies that are being
developed for energy generation through renewable resources. In these efforts,
the CCS technology plays an essential job. In CCS technology, the CO2 released
by fossil fuels is seized and permanently stored underground. The storage of
electricity produced from renewable resources as the supply of energy is irregular
is another area for technological advancement.
Transportation: Major improvements have to be made in regions of energy effi-
ciency, enhanced usage and functioning of all automobiles including electronic
automobiles, unified urban schemes, improvement of high-speed railway struc-
tures, and enhancement in public conveyance systems, etc.
48 S. M. Kak et al.

Constructions: Various attempts have to be made for the usage of lower energy
building codes, usage of energy proficient appliances, decreased usage of
non-renewable electricity, etc.
Manufacturing: It is among the most excessive user of energy. It is essential to start
taking extreme measures for enhancement, reconstruction, and distribution of
innovative technologies, efficient use of materials, and re-using and recycling of
supplies and produces.
Cultivation, Forestry, and Other Land Usage: The main focus in this area needs
to be on the management of crops, reforestation, management of grazing, refur-
bishment of biological soils, etc. Another preference for modification is the
decrease in the aggregate of animal agriculture. The Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) of the UN approximates that 18% of the emissions are
produced by animal agriculture. Sixty-five percent of the emission of nitrous
oxide which is a GHG is almost 300 times more fatal than CO2 which is caused by
livestock [28]. Livestock also releases methane which is also fatal but not as much
as CO2 and NO2.
Human Settlements, Infrastructure, and Spatial Planning: New developmental
concepts of urban schemes need to be implemented. Improvement in public
transportation systems will play a major part.
The revolution of Cloud computing is to redesign the current networking systems
and providing favorable ecological fortification visions as well as technological and
economic benefits. Such technologies give us the probability to reduce e-wastes as
well as carbon footprint and improve the efficiency of energy thus transforming
cloud computing into GCC. GCC is not only limited to the usage of energy of the
computing devices but involves the energy consumed by networks or various
equipment for cooling and ecological issues such as emission of CO2, consumption
of natural resources, and e-waste management. The largest producer of carbon
footprints usually arises from generating electricity, around 32% of GHG emissions.
In the US, around 70% of the electricity still comes from consuming fossil fuels,
mostly coal and natural gas. Transportation is the second major producer of carbon
footprints, which sums up for around 28% of GHG. The consumption of fossil fuels
in automobiles like cars, trucks, planes, trains, and also ships produces these
emissions. Petroleum accounts for almost 90% of all of the transportation fuel.
An efficient resource management system will enhance the performance of cloud
computing by decreasing the power usage, its cost, and e-waste. In GCC, manage-
ment of resources means using diverse resources and geologically distributed
resources to meet the requirements of the clients with the least negative effect on
the surroundings. Luckily, few factors that are benefitting the cloud computing
providers also benefit the environment. For example, decreasing the energy usage
will decrease the providers’ cost and will also result in decreased emission of CO2.
The benefit of GCC essentially focuses on saving energy and reduction of carbon
emissions. From the perception of energy efficiency, cloud providers can achieve
greener cloud computing in two ways: by developing the methods for efficient
energy in the cloud and by the usage of clean energy. The switching from a highly
Energy Minimization in a Sustainably Developed Environment Using Cloud. . . 49

powered to a lesser-powered device increases the energy efficiency for the cloud
users. The approaches for decreasing the consumption of energy ranges from plain
and easy techniques like guaranteeing the management of energy for servers in the
cloud, just by simple on and off technique or turning them to sleep [29], or
comparatively complicated techniques like auto-scaling organizations to construct
GCC surroundings or the usage of virtualization techniques for improved manage-
ment of resources. Climate changes have been progressively encountered universally
where the influences are wide and evident [30]. The whole world is presently
working on techniques using renewable energy that can substitute the usual
extremely polluting and excessive power-consuming routine of non-renewable
technologies to reduce CO2 concentration, making study on renewable energy
advancement an emergent matter. All the scientists agree that GHG is the key reason
for climate change resulting in global warming.

4.1 Future Prospects of Sustainable Cloud Computing

The increased employment of cloud computing has resulted in the increased number
of cloud data centers where all the data is stored, processed, and recovered if needed.
To support the idea of sustainability in cloud computing, proper technologies, and
deployment models should be implemented by the organizations. The implementa-
tion of cloud computing with its influence on sustainability in the future is excep-
tional. Various technologies are implemented by various industries including the
education system, health care, and manufacturing. All these developments are only
possible because of the low cost of the cloud and its global access [31]. In the past
decade, the area of data centers has been increasingly growing as a result of the
shifting of businesses to cloud computing due to the increase in data.
Various developing countries can increase their sustainability by implementing
green IT [32]. Global e-Sustainability Initiative and Microsoft showed in their
studies that if the services are run over a cloud, it can result to be 95% more efficient
than the ones that are not. For maximum efficiency, the CSP needs to have a better
understanding of the cooling schemes and power usage of a data center. The CSPs
have to decrease the need for electricity used by the cloud and start implementing
renewable resources rather than just looking for a solution for decreasing the cost
[33]. We have compiled a table (Table 3) comprising of the top 10 data centers as per
the square footage all over the world.
The main source of energy inefficiency in cloud computing is the energy
non-uniformity server. Additional inefficiency in a cloud computing environment
is the energy cost of Cooling and Air Conditioning Units that account for 30% of the
total energy cost of cloud environment [34] which can be decreased by using a new
cooling method, new server and rack configurations for the cloud computing envi-
ronment. These standards can also be decreased for a cloud data center that is
situated at a geographical place where the cooling is beneficial. Still, cooling energy
consumption is yet among the main contributor to energy inefficiency in a cloud
50 S. M. Kak et al.

Table 3 Top 10 data centers in the world

S.
No. Data center name Location Size
1 The Citadel Tahoe Reno, Nevada 7.2 million square feet
2 Range International Information Langfang, China 6.3 million square feet
Group
3 Switch SuperNAP Las Vegas, Nevada 3.5 million square feet
4 DFT Data Center Ashburn, Virginia 1.6 million square feet
5 Utah Data Center Bluffdale, Utah 1.5 million square feet
6 Microsoft Data Center Wes Des Moines, 1.2 million square feet
Iowa
7 Lakeside Technology Center Chicago, Illinois 1.1 million square feet
8 Tulip Data Center Bangalore, India 1 million square feet
9 QTE Metro Data Center Atlanta, Georgia 990,000 square feet
10 Next Generation Data Europe Wales, UK 750,000 square feet

computing environment. The developing technology in the field of IoT is gaining a

lot of interest which is giving way to a smarter world [35]. IoT is advancement and
development in the field of wireless communication where sharing of information,
making collective decisions, and completing jobs in ideal mode is involved. Green
IoT has been predicted to be the future of technology.
The global cloud ecosystem is the main concern of the European Union in making
it more adaptable for the users. It helps in developing new features for the support of
cloud employment. It can also help in overcoming the main issues that include
energy efficiency, proficient data management, new programming models, and
increased protection of data by increasing security.

5 Conclusion

The growing use of cloud computing has been highly increasing the carbon footprint
in the environment which makes one question if cloud computing is green or not.
The increased measures for maintaining the GHG that has been emitted into the
environment need to be kept in check and within limits. Such measures illustrate the
need of making cloud computing sustainable. There also arises the need to handle
energy and QoS together to allow energy efficiency and sustainable cloud computing
services. The prerequisites for handling and processing of an enormous sum of data
and higher performance use a huge amount of energy which raises the problem of
handling the energy consumed, QoS and SLAs at the same time. Thus developments
need to be made to make energy more efficient and benefit in regulating the content
of carbon dioxide into the environment.
Energy Minimization in a Sustainably Developed Environment Using Cloud. . . 51

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Sensing, Communication with Efficient
and Sustainable Energy: An IoT
Framework for Smart Cities

Omid Mahdi Ebadati E., Seyed Mahdi Sadat Rasoul, Kaebeh Yaeghoobi,
and Faezeh Hadadi

1 Introduction

The advent of IoT has made human life different and easier. IoT has opened its way
into every category. Recently with the significant progress in communication
devices such as radio wave identification, Near Field Communication devices, and
embedded sensor nodes; IoT has been highlighted. With the advent of communica-
tion devices and services, IoT will become next-generation revolution for the mobile
and landline networks. Recent forecast shows that IoT will be a fundamental part in
the future of the Internet. According to International Telecommunication Union, ITU
2016, IoT will be a global infrastructure for the information community that provides
advanced services through connecting physical and virtual things based on evolu-
tionary of information and communicational technologies [1] IoT integration in
smart cities helps its citizens to achieve knowledge regarding their environment
and participate in reaching to new data by mobile devices.
IoT leads to wider perspective and awareness of energy consumption and coun-
ters in devices. So, the real-time data of energy consumption will be easily gathered
and analyzed; which it results in energy improvement decision making [2]. Energy
efficiency is one of the crucial issues in massive wireless sensor network’s

O. M. Ebadati E. (*)
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
e-mail: [email protected]
S. M. Sadat Rasoul · F. Hadadi
Department of Information Technology Management, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
e-mail: [email protected]
K. Yaeghoobi
Department of Computer Engineering, AleTaha Institute of Higher Education, Tehran, Iran
e-mail: [email protected]

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 53

P. Agarwal et al. (eds.), Smart Technologies for Energy and Environmental
Sustainability, Green Energy and Technology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80702-3_4
54 O. M. Ebadati E. et al.

establishment and IoT application. With the increase in IoT usage, the demand for
energy efficiency and service quality guaranty has leveled up [3].
Today, there is an obvious need for creating and developing IoT devices and the
possible solutions are increasingly more common; hence, IoT application develop-
ment still demands a lot of effort due to lack of appropriate tools. Many software
components should be initially developed, and the developers should have a deep
understanding of the related technologies [4].
Monitoring real time energy consumption data and finding major factors and
patterns for various IoT systems, are noticed by researchers. These results could be
used to design and run IoT based systems for energy efficiency. In previous surveys,
researchers have always suggested companies and organizations to look for ways
about energy efficiency, so that it results in economic, social, and environmental cost
reduction.
As for increasing demand for energy sources and decreasing fossil resources;
environmental health, air pollution reduction, lack of electrification and fuel supply,
and consumption management are critical and strategic categories to reach every
country’s economic excellence and development. Recent prosperity, especially in
smart systems field caused huge progress in supervision and management of energy
consumption and functional efficiency upgrade. To use the IoT potential, a series of
technology is needed. Precise and correct recognition of every technology and its
role in IoT eco-system without an architecture-based concept would be difficult and
sometimes impossible. By the knowledge in IoT architecture and its available
capabilities, it is possible to define a logical business model beside of opportunity
and threat recognition.
In this research, with the help of a deep survey in associated IoT and smart energy
literature, many factors that could have an effect on these framework improvements
have been recognized. In this regard, this chpater is trying to study effective factors
in an IoT framework in smart cities with an energy consumption approach, so that
finally with the use of obtained results; it would be possible to represent an efficient
solution to develop and improve the present IoT frameworks.
The essential goal of this research is to study the effective factors on IoT
development in smart cities with optimal energy consumption in each layer of IoT
model. In respect to the goal of the research, following sub-objectives are followed:
• Related factors and optimal energy consumption identification for different IoT
services
• Represent an optimal energy consumption framework for IoT in smart cities
• Determining the effect of gathering energy data infrastructure on IoT framework
development for energy efficiency
• Determining the effect of management systems and energy data saving on IoT
framework development for energy efficiency
• Determining the effect of applications and user interface on IoT framework
development for energy efficiency
Sensing, Communication with Efficient and Sustainable Energy: An IoT. . . 55

2 Literature Review

2.1 Smart City

Smart city is a city, where ICT has been combined with traditional infrastructures
and integrated with new digital technologies. In fact, a smart city is a place, where
citizens benefit from sustainable quality of life through technology. Smart city
planning is to make efficiency, sustainability, quality of life and equity for the
citizens. In recent years, the citizens have changed their communication ways,
relationships, habits and life styles, and it is time to imply cities to standards that
citizens deserve [5].
A smart city connects the physical, social, business and ICT infrastructures to
increase smartness. It is a developed modern city that benefits from ICT and other
technologies to improve life quality, competitiveness, and operational effect of urban
services [6]. More than six billion people are expected to live in smart cities and
surrounding areas till 2050. Consequently, efficiency, automation and city smartness
will be crucial in near future. Challenges regarding the city infrastructural abilities
are noticed for cover citizen needs for water supply, transportation, health cares,
education, security and most importantly energy consumption to maintain and
improve economic, social and environmental situation [7].
Authors for sustainable smart cities studied different technologies to control,
manage and access remotely with the help of smart devices. They provides a
description of smart cities and its related technologies, also, the role of devices in
realization of sustainable smart cities ecosystem [8]. In other researches, focus on
smart healthcare and reduce energy consumption based on forwarded nodes. The
research, considered topology of the sensors and Each source node forwards the data
towards the coordinator node. The multi-hop protocol in the research, selects the
next forwarder node based on the residual energy of nodes, node’s position, distance,
and node density. The authors reached to higher performance in their work compare
to others [9]. In e-health scenario for smart cities, there are other research that
worked on energy efficient real-time routing to send patients data from body sensors
to gateways. The research was based on sleep-awake schedule of sensors to manage
data communication in energy-efficient method [10].
Main features of a smart city include a high level of IT and comprehensive
application of informational resource’s fusion. IoT is about sensor installation for
anything and connecting them to the Internet via specific protocols to interact with
information and communication to obtain a smart knowledge, situation, tracing,
monitoring and management. Daily growth of smart cities functionality and IoT
brings about many scientific and engineering challenges that make efforts to develop
an efficient, scalable and reliable city based on IoT [11].
56 O. M. Ebadati E. et al.

2.2 Internet of Things (IoT)

The term Internet of Things was mentioned in 1999 when Kevin Ashton brought up
a report on Radio-Frequency Identification [12]. IoT is the use of sensors, actuators,
physical device made data communication technology that could be known as
tracing, coordination, and control in a data network or the Internet [13]. IoT repre-
sents fundamental components of smart cities such as information production,
information management and investigating usages [6]. IoT is making anything
smart via connecting it to the Internet that makes remote control of anything possible
[1]. IoT results in wider perspective and knowledge of energy consumption with the
help of smart sensors and counters in production and equipment level. So, the real-
time data is easily collected from energy consumer device in the production process,
and then it is analyzed to end in energy improvement decisions [2].
IoT enables physical things to share information and make coordination decisions
by listening, thinking and doing things. Using basic technologies, IoT turns the
traditional devices to smart devices. Technologies like, Ubiquitous and Pervasive
Computing, Embedded Devices, communicational technologies, sensor networks,
the internet protocols and applications [2]. Cisco has estimated that up to the year
2020, 50 billion things would be connected to the internet which probably would be
6.58 times the earth population [12].
Domestic energy consumption is about 30–40% of total energy consumption. IoT
is a scientific domain emerging with many practical applications for various types of
scopes, such as smart cities, domestic automation, independent transportation
devices and health care technologies. IoT could facilitate control and monitoring
over energy usage and production [14].

2.3 IoT Framework

IoT framework concept demands a structure in which processes are matched and
controlled by various components of IoT. This structure is a set of terms, protocols,
and conditions that organizes, the way data is processed and traded between all
included parties. This framework should also support running high level IoT appli-
cations and decrease the infrastructural protocols’ complications. There are multiple
methods to make IoT framework that could be followed based on needed conditions
and business targets [15]. IoT is based on three technology layer: hardware (include
chips and sensors), communications (wired and wireless) and software (include
saving data, analysis and applications) [16]. Regarding to another work that pro-
posed an IoT-enabled data acquisition framework that utilizes low-cost computers,
sensors modules, developed software agents, and the existing building Wi-Fi net-
work to establish a central facility database. They stablished a whole framework for
smart buildings. Choosing the right type of nodes are an important part of their
framework to stablish an energy-efficient framework [17].
Sensing, Communication with Efficient and Sustainable Energy: An IoT. . . 57

2.4 Data Center and Its Management System

Data center is a series of data with organized and arranged structure that there is a
concept of saving and relations between data sets are possible. These data usually are
saved in a format that is not readable or reachable by computers. Access to data
inside the data center is usually provided via data center management system. This
system is made of integrated set of computer software that lets users communicate
with one or many data centers or databases and access their data.
To consider security in the smart cities, a research developed a secure and reliable
communication for next generation networks. They used the mobile edge computing
solution to enables node collaboration among IoT devices, also, they used a learning
method to identify candidates for the service composition and delivery process. The
data center management system takes part an important role in their work to manage
devices [18].
IoT data management includes data collection, process, saving and analysis. The
main goal is that data collection (and data cleaning) should be precise and reliable
from various sources and the managing heterogeneous data structure be done
[18]. Moreover, high level data should be extracted and summarized from row
data so that they are used for decision making [19]. Data management is of great
importance in smart cities, because data production, transfer, and extraction make a
smart city more efficient and easier than an ordinary city. However, cyber security
instability puts a data oriented smart city in a difficult situation. When services and
vital infrastructures are connected digitally and data is relied on a smart network,
cyber-attacks threat are more serious and more dangerous; so, if a smart city decides
to use private cloud services; that organization should support the ordinary standards
of private sector. Since privacy and security protection is essential for a smart city,
organizations, which manage a smart city’s data should be regulated in a way that
moves toward this goal. So there should be a precise balance between organization
responsibility against security breaks and organization economic risk
justification [20].

2.5 Smart Networks

A smart network is a power-control network, which uses modern computers and

communicational technologies, so, that it is possible to achieve a network that is able
to confront potential failures. In recent years, using a smart network on our lives has
become an extensive and comprehensive issue, and smart network systems have
changed life styles to some extent. Generally, smart network systems are divided
into two main networks: power-control network and communication network. Smart
systems have considerably improved energy consumption in recent years. In smart
networks, communication network needs power-control network to support energy
consumption, when energy stations are controlled by communication networks [21].
58 O. M. Ebadati E. et al.

Smart infrastructure system includes, smart energy system, smart communica-

tions, and smart information systems. Smart energy system is supported by commu-
nication and energy mutual flow in three main sectors: production network, transfer
network, and distribution network [22].

2.6 Energy Conservation in IoT Wireless Networking

Wireless sensor networks have a considerable potential in our ability to observe and
control physical environment, but the energy consumptions in this category of
networks have been an important parameter regarding their reliability, and since
we need to guarantee specific end to end parameters quality in many wireless sensor
network’s functions, supporting service quality in these networks is of great impor-
tance. One of the most important issues in wireless sensor networks is each net-
work’s life span that directly relates to energy consumption balance in these
networks. Life span extension is the most challenging need in this kind of networks.
First step to reduce energy costs is a form in which, it could be determined that
where, when, and how the energy is used. This almost helps to improve energy
efficiency. Combining IoT technology and energy-efficiency management system
simplifies achieving data and the related business operation [23]. Resource improve-
ment and energy efficiency would be possible through a structured approach towards
WSN and IoT integrity [24].
In this section, extracted result of the studied paper and other suggested frame-
works in this category in different IoT levels with concentrating energy consumption
optimality is summarized in Table 1.
IoT framework concept requires a structure recognition in which processes are
controlled and matched by IoT different components. The structure is a series of
rules, protocols, and regulations that organize data process method and exchanges
among all engaged parties. It should also support high level IoT applications running
and reduce infrastructural protocols complication. There are many approaches to
form IoT framework that could be followed according to situations and business
targets [15].
In the next section the conceptual model for energy efficient smart cities frame-
work presented and discusses in detail.

3 Conceptual Model

In the recent years, smart city has been really important, because of urbanism all over
the world. City operation’s performance with the help of ICT has made cities
efficient in different concepts. Smart city is a modern developed city that is in
different functions with ICT and other technologies to improve citizens’ quality of
life by decreasing supply and demand conflicts.
Sensing, Communication with Efficient and Sustainable Energy: An IoT. . . 59

Table 1 Extracted factors from literature review

Main section to develop the
framework Subsection of layers References
IoT infrastructure and sensor Temperature, humidity and daylight [1, 8, 16, 22, 25]
devices sensors
Mobile devices [18, 26]
Smart meters [17, 22, 23, 25, 27–
29]
Communication technologies Protocols [3, 9, 10, 23, 30–32]
Standards [14, 32, 33]
Data management and storage Cloud computing [1, 34–36]
system Datacentres [33, 37]
Data management [24, 38–45]
IoT applications Smart home and smart building [12, 19, 27, 28, 38,
46–50]
Smart network [21, 22, 36, 38, 51–
54]
Smart offices [55],
Smart transportation [13, 36, 51, 56, 57]
Smart lighting [58–61]
Smart environment [4, 36, 62]
Smart garbage collection [63, 64]
Security Sensor Security [14, 65]
Storage Security [7, 20]
Secure networking and [66–68]
communication
Secure protocols [18, 66, 69]
Cloud Security [65, 68, 70]
Information encryption [71, 72]
AAA [67, 73–75]

IoT improves energy efficiency, which ends in reducing pressure on energy

demand. There are many methods through, which IoT would help energy industry,
especially in water, power, oil, and gas area. In this chapter, some methods that
optimize energy consumptions using IoT are defined. Temporary business world is
strictly competent, and any organization or individual is looking for more energy
savings. With energy price increasing, businesses are compelled to create new
strategies to save energy. These have high concentration on energy consumption
and have caused a constant monitoring on it.
The conceptual framework of this research that has been resulted from literature
of the research is represented in Fig. 1. It indicates that the successful IoT develop-
ment in smart cities by energy consumption optimality depends on IT infrastructure
factors to gather energy data, management systems, data storage, user interface, and
other applications.
60 O. M. Ebadati E. et al.

Fig. 1 Research conceptual model

As the IoT functions in smart cities are growing, efficient energy solutions for low
consumption devices are evolving. There are some competent energy solutions that
would reduce energy consumption or optimize resource consumption. In the follow-
ing, some smart cities efficient approaches are represented. The model is divided into
three sections in the conceptual model, including, IT infrastructures to collect energy
data, energy data management systems and storage and user interface and
applications.
In this section, after considering literature review and looking into solution’s
reviews in IoT frameworks, the proposed IoT energy consumption as an optimal
framework will be presented. It includes a city information system on sensor levels,
data-management network supported structure, and IoT application in smart cities.
The main architecture of the proposed framework is shown in Fig. 2.
This framework helps all of the people, organizations, and interest groups in IoT
and smart cities to have a better understanding of factors affecting IoT deployment
and provides with planning for extreme usage of IT-based models and gained
understanding of that. As it can be perceived in the Fig. 2, the optimal framework
consists of three original sections and each has their own components. In continue,
all of these layers are defined in details:
Multiple technologies are required to have smart energy network, and many of
them are being used by now. Some of them are included:
• Integrated communications and communication technologies: It is considered
to have an integrated communication network that keeps data for online control
and exchange. It is used for a possible optimize and reliable network, network
efficiency, and security. These technologies are included, PLC, DSL, GSM,
WPAN, WIMAX, Zigbee, etc. Table 2 represents a comparison of these technol-
ogies concentrating energy consumption.
Sensing, Communication with Efficient and Sustainable Energy: An IoT. . . 61

Security

¾ API Security
Methods
· Smart Environment
· Smart Home · Smart Grid ¾ Authorization
Applications · Smart Office · Mobile Application
· Smart Lighting` ¾ Identification
· Smart Transportation ¾ Authentication
¾ Backup and
Recovery
Cloud Database and Data
Center:
Data Storage and · Server
Management visualization ¾ Cloud Security
· Data cleaning ¾ Data Encryption
PaaS ¾ Secure Data
Data Management · Energy-efficient
IaaS Exchange
System: technologies
SaaS
· MongoDB · HVAC

IoT Communications Connectivity network · 6LowPan

¾ Secure Protocols
Infrastructure · Low-power WiFi (Halow) · RPL
¾ Connection Security
· Zigbee · CoAP ¾ Secure Networking
· IEEE 802.15.4
· MOTT

Devices Sensors: Smart meters

· Temperature ¾ Secure Storage
· Gas
¾ Sensor Security
· Humidity · Water
¾ Test the IoT
· Daylight · Electricity
Hardware
· Mobile Device

Fig. 2 The proposed IoT framework

Table 2 Smart energy network comparison

Technology Standards Data rates Advantages
GSM 2.5G HSCSD,GPRS 2.5G: 144 kbps Low energy consumption for indoor
equipment
WPAN IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE Very low energy consumption
802.15.4:256 kbps Low deployment cost
PLC BB-PLC: TIA-1113 1–10 Mbps Lower maintenance and operating
(HomePlug1.0) costs
Possibility of physical disconnection
based on other networks
Zigbee Zigbee 250 Kpbs Compatible with IPv6 based
networks

• Sensors and measuring devices: such as advanced microprocessor-equipped

devices, smart measuring devices, extended monitoring systems, instant pricing
tools, etc.
• Power flow distributed system: power flow control devices enter the current
power control flow to provide the possibility of access more renewable-energy
usage via constant and instant energy control all over the network.
62 O. M. Ebadati E. et al.

• Smart network stations: these stations are completely operated based the
demand for heavy equipment and human resource. The equipment would include,
transformers, switches, capacitor banks, circuit breakers, and a protected relay in
the network.
The results of the proposed conceptual model show that multiple infrastructures
such as smart power, water and gas counter; smart water sensor, temperature and
humidity sensor, light sensor, mobile devices’ sensors to collect energy data are
effective and count as the main infrastructural components. Communication pro-
tocols are one of the most important parts of the infrastructure that could be seen in
different layers of the network. The important suggested protocols that control
energy consumption are included, Low-power WiFi (Halow), Zigbee, RPL, IEEE
802.15.4, 6LoWPAN, MQTT, and CoAP.
Based on the researches on data management and storage; cloud computing,
using NoSQL data centers, and specifically MongoDB was mostly proposed to
develop the framework more efficient. This took place after comparing them with
a data center management system in relation with type and optimization models.
The results indicate that in IoT function section in smart cities, items that are
significantly affected by energy control are very impressive on smart transportation,
smart house and domestic automation, smart lighting in streets and roads, smart
enterprises and smart network for smart cities development and energy consumption
management.

4 IoT Framework Simulation

In this section, the related simulation part of the framework by using Cooja running
on contiki 3 operating-system is presented, and accordingly, analyzes of the pro-
posed framework is taking place. Cooja simulator monitors the sensor node energy
consumption through Powertrace plugin. The measured parameters, include CPU
energy(CPU_ON), low-power mode (LPM), radios transmit energy (TX), and radios
listen (RX). To calculate each item’s power consumption in Contiki the following
items are used:
• CPU Energy: total amount of energy used for calculation process by processor
from sensor node.
• LPM Energy: It shows the total used energy when a sensor node is in
Low-power mode.
• Radios Transmit and Radios Listen: total amount of energy used by radio devices
to send and receive data packages.
The four above-mentioned parameters are received from sink node in cooja
simulator and energy consumption could be calculated after studying these
parameters.
Simulation results analyzes through mote output in which, it is possible to log
running time. All communicational data and signals are engaged in mote output, and
the result of analyzes illustrated through various graphs.
Sensing, Communication with Efficient and Sustainable Energy: An IoT. . . 63

In the following sections, the description of each low-power IoT protocol simu-
lation in the simulator and their energy consumption are explained.

4.1 RPL-UDP Protocol Simulation

RPL protocol considers network resources limitations and there is a possibility of

defining criteria and new limitations to provide service quality as for its different
functions.

First Scenario

The UDP-RPL protocol is used to transfer information to multiple computers by

Broadcast or Multicast. The mote type in this simulation is a sky mote model that
includes these properties:
• MSP430 low power microcontroller with 8 MHz velocity
• 10 KB RAM
• Chipcon wireless receiver with 802.15.4 IEEE, 2.4 GHZ, and 250 Kbps
• Humidity, temperature, and light sensor
• SMA antenna
In Fig. 3, node 1 is a sink type, and the other nodes are the sender type, and these
nodes transmit their data packages to node 1. Figure 4 indicates each node’s energy

Fig. 3 UDP-RPL protocol simulation scenario

64 O. M. Ebadati E. et al.

Fig. 4 Average scenario energy consumption

Fig. 5 Data collected from nodes

consumption of data communication in the network. The average of beacon interval

is 27 min and 07 s, and the average of packets received by nodes to send data to sink
node is around 5.4.
Each sensor node’s energy consumption set of collected data and average time
have been calculated. In Fig. 5, various results and analysis are shown based on
different nodes, and it is possible to deliberate behavior of nodes in data communi-
cation individually or in groups.
In the first scenario, for better understanding of behavior of nodes, collected
energy consumption information from network data transmission perceived in
Table 3, and it should be mentioned that nodes are as sky mote type.
Sensing, Communication with Efficient and Sustainable Energy: An IoT. . . 65

Table 3 First scenario, nodes energy consumption data

Energy consumption (mw) CPU LPM TX RX Total
Node 2 0.32 0.154 0.041 0.409 0.924
Node 3 0.326 0.154 0.025 0.404 0.909
Node 4 0.321 0.154 0.06 0.419 0.953
Node 5 0.327 0.154 0.005 0.39 0.875
Node 6 0.316 0.154 0.034 0.406 0.909

Fig. 6 UDP-RPL protocol simulation, second scenario

Second Scenario

In the next scenario as could be seen in Fig. 6, the number of sender nodes has
increased to 12 and their intervals from sink node are different. Mote type in this
simulation is also sky mote. Some nodes are completely in sink node radio network,
and others are in longer intervals.
Nodes start broadcast, and data transmit after simulation is initiated as in Fig. 7,
and after 60 s it would be time to collect data; and send each node’s energy
consumption chart data according to Fig. 7. As this figure indicates, radio wave
frequency is different in each node and any node is in a different interval from the
sink node. This affects each node’s amount energy consumption for sending data.
66 O. M. Ebadati E. et al.

Fig. 7 Send and receive data packages in simulation

In this scenario, nodes 6 and 13 send a data package to other devices connected to
the network. Other nodes listen to the line constantly and this communication
channel is provided by radio networks, which respond to the sender. In wireless
sensor networks, when the data is received by a node in an area that node should
send the received data to all adjacent nodes. The more they do so, the more they lose
energy and practically; they would stop working as from now onward they have no
impact on the network; so, the number of lost data packages in the transfer process
affects process quality and more energy consumption. Moreover, many package
losses are due to radio wave interference, which is as well as data-transfer quality
under the influence of network structure and topology.
Figures 8 and 9 illustrate the average energy consumption of nodes in the second
scenario. Nodes 11 compare to node 13 that send a data packet has more energy
consumption in data communication, it is due to receiving redundant data from two
nodes (6 and 7), because of its location that are in the radar of two nodes.
Figure 10 indicates the detailed information of data transmission of nodes in this
scenario that could be used to extract graphs and further analysis. The table shows
the number of received data packages for each node during the simulation, number
of lost packages, operation time and processor energy factors, energy consumption
in low power mode, and the total energy used among the radio wave. Finally, each
node power consumption is calculated by adding four interfering factors.
Sensing, Communication with Efficient and Sustainable Energy: An IoT. . . 67

Fig. 8 Second scenario average energy consumption (gray area)

Fig. 9 Second scenario average energy consumption (all nodes)

68 O. M. Ebadati E. et al.

Fig. 10 Data collected after second scenario simulation

Table 4 Second scenario, node energy consumption data

Energy consumption (mw) CPU LPM TX RX Total
Node 2 0.362 0.153 0.181 0.475 1.17
Node 3 0.367 0.152 0.208 0.512 1.239
Node 4 0.404 0.151 0.077 0.518 1.151
Node 5 0.359 0.153 0.111 0.441 1.065
Node 6 0.441 0.15 0.334 0.653 1.579
Node 7 0.404 0.151 0.108 0.562 1.226
Node 8 0.4 0.151 0.109 0.484 1.144
Node 9 0.404 0.151 0.213 0.524 1.292
Node 10 0.41 0.151 0.264 0.61 1.435
Node 11 0.454 0.15 0.434 0.68 1.718
Node 12 0.355 0.153 0.245 0.508 1.262
Node 13 0.393 0.152 0.275 0.541 1.36

From information simulation can retrieve the energy consumption of the nodes
2–13 in the network and that summarized and generated in Table 4.

Third Scenario

In the following, to investigate network mode considering the number of nodes in

simulation and their energy consumption, the number of sink nodes and sender
nodes have increased to 5 and 25 respectively (Fig. 11). Correspondingly, Sensor
map graph and information sent to sink node is illustrated in Fig. 12.
Sink nodes receive packages from sender nodes and considering the package
reception time and number of packages; their energy consumption would be differ-
ent. Initially after the simulation starts node 4 receives 4 packages from adjacent
nodes. After study of energy consumption data, it is concluded that the time of data
reception is varied due to node intervals and radio wave network type; and more
energy is used.
In the other round we choose four nodes as the sender nodes, which are nodes
number 12, 13, 15 and 17 and the energy consumption information of these nodes
are illustrated in Fig. 13.
Sensing, Communication with Efficient and Sustainable Energy: An IoT. . . 69

Fig. 11 Third scenario, network with high number of nodes

Fig. 12 Sensor map graph

70 O. M. Ebadati E. et al.

Fig. 13 Third scenario average energy consumption

Fig. 14 Third scenario energy consumption data

The Fig. 14 shows data of energy consumption in third scenario that works with
Sky mote sensor. The detail of number of send packets and lost packets with the
energy consumption of nodes for CPU, LPM energy, radios transmit and radios
listen is listed in the Table 5.
From collected data and information analysis the following outlets can be
concluded:
• The total of sending and receiving package energy consumption of the radio
device in node 15 have increased and this would cause its total energy for one
package be higher than the others and in fact, the amount of energy used to send
this package was high.
• High number of sensor nodes are resulted in energy consumption inefficiency.
Sensing, Communication with Efficient and Sustainable Energy: An IoT. . . 71

Table 5 Third scenario energy consumption

Energy
consumption Number of Number of
(mw) packets send packets lost CPU LPM TX RX Total
Node 12 14 0 0.32 0.154 0.041 0.409 0.924
Node 13 5 12 0.326 0.154 0.025 0.404 0.909
Node 15 1 0 0.321 0.154 0.06 0.419 0.953
Node 17 11 5 0.327 0.154 0.005 0.39 0.875

Fig. 15 Data sending by nodes

• The processor’s energy consumption in all modes is approximately the same and
is not related to the number of packages and distance.
• Increasing the number of sink nodes would severely impress data-transfer oper-
ation and raise sending time; this influences the network optimality.
• The more, the number of lost packages, the less network optimality and the more
energy consumption.
In the following to check out all node’s energy consumptions, a sink node is used,
so that the transfer operation is done optimally and orderly. Subsequently, better
investigation is done on the received data. When the simulation finishes the received
data is shown in the following Fig. 15, and the graph of sensor map and the way that
data sent to sink node are presented in Fig. 16.
72 O. M. Ebadati E. et al.

Fig. 16 Sensor map graph

Fig. 17 Energy consumption data with high number of nodes

Moreover, the energy consumption of data delivery in dense network with high
number of nodes that are in the type of Sky mote is captured and displayed in Fig. 17.
The average of beacon interval is 1 min and 59 s, and average packets received by
nodes to send are 3. The average of CPU energy consumption for total network
communication is 0.622, the average LPM energy, Listen and Transmit energy is
0.145, 6.804 and 1.426 respectively. Information on the average energy consump-
tion of nodes that are sending data is illustrated in Fig. 18.
Sensing, Communication with Efficient and Sustainable Energy: An IoT. . . 73

Fig. 18 Sender nodes energy consumption

Simulation Results

Since it has specified in the simulation result as figures, it signifies that the most of
the energy consumption in the network is when data are transferring, and for some
intermediate nodes for listening to the network communication drain the power, and
have in mind that the nodes power supply is limited; so, at the termination point of
node it shows that the network life span is decreased. While for adding to the number
of nodes in second scenario, the total energy consumption has raised. This is due to:
the number of engaged nodes to send and receive data, sensor’s temperature, number
of received data, number of lost data, network topology structure, communication
distance with main station and the distance from sink node, distance among nodes
and adjacent nodes, routing distance, and RAM size. Therefore, the following points
are reflected:
• Each node energy resource should be planned, so that the total network life span
increases.
• High number of sensor nodes result in energy consumption.
• The network should be scalable considering the number of nodes and their
dispersal, and it should be able to support different node distribution intensity.
In many applications, node distribution is random and in some of them; it is
linear.
• Because the nodes are connected wirelessly and each node is connected with
nodes, which are within its range, topology management would be different
considering network function. Topology management strategies should make it
74 O. M. Ebadati E. et al.

possible to add new nodes or delete out of service nodes, so that node damages
would not impress the total network performance.
• Topology control is to select a series of nodes that should be active for the
connection to continue; so, the other nodes would turn to sleep mode and save
energy.
• To enhance network life span and lengthen of nodes life, it is required to work
reduction of energy consumption.
• The faster each processor is, the more its capability and performance become.
• The faster the processor is, the faster the calculations are and the less energy are
wasted; totally network energy consumption becomes more optimal.
• If the processor’s velocity and vigor are low, it needs less energy to cool down.
• Networks use radio waves to transfer information, and the power of these waves
decreases as the distance increases.

4.2 6lowPAN Protocol Simulation

In this part of simulation, IPv6 is used in the network layer that provides commu-
nication among elements, to give accessibility, and user connection via applications.
For IPv6 and IEEE 802.15.4 standard connection, a layer is needed to simply
adjustment between IPv6 layer requirements and connection layer capabilities.
This layer is 6LowPAN and which its communication stacked structure is shown
in Fig. 19.

Fig. 19 Communication
stack structure of 6LowPAN
protocol
Sensing, Communication with Efficient and Sustainable Energy: An IoT. . . 75

Fig. 20 6LowPAN mechanism of action

Fig. 21 Server port setup

IPv6 packages could be exchanged on IEEE802.15.4 standard based networks.

6LowPAN slices the package in the sender and put it together in the receiver
(Fig. 20). So, it consists of a sender and a receiver. Standard mechanisms are
presented in this protocol that would result in a personal wireless network optimality
with low power. The mechanisms include:
• Partitioning
• Header compression
• IPv6 address automatic configuration

Simulation Structure

To create 6LowPAN infrastructure, it is required a border router to construct the

network that is able to connect to tribute from itself. To simulate this protocol and
find the efficiency protocol, the Z1 mote is used.
Before Cooja simulation, a bridge between simulation and the real computer
socket to have a communication tunnel outward is created. The tunslip6 program
available in contiki storage is run. A local configuration of Cooja is required to create
the packages tunnel to send 6LowPAN packages. For this purpose, a Serial Socket
(SERVER) and a port that listens to it on 60001 is created (Fig. 21).
76 O. M. Ebadati E. et al.

Fig. 22 6LoWPAN simulation scenario

Fig. 23 Browser output

After the simulation starts, a request should be created through the web, which,
aaaa::c30c:0:0:1 is entered in the URL bar that belongs to Border-Router in Cooja
environment. When a new device is added to the network, its name is also added to
the web list (Figs. 22 and 23).

CoAP Protocol Simulation

The CoAP protocol controls the deployed sensors for IoT. It can easily be compiled
to HTTP, and it is designed to simple integration with web. In simulation of this
protocol in Cooja, there is a router node for tracing and two servers to exchange data.
The main CoAP features are listed as bellow:
Sensing, Communication with Efficient and Sustainable Energy: An IoT. . . 77

Fig. 24 CoAP protocol

• Asymmetric massages exchange

• UDP connection
• Small overhead and non-complicated analysis
• Saving capabilities and simple proxy
• URL and content type support
• Proxy accessibility to CoAP resources via HTTP
• Datagram Transport layer security (DLTS)

Simulation Scenario

Three motes are used in this scenario; two server nodes and one client node. The
mote type is sky mote that is equipped with low power 430 MSP microcontrollers
with 8 MHz velocity and have 10 KB RAM, Chipcon wireless receiver with
properties such as IEEE802.15.4 standard and 2.4 GHz frequency and 250 Kbps
transmission rate; humidity, light and temperature sensor; and SMA antenna.
This protocol practically uses a two-layered approach: a message layer and a
request/response bottom layer that works with UDP and asynchronous techniques.
While upper layers (Fig. 24) manage to map between requests and responses. The
messaging type of CoAP in this scenario is based on compressed message exchange
via UDP among nodes by default. Moreover, CoAP can do the transfer via DTLS,
TCP, SMS, or SCTP. Messages are shared through requests and responses. Each
message has an ID that is used to recognize repetitive messages.
To exchange information with the server, there are DELETE, PUT, GET, and
POST methods that their buttons in web page to communicate with the server is
used. Their functions include:
• GET: to call a resource
• POST: to create a resource
• PUT: to update a resource
• DELETE: to delete a resource
To connect to CoAP server, its URL and PORT in the browser are entered to be
able to use its resources. In this part (CU) copper is used that is a public CoAP based
IoT browser. Figure 25 show copper user interface in the web browser.
78 O. M. Ebadati E. et al.

Fig. 25 Copper browser

After running the simulation two nodes, number 2 and 3, power on to exchange
data via IPv6 and node number 1 initiates this connection’s orientation; in fact, it
creates a bridge between the router and the other web nodes. On the other hand, the
router opens a socket and listens to port 60001 to receive messages from the servers
(Fig. 26).

Simulation Results

IoT sensor devices have limited memory, processor and power resources. An IoT
device and other limited devices’ energy consumption is a crucial issue for most of
the limited energy resources. PowerTrace function that uses CPU time per clock
density unit is used in this simulation; the time that the processor is used. This
function has 94% accuracy in comparison to real Tool’s measurement. Table 6
shows data that are represented by this function in the protocol’s simulation. Total
simulation time is 100 s, and the amount of consumption is calculated based on every
10 s for the client.
Z1 mote is used instead of sky mote after data structure in the previous simulation
condition that is different from sky node, and its hardware properties include:
• Equipped with a low power MSP430F2617 microcontroller
• RISC 16 b CPU
• 16 MHz Clock speed
• 8 KB RAM
• 92 KB flash memory
Sensing, Communication with Efficient and Sustainable Energy: An IoT. . . 79

Fig. 26 CoAP protocol simulation scenario

Table 6 CoAP protocol simulation data for sky node

RX TX LPM CPU Total
0.053608887 0.003120025 0.359862671 1.644598389 2.061189971
0.053808289 0.00311938 0.360021973 1.782810059 2.1997597
0.048055847 0.003138213 0.306177979 1.614821777 1.972193816
0.044137299 0.003151566 0.270175781 1.469208984 1.786673631
0.049623871 0.003133248 0.324656982 1.657335205 2.034749306
0.044892609 0.003149653 0.287698975 1.446833496 1.782574732
0.046131317 0.003144446 0.288017578 1.553891602 1.891184943
0.04487146 0.003150459 0.270016479 1.464217529 1.782255927
0.050784027 0.003128202 0.337241821 1.621534424 2.012688474
0.047013519 0.003141898 0.288017578 1.534958496 1.873131492

• IEEE802.15.4 compatible
• 2.4 GHz velocity with 250 Kbps Data rate
• Maximum efficiency with low energy cost
• A digital programmable accelerometer (ADXL345)
• A digital temperature sensor (TMP102)
• Possibility of energy supply with a 3.3 V battery or 5 V u-USB port
After running the simulation the energy consumption data calculated by
PowerTrace for Z1 client node type is as perceived in the following Table 7.
80 O. M. Ebadati E. et al.

Table 7 CoAP protocol simulation data for node Z1

RX TX LPM CPU Total
0.02968369 0.00319969 0.16200989 0.9172229 1.11211617
0.03219434 0.00319131 0.17985168 1.01567505 1.23091238
0.03203421 0.0031918 0.18017029 1.03546875 1.25086505
0.03191638 0.00319222 0.18001099 0.9855542 1.20067379
0.03321249 0.00318788 0.17443542 1.02032227 1.23115807
0.03218829 0.0031913 0.18001099 1.04235352 1.25774409
0.02980151 0.00319934 0.16200989 0.90534668 1.10035742
0.03209464 0.00319167 0.18001099 1.01842896 1.23372624
0.0321611 0.00319146 0.18001099 1.05457397 1.26993752
0.03185898 0.00319247 0.18001099 1.02428101 1.23934344

After data analysis and comparison; the conclusion would vary based on the
energy consumption differences that are caused by various selected devices and
sensors. Energy consumption is observed more in sky type. This difference is
insignificant and does not cause a big difference, but when the number of nodes’
increases, this little difference becomes significant.
The results from two types of mote’s comparison show that as the RAM size
increases in nodes, there would be higher-energy consumption and also, according to
the simulation results, the powerful and faster processor has the faster calculations,
and leads to less energy wasting as well; finally, network energy consumption
becomes optimal, accordingly.

5 Conclusion

The goal of this chapter is to study IoT as a practical part of smart cities based on
energy consumption in different parts of a smart city in order to achieve an optimal
framework, which controls energy consumption and reduces its costs significantly.
IoT architecture is simply considered with three layers of sensors, network and
function that any of these layers should consider a specific challenge. In any of
these layers, all factors that help consumption control and optimization are
researched and represented in various parts of the smart cities. Finally, a proper
framework is proposed to fulfill all items related to this chapter. Specially to evaluate
how cities benefit from IoT in smart city categories: transportation, smart network,
houses and apartments, smart lightening, enterprises and garbage collection. More-
over, in all situations and functions, IoT causes questions regarding security and
privacy; in this research besides representing a framework; solutions and important
security challenges in different layers were introduced. Basically, developing a smart
city is not just complicated, but also, expensive. In current situation, technologies are
so user friendly that any user can easily provide equipment. Moreover, using IoT
equipment has become more affordable than before.
The following Table 8 is concluded from the simulation and analysis of retrieve
information.
Sensing, Communication with Efficient and Sustainable Energy: An IoT. . . 81

Table 8 Proposed IoT framework outcome

Main factors Description and conclusion
Number of engaged nodes in the net- Each node should plan its energy resource in a way that
work to send and receive data increases the total network life span
Numerous sensor nodes end in energy consumption
inefficiency
The network should be scalable in node’s number and
their dispersal, and it should support node’s different
distribution density. In many functions, node distribu-
tion is random and, in some functions, it is linear
Sensor temperature To cool down the environment and the sensors, if the
temperature gets high, more energy should be used, and
this causes more costs
Number of received packages As the number of packages increase, more processes,
Number of lost packages calculation and navigation are created on the network
and energy consumption increases too
Network structure and topology Due to wireless node connection and that any node is
connected to other nodes within its range, topology
management should be done accurately that is different
according to various network functions. Topology
management methods should be in a way that there
would be a possibility for adding new nodes and delet-
ing out of work nodes, and damages should not affect
total network performance
Topology control is the selection of a series of nodes
that should remain active to continue connection, so the
other nodes turn to sleep mode and save energy
In many cases, the network topology is random
Communication distance to main sta- Networks use radio waves for data transfer and waves
tion and sink node interval strength decreases as the distance increases
The interval between the nodes and
their adjacent nodes
Navigation interval
Wireless sensor network range
coverage
RAM size Energy consumption gets higher as the RAM size
increases
CPU power The more this power is the more CPU capability and
performance rate become
The more powerful and the faster the CPU is, the
quicker calculations are done, and consequently; the
network energy consumption is optimal
If the CPU power and speed are low, less energy is
needed to cool it down
Sensor node size Each node should be light, small and low-weighted
enough beside the necessity that it should have all the
needed parts
Weight wise, the node should be capable of being
suspended in the air and compatible to the environ-
mental circumstances
82 O. M. Ebadati E. et al.

5.1 Future Work

The primary suggestion is to simulate other suggested optimal protocols in IoT

framework of smart cities like MQTT that would be simulated between function and
transfer layers and to study their amount of energy consumption in various circum-
stances and different scenarios of other nodes.
Moreover, framework simulation in NS2, OMnet++ and MATLAB environments
and comparing their results with results from Cooja simulator to conclude more
accurately could be possible.
Running simulation scenarios with other common sensor devices in the simula-
tor’s environment such as MicaZ mote, ESB mote, Wisnote, Eth 1120, etc. that each
of them has different CPU power, temperature sensor, and hardware features com-
pared to each other. It is possible to choose intended sensor and configure it and
check out their performance in nodes and the amount of energy they use.

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Existing Green Computing Techniques: An
Insight

Nafisur Rahman

1 Introduction

1.1 Green Computing: A Contextual Description

of the Concept

With ever-increasing environmental pollution levels, the demands to adopt ways

leading to environmental sustainability cannot be overlooked. Computing technol-
ogy impacts the environment in various ways. Sustainable Development practices
are applicable everywhere and computing is no exception. In this context, Green
Computing refers to the design and manufacturing of computing devices, their usage
to accomplish computing tasks, and the disposal of these devices in such a way that
aims at environmental sustainability. It is accomplished by reducing the environ-
mental hazards caused by computing devices and their usage through the promotion
of recycling and reuse and through curtailing the carbon footprint on the environ-
ment. It includes green design, manufacturing, utilization, and disposal (Fig. 1).

1.2 Green Computing Goals

The goal of Green Computing is to achieve economic viability without compromis-

ing with the objectives of environmental sustainability. Green computing aims at
cutting down the amount of energy consumed to a minimum, minimizing the use of
harmful materials in the manufacturing process, promoting and using biodegradable

N. Rahman (*)
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences and
Technology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, Delhi, India

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 87

P. Agarwal et al. (eds.), Smart Technologies for Energy and Environmental
Sustainability, Green Energy and Technology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80702-3_5
88 N. Rahman

Green
Computing

Green Green
Green Design Green Disposal
Manufacturing Utilization

Fig. 1 Green Computing

materials wherever possible, and prolonging the lifespan of the computing devices to
the maximum possible extent. To achieve these goals, advanced researches in the
areas of energy efficiency, algorithms, and other allied computing technologies have
been going on and needs to continue.

1.3 Motivations for Green Computing

Lash and Wellington [1] have demonstrated the risks posed by climate change and
global warming. They have identified the needs for computing to go green. Regu-
latory bodies that govern various domains, including computing, are increasingly
being stricter in ensuring environmental sustainability. So, businesses need to
employ green techniques to ensure better compliance. In fact, it’s not just about
regulatory authorities anymore. These days, many big investors also look into the
environmental aspects. Therefore, in order to attract potential investments, green
techniques have become important. With every passing day, there will be fewer
takers for the products or technological solutions that are not environment friendly.
So, to keep the customer base intact, companies need to focus more and more on
climate-friendly computing technology. Any lack of care about environmental safety
and sustainability can also potentially invite litigations and legal troubles due to the
alleged environmental harms. Increasing energy costs also require the manufacturers
and users to opt for green computing techniques to check the associated costs
incurred.
The needs, like those of regulatory compliance, etc. do not necessarily make
green computing a disliked necessity. On the contrary, Green Computing, in reality,
gives a competitive edge due to the range of benefits that it offers. The tangible
benefits include decreased energy consumption and lower costs of production and
usage in the long run. In addition, the after-use value also gets increased due to the
special focus on recycling and reuse. Other benefits lie in the fact that green
computing techniques don’t cause as much pollution as caused by conventional
techniques. This shows the responsibility towards protecting the environment and,
consequently, leads to the strengthening of the brand value too.
Existing Green Computing Techniques: An Insight 89

Chou et al. [2] have demonstrated how an awareness of the environmental and
other issues once translated into understanding leads to Green Computing value
which eventually helps ensure a safe and sustainable environment.

2 Green Design Techniques

Goldberg [3] identifies the issues that Green Design deals with. Green Design aims
at minimizing the consumption of resources and generation of waste, develops and
employs manufacturing processes that are cleaner than their conventional equiva-
lents, reduces power consumption, and focuses on the longevity of the computing
devices.
Green Design, as an approach, is now practiced widely. Better design techniques
that are in line with the aims and objectives of Green Design are used. Some of them
find a mention in the subsequent paragraphs.
Gradual migration from single-core processors to multi-core processors has
significantly minimized the power consumption that was otherwise required if the
processing capability was increased in the conventional ways. It has also led to a
decrease in the heat generated by increasing the frequency of a single-core processor.
Murugesan [4] notes that a 15% frequency cut can cut down the power requirements
by half. In addition, the multi-core design significantly reduces the fabrication
materials needed.
Caches are fragmented into segments that receive the power only on demand and
remain unpowered otherwise. This also reduces energy needs. Similarly, migration
towards power-efficient architectural designs has also led to a reduction in power
demands. Nowadays, a lesser number of hard disks with relatively larger capacities
offer better energy-efficiency.
Green Data Center [4] design techniques revolve around lowering power require-
ments, better cooling, and relying more on renewable energy. Modular Data Center
design, evolving from racks to blades to containers, offers better scaling and energy
efficiency. For storage, optimum use of a combination of NAS, SAN, and DAS
technologies is encouraged to get better performance while consuming lesser energy.
Virtualization techniques have been found effective in reducing resource require-
ments. Liu et al. [5] have proposed an architectural design that uses Virtual Machine
technology, for data centers, to reduce power consumption without disrupting the
quality of service. They have demonstrated that their GreenCloud architecture can
save up to 27% of power. Gupta et al. [6] have discussed a Green Data Center
Simulator that helps in finding out how efficient a data center is in terms of energy
consumed.
90 N. Rahman

3 Green Manufacturing Techniques

Green Manufacturing involves the production of computing devices and associated

components in a way that doesn’t harm the environment. This can be achieved by
reducing the dependency on hazardous materials, minimizing the use of
non-renewable natural resources, and cutting down the power requirements.
Green chip making focuses on lower usage of acids and other chemicals. Con-
ventionally, a lot of coppers used to get wasted in making the Printed Circuit Boards.
But now, to save copper, the boards are not copper plated. Instead, copper is added
externally only where it is needed. This also reduces the use of the acids needed to
clear the copper from the board.
For soldering, better substitutes to toxic lead are used in the form of alloys of
copper and tin. This eventually checks the contamination of lead in soil and
groundwater from the discarded computing devices.
Energy-efficient filaments, specialized transistors, and flat-panel LCDs have
reduced power consumption to a great extent. A computer requiring less energy
also produces less heat thereby not warming the environment. Energy efficiency is
very important because computing devices consume more energy in cooling for each
unit of energy consumed in routine work. A typical Data Center Server requires up to
one and a half watts for cooling against each watt consumed otherwise [7, 8].
The use of recycled materials in the manufacturing of computers is also one of the
ways that significantly reduce wastage and pollution. Some regulations even require
the manufacturers to disclose the amount of recycled materials used in the
manufacturing process.
Manufacturing computers using refurbished parts is another simple yet effective
technique that utilizes the limited resources, promotes extended use of the compo-
nents manufactured, and delays the eventual dumping of the devices thereby keeping
the pollution in control. Use of the refurbished parts often makes the computers cost-
effective and hence encourages the users to prefer them. Many manufacturers also
offer the users the end-of-life take-back facility for their products.
Green manufacturing does not stop at merely ensuring environment-friendly
production of primary computing and other devices. Instead, it entails the green
manufacturing of the associated packaging materials too. The packaging industry is
looking forward to the increased use of biodegradable packaging materials [9–11] so
as to minimize the harmful effects of non-biodegradable packaging materials on the
environment.
Energy star ratings and EPEAT [12, 13] ratings give the users an idea of how
environment-friendly is the manufactured product that they are using. Therefore,
most manufacturers take care of these ratings nowadays.
Existing Green Computing Techniques: An Insight 91

4 Green Utilization Techniques

Green utilization refers to the use and reuse of computers and allied devices and
components in a way that energy consumption and carbon emission are minimized
by virtue of the choices and patterns of usage.
Most personal computers, while turned on but not in active use, account for a big
share of the energy consumed. For a single computer, this may not appear signifi-
cant. But, if we consider the hundreds, or, in many cases, thousands, of computers
that are used in an enterprise, the amount of energy consumed by them collectively
becomes huge. It calls for the adoption of measures that reduce power consumption.
Turning off the computers, when not in use, is one of the simplest yet powerful
techniques that significantly reduce energy consumption. Many users are under a
false impression that turning off their computer will cut its life short. In fact, turning
it off, by reducing the total usage time, like for most things, prolongs its life.
Power management features of computers can be smartly used to cut down the
energy requirements to a great extent. A computer that comes with the option of
sleep mode reduces power consumption by up to 70%. An IT enterprise can opt for
software-based solutions to enable power management features over the networked
computers. Network managers can monitor and manage the power consumption
patterns remotely.
Informed use of screen savers also helps in saving the power consumed by the
computer. A screen saver that does not contain any image consumes less power than
the one that contains images that move. These images require frequent interaction
with the processors and hence lead to increased power consumption. A power-
conscious user, therefore, opts for screen savers that are blank.
Taking prints only if it is really required and not doing so otherwise is also one of
the simple yet smart ways of making computer usage green. Printing less saves,
paper, ink, and power. The paperless or less-paper strategy ultimately also saves
trees. Also, for the necessary printing, refilling of cartridges and toners promotes
long-term usage and reduces the landfill burden too.
The use of thin clients is another strategy that positively impacts the environment
by saving energy and reducing the dissipation of heat. Preferring thin clients over
desktop PCs reduces the power consumption by up to 80%.
WiFi schedulers and Wake on LANs are used to save energy and enhance
security as well. WiFi schedulers allow the wireless network to power on and off
automatically by managing and scheduling the active usage hours. Wake on Lan
allows the computer to turn on only on the arrival of a network message. Time-based
Power over Ethernet is another solution that optimizes the power consumption based
on a schedule.
Ensuring software and deployment optimization is also one of the ways to
improve resource utilization and minimize energy requirements. It includes effi-
ciency of algorithms, proper allocation of resources, and virtualization.
Green utilization techniques also involve proactive diagnosis of the health of the
computing devices. It is analogous to the diagnosis of diseases in humans [14]. Just
as humans fall sick and develop diseases, machines also get worn out and develop
92 N. Rahman

problems. For example, if a computer’s cooling system develops some problems, it

will get heated quickly. This can potentially disrupt the performance in addition to
giving rise to the level of energy consumed and heat dissipated. Problems, if
identified timely can lead to getting them fixed quickly and ensure that the device
doesn’t get damaged badly. This increases the overall life span of the device.

5 Green Disposal Techniques

Disposal of computers and their components mostly falls in the broader category of
the disposal of electronic waste [15]. Kiddee et al. [16] have reviewed various
approaches towards electronic waste management.
Direct disposal of computers and their components is extremely hazardous for the
environment. Therefore, Green computing gives special emphasis on reuse, refur-
bishment, and recycling (Fig. 2) so that the discarded computers don’t go to landfills.
For every new project undertaken, a new computer is not needed. But many
people tend to buy and use new computers even when there is absolutely no need to
do so. In such situations, reuse [17] of the existing computers is a wiser strategy if
our requirements are met. Else, if our requirements force us to buy a new computer
or components, the old ones deserve reuse [18] by someone whose requirements can
be fulfilled using them. Such users may not be easily identifiable and, at times, the
old computers need to be transported to them. Information and Communication
technologies should be used smartly for the identification of such users and for
sustainable transportation [19].
Many a time, new computing requirements can be catered to by using the old,
used or reused, computer components to come up with a computer that is in line with
the requirements. This technique is known as refurbishment [20]. Many enterprises
are now selling refurbished computers or procuring them for their use. While it

Fig. 2 The Three R’s of

Green Disposal

Reuse

Refurbish

Recycle
Existing Green Computing Techniques: An Insight 93

Fig. 3 Steps involved in

Recycling Collection

Pre-treatment

Feedback to market

protects the environment by minimizing or delaying the eventual dumping of

electronic waste, it is cost-effective too.
Computers when reach a stage where their reuse or refurbishment does not remain
an option anymore, need to be suitably collected, dismantled, and recycled
[21, 22]. Common recyclable computer parts include monitors, plastic parts, CD
drives, cathode ray tubes, copper in power cords, metal from circuit boards, car-
tridges of printers, batteries, etc.
If the electronic waste is not segregated and recycled, it will reach the landfills and
pollute the soil and water with toxic chemicals. Even if it is burnt, it will pollute the
air with toxic gases. Therefore, electronic waste should be carefully collected,
separated, and recycled by detoxification, Shredding, and refining. It can also
serve as a secondary source of raw materials.
Teller [23] has discussed various methods for recycling electronic waste.
Tanskanen [24] describes the three steps involved in recycling as (1) Collection,
(2) Pre-treatment, and (3) Feedback to market (Fig. 3).
The first step involves the take-back of discarded products and their subsequent
consolidation. The pre-treatment step involves sorting, separating, dismantling, and
upgrading of materials. The Feedback to market involves recycling through refining,
incineration, and final disposal of materials that do not get utilized.

6 Conclusions

Based on the observation of various Green Computing techniques, we conclude that

Green Computing, as an approach, is the need of the hour. In order to ensure the
safety of the environment and to promote sustainable development, Green Comput-
ing techniques should be employed widely in the design, manufacturing, utilization,
and disposal of computers, their components, and other associated devices. Green
Computing is not merely a theoretical proposition or an outlandish idea, rather it has
every bit of practicality attached to it and can thrive from a financial perspective as
well. While enough techniques have already been proposed and practiced, the sheer
importance of the subject calls for still newer techniques to be employed.
94 N. Rahman

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Smart Home for Efficient Energy
Management

Shakeel Ahmad Siddiqui, Md Omair Ahmad, and Jawed Ahmed

1 Introduction

A smart home energy management is a well-designed structure enabling to ensure

with adequate access of assets, a well-defined communication controls and the
proper use of Information technology for instantly enhancing the best quality of
life with the increased connectivity and efficient energy management [1]. For
decades, the concept of smart home energy management widely acknowledged,
but its application could not be made, and very few had seen smart home and the
concept of efficient use of energy management earlier.
The concept is now being used and applied on a large scale all over the world. As
someone suggested that the common reason of its slow growth, was its exorbitant
cost associated with it and the complete absence of information technology advance-
ment or the network-connected appliances [2].
Now, the perception of consumers have hugely underwent a huge change and
now they show willingness to incur cost on latest and state of the art technology, and
they are much more inclined to use the services of broadband internet connectivity
and frequent use of LED TV and cellular phones. The new challenges before the
information and communication technology (ICT) is that of monitoring and opti-
mizing the flow of data in the automatic home system (AHS) [3]. An Automatic
Home system (AHS) is basically a residence centered technology. However, some-
times in some cases, it can also be applied for gardens or outdoor open spaces too,
that remains equipped with sensors and actuators in order to collect data, and
thereafter to have controls as per the requirements of the consumers as and when
necessitate..

S. A. Siddiqui · M. O. Ahmad (*) · J. Ahmed

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
e-mail: [email protected]

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 97

P. Agarwal et al. (eds.), Smart Technologies for Energy and Environmental
Sustainability, Green Energy and Technology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80702-3_6
98 S. A. Siddiqui et al.

Therefore it provides a centralized device for electrical applications. Such device

instantly and frequently provide intelligence to the entire home premises that enables
excellent and optimum levels of comfort and provides energy savings in almost all
places wherever it would be applied. Concerning to this efficient home energy
management system, smart sensor technologies as well as advanced metering infra-
structure (AMI) home energy storage system(HESS) [4] etc. were studied.
.
It is however, suggested that a Smart Home Energy Management (SHEM)
concerns to the application of both supervisory control devices and data acquisition
mechanism vis-a-vis efficient energy management and its generation, transmission,
and distribution system of electrical networks having concept of smart grid mech-
anism. The above mentioned concept of efficient home energy management has been
unanimously approved for the smooth development of power grids in the future. For
the sake of it, SHEM has been considered to be very essentials for residential
consumers. SHEM, is efficiently capable of dealing in real time monitoring and
can arrange home appliances on the requirements of end users preferences with the
support of intelligent ambient system, controlled by human–machine interface in
smart houses that enables to cut electricity cost and in a better way, and can manage
efficient energy utilization in the premises where it has been commissioned. The
main aim to set up SHEM is to monitor home renewable energies also. Now in some
of the places due to acute global energy deficiency and environmental emissions,
solar panel and turbines are frequently being used along with fast and rapid devel-
opment in numerous sophisticated power electronics and renewable energy technol-
ogies. Recent researches suggest that some intelligent system may be included in
SHEM for the best available use of the stored and accumulated energy sources
installed at the different residential buildings:
Before SHEM, it is an open challenge in achieving demand response, peak-
saving and load shifting that are addressed with an aim to offering solutions to the
consumers and network operators. Despite having so many challenges in its different
stages, it is well responsive devices and mechanism that equip consumers to have a
very positive outcomes in the management of efficient energy management.

1.1 Definition

Home energy management is a scientific and technological mechanism that aims to

preserve power resources by supplying efficient home energy to enhance the com-
forts of the residents by facilitating the household activities in a very scientific
manner. It varies with its different types of applications. It is such an application
of omnipresent computing technology which can accurately provide the consumers/
users with context-aware automated services in the form of ambient intelligence,
such as remote control devices of home appliances or automation [5].
SHEM is one of the efficient mechanisms to smartly utilizing devices for pro-
viding comfort and saving energy as well as reducing cost incurred on it, that is why
Smart Home for Efficient Energy Management 99

the researcher all over the world attracted towards it and applying its available
devices to have maximum.
Benefits out of it. The main reason is that it enables cutting the cost enormously,
and simultaneously the operational cost also reduces during its whole life cycle.
However, the full potentials are yet be achieved due to its complicated nature and
heterogeneity in the system. Now, HEMS, are getting popularity exponentially and
also technology for that, it is also improving, and small size solar and battery storage
are becoming more viable now. As the HEMS technology comprises both hardware
and software application protocol, that lets consumers easily monitor the amount of
energy consumption or the total usage. It also makes capable to immediately control
manually as well in the premises where HEMS has been installed.

2 Hardware

A home energy management system (HEMS) normally has a ‘hub’ device that
transmit communications inside the house, and among the users. Also, sometimes
in some cases, in the local utilities or electricity retailers [6]. This type of hub devices
installed on the Electrical board panel of the household, may be installed virtually,
other necessary components may be included e.g. smart plugs, light and temperature
sensor and other smart devices within the household [1].

3 Software

In HEMS, the software used can moderate the incoming as well as outgoing data and
communication. That software works as interface that permits access in order to
monitoring data control functionality of the systems. That interface is normally
based on the form of Apps or web portals. Therefore, that software related to
HEMS, keeps the motive to enhance efficient energy of the household, and simply
the focus is on controlling devices with a remote distance in order to maintain safety
in the premises [7].

3.1 Control Functionality of HEMS

• It enables to turn devices on and off from remote places.

• It enables to set devices to operate on schedules
• It establishes and set up some conditionality in rules for the right functioning of
the devices.
100 S. A. Siddiqui et al.

• It also establish energy from the installed solar panel, throughout the home or
inside or outside of battery.
• It also permits to machine learning to take over it and run the system smoothly

4 HEMS Monitoring and Management

The home energy management system is able to differentiate accordingly to its

breadth of its applications. Normally, it comprises four main platform based on
home energy areas, where home energy management can be used.

4.1 Electricity

The core functionality of application of home energy management involves the

electricity application within and inside the home. A HEMS make capable and
confirm the users, the capacity therein can directly monitor whether the devices
are properly working or not. That makes users to modify its operations accordingly.
Its main consideration is related to include grid electricity rates to ensure whether the
solar power or batteries availabilities are there or not.

4.2 Solar PV

In managing efficient energy management, small-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) are

very popular in many countries that allows portion of electricity on the scheduled
site, providing smart home energy management successfully. Solar battery storage
presence make the equation even more complex that makes the home energy
management system much more attractive and effective.

4.3 Battery Storage

The role and function of Battery storage is the next areas in the process of home
energy management that creates the platform for more and greater energy self-
sufficiency and low electricity bill.
Smart Home for Efficient Energy Management 101

4.4 Solar Thermal

Solar thermal is again a next frontier in the way of Smart home efficient energy
management. It is much cost effective and most effective mechanism that provides a
good amount of power generation at virtually no cost. It is completely based on
renewable energy mechanism. Solar thermal is an extremely popular and easily
available renewable resources and technology that exploits the power of the SUN
to heat water within a home, and through that it makes available power resources of
travelling efficient energy management in the whole household premises. This sort
of Solar systems always operates independently with the remaining home’s electrical
devices, however, a smart HEMS with the actual connectivity & proper monitoring
functionality can smartly help improve their value even further.

5 HEMS Challenges

The main task of HEMS is to provide energy usage monitoring and control to their
users. To do so, HEMS should be able to provide seamless communication among
different smart devices and sensors that are running different communication tech-
nologies. To design a robust and flexible networking infrastructure, the characteris-
tics, and requirements of each of these technologies must be understood.
For wired communication, IEEE802.3 and Home Plug Green PHY are the
leading communication standards. Zig Bee, Z-Wave, and Wi-Fi are the leading
technologies for wireless communication. ZigBee is a low-power, low-cost wireless
with a low data rate. Z-Wave, the most popular home automation protocol, is another
secure and reliable wireless communication protocol [8].
Wi-Fi HaLow is a low-power, high-range, secure wireless communication stan-
dard that can be used in devices that incorporate IEEE 802.11ah. Other new
communication technologies have been introduced for connected homes, such as
Google Thread, which is a simple, secure, and scalable mesh network, developed for
connecting devices in a home [9]. In HEMS, various smart devices, appliances,
sensors, and smart grid services are connected to one another and communicate large
amounts of information [10]. The information and the applications used by these
systems need to be protected and secured, and this leads to cyber security challenge
of developing it [11].

6 Conclusion

The application of HEMS is growing in the era of smart grids and smart homes.
Significant amounts of energy are consumed by dwellings, showing the importance
of improving energy efficiency in residential buildings. HEMS are primarily
102 S. A. Siddiqui et al.

intended to save energy by providing information to users regarding energy con-

sumption and helping them adapt their energy use behavior based on the feedback.
They receive from the HEMS. In this review, the desired capabilities and expected
challenges for HEMS were identified and discussed. HEMS need to be able to
monitor and control devices regardless of their communication protocols. They
also need to support DR which requires significant coordination and collaboration
between HEMS vendors and utilities. These systems need to include some intelli-
gence to provide feedback to users and help them save money and energy by
adapting their energy consumption behavior. HEMS also should keep users’ infor-
mation secure. Because of the tremendous amount of data communicated between
devices, HEMS, and smart grid, these systems should be capable of storing and
retrieving this data efficiently.
Even though a variety of different energy management systems have been
introduced to the market, they are not being used by many homeowners. Open-
source HEMS are hard to deploy for most users and the cost associated with
proprietary. HEMS doesn’t justify the energy saving for most users especially
since most management systems do not support any intelligence. Available HEMS
are capable of monitoring and controlling certain devices. However, they can
support only devices with certain types of communication protocols, and they
generally cannot use the information they receive regarding users’ energy consump-
tion to save energy. They also lack DR support and sophisticated cyber security.
Most available HEMS are not easy to deploy, and some even require extensive
installation by an expert.
To have HEMS that can largely be used by homeowners in the smart grid era,
there is a need for an open-source energy management system which is easy to
deploy and use by any user with any level of technical background. The system
should provide support for a wide range of smart devices running through different
communication protocols, so users can communicate with any smart device of their
choice. Owning to its multi dynamic and smart functionality of SHEM, the research
communities all over the world showed keen interest in the SHEM, as according to
them it shows much promising results in the saving of energy and making household
efficient in the conservation of electrical energy and that make household and its
consumers in reducing the cost on energy, spent in the household premises.
Though, full potentials of smart homes could not be achieved owing to its
complex structural mechanism and diversity in the system as well as the problems
of sub-optimal control system installed in the building premises. Consequently,
energy consumption is still costly, and that is why the users are not able to get full
comfort in their automated home.
The system should also be able to handle all the information being communicated
in a secure fashion. Moreover, for better support DR can reduce the energy cost
while satisfying the user comfort level, so intelligence algorithms should be incor-
porated in the system, Since the system is open-source, if there is a need for
supporting a new smart device, a new communication protocol, or a desired capa-
bilities, other developers and vendors can add support for that feature in the system.
Smart Home for Efficient Energy Management 103

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Solar Energy Radiation Forecasting
Method

Anuj Gupta, Kapil Gupta, and Sumit Saroha

1 Introduction

Energy demands around the world are expected to have more than double by 2050
and to more than triple by the end of century. Growing improvements in the existing
energy grid would not be enough to meet the world’s energy demand. Global
security, economic growth and the quality of life are closely related to sufficient
supplies of clean energy. The most daunting challenges for the world is to find
energy resources to meet the rising demands of the planet. Solar prediction is a
milestone to these challenges. Solar prediction depend on several factors such as
characteristics of solar power plants which convert sun’s energy to electric power,
scattering process, knowledge of the Sun’s path, nature of atmosphere etc. [1]. Solar
forecasting information is necessary for the operation and planning for the future.
Forecasting information provide grid operators with means to forecast and align
electricity production and consumption and set up bilateral contract negotiations
between suppliers and customers. Precise prediction methods increase the quality of
the energy supplied to the grid and reduce the extra costs associated with ancillary
equipment [2]. Based on the input data types and forecasting time horizons require-
ment various prediction approaches are introduced. For a very short time scale,
on-site measurements are sufficient for the time series model. Intra-hour forecast
obtained from a ground based sky imager with a high spatial and temporal resolu-
tion. Cloud motion vector forecast based on intra-day satellite images shows good

A. Gupta (*) · K. Gupta

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Maharishi Markandeshwar
(Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, India
S. Saroha
Department of Electrical Engineering, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and
Technology, Hisar, India

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 105
P. Agarwal et al. (eds.), Smart Technologies for Energy and Environmental
Sustainability, Green Energy and Technology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80702-3_7
106 A. Gupta et al.

results. These forecast based on NWP models. Photovoltaic system integrated with
grid required information up to minimum 2 days ahead or even beyond. Different
type of solar power systems exist in the solar forecasting such as solar concentrating
system and solar non-concentrating system [3]. DNI is highly correlated to a
concentrated photovoltaic system. Measurement of DNI is very important for the
operation and management of concentrated solar thermal power plants. DNI is
highly affected by the number of factors like as dust storms, air pollution, cirrus
clouds which degrade the DNI up to 30%. For non-concentrated solar PV systems,
the primary element to measure is GHI which is less sensitive to error in DNI.

2 Research Motivation

India is facing Energy crises along with the world. There is a substantial difference in
energy demand and supply. As our country progresses towards development day by
day, this gap is rising and addressing this situation is very important in order to
continue the ascending direction of our country. In order to address this situation, a
range of options with a strong emphasis on renewable energy are considered. A lot of
researcher and academics are engaged in developing tools, models and algorithms in
today solar system. In today’s dynamic world forecasting is a critical part of business
planning with greater penetration of renewable energy resources and implementation
of power deregulation in industry. Forecasting of solar power has become a major
issue in power systems. Following needs of the markets, various techniques are used
to forecast the solar radiation. As a result, it is anticipated that the thorough analysis
would assist potential researchers as well as utility operators in gaining useful insight
into the need for solar power output and forecasting models. The knowledge gained
can also assist the government and energy market participants in making more
efficient and beneficial decisions regarding solar power system implementation.

3 Solar Radiation Component

Three essential and fundamentals component are assessed for measurement of the
solar irradiance [4].

3.1 Direct Normal Irradiance

Direct Normal Irradiance can be defined as the total amount of solar radiation
obtained in a direct path from the sun at the horizontal earth surface with no
atmospheric losses. Such amount of radiation is very important for the concentration
of solar thermal system like concentrated solar power and concentrated photo
voltaic.
Solar Energy Radiation Forecasting Method 107

3.2 Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance

Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance can be characterized by as the amount of solar

radiation obtained from the sun on an indirect path on the horizontal surface, when
it has been spread by air molecules, aerosol particles, cloud particles or other
particles [5].

3.3 Global Horizontal Irradiance

Global Horizontal Irradiance is the cumulative amount of radiation received by the

surface horizontal to the ground [6]. It consists of both DNI and DHI.
The three fundamental component of solar irradiation can be related to each other
using the following equation:

GHI ¼ DNI þ DHI  COSðZ Þ ð1Þ

where Z represent the solar zenith angle.

4 Need of Solar Forecasting

The necessity of forecasting is for the operation and planning for the future.
However the need of forecasting is given below
– Solar generation is variable in nature
– Necessity for successful bilateral contract negotiations between suppliers and
customers
– Operational planning decision which are used to describe the economic location,
type and scale of solar power plants
– Solar forecast provide grid operators with means to forecast and align electricity
production and consumption
– Decision on expansion and enhancement of transmission, augmentation of gen-
eration, planning of distribution and exchange of regional electricity

5 Solar Forecasting Methodologies

The determinant factor for classifying methodologies for solar forecasting is

different-2 forecast horizons. Precise forecasting can enable grid operators to create
balance between consumption and production [7]. Table 1 shows three forms of
horizons: intra-hour, intra-day, and day ahead.
108 A. Gupta et al.

1. For very short time scale various time series models such as an Artificial Neural
Network, Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average, and Persistence model
used for forecast solar irradiance [8, 9]
2. For short time irradiance forecasting, solar irradiance largely depend on the
observation based on the temporal developments of clouds, may be used as a
basis
– For the sub-hour range, cloud data is collected from sky images ground based
with high spatial resolution may be used to predict solar irradiance.
– For 30 min up to 6 h solar irradiance depends on cloud motion vector from
satellite photos.
3. For long term horizon, from 4–6 h ahead numerical weather prediction model
perform better than the satellite based forecasts [9, 10]
4. There are also integrated techniques to derive an optimized forecast for the
different-2 time horizon

6 State of Art for Solar Irradiance Forecast

As Per literature, forecasting methods are categorized into three types: statistical
method, physical method and ensemble method.

6.1 Physical Methods

The physical methods are depending on the Total Sky Imagers (TSI), Numerical
Weather Prediction (NWP) and physical parameters include temperature, cloudcover
and humidity etc [11].

Table 1 Relationship between time horizon, prediction model and related operations
Horizon Forecast Granularity
type horizon time step Events Forecasting models
Intra 15 min 30 s to Ramping events, variability Total sky imagers and
hour to 2 h minute related operations /or time series modles
Intraday 1–6 h Hourly Load following forecasting and
Day 1–3 day Hourly Unit commitment, transmission NWP models and /or
ahead scheduling, day ahead markets satellite imagery
Solar Energy Radiation Forecasting Method 109

Numerical Weather Prediction

The numerical weather prediction depends on atmospheric physics. For forecasting

the future weather state, current observations of the weather are forecast using the
assimilation process. NWP model performance is good for the horizons of 1 day to
multi days ahead [12]. NWP process as follows:
– Step 1: In the initial stages, satellite and sky images ground based used to collect
the current weather condition of an atmosphere. Assimilation process is used for
processing the current weather state which is a very critical and complex process.
– Step 2: In the second phase, the most dominant atmospheric equation such as
thermodynamic equation, Newton second law for fluids are integrated and
solved [3].
Well, a known example of NWP models is worldwide model, regional model and
weather research & forecasting model (WRF) model (Table 2). We can differentiate
them in term of input parameters and spatial resolution [1].

Cloud Imagery and Satellite Models

The situations of clouds are analyzed by cloud imagery with high spatial resolution.
They detect the variability of clouds and predict global irradiance up to 6 h ahead.
Solar irradiance is highly affected by cloud cover and cloud optical depth. Informa-
tion about the clouds helps to predict the solar irradiance using total sky imagers for
very short term forecasting. Some researchers develop their own TSIs while other
researchers use commercially available TSIs such as TSI-800 [4].

6.2 Statistical Methods

Prediction method depends on the previous time series data of solar irradiation as
input and does not depend on the internal phase of the model. Persistence model,
ARIMA, ANN, Fuzzy logic etc. include in the statistical method.

Table 2 Comparison of various NWP model

Resolution
Model Time step No. of layers (km) Agency
Mesoscale model HRRR 15 min 50 3 NOAA
NAM 6h 60 12 NCEP
RAP 1h 50 13 NOAA
WRF Depends on Depends on 1 NCAR
user user
Worldwide ECMWF 3h 91 25 –
model GFS 6h 64 28 NOAA
110 A. Gupta et al.

Time Series Model

Time series model predicts future value by consider previously observed value.
Observation measured over time it may be hourly, daily and weekly. The sequence
of data could be random and mainly focus on the pattern of the data. The pattern of
the data should be recognizable and predictable for forecasting techniques. Auto-
correlation Function (ACF) & Partial Correlation Function (PCF) used to identifying
the pattern [5].
Time series is expressed as:

yðt Þ ¼ sðt Þ þ Rðt Þ þ T ðt Þ Where t ¼ 1, 0, 1, 2, 3:: . . . . . . . . . . . . ð2Þ

S(t) ¼ Seasonal term, R(t) ¼ Random term, T(t) ¼ Trend term Stock market, revenue
forecasting, economic forecasting, budgetary analysis, sales forecasting also utilize
the application of time series method.
One of the benchmark model in the solar irradiance forecasting is an ARIMA
model. Moving Average (MA), Auto Regressive (AR), & Autoregressive Moving
Average (ARMA) is the variants of the ARIMA model. First one is moving average
and the second one autoregressive. ARIMA is the most commonly used model for
evaluating the relationship between real and expected performance. ARIMA model
is the statistical tool to analyze the relationship between actual and forecasted output.
ARIMA use three main steps for the forecasting: model identification, estimation of
parameters and diagnostic checking [6]. There are seasonal and non-seasonal time
series models that can be used for forecasting. An ARIMA is describe by three
elements: p, d, q. where “p” is for autoregressive term, “q” is for moving average
term and d is the number of differencing required to make the time series stationary.
Mathematically, Autoregressive AR can be expressed as:

X
p
yt ¼ a þ ϕi yti þ εt
i¼1

¼ a þ ϕ1 yt1 þ ϕ2 yt2 þ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ϕp ytp þ εt ð3Þ

yt represents the actual value, ϕi is model parameter and εt represent the random
error, a and p are the constant term. This equation represents the linear relationship
between the predicted value and the past value with some random error and constant
term.Whereas the Moving Average equation represent the past value as a dependent
variable

X
q
yt ¼ η þ θ j εtj þ εt ¼ η þ θ1 εt1 þ θ2 εt2 þ . . . . . . . . . . . . θq εtq þ εt ð4Þ
j¼1

θj represent the model parameter, η represent the mean of the time series and q is the
order of the model.
Solar Energy Radiation Forecasting Method 111

Combining Eqs. (1) and (2) become ARMA and mathematically can be expressed
as

X
p X
q
yt ¼ a þ ϕi yti þ θ j εtj þ εt ð5Þ
i¼1 j¼1

Here p is for autoregressive and q is for moving average.

ARIMA is very popular for users due to the advantage of statistical expertise, the
latest version of MATLAB makes it easier with the “Econometric Modeler app”
available in MATLAB 2018 and 2019 [7]. In comparison to ARIMA, this approach
requires an additional coefficient differencing operator, i.e. (p, d, q). The ARIMA’s
mathematical expression is

ϕðLÞð1  LÞd yt ¼ θðLÞεt ð6Þ

ϕ and θ is model parameter, εt is random parameter and L denote lag operator and
d represent differencing operator.

Persistence Model

It is also known as naïve predictor. Persistence model is very simple as comparison

to other forecasting model. It forecast the future value based on previous value [8].

xtþ1 ¼ xt ð7Þ

The performance of persistence model is better when changes in weather pattern

are little.

Artificial Neural Network

The working of the neural network is similar to the human brain which takes the
decision based on biological neurons. Neurons in the human brain perform the
different-2 types of parallel processing, pattern recognition etc. The same phenom-
enon can be used to solve non-linear math problems in modeling, image analysis,
and in other fields [10]. The ANN use different-2 algorithm to predict solar irradi-
ation such as: scaled conjugate gradient, levenberg marquardt algorithm, pola-ribiere
conjugate gradient etc. This techniques trained model to map the input and output to
obtain the best value. Support vector machine, radial basis network, multilayer
perceptron and Hopfield network include under the artificial neural network. ANN
process is carried out in three stages: (1) Design phase (2) Training phase
112 A. Gupta et al.

Fig. 1 Basic Architecture of ANN

(3) Validation phase. First stage consists of input parameters, neural network type,
hidden neurons, In the training phase weight of the neuron are modified and in
validation stage forecasting of solar irradiance based on trained weight [11]. Basic
Architecture of artificial neural network is shown in Fig. 1.
The MLP structure is one of the important forms of neural network. This MLP
structure consist an input layer, hidden layer and output layer. Hidden layer was
characterized as a number of hidden neuron, input and output layer denoted by
vector p & q respectively.
" !#
X
h X
d
q ¼ qð p : w Þ ¼ wi f wij x j ð8Þ
i¼0 j¼0

j & i represent the weights and biases while vector w supervises the non-linear
mapping. Babak Jahani et al. compared the empirical, artificial neural network and
artificial neural network with a genetic algorithm optimization technique to predict
the global solar radiation. The Genetic algorithm was used in the model to reduce the
error in predictive results [13] Premalatha Neelamegam et al. proposed two artificial
neural network model with different combinations of inputs, the accuracy of the
model was measured based on MAE,RMSE and R2 [14]. Voyant et al. presented a
review of solar radiation forecasting using machine learning techniques. According
to the author standalone models such as: artificial neural network, linear regression,
random forest, support vector machine performed well in the forecasting field while
hybrid model are viable way to improve the accuracy of prediction model [15].
Solar Energy Radiation Forecasting Method 113

Support Vector Machine

It is a form of machine learning introduced in 1995 by Cortes and Vapnik with

statistical learning. Firstly, this particular approach is developed for pattern recog-
nition and is now enthusiastically used for various technologies such as image
retrieval, fault diagnosis, regression computation and forecasting etc. [16]. The
time series is used to train a model that is as simple as neural network model and
there is no question of over fitting curve, struck to local minima in SVM [17]. Essen-
tially, it uses the mapping function to map the input vector (x1 + x2 + x3 + . . . .. . .xn)
to the output (y1 + y2 + y3 + . . .. . .yn). The equation with SVM can be represented as

X
n
y¼ ϕi k ðx, xi Þ þ b ð9Þ
i¼1

where y is output function and b is bias and the basic architecture of SVM shown in
Fig. 2.
Jie shi et al. used SVM model to forecast the solar power. The entire data is
dividing into four groups based on all seasons. The categorized data are feed into
four SVM developed models. The performances of developed models are evaluated
using RMSE and MAE and performance of all developed models outperform bench
mark model [18].

Markov Chain

It represents a deterministic cycle that used to forecast wind and solar irrdiance. The
procedure of deterministic cycle is essential reliant on the neighboring states i.e. the
current state variables are dependent on the former one. Similarly, the next state
variables are reliant on the current one [19] as shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 2 Architecture
of SVM
114 A. Gupta et al.

This procedure is described by a sequence of finite random digit. Let {yn,

n¼0,1,2. . .. . .. . . .}. The sequence for the current state i at nth time can be shown as

yn ¼ i

Whereas the likelihood of next condition in j is Pij. i.e.

 
p ynþ1 ¼ jjyn ¼ i, yn1 ¼ in1, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., y1 ¼ i1 , y0 ¼ i0 ¼ Pij ð10Þ

This equation shows the next state having the dependency on the present state.
To estimate the power of a photovoltaic device, Sanjari et al. developed a markov
chain model. The input parameters were radiant energy and relative humidity. The
proposed model outperforms other approaches in terms of MAPE results [20].

7 Empirical Model

Empirical modeling is a genetic term for activities that create model by observation
and experiments. Samani and Hargreaves present first empirical model in 1982. Now
number of model have evolved by changing the various factor such as altitude,
latitude, angular position, tilt angle, air particle dispersion, water vapor content,
hours of sunlight, max temp, lowest temperature, cloud cover index etc. Empirical
model is a mathematical technique used to forecast solar irradiance by creating a
linear or nonlinear connection between climatologically and solar variables
[21]. Nadjem Bailek et al. addressed mathematical models for obtaining a accurate
diffuse solar radiation. The developed models were dividing into three categories
based on sunshine period and clearness index. The performance of all three models
were evaluated using MAPE, RMSE and U95 (Uncertainty Factor) and compared
with the eight models discussed in the literature [22].

Fig. 3 Markov chain

process
Solar Energy Radiation Forecasting Method 115

8 Deep Learning

This term deep learning introduced in 1986 by Rina Dechter & over the past years,
deep learning has become very prevalent. It is also named as deep structured
learning, is a branch of machine learning which intern is the subset of artificial
intelligence; Machine learning is a technique for achieving artificial intelligence
through algorithms trained with data, whereas artificial intelligence is a technique for
enabling a machine to act like a person as shown in Fig. 4. On the other hand, Deep
learning is a set of statistical machine learning techniques used to learn feature
hierarchies which is often based on ANN. Here, learning can be supervised,
unsupervised or semi-supervised. The application of deep learning algorithm such
as: CNN, RNN and DBN are used in computer vision, image processing, audio
recognition, speech recognition etc. [23].
Deep learning is a modern substitute for machine learning; we can have a variety
of structured and unstructured data in various forms and aspects from every region of
the world. Structural data can be easily drowned out while unstructured data could
take decades to provide relevant information. Deep learning is used to deal with a
huge amount of data simply known as big data which is taken from various medium
such as social medium, online platform i.e. e-commerce, internet engine search so
on. This abundance amount of data is smoothly accessible. It can be shared through
fintech application such as mobile payment applications etc.
Wang et al. present a forecasted model using deep learning techniques. The
author applies pre-processing technique to improve the performance of forecasted
model [1]. Melit et al. conducted a review on machine learning techniques.
According to the author, deep learning techniques and numerical weather forecast
with extracting features use to generate long term photovoltaic power generation and
for determine the time dependence information in forecasting the performance of
convolution neural network and recurrent neural network were better [24].

Artificial Intelligence
Mimicking the intelligence of or behavioral pattern of
humans

Machine Learning
Training a model from data set

Deep Learning
A technique to perform ma-
chine learning inspired by our
brain’s own network of neuron

Fig. 4 Deep learning is a subset of machine learning

116 A. Gupta et al.

9 Hybrid Method

These models are used to enhancing the precision of forecasted models. There are
many factors that are not considered in the individual model by a model needed to
perform more accurately. The hybrid approach is about integrating two or more
methods for determining the forecast. Various data decomposition techniques used
with forecasted models to increase the accuracy of forecasted models [25] (Table 3).

10 Factors Influencing Solar Radiation Forecasting

There are some other factors/parameters that affect the accuracy of model forecasting
directly or indirectly. The solar forecasting depends on forecast horizons, geograph-
ical condition, day/night value and normalization, testing period, climatic variability
and pre-processing technique.

10.1 Input Parameter Selection

Solar energy is an important aspect of solar radiation forecasting but it is unavailable

for many places due to measuring device cost, upkeep and calibration. So, we need
input parameters for estimating the solar radiation. The input parameter may be
temperature, pressure, humidity, solar zenith angle, precipitation, latitude, longitude,
wind direction, wind speed, sunshine duration [48–50].

10.2 Forecast Horizon

The time horizon concept is concerned with the span of time duration which the
model is used for prediction. Time duration can range from a few seconds to many
hours. As per literature, four type of time horizon exist such as: very short term, short
term, mid-term and long term forecasting [48–51].

10.3 Climatic Variability

The variables in the input data may be systemic, endogenous and exogenous. On
various combinations of input parameter different model behave differently. The
model’s efficiency suffers as the number of insignificant meteorological variables
used. As a result, the necessary parameters must be chosen to improve a model’s
efficiency. To predict solar radiation, M.A. Behrang et al. proposed two models
using neural network based on various combinations of a climatologically
variable [52].
Table 3 Study of solar forecasting techniques
Prediction Time Evaluation Forecast
Author (year) Location Input value method horizon metrics variables Results
A. Koca et al., Turkey Latitude, longi- ANN – RMSE,R2 Solar RMSE ¼ 0.0358
2011 [17] tude, month, cloud radiation R2 ¼ 0.9974
cover, wind speed
F. Wang et al., China Third order differ- ANN 24–72 h MAPE, Solar MAPE ¼ 9.09–26.7%
2012 [26] ence of SI, Tm day, ahead RMSE, radiation RMSE ¼ 42.29–84.65 (W/m2)
Ta MABE MABE ¼ 31.10–64.6 (W/m2)
R. Hossain et al., Australia Wind speed, wind ANN 3h R WE,SE R2 ¼ 0.96399
2012 [27] direction, relative
humidity, meteo-
rological variables
Solar Energy Radiation Forecasting Method

S. Bhardwaj Gurgaon AT,RH,AP,WS, HMM + GFM N/A MAPE, Solar RMSE ¼ 7.9
et al., 2013 [28] WD,SR RMSE radiation MAPE ¼ 3.4
S. X. Chen et al., Singapore T,SKI,SR Fuzzy+ANN 1-h day MAPE PV power MAPE ¼ 6.03%–9.65%
2013 [29] output
I. Colak et al., N/A Time series ARMA & 1–3 step MAPE Solar MAPE_ARMA ¼ 72.67%
2015 [30] ARIMA ahead power MAPE_ARIMA ¼ 33.07%
A. Wibun et al., Thailand Global solar radia- Markov tran- Hourly RMSE Global Second order>first order
2016 [31] tion, daily solar sition matrix solar
radiation, clear sky radiation
index
L. M. Aguiar Spain Meteorological Neural 1–6 h RMSE GHI RMSE ¼ 83.58%–147.88%
et al., 2016 [32] data, NWP, satel- network
lite data
N. Kumar et al., India WS, RH, P,SD, ANN + unity N/A MAPE Daily MAPE ¼ 14.84%–16.32%
2017 [33] Tmax, Tmin feedback global
RBF + LR solar
radiation
117

(continued)
Table 3 (continued)
118

Prediction Time Evaluation Forecast

Author (year) Location Input value method horizon metrics variables Results
S. Li et al., 2017 FortPeck, Time series data Discrete Mar- Seasonal % error TSRY % Error lies between 10% to 6%
[34] Montana kov chain
C. R. Chen et al., Taiwan Temp., relative Neural 60 min MBE, GSI RMSE ¼ 232 (W/m2)
2017 [35] humidity, wind network RMSE MABE ¼ 32 (W/m2)
speed, wind
direction
M. Bou-Rabee Kuwait Time series data GD algorithm, N/A MAPE Solar MAPE ¼ 86.3%
et al., 2017 [36] LM algorithm radiation
M.. Guermoui NEA, Singapore Maximum eleva- WGPR-CFA N/A RMSE,r2 GHR, RMSEGHR ¼ 3.18 (MJ/m2)
et al., 2018 [37] tion, declination, WGPR-PFA DHR r2GHR ¼ 85.85%
angle day duration RMSEDHR ¼ 5.23 (MJ/m2)
r2DHR ¼ 56.21%
H. Verbois et al., Singapore NWP NWP + PCA 1-day RMSE, SI RMSE ¼ 169 (W/m2)
[38] rMSE, rRMSE ¼ 35.7%
2018 MAE, MAE ¼ 193 (W/m2)
rMAE rMAE ¼ 28.1%
L. Benali et al., France Time series data SP,ANN,RF 1–6 h Nrmse, PV power nRMSE can by improved by 20%
2019 [39] ahead MSE,
MAE,
nMAE
Persson et al., Japan Historical data, Gradient 1-h nRMSE Solar Nrmse ¼ 0.1–0.137 kW
2017 [40] NWP data boosted power
regression generation
tress
L. Cornejo- Spain Clear sky, irradi- ELM 1-h RMSE GSR RMSE ¼ 60.60 W/m2
Bueno et al., ance, CI ahead
2019 [41]
A. Gupta et al.
A.T. Eseye et al., China Temperature, Wavelet-PSO- 1 day MAPE Solar PV MAPE ¼ 4.22%
2018 [42] cloud cover, rela- SVM power
tive humidity,
wind speed
K. R. Kumar Andhrapradesh, Temperature,pres- ANN.ANFIS – % error PV power ANN > ANFIS
et al., 2018 [43] India sure,wind speed
F. Rodriguez Euskalmet Atmospheric pres- ANN N/A RMSE Solar RMSE ¼ 0.03%
et al., 2018 [44] sure, relative irradiation
humidity,
temperature
D. Liu et al., GEFcom 2014 Meteorological Random For- 1–3 step RMSE, PV power RMSE ¼ 8.88–9.82%
2019 [25] data est+ PCA ahead MAE MAE ¼ 4.76–5.80%
W. Vandeventer Australia Ambient tempera- GASVM Hourly RMSE, PV power RMSE ¼ 11.226WMAPE ¼ 1.7052%
et al., 2019 [45] ture, solar MAPE
Solar Energy Radiation Forecasting Method

irradiation
A. Shadab et al., New Delhi Time series SARIMA Month MPE Solar MPE ¼ 1.402
2019 [46] radiation
S. Ghimire et al., Australia Past global solar CNN + LSTM 30 min MAPE, Solar MAPE ¼ 4.672%
2019 [23] radiation APE, radiation APE ¼ 1.233%
rRMSE Rrmse ¼ 1.515%
Y. Liu et al., China Sunshine ration, SVM – RMSE, Solar SVM > CNQR>empirical model
2020 [21] average tempera- Empirical MABE, radiation
ture, relative model MBE,R2
humidity
J. Dong et al., Oak Ridge Past PV Uncertainty 1- MAPE, Solar MAPE ¼ 5.72–25.75%
2020 [47] National bias +kalman 50 min nRMSE radiation Nrmse ¼ 7.43–26.13%
Laboratory filter PV power
119
120 A. Gupta et al.

10.4 Night Hour and Normalization

The solar irradiance is not available in the night hours. But energy providers required
PV production continuous at all times. The bulk of the test took place during the day
time and omitted the night time hours. To avoid the effects of inaccurate readings,
the time just after sunrise and just before sunset were also excluded from the data
collection [53].

10.5 Preprocessing Techniques

The quality of input data plays crucial role in the enhancement of forecasted model.
The data collection from various sites mostly available in raw format and does not
have a significant characteristics to provide appropriate accuracy. So, the data has to
be process before processing with the model called preprocessing stage. Here, the
preprocessing means scale up or down the input measurements, clean up and define
the input data accordingly to the specifications. There are number of preprocessing
techniques available in the literature such as: wavelet transforms kalman filter,
empirical mode decomposition, self organization map, normalization, trend free
time series which were used before the model learning [54].

10.6 Training and Testing Period

The training and testing cycle is also one of the factors which affect the accuracy of
the model. Various studies have shown that the large collection of training data set
enhance the learning capacity and also improve the accuracy. B. Sivaneasan et al.
used 4 months data set to train the model and 1 month data set is used to test the
model [55] whereas Mohammed Bou-Rabee et al., used 3 years data to train and
1 year data to test the model [36].

10.7 Geographical Location

The behavior of the model varies according the geographical location. The model
performance directly affected by the area or locations having certain/uncertain
climatic conditions like Leh, India where the cold desert receives the enormous
amount of solar radiation may perform better than the area having most of the cloud
in the sky [14].
Solar Energy Radiation Forecasting Method 121

11 Solar Forecasting Evaluation Metrics

Various evaluation metrics have used by researchers to predict solar irradiation

value. The aim of the evaluation metrics is to compare the actual observed value
with the forecasted value. Different performance metrics have different units; for
example, the statistical error of solar radiation is measured in W/m2, whereas power
is measured in KW or MW. The forecast evaluation provides a forecaster with:
– The ability of selecting correct forecasting model so, that the maximum predic-
tion accuracy can be achieved as comparison to others.
– Forecasters analyze forecasting error and utilizing it for improving performance
of forecasting model.
Forecasting model accuracy is the primary concern for the forecaster and it can be
evaluated by using the following Conventional Statistical Assessment Metrics:
• Normalized Error:
It is indicate by Ne and is used to identify outliers in a set of data used.
Mathematically it is represented as [26]

Rprediction  Rreal
nE ¼   ð11Þ
max Rprediction

• Mean Bias Error:

This metric is used to measure the system’s or model’s average bias [56].

1 X 
n
MBE ¼ R  Rreal,i ð12Þ
n i¼1 prediction,i

The MBE positive value indicates that the model is overestimation whereas the
negative value represents the underestimation.
• Mean Absolute Error (MAE):
It provides uniform forecasting error. This metric provides a difference
between two set of data [57].

1 X  
n
MAE ¼ Rprediction,i  Rreal,i  ð13Þ
n i¼1

• Standard Deviation Error (SDE):

This metric is used to assess the deviation from the average [42].
122 A. Gupta et al.

sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 X 2
n
SDE ¼ R  Rreal,i  MBE ð14Þ
n i¼1 prediction,i

• Root Mean Square Error (RMSE):

It is a metric for determining the largest expected error in the forecasted
data [58].
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 X 2
n
RMSE ¼ R  Rreal,i ð15Þ
n i¼1 prediction,i

• Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE):

It is a metric for uniform forecasting error expressed as a percentage [56]

n  
1 X Rprediction,i  Rreal,i 
MAPE ¼ ð16Þ
n i¼1  Rreal,i 

• Mean deviation Absolute Percentage Error (Md-APE):

Outliers have less of an effect on this metric than they do on the MAPE [59].
 
 Rforecast  Rreal 

MdAPE ¼ median 100: ð17Þ
Rreal 

• Relative root mean square error (Rrmse):

It is a metric for determining the largest expected error in the forecasted data
set [59]

RMSE
Rrmse ¼  100 ð18Þ
Rreal

• Correlation Coefficient
This metric is used for representation a connection between two set of data.
Forecasted Model’s ability is better if the value of correlation coefficient is
high. The optimal correlation coefficient value is 1 [60]
 2
Conv Rreal Rprediction
ρ¼ ð19Þ
Var

where Rreal represent real radiation value and Rprediction represent predicted
radiation value.
• Determination Coefficient
It is used to derive knowledge about the association between predicted and
actual values and this metric is denoted by R2 [61]
Solar Energy Radiation Forecasting Method 123

 
var Rreal  Rprediction
R ¼1
2   ð20Þ
var Rprediction

• Clear Sky Index

It is defined as the proportion of measure radiation to the clear sky radiation

Rreal
Kt ¼ ð21Þ
RrealðCKSÞ

11.1 Contemporary Statistical Metrics

The MAPE, MAE and RMSE cannot distinguish the two different data sets with the
same mean and standard deviation but having varying consistency or skewness
distributions and Kurtosis. However, traditional metrics are required to measure
the system but other parameters such as skewness, kurtosis may affect the real time
procedure.
• Kolmogorov-Smirnov test integeral (KSI) and OVER metrics
The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is used to distinguish the relationship between
two data sets. The distinction between two CDFs is represented as [62].
 
 b ðniÞ 
D ¼ max F ðniÞ  F ð22Þ

F represent the actual data set for solar power generations and Fb represents the
predicted solar power generation data set. D statistics define the disparity between
one sample and the reference sample is smaller than the target value (Vc). The
target value depends on the amount of points in the estimation of the data series,
measured at a confidence level of 99% [62].

1:63
V c ¼ pffiffiffiffi N  35 ð23Þ
N

The distinction between the two CDFs of real and forecasted energy is
specified for each phase
 
 b ni  where j ¼ 1, 2, 3 . . . . . . . . . m
D j ¼ max F ni  F ð24Þ

Where Pi 2 [Pmin + ( j  1)d, pmin + jd].

124 A. Gupta et al.

The period difference d is calculated as follows:

Pmax  Pmin
d¼ ð25Þ
m

The KSI factor is represent as the distinction between two CDFs calculated as

Zxmin
KSI ¼ Dn dx ð26Þ
xmax

The actual value and the predicted value are identical when the KSI is lower
[62] Dn represent the distinction between the two CDFs.
• OVER
It is used to define the difference between the cumulative distribution function
of real and predicted solar value [59].

Zxmin
OVER ¼ Tdt ð27Þ
xmax

Where xmin and xmax represent the minimum and maximum radiation value
and t is represented as

T ¼ T j  U c if D j > U c
f0 if D j < Uc

Uc represent the critical value.

• Skewness and Kurtosis
The assessment of incongruity in a probability distribution is skewness [55].
 
 2
 e  μe 
γ ¼ E  ð28Þ
 σe 

e ¼ difference between the forecast solar power and real solar power μe
indicate mean error and σ e represent the standard deviation error.
Kurtosis: It is a metric used for assessing the magnitude of the distribution

μ4
K¼ 3 ð29Þ
σe 4

K is the kurtosis, μe represent the mean and σ e denote standard deviation error.
Solar Energy Radiation Forecasting Method 125

• Uncertainty Quantification
Renyi entropy of solar forecast error: The Renyi entropy is used to quantify the
degree of uncertainty in solar prediction and expressed as [63, 64]

1 X n
H a ð xÞ ¼ log 2 Pi a ð30Þ
1a i¼1

a represent the scale of Renyi entropy and Pi represent the probability distri-
bution function. Larger Renyi entropy value indicate more ambiguities present in
the expected outcome.
• Metrics for Ramp Characterization
The main priority associated with grid operators is to maintain a constant solar
power output because a number of fluctuations occurred in the solar output due to
variability of weather events. Solar ramps also influenced by different time and
geographic factors, they can be up ramp or down ramp. The accurate solar
forecasting help to overcome these types of uncertainties [65].
In case of Ramp Characterization Florita et al. developed a signal compression
algorithm in which used to extract ramp interval into a sequence of power cycle
by specifying the beginning and finishing point of each ramp [66].
• Ramp Detection Index (RDI)
This metric is used to measure the caliber of a model to predict ramps in a short
time frame [67].

N hit
RDI ¼ ð31Þ
N hit þ N miss

Where Nhit represent the total number of strike counts

Nhit + Nmiss represent the cumulative number of times a ramp appears.
• Ramp Magnitude (RM)
It is used to measure the difference between radiation value at current time and
after small time with respect to the clear sky radiation value of the current time.
Chu et al. study the concept of ramp magnitude in their research paper to explore
the caliber to predict ramps [68]

Rh ðt Þ  Rh ðt þ Δt Þ
RM ¼ ð32Þ
Rcsk ðt Þ
126 A. Gupta et al.

12 Conclusion

This study conducts on several statistical, physical and ensemble methods. NWP
models, satellite based models and cloud Imagery are studied in the case of physical
method. These models are used for long-term forecasting horizons ranging from a
few hours to several days and are ideal for circumstances where no other information
is available. The only downside of the physical approach is that they are suffering
from spatial and temporal resolution. Various time series and learning model
discussed in the statistical model. In the time series method, the observation is
measured over time. AR, MA, ARMA, ARIMA included in the time series model.
Learning model include Markov chain, artificial neural network, support vector
machine which provide excellent information about the solar irradiance when
enough historical data is available. Nowadays, a hybrid method is used to overcome
the shortcomings of individual model. These techniques also reduce the forecasting
error. For evaluating the performance of prediction model various error metrics are
discussed. Solar prediction error assessments allow understanding the model and
re-evaluating it in case of high error.

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Electric Vehicles for Environmental
Sustainability

Iflah Aijaz and Aijaz Ahmad

1 Introduction

Prior to actually constructing automobiles with an internal combustion engine, the

automobiles, fitted with an automatic transmission, were made. In 1830–1840, the
first prototypes were manufactured and were sloppy and unstable modules that
operated at very low speeds [1]. Transportation, especially the burning of gasoline
and diesel in cars, has played an increasingly important role as a cause of national
and global air pollution since 1970. More than 95% of road vehicles is dependent on
gasoline and contributes for almost 50% of petroleum consumption worldwide
[2]. In the Economic Cooperation and Development, for the number of fuel vehicles,
the total vehicle ownership statistics are over 450 cars per 1000 people; and in some
developing countries there are even more cars per person. In countries such as the
United States, this figure is also growing [3]. Fuel use has been growing steadily for
the past few years. Growing volumes of automotive use, the rise of heavy duty
vehicle use, and a change from private commercial vehicles to private light-duty
trucks, buses, and Sport Utility Vehicles have mostly induced this [4]. The demand
for diesel engines is constantly escalating internationally. In 2030, small engine
diesel vehicles with sophisticated internal combustion motors are projected to win
about 6% of the emerging US demand for cars and light trucks [5]. Diesel vehicles
and petrol engines are the primary types of motors we have currently. There is a
rising issue in fuel usage, especially gas and diesel, as more than 90% of road
vehicles use gasoline and diesel engines nowadays. Every type of fuel has its

I. Aijaz (*)
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
A. Ahmad
Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, India
e-mail: [email protected]

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 131
P. Agarwal et al. (eds.), Smart Technologies for Energy and Environmental
Sustainability, Green Energy and Technology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80702-3_8
132 I. Aijaz and A. Ahmad

advantages and poor implications. Such harmful contaminants have been linked to
severe illnesses. Consequences include early mortality, failure of respiration,
reduced function of the lungs and heart disease [6]. Carbon Dioxide also has a
strong atmospheric influence and leads to global warming. This massive rise of
vehicle populations would put tremendous environmental stress in numerous ways
on regional and global levels, especially triggering air pollution. Some energy
sources have also been developed as the quantity of fossil fuels declines some of
which are still very much in new requirement, such as methanol. These alternative
energy sources can decrease reliance on fossil fuels, and certain global problems can
be minimized by the use of these energy sources, including the use of electric cars
without pollutants.
In the early 1990s, the concept smart city was introduced. This concept covers
urban planning with recent technological advances, creativity, and modernization
that have changed. The main achievement is to the adaptation of the late 1990s smart
growth trend. This has encouraged increased spatial planning and the use of
enhanced Wi-Fi-enabled equipment. In the modern global knowledge economy,
this is vital for development. The management of public utilities and facilities used
in houses, infrastructure, power and water delivery, and community security are also
combined [7].
At the forefront of next-generation mobility are electric vehicles (EVs). At global
panels, this so-called magical approach is widely addressed with a growing emphasis
on renewable energy and use on the global level. Eventually, governments and green
campaigners are trying to pin great standards on EVs with developing cities on the
brink of suffocation [8]. The ability of electric cars to reduce contaminant emissions
in the urban environment is a significant explanation for promoting their use in the
private car market. This concern encompasses only comparatively to greenhouse gas
emissions, and particularly to carbon dioxide. Evidently, given that a significant
proportion of electricity is provided by fossil fuel power plants and that the effect of
greenhouse gases needs to be viewed internationally, the potential reduction of the
overall CO2 released by the passenger vehicles in the urban world should be
calculated [9].
The economist magazine officially appointed the next group disruptor in the
business world, that is, climate change and they have a point as the Covid-19
pandemic showed us how difficult it would be to cope with climate change [10]. It
has caused economic activity to cease and the carbon dioxide emissions associated
with electricity have dropped significantly. But even a substantial reduction in this
year’s overall carbon dioxide production is projected to only trigger a drop of 4–7%.
Nevertheless, in order to meet the target of the 2015 Paris Agreement that restricts
global warming well below 2  C, we will have to reduce our greenhouse gas
emissions in the next 30 years by another 90% [11]. The European Union’s long-
term plan is to become climate stable by 2050. The 2030 climate and energy system
is the first step. The new goal is, as part of the European Green Deal, to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions by 40% in just 10 years [12]. The European Commission
recently suggested that this goal be further increased to a 55% reduction and that the
Green Recovery Plan be adopted [13]. It is expected that the Green Recovery Plan
Electric Vehicles for Environmental Sustainability 133

will help economic growth in a more sustainable way. But halting the economy is not
an alternative, so we need technological improvements to achieve these goals. Each
year, a single car can easily release a few tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Road transport actually accounts for 12% of the world’s overall greenhouse gas
emissions, so these technological advances could also have an effect on road
transport. Such improvements will provide many new problems and many new
possibilities to address them and see how telematics will support management by
calculation. The 2020 year will be remembered for the pandemic, but this year will
also be remembered where fleet electrification has really gained traction in Europe,
making it the largest EV market in the world. Europe is already on its journey to
surplus China, leading the charge since 2015, with EV sales every month at record
high levels [14]. Electric vehicle energy obviously needs to be brought from
somewhere. The large bulk of electric energy would have to come from the power
grid if battery electric cars are widely adopted, in which most energy generation
currently emerges from the combustion of fossil fuels [15]. Only around 10% of the
energy used throughout the grid is currently supplied by sustainable energy sources,
so that majority of the electricity used to charge electric vehicles would be acquired
from the from power plants that burn fossil fuels such as coal, gas, and gasoline
[16]. In modern power plants, conversion efficiency for generating electricity from
fossil fuels is usually around 45%, far better unlike fuel cars [8]. This must, indeed,
be delivered to the customer and the average quality of propagation, together with
communication over local and small voltage setups, is about 90%. This suggests that
the real performance of translating the chemical fuel oil at the power plant to energy
at the electronic connectors of customers is usually around 41%. This would then be
transformed to electricity provided by the wheels of the car.

2 Electric Vehicles (EVs)

A vehicle that operates fully or partially on power generation is an electric vehicle.

E-vehicles use an electric motor that is operated by a fuel cell or batteries, unlike
traditional cars that simply operate on carbon fuels. We may also use the ‘e-vehicle’
and ‘EV’ terminology for Electric Vehicle. Generally, the expression ‘electric
vehicle’ (EV) indicates an automobile with an electric drive (motor) power mecha-
nism that can be inserted in to refuel the battery, supplying at least part of the
vehicle’s power storage room [17]. Electric vehicles would include electric vehicles,
electric trains, electric trucks, electric lorries, electric aircraft, electric ships, electric
scooters and motorcycles, and electric spacecraft. Sustainable attributes are the
greatest benefit of having an electric vehicle. Ultimately, the wider community has
awakened attention to the reality that fossil fuel-based cars are one of the world’s
largest main sources of rising climate change and poisonous gas emissions. This
situation is going to get even worse with the growing population and commodifica-
tion. As a timely response to this growing issue, electric cars have arisen. Although
because of its anti-polluting functionality, the innovation has been marketed
134 I. Aijaz and A. Ahmad

nation-wide, it does have some drawbacks that have stifled its expanded universal
recognition [18]. An electric car is an ultimate platform for you to not only save your
expenses, but also aim to lead to a peaceful and reliable world.
The very first formal proposal to promote electric cars was introduced in India in
2010. The cabinet approved an economic motivation for producers of electric
vehicles sold in India under the Rs. 95-crore policy sanctioned by the Ministry of
New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) [19]. As of November 2010, the scheme
contemplated discounts of up to 20% on ex-factory vehicle costs, according to a
higher limit. Conversely, in March 2012, the reimbursement system was subse-
quently discontinued by the MNRE. The ‘National Electric Mobility Mission Plan
(NEMMP) 2020’ was launched by India in 2013 to create a significant change to
electric vehicles and to resolve power generation stability, automotive emissions and
domestic energy capability development problems. While the plan was supposed to
provide grants and build e-vehicle knowledge base, the proposal remained mainly a
plan. Then finance minister Arun Jaitley proposed quicker implementation and
production of electric vehicles (FAME), with a potential amount of Rs 75 crore,
when proposing the Union Budget for 2015–2016 in Parliament. The programme
was designed with the goal of offering opportunities for cars with clean energy
sources to expand their revenues to up to seven million vehicles by 2020. Transport
Minister Nitin Gadkari expressed an opinion in 2017 demonstrating the intention of
India to move to 100% electric cars by 2030. The car sector, moreover, has faced
doubts regarding the adoption of such a project. Consequently, the government
narrowed the scheme from 100 to 30%. A Rs 10,000-crore project under the
FAME-II scheme was approved by the Union Cabinet in February 2019. This policy
has been in effect since 1 April 2019 [20]. The key goal of the program is to facilitate
rapid implementation of electric and hybrid cars by providing early opportunities for
the purchase of electric vehicles, as well as by building the required charging
facilities for EVs.
The reason that it will not require any gas or diesel to operate has been one of the
main benefits of having an EV. Rather, a charging station is required where the car
can be charged in and prepared to go. The cost of building up a charging station is
very high, but it is not assured of the investment rewards of such projects. The
inability of different investors to spend in charging networks continues to be a
significant impediment to the development of charging ports. And furthermore, car
manufacturers have not been interested in speeding up charging activities around the
nation. Other than this, the level of information about the EV charging strategy of the
company is very tiny. Not many people understand whether or not one has to receive
a permit to set up a charging station. It is worth resolving the uncertainty around
charging protocols. It would make absolutely no sense even though you buy an EV if
there is no charging station in your proximity. To encourage the increased use of
these automobiles, a sufficient number of charging stations must first be built. It is
also costly to own an electric car. There are several fossil fuel vehicles available at
varying price levels on the market. Nevertheless, hybrid cars have fewer choices to
choose from, and the best ones are very costly. Also, the batteries that are used are
still expensive, although it is projected that their costs will decline in the coming
years.
Electric Vehicles for Environmental Sustainability 135

2.1 Technical Components of Electric Car

Battery is charged by the electricity either when connected to the power grid via a
charging station or during braking through kinetic energy recovery system. As its
performance can now vary approximately 60–97%, squandering 3–40% of grid
energy as heat, the charger is a key element. Based on the load scenario, the motor
controller provides the electric motor with variable power. The electric motor trans-
forms electricity into kinetic motion and into torque when used within a powertrain.
Central engines were used in the BEV series produced till now, but hub wheel
electric motors are also conceivable and will be necessary for large scale manufactur-
ing. Traditional, extremely effective electric motors are built on permanent magnetic
components, the hardest of which are alloys comprising neodymium and samarium
(REE) rare earth elements. This has generated several apprehensions as REEs are
limited and a few countries, mostly China, regulate their exports. Electrical engines
for BEV, nevertheless, do not usually produce REE. There are a range of electric
motor types, typically separated into categories of alternating current (AC) and direct
current (DC). Based on personal usage, there are indeed AC and DC electric
machines designed with and without magnetic materials. Traction motors without
magnets are very popular in electric vehicles, as they are inexpensive.

2.2 EV Types

Electric vehicles are classified according to the degree of electricity that will be used
by these vehicles as energy sources. Mainly they are classified in three categories,
such as BEVs or battery electric vehicles, PHEVs or plug in hybrid electric vehicles
and HEVs or hybrid electric vehicles. Among the three only BEVs are capable of
charging on a level 3 DC fast charge [21].

Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV)

BEVs are more frequently called by the name EVs; these are fully electric vehicles
with rechargeable batteries and no gasoline engine. High capacity battery packs are
used to store electricity. The battery power is used to run the electric motor and all
types of electronic devices on board. These vehicles don’t emit any kind of harmful
emissions and hazardous gases which are otherwise emitted by the traditional
gasoline powered vehicles. Such vehicles are charged externally and each type of
charging source is classified as per the speed of charging. The main charging
capacities are classified as level 1, level 2, level 3 or Dc fast charging. The level
1 charging facility uses the traditional household outlet and takes up to 8 h to charge
136 I. Aijaz and A. Ahmad

an EV which will run almost for 75–80 miles. Level 1 charging can be usually done
at home or otherwise such charges have the capability to charge most EVs on the
market.
Level 2 charging requires a special type of station which will provide power at
240v. Such charging facilities are more common at workplaces or public charging
stations and will consume at least 4 h to charge the battery which will run for almost
75–80 miles.
Level 3 charging or Dc fast charging is currently the fastest charging facility
among the three available in market. DC fast chargers are found at dedicated EV
charging stations and take up to 30 min to charge a battery which will run up to
90 miles.

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)

Such electric vehicles have the type of batteries which can be charged either through
regenerative braking or plugging into an external source of power. The standard
models of such vehicles can only go up to 1–2 miles until the gasoline engine turns
on. PHEV models can run for almost 10–40 miles before gas engine is turned on.

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV)

These vehicles are powered by both gasoline and electricity. The electric energy
required to run the vehicle can be generated by the braking system of the vehicle, as a
result help in recharging the battery of the vehicle. Such kind of braking is called
regenerative braking; it is a process where electric motor of the vehicle slows down
the vehicle to some extent which in turn helps it to use some of the energy which is
normally converted to heat by the brakes.

3 Impact of Electric Cars on the Environment

Production of electric cars seems more appealing in current time as bringing about
reduction in carbon releases and greenhouse gasses is a rising alarm all over the
world. A number of researches have been conducted on the impact of such cars on
environment and mostly the results have revealed that such vehicles are indeed better
for environment. Such cars release less smokes through their whole lifespan in
comparison to the vehicles powered by petrol and diesel. The results have been
the same even after taking into consideration the manufacture process of the vehicle
and the production of electricity mandatory to fuel them.
The foremost advantage of electric cars is that they make a healthy contribution in
bringing about the improvement in the air quality of towns and cities. Such cars have
no tailpipes and produce no carbon dioxide emissions while being driven. This in
Electric Vehicles for Environmental Sustainability 137

turn helps us in making our cities and towns greener and better for people to live in
them. Over the course of 1 year one electric car can save up to 1.5 million grams of
CO2 which in turn is equivalent of four round-trip flights from London to Barcelona.
Further electric cars can also help in reducing noise pollution more so in cities where
speeds are commonly on lower side, as such cars are far more quite than the
traditional vehicles and thereby forms an additional serene surrounding.
On the other side making such cars consumes a lot of energy as the emission
created when such cars are in production process is usually higher than the conven-
tional car, the main cause being manufacture of lithium ion batteries which are an
essential part of electric cars. The energy used to manufacture an electric vehicle
accounts for more than a third of the car’s total CO2 emissions over its lifespan,
however as the technology keeps on improving and better manufacturing techniques
are devised, the amount of emission will also be decreased to a great extent in the
production process of such cars. At the same time the results from a number of
researches have been encouraging as one such research conducted by European
energy agency found out that even with emissions emitted in electricity generation of
such cars it is still 17–30% lower than what a conventional car emits. The emissions
from electricity generation can further be improved if low carbon electricity is used.
However, as the EVs become more and more widespread battery recycling which is
of concern will become more efficient and reduce the need to extract new materials
as such there will be less reliance on mining and production of new batteries. Total
impact of electric vehicles is more pronounced when their lifetime is put to com-
parison with a combustion engine powered vehicle and there seems to be no
competition between the two, as EVs are responsible for lower emissions over
their lifetime than the usual vehicles, hence make a huge difference to the state of
environment.
Keeping existing systems into account, they are striving to address their depen-
dence on fossil fuels and to maximize their renewable energy supply on a regular
basis. Electric vehicles, irrespective of the power supply, produce significantly less
pollutants over their lifespan, indicating that they are still the vehicle of the next
generation. Car companies are also in agreement with the fact that such cars are way
less contaminating when compared to conventional vehicles.

4 Advantages and Disadvantages

4.1 Advantages

Smooth, nearly noise—free driving experience

There aren’t a lot of moving parts inside the engine in electric vehicles. They have
only one moving part, in particular, which would be the electric motor. Within,
the petrol engine has a multitude of spinning components. They have to contin-
uously keep scraping and striking against each other in order to generate elec-
tricity. The vibrations formed from the interaction between these parts are heard
138 I. Aijaz and A. Ahmad

as the engine sound and perceived as fluctuations within the car’s interior. While
petrol engines today produce substantially less noise relative to what they would
release 7 or 8 years earlier, they do have substantial amounts of both. The only
driving aspect of an electric vehicle is the motor that revolves and shuffles the
wheels throughout. A very modern and almost quiet buzz is the only sound from
this phase that can be observed. The same characteristic also leads to a completely
noise-free driving environment as well.
Standstill explosive torque accessible-
One of the key disadvantages of the operation of the petrol engine is that it
generates maximum torque only at a particular point of RPM. The torque
produced by it, as a result of its nature, begins from a really low value, goes up
to its absolute peak and then falls again as the RPM increases. Owing to a huge
series of various parts used to transfer the torque, petrol engines often suffer
output drop. Due to frictional drops, the net performance is decreased by around
20% by the time it hits the wheel. In the case of electric vehicles, right out of the
box, they achieve their highest output power. That means you have standstill
access to the entire torque output. When you advance into the upper RPM range
due to the effect of back EMF, it just continues to decrease. Electric cars only
comprise of one integral component, the transmission, between the wheels and
the engine. Therefore, they achieve a very high output of torque and at the same
time suffer zero output loss.
Simplest procedure for driving
In the world of vehicles, electric vehicles have the easiest driving approach.
Commercial electric cars come with a gearbox consisting of only one very long
gear. As diesel cars do, they also do not suffer from the issue of instability. To
stop that from occurring, it essentially prevents the need to incorporate a clutch
function. Because what it ultimately says is that with only the accelerator pedal,
brake pedal and steering wheel you can run an electric vehicle. Regenerative
braking is another truly valuable function in electric vehicles. The braking
mechanism usually results in complete wastefulness of kinetic energy in normal
cars that is emitted as frictional heat. Even so, in an electric car, to power the
battery, the same electricity is used rather than being exposed as heat. You avoid
providing it some accelerator input when you hit the brakes in an electric vehicle.
The induction machine that rotates the tires is now starting to act as a tire-rotating
engine. The whole circuit is flipped, and now the tires use the same rotational
energy to power the batteries. Regenerative braking is configured to be so
powerful and efficient in the newest batch of electric cars that you will only
have to use the car’s real brakes very occasionally or only in emergency.
Zero emissions and pollution
Energy is generated in a petrol car by combustion of fuel inside the motor.
Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Sulphur Dioxide and different SPM’s
(Suspended Particulate Matter) are the residue produced due to this method. All
of these are particularly contaminating in nature and, when inhaled does a lot of
damage to the human body. They also do a lot of environmental harm at the same
time. The amount of these emissions is much greater in the case of a diesel
Electric Vehicles for Environmental Sustainability 139

vehicle. Although emissions management equipment is being continually devel-

oped throughout time, the total elimination of the emission of toxins is yet to be
achieved. On the other side, electric cars do not rely on the method of fuel
combustion to generate electricity. They essentially convert a battery’s electric
energy to spin a motor that rotates the wheels in turn. They thus create zero
amounts of any contaminant gas or gaseous pollutants and operate on 100%
renewable energy efficiently.
Battery Life and Cost
Batteries are an essential element of an electric car. Most batteries for electric
cars are lithium batteries, and their prices are decreasing each year. A lithium-ion
battery cell’s maximum power should be sufficient for 300–500 cycles. Up to
10 years, a decent battery might last. The value of these batteries is predicted to
reduce even further with the improvement of technology.
Low Maintenance
There is no need to rehydrate the engines, nothing similar to the gasoline
engine or a number of repair activities that are normally connected with a gas
engine. Electric vehicles operate on electrically driven motors.

4.2 Disadvantages

While the promising data has become quite evident, there are also some drawbacks
that each person wants to rethink before agreeing to make their next major invest-
ment in an electric vehicle. Those explanations are-
Recharge Points
There are also electric fueling facilities in the planning process. Not a couple of
areas you drive to on a constant schedule may have electric fueling stations for
your car, which ensures that it might be more difficult to locate a charging station
if you are on a road drive or wish to see relatives in a rural or suburban area and
run out of charge. Maybe you may be trapped where you have been. Neverthe-
less, once charging points are much more common, ensure you have a map of the
charging station where you reside and where you go regularly, so that when you
will need, you can recharge your new EV.
Electricity isn’t free
If you don’t properly give it some thought, electric vehicles can even be an
issue for your energy bill. If your investigation into the electric car you intend to
buy has not been completed, so you might be proposing an imprudent venture.
Electric cars often need a large fee to function effectively, and each month can
impact negatively on your energy bill.
Short Driving Range and Speed
Electric cars are constrained by distance and velocity. Many of these vehicles
are about 50–100 miles in length and have to be powered up again. As of today,
you really can’t use them for long trips, but in the meantime that is predicted to
progress.
140 I. Aijaz and A. Ahmad

Longer Recharge Time

Although charging the gasoline-powered vehicle requires a couple of minutes,
an electric car takes around 4–6 h and occasionally even a day to get charged
up. Consequently, as the resources necessary to refill these is very significant, you
need dedicated power stations. Therefore, certain individuals are turned off by the
expenditure in time and required preparation. There are a few packages that can
drastically cut on the charging time. But it is going to be an extra investment.
Minimal Amount of Pollution
Electric cars are not 100% emission-free either; they indirectly generate a
slight level of pollutants. Renewable energy sources do not inherently produce
the batteries and electricity required for charging. Many authorities do not have
measures to enable you to purchase an electric vehicle to save costs. Only because
there are a lot of variables don’t mean they have got to be daunting. Doing a fair
amount of study into multiple versions, and perhaps even combinations, will help
you change on with a correct judgment. That being said, an electric vehicle will
save our fragile world.
Higher number of options
Today’s electric car demand is rising, with no signs of stopping. The fact,
though, is that there are limited options for customizing and choosing your EV’s
designs. At the same time, typical cars have a huge array of customization
available. This is bound to improve over time, so it is continuing to be a downside
for several individuals.

5 Market Penetration of Electric Vehicles

A wide range of factors will rely on the introduction of electric vehicles. This
concerns battery performance and prices, proximity to and reliability of the distri-
bution system, the type of business model introduced to provide the customer with
stable batteries and energy, the adoption of different models of cars by the consumer
and possible inferred driving behaviors. Such heterogeneity and interconnections
between these variables make it highly challenging and impractical for any demand
forecast to identify a single electric vehicle penetration scenario. On the above-
mentioned elements, many sets of predictions can be made, resulting in numerous
projections about the brand recognition of electric cars. It is essential to recognize
research in various literatures of which the assessment of consumer expansion is
very positive. With regard to charging infrastructure, considering the developments
already proposed in different countries, it is anticipated that access to charging
facilities will grow significantly. At least, current charging opportunities are now
or will be expanded in a very short term, often at home, where parking lots operate.
The implementation of charging infrastructure by network destinations to the grid at
home and in other places (especially workplaces) helps to provide more car buyers
with a wide variety of car choices that can satisfy their needs, not just traditional
vehicles, but also electric vehicles. The design of batteries continues to be the driving
Electric Vehicles for Environmental Sustainability 141

force of the second order and leads to making electric vehicles more powerful and
cost-effective in trying to adapt favorably with their traditional counterparts. The
predicted developments in these two perspectives clarify that BEV sales shares
continue restricted until 2020 in both situations (0.5–3%). On the opposite, as
soon as they are commercially available, PHEVs are easily infiltrated. This stems
from the fact that higher limits for BEVs are the battery and charging amenities. The
electric car market has grown rapidly since 2008. This market growth is largely
attributed to the more widespread use of engineering by automakers, as well as a
dramatic reduction in prices. Thanks to the increasing outcry about the environmen-
tal harm that greenhouse gas emissions do, the credibility of electric vehicles has also
improved. Global warming is already being addressed, but more people all over the
world are gradually treating it as a real concern. Some have indicated that as quickly
as they are produced, chemical emissions are washing away the forests and oceans.
Even so, in January 2017, the United States Environmental Protection Agency
released a study revealing this prerogative to be unfounded. Some people oppose
claiming that global warming is an ordinary global phenomenon, and the EPA
(2017) acknowledges that the process that holds Earth at a sustainable degree is
global warming. The excess of pollution that triggered the temperature rise of 1.5
Fahrenheit over the last century, however, is a grave threat [22]. This rise in pollution
is credited to increased electricity, population and transportation production and use.
From 1990 to 2012, just 22 years ago, greenhouse gas emissions rose globally by
41%. If the rise in carbon persists at this accelerated rate, much higher spikes in
temperatures and the more dangerous effects of global climate change will have to be
tackled in the near future. The United States probably accounts 4.5% of the global
population, but consumes 19.2% of the world’s energy; it’s the world’s second-
largest user of energy, well behind China. Efforts have been made by several smaller
countries to minimize their pollution and generate electricity by clean energies, but
even though 100% of the energy generated was green, the effect would be much
smaller than if major energy users had decreased a large proportion of their emis-
sions. The US transport industry accounts for 28% of the nation’s greenhouse gas
emissions, which implies there is a massive possibility to reduce tailpipe emissions
and more electric cars being used. Fully-electric vehicle (FEV) emissions will be
evaluated to show that FEVs will substantially decrease greenhouse gas emissions
by taking into consideration emissions from oil generation.
The ability of electric vehicles to reduce pollution concentrations in urban areas
can be demonstrated as a significant justification for promoting their use in the
private car market. Just a portion of this solution applies to greenhouse gases and
carbon emissions in particular. Considering that fossil fuels produce a large portion
of energy and that the impact of greenhouse gases must be assessed globally, the
possible decrease (if any) in the total CO2 emitted by the car fleet in the metropolitan
environment must be measured. To be prepared to do this, it is obvious that an
evaluation of the development of the electric automotive sector and its rise in a
metropolitan area is needed.
142 I. Aijaz and A. Ahmad

6 Challenges in Introducing Electric Vehicle Fleets

A range of influences can hinder or reduce the introduction of electric cars on a

broader level. They can be categorized into factors affecting the appeal of the EV for
prospective investors and consequently, the experiential learning of EV consumers,
and, on the other hand, the industry’s financial incentive in investing in the growth,
processing, sales and recharging of EVs. Companies need to provide a mobility
systems integration plan that offers insight into preparation, timing, and delivery
coupled with data modeling to optimize performance for both customers and EV
providers in order to efficiently handle electric fleet vehicles where charging spec-
ifications reflect equipment effectiveness [23]. Among several other factors, the
priority of the client would be calculated by:
• Purchase price or cost of the lease
• Complete Ownership Expense
• Offers to the market (brands, models, trim levels etc.)
• Experience Driving
• Comfort of re-charging
• Perception of Security
• EV familiarity
• The industry’s economic interest would be limited by:
• Possible business size of EV and its volatility.
• Margin on Profit
• Needs for Investment
• Threats from production
• Objection to Danger.
Most analysts believe that, as opposed to older vehicles, technical costs, espe-
cially battery costs, render today’s EVs unviable for the mass market, even when
overall expense of possession is considered. In past years, the problems that EV
implementation faces are becoming more manageable, but they are still substantial.
The cost of maintenance of BEVs (Battery Electric Vehicles) in the development
cycle has dropped significantly; further drops in integrated battery costs below $300
per kWh could lead in the next 5–7 years to substantive comparison with ICEs
(Internal Combustion Engines) [1]. Once this main hurdle can be resolved, learning
results can be resolved and future encroachment in expertise will pave the way to
realistic longer repayment periods for sensible consumers. The cost-effective, reli-
able implementation of electric vehicles is much more critical for sustainable growth
of EV control [24]. Standalone commercial review of various charging options
shows that, where available, residential Level 2 charging can be the best choice
for most charging needs of an EV owner, and that prices (typically for rapid
charging) can minimize the estimated price. The residual value of the vehicle is a
significant consideration for the TCO. The total price of EVs is greatly impacted by
the batteries’ predicted longevity and lifespan. In order to reduce similar consumer
issues, adequate warranty programs may help. The higher purchasing prices will stay
Electric Vehicles for Environmental Sustainability 143

a blocking influence in the long run, as many commercial consumers do not usually
conduct a TCO estimate but rely mostly on the appraised value during their buying
decision [25]. In contrast to outmoded cars, the travel range limits of fully electric
vehicles are a vital aspect. While this aspect does not perform the topmost part for
most automobile consumers today in the cities and suburbs setting, it may discour-
age prospective buyers from preferring an EV if they are unable to negotiate with
existing traditional automobile models [24]. One way of solving this detrimental
feature of today’s EVs could be rapid charging or battery switching. It is not
anticipated that other driving elements such as reduced speed and other traditional
features of EV driving can cause substantial adoption challenges for EVs, particu-
larly in the urban and regional environment [26]. Because power transmission
networks are widespread, especially in urban and suburban areas, the key problems
arise with the actual set-up of recharge locations and the development of uniform
recharge frameworks, procedures for communicating between vehicles and grids, as
well as processed data and sustainability strategy. To allow accurate EV re-charging
for the EV customer, all these issues need to be properly handled. Suitable
re-charging options need to be sought in the urban setting for urban residents who
have no chance of re-charging their EV at home [27]. The experience of the wider
populace with this modern battery technology may be a problem until a wider rollout
of EVs is achieved. By concerted publicity and advertising strategies, awareness can
be strengthened until a large group of EVs is on the street and brand awareness
subsequently improves public interest [28].

7 Conclusion

More than 80% of Europe’s population is concentrated in cities. It’s a mystery that
they need to retain their mobility while still protecting their health and the environ-
ment. Several overarching European initiatives in the energy and transport industries
are seeking to shift the tension between mobility and the environment.
In the urban world, the electrification of public transport, as well as our approx-
imately thorough dependence in fossil fuels will probably minimize CO2 emissions
(and other pollutants) on the streets of our cities. This is focused on the much better
proficiency of rechargeable engines comparison to ICEs, and also the strength to
de-carbonize the transport energy sequence and, in specific, well-to-tank paths.
BEVs are much more attractive from a CO2 Well-to-Wheel emission factor of
standpoint, and as an intermediate level, PHEVs are a fair alternative. The world is
increasingly urbanizing, and creativity is hitting new levels as well. However, we do
have a good potential to achieve our target [22].
However, the high cost penalty associated with BEVs and PHEVs would con-
tinue to be a concern until 2030, when learning consequences should have lowered
the cost forfeit to a degree that would ensure the BEV’s reasonable payback periods
of less than 6 years and a level equal to the PHEV’s other hybrid cost penalties. If
replacement rates for parts or insurance rates are advanced and appear to be
144 I. Aijaz and A. Ahmad

sophisticated than traditional vehicles, it will be a long time before a modest norm
for TCO is reached. As such, a cohesive overall fiscal and regulatory structure would
be important both to support the most energy-efficient infrastructure choices and to
protect public budgets in line with new revenues from fuel use. In addition, the
experience of the general population with this emerging propulsion system must be
discussed in order to achieve a greater rollout of EVs. By dedicated publicity and
advertising strategies, familiarity can be strengthened until a serious figure of EVs is
on the road and a confirmed technology benefit further improves community
interest [29].
As a final point, a cautionary note: encouraging the use of electric vehicles just
wouldn’t, say, result in the implementation of a green transportation infrastructure. It
will also help to minimize the environmental footprint of road transport, but it is just
one aspect of long-term development. To pursue the sustainability framework in a
genuine way, necessary steps to reduce the use of personal transportation (private
cars) in place of communal public transportation are unquestionably necessary. This
involves moving the decision-making perspective from the point of view of sustain-
able transport to one of sustainable mobility [30, 31].

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Smart Grid: A Survey

Sehban Fazili and Jyotsana Grover

1 Introduction

Smart grid [1] is a form of electrical grid that tries to intelligently anticipate and
respond to the behavior and activities among all electricity clients linked with it—
manufacturers, customers, and the ones doing both—in order to provide secure, cost-
effective energy services in an efficient manner. The smart grid has three economic
objectives: improving efficiency, reducing peak demand and reducing overall energy
usage. To meet these objectives, various technologies were developed and incorpo-
rated into the electrical network. The Smart Grid framework connects a range of
innovations, customer applications and tackles numerous policy and regulatory
generators.
A smart grid provides energy to producers and customers using automated
bidirectional technologies. It regulates smart appliances at the home or building of
consumers in order to save electricity, cut costs and improves reliability, productiv-
ity and transparency. A smart grid is supposed to be an upgradation to the existing
network for electricity. It offers automated control, security & optimization of the
interconnected elements to run. The bidirectional link of electricity and information
flows characterizes a smart grid in order to create an integrated, widely dispersed
distribution network. In order to provide real-time information and allow for a near-
instant supply and demand management balance, it brings the benefits of digital
communications to the conventional electricity grid. Several smart grid technologies,

S. Fazili
Department of CSE, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
J. Grover (*)
Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, Work Integrated Learning Division,
BITS Pilani, Delhi, India
e-mail: [email protected]

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 147
P. Agarwal et al. (eds.), Smart Technologies for Energy and Environmental
Sustainability, Green Energy and Technology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80702-3_9
148 S. Fazili and J. Grover

Table 1 Comparison between old electric grid and Smart Grid

Old Electric Grid Smart Grid
Communication is exclusive Communication is bilateral or two-way
Less sensors More sensors
Monitoring is done manually Self-monitoring
Electro-chemical Digital
Generation is centralized Generation is distributed
Manual maintenance Self-healing
Not adaptive Adaptive
Control is limited Extensive control
Less custom friendly More customer oriented and friendly

such as mobile sensor networks and wireless networks, have already been used in
other industrial applications and are being designed for use in modern smart & linked
systems. This communications system is divided as following:
• Complex units
• Sensing & estimation
• Improved user interfaces and decision-making assistance
• Standards & classes
• Integrated contact
The foundation of a smart grid is the opportunity to communicate with a con-
nectivity network with various organizations (e.g., intelligent appliances, specialized
applications, systems, control center, etc.). It follows that establishing a robust and
omnipresent connectivity network is essential to both the development and Smart
Grid Communication Networks Service. The establishment of a stable communica-
tions network to create strong relevant information distribution across WAN (Wide
Area Networks) to the distribution feeder and client level is a critical objective in
support of this point. For several years, this has been a major focus of study. The
significant difference [2–4] between the old electric grid and the Smart Grid are
shown in Table 1.

2 Smart Grid: Definitions

There is no clear, obvious concept for smart grid. Some of the leading innovators
have defined smart grid in a simpler way. Some of the definitions [5] are as
following:
The US Department of Energy defines smart grid as follows:
• “A Smart Grid uses digital technology [6] to improve reliability, security and
efficiency (both economic and energy) of the electrical system from large gener-
ation, through the delivery systems to electricity consumers and a growing
number of distributed generation and storage resources.”
Smart Grid: A Survey 149

• “The smart grid is the electricity delivery system, from point of generation to
point of consumption, integrated with communications and information technol-
ogy for enhanced grid operations, customer services, and environmental
benefits.”
• “A smart grid is self-healing, enables active participation of consumers, operate
resiliently against attack and natural disasters, accommodate all generation and
storage options, enable introduction of new products, services and markets,
optimize asset utilization and operate efficiently, provide power quality for the
digital economy.”
Smart Grid’s IEC description:
• “The Smart Grid is a developing network of transmission lines, equipment,
controls and new technologies working together to respond immediately to our
21st Century demand for electricity.”
Smart Grid IEEE’s concept:
• “The smart grid is a revolutionary undertaking-entailing new communications-
and control capabilities, energy sources, generation models and adherence to
cross jurisdictional regulatory structures.”
The E.U. Smart Grid concept is,
• “A smart grid is an electricity network that can intelligently integrate the actions
of all users connected to it—generators, consumers and those that do both—in
order to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic and secure electricity supplies.”
PG & E (Pacific Gas & Electric Co.) definition of Smart Grid is,
• “The Smart Grid is a modernized electric system that combines advanced com-
munications and controls to create a responsive and resilient energy delivery
network.”
Smart Grid ABB’s concept:
• “A Smart Grid is an evolved grid system [5] that manages electricity demand in a
sustainable, reliable and economic manner, built on advanced infrastructure and
turned to facilitate the integration of all involved.”

3 Motivation to Build Future Intelligent/Smart Grids

Decision makers in the Electrical Power industry like services companies, suppliers,
manufacturers, consumers and governmental authorities acknowledge the need to
tackle the challenging questions motivating the formulation and execution of such a
smart grid, as well as its components. The major challenges [7, 8] needed to tackle by
the concerned decision makers are:
150 S. Fazili and J. Grover

• Old and low investment infrastructure: Many of the current facilities for electric-
ity systems stretches back or perhaps even earlier to the 1950s and some of the or
rather majority of the systems used have reached the end of their life cycle.
• The electricity consumption is rising all over the world and high-power loads are
resulting in overloaded systems.
• Activists press legislators to adopt clean energy sources and enact energy effi-
ciency regulations in attempt to cut down on CO2 emissions.
• Renewable energy sources put a strain on distribution networks. More grid
information, baseline load power (hydro, nuclear) generation, and storage are
required to compensate for the intermittent nature.
• Economic & regulatory burdens are increased.
• Unbundling of utilities raises trade of electricity.
• For the customer there is a need for transparent consumption and price.
• For sustaining working economies and communities, effective and secure trans-
mission and distribution of electricity is crucial.
• Sustainable development [9, 10].
• The demand must be regulated and the energy requirements must improve.
• Consumers are demanding for lower energy prices [8].
The US Department of Energy released a study to better understand the reasons
and priorities of the smart grid which is titled “Implementing the National Broad-
band Plan by Studying the Communications Requirements of Electric Utilities to
Inform Federal Smart Grid Policy” stating
“A Smart Grid uses information and communications technologies to improve the reliability,
availability, and efficiency of the electric system. In Smart Grid projects today, these
technologies are being applied to electric grid applications, involving devices at the con-
sumer level through the transmission level, to make our electric system more responsive and
more flexible.”

Evidently, innovative products and services and smart technologies are used to
monitor, control, communicate and self-heal a smart grid [7, 11, 12] to enable
customers to contribute to improving the system’s operation and provide greater
knowledge and distribution options to consumers. A Smart Grid helps in:
• Increasing the durability
• Increasing the energy efficiency
• Environmental benefits
• Security
• Reliability and quality of power
• Price efficiency
• Improved customer service
• Increased profitability
• Increased utilization
• Lower carbon intake of fuel
• Facilitated production of renewable resources
The above given points are the motivating factors in building intelligent/smart
grids.
Smart Grid: A Survey 151

4 Characteristics of Smart Grids

Many researchers have grouped the major characteristics of Smart Grids. Some of
them are as following:
(a) Self-healing [3]: The ability to detect, analyse and repair the fault itself without
needing any assistance. It is one the major reasons for growth of smart grids.
(b) Efficient: Able to meet increased demand from consumers without any infra-
structure addition.
(c) Consumer friendly [8]: Smart grids involve consumers into the grid.
(d) Quality Centred and High reliability [3]: Open to the idea of providing the
needed quality of electricity, free from delays and disturbances, ensuring the
smooth operation of our increasingly digital economy’s data centres, computers,
and electronics. Based on the needs of customers.
(e) Cyber-attack immune [1, 4, 6].
(f) Adapts to a broad range of generations and capacity operators that are
distributed.
(g) Can easily adapt to new and developing technologies.
(h) Green [1, 8]: Decreasing the advancement of climate change and providing a
meaningful route towards substantial environmental improvement in the effects
of human-serving electric power.
(i) Helps in cost minimization such as operations and maintenance expenses.
(j) Optimizes asset utilization.

5 Technologies and Architecture of Smart Grids

5.1 Technologies

At the distribution stage, there are a variety of technologies that play an important
role. These innovations can be used by a Smart Grid to extend the distribution
infrastructure. Modern digital metres, grid automation, lower-cost communications
networks, distributed energy infrastructure, wireless network applications commu-
nications, actual gradient & potential control & failure monitoring, & strategies are
all included in this. These innovations cannot be used as separate problems in a real
Smart Grid. It will instead be integrated so as to reap the potential benefits. The
change from a traditional electrical grid to a smart grid is possible thanks to the
integration of a few technologies. This segment discusses several smart grid devel-
opments that will help with the change.
152 S. Fazili and J. Grover

Smart Meters

Smart metering is the most important tool of Smart Grids for collecting data from
end-user devices and equipment while also tracking system operation.
AMI (Automatic Metering Infrastructure) systems are commonly used as a
control mechanism for Smart Grid implementation. They are based on automatic
metre reading (AMR) systems. AMR is a programme that collects diagnostic, usage,
and status data from energy metres [7, 13] and transfers it to a central database for
billing, debugging, and analysis. AMI varies from conventional AMR in that it
allows for two-way contact between metres [2, 6]. As a result, nearly all of this data
is available instantly and on demand, allowing for better system operation and
consumer power demand control. In the Smart Grid, smart metres give customers
information on how and when to use electricity, as well as how much energy they
use per kilowatt-hour. It contributes to a greater understanding of prices and more
accurate bills, as well as the utility’s ability to rapidly detect and resolve outages.
Smart metres, which allow two-way communication between the metre and the
central system [11, 13], are similar to AMI metres in a number of ways and are
frequently referred to as AMI. A smart metre is an electronic metre that records use
in 1-h or less intervals and sends the data to the utility for at least periodic monitoring
and billing. Smart metering has a variety of benefits from the consumer’s viewpoint.
They will use smart metres to understand real-time pricing from a utility’s perspec-
tive, allowing consumers to reduce their demands during peak load times or control
power flows based on supply-side data.

Automated Meter Reading

Automated metre reading (AMR) is an innovation used in utility metres to gather

data required for billing. AMR, which operates by converting the mechanical dial
movement on a metre into a digital signal, requires no direct access or visual check.
The information can be transferred over the phone, power line, satellite, cable or
radio waves [6, 11] from the metre to the utility company. AMR devices allow tools
to observe metres externally, eliminating the need to send an employee to scan each
metre individually. Although they have some two-way contact, it is limited and does
not increase the power system’s performance or dependability. They may not reveal
the pattern of energy use in built-in home displays to the consumer, and so the
customer is unaware of their energy use. Utilities are unable to communicate their
energy usage with consumers because of this, so customers are unable to increase
their intake during peak hours in order to save energy. AMR systems cannot be used
for systemic regulation on all levels, making the transition to the Smart Grid
impossible. AMR is the use of consumer data such as electrical meters and smart
meters, and the processing of data to generate the bill. AMR processes the data
through three stages [6] which are:
Smart Grid: A Survey 153

(a) Reading unit: Analog metre readings are translated to digital and the information
is processed for transmission to the communication unit.
(b) Communication unit: Transmission of information must be effective, with no
loss of information.
(c) Data receiving and processing unit: In this unit data is received and processed for
further actions.
(d) Billing system: Last stage, analysis of electricity usage.

V2G (Vehicle to Grid)

It’s a system with the ability to revolutionise the energy sector as a whole. It’s a
system which allows electricity from an electric vehicle’s battery to be returned to
the electricity grid. A car battery can be charged and discharged using vehicle-to-
grid technology based on a variety of signals, such as power generation or local
consumption. In a nutshell, vehicle-to-grid works in a similar way to traditional
smart charging. Smart charging, also known as V1 G charging, is a technology that
monitors the charging of electric vehicles and adjusts the charging power as
required. Vehicle-to-grid [2, 6, 13] takes it a step further by allowing charged energy
to be temporarily moved back from car batteries to the grid in order to offset energy
production and consumption fluctuations. The significant benefits of V2G [2, 6] are
that it offers space for storage for generating renewable energy and through regula-
tion it maintains wind generation on a large scale. V2G technology allows us to
make the highest suitable use of the current vehicle numbers. The capacity of
buildings to align their energy demand with V2G charging stations also increases
larger-scale power grid production. This will prove useful when the amount of
renewable energy in the power system is increasing, generated with solar energy
and wind. Excluding vehicle to grid infrastructure, energy has to be purchased from
reserve power stations, which threatens to increase electricity costs at peak hours,
and it is a costly operation to ignite these additional power stations. V2G allows
energy suppliers to use the grid to play ping pong with electricity. Two simple V2G
architectures [6] exist:
(i) Deterministic architecture: Services are delivered straight from the grid system
operator to the plug-in vehicles in deterministic architecture. A direct contact
line exists amongst plug-in vehicles and the operator of the grid system, thereby
treating each car as a deterministic resource.
(ii) Aggregate architecture: In aggregate architecture (Fig. 1), between the grid
system engineer & the vehicle is an intermediate collector. When they approach
and exit charging stations, individual automobiles may use and disconnect from
the collector, and the aggregator/collector can supply users with an auxiliary
service at any time.
The aggregate architecture is same, it just adds aggregators to improve the
availability and reliability.
154 S. Fazili and J. Grover

Fig. 1 Deterministic
architecture

Smart Sensors

A smart sensor is a computer that performs pre-defined functions using built-in

computing resources while sensing and processing specific data before transmitting
it. Smart sensors allow more accurate and automatic environmental data analysis
from correctly collected data, resulting in less erroneous noise. These instruments are
used to monitor and control processes in a variety of settings, including smart grids,
frontline identification [2, 14], exploration, and a variety of scientific fields. A smart
sensor may contain a number of other components in addition to the primary sensor.
Transducers, amplifiers, excitation power, analogue filters, and compensation are
examples of such components. A smart sensor also includes software-identified
elements that perform data transfer, digital processing, and communication with
external devices. Sensors that monitor various signals in an electrical system are
essential to safeguard smart grids and increasing grid energy productivity. When a
short circuit occurs in a smart grid, it must be detected as quickly as feasible to
minimise the duration of the grid outage and the risk for disruption to the electricity
facilities along with physical harm. The new fault detection systems range from
traditional analogue electromechanical relays to advanced intelligent electronic
devices (IEDs). Despite this, both types of sensors have fixed (offline phase) change
settings and will not have real-time activity synchronisation.
The changes are detected by a sensing unit, which is then configured and
converted to a digital signal by a signal conditioning and digitalization system.
The signal conditioning and digitalization unit [6] needs an analogue to digital
Smart Grid: A Survey 155

converter (ADC) to transform the sensed analogue signal to digital. The central
processing unit decodes and analyses digital copies of analogue signals [6, 14] that
have been captured. A copy of the processed data will be placed in the main
processor memory for later use, and local and remote users will be able to access
it through local and remote human machine interfaces (HMIs). The smart sensor
module also includes a communication interface for sending and receiving the
sensed signals and instructions. The primary processor and communication interface
performs job management.

5.2 Architecture of Smart Grids

The United States’ National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has
formed several models for defining Smart Grid architecture [15], with one of the
most widely recognized and adapted models serving as the industry and academic
reference model. The Smart Grid is made up of seven domains that are all linked
together. The four domains are in charge of not only generating, transmitting, and
distributing energy, but also maintaining the Advanced Metering System’s two-way
communication between the consumer and the utility head end (AMI). Markets,
Systems, and Service Providers are the three remaining bodies in charge of
governing energy markets, managing power delivery, and supplying services.
This architecture defines a Smart Grid system [15] that is multi-layered. At the
bottom of this model are Home Area Networks (HANs), Building Area Networks
(BANs), and Industrial Area Networks (IANs), which are wired or wireless networks
in consumer households, houses, or industrial areas that interconnect devices with
smart metres and energy control systems that report the consumer’s use to the grid,
as seen in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2 Smart Grids’ multi-layer architecture

156 S. Fazili and J. Grover

Neighborhood area networks (NANs) are networks that span different geograph-
ical areas that are responsible for interconnecting smart metres from various types of
premises with a delivery access point that aggregates the data they receive and
transfers it to the upper layer. Remote terminal units (RTUs), electronic instruments
responsible for transmitting telemetry data to the SCADA (top layer), and phasor
measuring units (PMUs) [15], synchronised devices that measure electrical waves on
the grid, are also included in the NAN.
This top layer contains all of the data obtained by NANs (whether it is informa-
tion describing the current state of the system or the ac-cumulated use of a city or
some other piece of data). The Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System
(SCADA) is in charge of gathering, updating, presenting, and handling data, while
the Meter Data Management Systems (MDMS) and Outage Management Systems
(OMS) are in charge of billing customers depending on their use.

6 Goals and Benefits

In terms of creating a Smart Grid, these priorities/goals must be considered:

• Observability
• Establishing controllability of properties
• Improving the power system’s performance and dependability [4]
• Reducing running, maintenance, and system planning expenses
If these targets are met, several improvements can be made, such as improved
system performance metres, improved consumer service and increased capacity to
provide data for rate; accountability of service activity, accessibility of information
for plan development, and improved digital summary support, as well as improved
efficient [1] and cost-effective power distribution.
The benefits of Smart Grids areas following:
(i) Self-healing [4]: senses and reacts to common issues, and recovers quickly
when they occur, reducing disruption and economic loss.
(ii) Encourages and connects consumers by offering real-time market transparency
and enabling them to choose the quantity and price of the product that is ideally
suited to their needs.
(iii) Addresses twenty-first Century Power Quality demands: Offers power free
from sags, spikes, disruptions and delays.
(iv) Encompasses all generation and storage possibilities: interconnecting plug-and-
play to various and distributed sources.
(v) Facilitating markets: Promoting energy markets that foster research and growth.
(vi) Productive functions: less new infrastructure is installed, more power is dis-
tributed across existing networks, and therefore less is expended on operating
and maintaining the grid.
Smart Grid: A Survey 157

Benefits of Smart Grids [6] for Costumers:

(i) Provide customers with up-to-date reports on their power consumption
(ii) Allow electric vehicles to be powered by intelligent appliances and to save
money on energy bills, it is designed to turn off during peak hours.
(iii) Offers a broader variety of electricity pricing options.
Benefits to Involved parties:
(i) Minimize energy supply inefficiencies.
(ii) Recover power easily after blackouts.
(iii) Develop distributed energy resource management including micro grid pro-
cesses and storage management.
(iv) Improve grid stability and outages and blackouts.
(v) Making the grid more stable.

7 The Challenges of Smart Grids

Some impediments will be met at various levels in the way these goals (the above
discussed) are accomplished. System scheduling and repair, local resistance to new
plants and lines, planning confusion, a shortage of robust real-time system controls,
and a lack of focus on supply-side reliability solutions are all crucial problems [1, 16]
to consider. The energy sector must address public resistance to regulation, a lack of
time-dependent pricing information accessible to consumers, a lack of market
participation, and a lack of environmental credit/taxation. A shortage of predictive
real-time management tools and connectivity issues between system operators are
additional issues. Smart device implementation is hindered by the shortage of
adaptive control signals [1, 7] for running equipment and power saving technologies.
Last but not least, funding for the Smart Grid is needed to support emerging
technologies in this area. It is possible to use a lot of instruments to build a Smart
Grid. Accordingly, criteria for assessing these methods/tools should be discussed
which includes:
• Durability and effectiveness of power
• Dynamic schedule
• Planning and estimation
• data analysis
• measures
• data mining
• Applications for real-time analysis and state estimation
158 S. Fazili and J. Grover

8 Conclusion

In this chapter, we have provided the detailed description about the smart grid.
We’ve shown that a smart grid focused on sensing, communications, and control
technology has a bright future for utilities and consumers alike. We looked at a
variety of papers and articles and compiled a list of the basic smart grid specifica-
tions. Interconnected devices and systems must be effective, reliable, and secure in
order for smart grids to improve. Interoperability must be achieved to avoid being
separated by non-competitive technological solutions and the need to completely
replace existing power communication systems. Coordination with technological
requirements must be matched with maintaining an atmosphere that promotes
creativity in order to continue to improve the overall smart grid technology. Based
on the above study, to make it more effective and safer, we should concentrate on
certain challenges like planning uncertainty, Not focusing enough on supply-side
reliability solutions, deregulation faces public opposition and customers have insuf-
ficient time-dependent pricing information; and unavailability of precise real-time
device controls. It can be seen that Smart Grid is an open and hot field of research, as
seen in this chapter. It has several facets to the study. There is some participation
from many research teams around the world in this area.

References

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SoutheastCon, North Carolina (pp. 210–213).
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power grid: A survey. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 14(4), 944–980.
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Green Building: Future Ahead

Asfia Aziz and Mirza Rahil Beg

1 Introduction

A green building is a building that is designed and constructed in such a manner that
when it operates it does not have any negative impact on the environment and human
health throughout its life cycle rather it improves the quality of life and helps in
preserving precious natural resources. With rapid increase in population and utili-
zation of natural resources this development has been impacting the sustainability of
humankind in more ways than one. This continued insult of the environment and
consumption of natural resources will in the long run have its bearing on the
continued survival of human race. A green building does not have to be an office,
it can be a school, a hospital, a community centre and most definitely a home or a
residential complex.
Conventional buildings have huge impact on the health and wellbeing of people
and the planet, they use resources, generate waste and emit greenhouse gasses
throughout their life cycle which may last 75 years or more.
A green building can me made possible with collaborative efforts of architects
engineers and construction companies aided by supportive policies made by the
concerned governments.
Man has been making green buildings since ages. Ancient civilizations have been
building houses and colonies using mud straw wood and stones available locally
without damaging the environment.
The rapid urbanisation has again brought sustainability of social, economic, and
environmental issues into focus especially in a growing country like ours where it is
essential to review the impact of any construction on ecology as it invariably

A. Aziz (*) · M. R. Beg

School of Engineering Science and Technology, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
e-mail: asfi[email protected]; [email protected]

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 161
P. Agarwal et al. (eds.), Smart Technologies for Energy and Environmental
Sustainability, Green Energy and Technology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80702-3_10
162 A. Aziz and M. R. Beg

encroaches upon the available green space leading to a cascading impact on envi-
ronment and climate ultimately resulting in damage to the environment.
The concept of Green building has emerged as a panacea for eco-friendly growth
for us as such a building has several economic benefits too. The approach is less
about conceptualising the building and more about a holistic approach for sustain-
able utilisation of the natural resource through proper planning. These include
savings on utility bills for residents, lower construction costs and higher returns
for those who are engaged in developing green property. As per The Energy and
Resources Institute (TERI) estimations, if all the buildings in urban areas were made
to adopt green building concept, India could have saved more than 8400 megawatts
of power, which is enough to light 550,000 homes a year.
In India, the Green Building Movement was adopted by the Confederation of
Indian Industry (CII) about 20 years back when the Indian Green Building Council
was formed with a vision “To enable a sustainable built environment for all and
facilitate India to be one of the global leaders in the sustainable built environment by
2025”. The green footprint in India has increased from 20,000 sq. Ft in 2003 to
450 crores sq. Ft by 2019 [1].
The current chapter seeks to put into perspective what features are a part of a
green building the major aspects that need to be considered the issues to taken care
of, the benefits that we derive out of such buildings the various bodies that provide
guidelines and certifications to such buildings and the various challenges faced and
some innovations that though experimental as of now but may well become an
important constituent of green buildings in the times to come.

2 Components of Green Building

Components of a green building are not just the materials that go into it but it arises
out of an application of multiple processes, concepts and newer ideas that result in a
product that is energy efficient during its entire life cycle (Fig. 1).

2.1 Site Planning and Design

The first step in designing a green building is site selection, the best site is one which
has a neighbourhood designed around it is giving the residents easy access to all
things they need for their day-to-day living. The site should be such that it takes care
of the needs of the next generation also and not just the present one. The potential
environmental disturbances that may occur need to be taken into consideration at the
start of the project, any risk of the area selected falling into a zone where a natural
calamity might strike needs to be excluded. Prime farmlands, areas near wetlands,
wildlife habitats are sites whose sanctity must be maintained at all times. The
community connectivity for daily needs and livelihood of the local population has
Green Building: Future Ahead 163

Fig. 1 Components of green building

to be always in consideration in selecting a site because the buildings of today must

not only withstand the future climate but also cope with developmental pressures of
growing population without defiling the environmental sanctity rather leading to
shared prosperity.

2.2 Energy

Compared to a conventional building a green building uses less energy, water and
other resources. Energy efficiency is the backbone of a green building minimising
the release of greenhouse gasses. Not only the energy utilization of the building
needs to be optimal but conservation and renewal of energy of the building has to be
ensured.
The major sources of energy usage in any building are for heating and cooling
depending upon the location of the building followed by the energy usage for
appliances of the residents. Use of bioclimatic architecture in designs helps in
achieving optimal thermal comfort on the inside and prevents thermal heat pools
on the outside reducing heat island effect thereby ensuring that environmental
sanctity is a fundamental building block of the green building. A high performing
envelope provided by insulation and air sealed construction avoiding any thermal
leakage is essential to avoid environmental thermal contamination. A well-insulated
164 A. Aziz and M. R. Beg

building envelope can save up-to 22% of energy [2]. Once the energy loss has been
minimised the energy source of the building which includes renewable energy needs
to be designed. The energy losses and conservation practices once the building is
habited is also essential as it contributes to its sustainability.
Measures to conserve energy by a household also adds to the nett energy
equation, day to day behaviour needs to be adjusted to plug unnecessary energy
leakages. Behavioural adjustments like turning down thermostats or using smart or
programmable thermostats, switching off lights when not in use, using energy
efficient bulbs and appliances, smart power strips to eliminate phantom loads
decrease energy expenditure. Windows which are a significant source of energy
wastage in normal homes can be turned into energy sources. Use of vertical and
horizontal greenery has gained a lot of acceptance as it cosmetically enhances the
building also. Vegetation around the building also helps in preventing soil erosion
and absorbing rainwater thereby maintaining water tables. Use of solar panels on
windows cuts down on electricity costs and reduces the carbon footprint.
Energy generation in a building has to be environment friendly with going off the
grid being one of the best options, however costs involved may be a limiting factor.
Solar power is the most reliable, clean source of renewable energy. The barriers to its
use like high costs and low efficiency are no more a factor today and they can be
easily incorporated in windows, walls and even roofs.
Wind power which is now the world’s fastest growing source of energy can be
used to provide for the energy needs either through a power company or by using a
small turbine for home. Home scale wind turbines are also available which can
generate between 1–10 kW of energy [3]. Geothermal and micro hydro are also
potential sources of energy in relevant geographical locations.
A green building may be of two types a Passive House which is so energy
efficient that it does not need heating or cooling. Thermal comfort is achieved by
reducing the air infiltration and avoiding thermal bridges which makes the system
immune to thermal challenges. The second type of building is a Net-Zero building
which means that the building does not need any external energy supply, all the
energy for the house is generated within the building so it is also known as an Active
House.

2.3 Waste Reduction

Reduce, reuse and recycle construction and demolition waste to cut costs and
improve build quality is the mantra for a green building. A waste management
hierarchy of Reduce-Reuse-Recycle-Compost-Dispose is a sustainable strategy
[4]. A proper waste management plan along with resident recycling plan is one of
the cornerstones of a successful building. Using floor plans in construction where
dimensions match standard sizes result in reduction of waste and cut materials
decreasing energy costs. Use of advanced framing techniques helps in improved
Green Building: Future Ahead 165

strength and performance saving material and labour costs. With availability of
pre-cut components and finished materials construction costs can be brought down.
Deconstructing buildings is a better alternative to demolition as it enables reuse of
materials, helps in isolating toxic materials and brings down disposal costs.
Use of onsite bins and grinders bring down transportation costs.

2.4 Water

Of all the things in life that we take for granted having running water is the foremost.
Need to conserve freshwater cannot be overemphasised. The key components of
water efficiency in green building are reduction of indoor potable water usage,
reduction of water consumption to save energy, and to improve environmental
wellbeing. The first step for increasing water efficiency at home is to reduce or
stop the use of drinking water for anything other than cooking and drinking
purposes. This can be done in two ways one by collecting rainwater and second
by reusing and recycling water. Rainwater harvesting is a vital source of freshwater
which needs to be conserved using landscaping techniques, pavement modifications
and storage and treatment systems to allow rainwater to seep into the ground instead
of running off. Increasing plantation in the area around buildings, enhancing any
pre-existing water bodies, building stormwater channels and blocking runoff streams
will replenish the groundwater. Treatment systems such as oil water separators need
to be installed to filter out pollutants that may enter the water bodies during rains.
Choice of plants for landscaping should always be the locally available resident
species. Indoor water usage fixture selection is also important, use of low flow
systems for fixtures like sinks, bathtubs, shower heads and toilets can bring down
water usage by 30–40%.
Using cooling towers which recycle almost 95% of total water are recommended
[5]. Treatment of sewage water using plants, fungi and other physical and chemical
methods and then using it for irrigation or cleaning purposes. It is prudent to have a
water audit for water conservation for all buildings.

2.5 Indoor Air Quality

Good indoor air quality is important for good health and comfort of its residents and
is an essential goal for any green building. Good indoor air quality needs a design
that involves frequent air exchanges to flush out waste gasses using a well-designed
ventilation system along with moisture control to prevent growth of moulds and
fungi all of which complement a strategy that achieves clean air, energy efficiency
and also lends to building durability. Clean construction practices and use of smart
materials reduce dust and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air which
circulate indoors and are known to be damaging to human health.
166 A. Aziz and M. R. Beg

Excluding pollutant sources in design and construction has to be ensured to limit

indoor air pollutants. Designing should ensure that fresh clean air flows in and is
spaced far away from exhaust and moisture sources. The garage and parking air
vented away from residential area as the air from these sources is rich with
pollutants.
During construction care should be taken in installing adequate filters, using
proper drying time schedule so that concrete, spray insulation, sealants and adhe-
sives do not absorb water and VOCs.
Ventilation plays a crucial role in healthy living by regulating the air flow,
temperature humidity and even the levels of contaminants in the air inside the
buildings [6]. People living in poorly ventilated homes frequently have recurrent
complaints of headache, fatigue, breathing problems, irritation of eyes and throat,
these features form part of a syndrome called Sick building syndrome [7, 8].
Maintenance of ventilation systems is key for safety and health of individuals.
Some agencies offer a guideline for protection of public health from common
chemicals in indoor air [9].

2.6 Materials

The choice of materials is critical as the environmental and health impacts of

extracting, manufacturing, shipping, living, with and disposing of each product
used in the construction has to be analysed before its usage. A green materials
strategy needs to be adopted keeping in mind health and environmental concerns.
Recycled content building products are available many of which are cheaper and
perform better than conventional equivalents. Recycled materials are available
ranging from rubber and glass to steel and ceramics. Eco wood a wood made from
bagasse ash of sugarcane can be recycled and re used [10]. Cement a construction
material is mixed with fly ash which is obtained and recycled from coal burning
power plants and later during the demolition of the building this material is reused as
a filler [11].
Use of rapidly renewable materials is to be encouraged at all times. Extracting
raw materials impacts a regions biodiversity and the ecosystem of those areas needs
time to re-establish their equilibrium, this may take time depending on the raw
material, so it is best to use resources that regenerate fast so that the environmental
impact is minimised.
Minimising the consumption of conventional materials itself can result in energy
savings and also carbon dioxide reduction [12].
Green Building: Future Ahead 167

2.7 Commissioning

This is the process of checking that the functioning of the building is proper, each
system being evaluated for its design, efficiency and comfort. The components of
commissioning include the building envelope, the heating cooling and ventilation
systems, plumbing, electricals and any other specially added systems. Commission-
ing agents work in close co-ordination with team members to ensure that ideas are
integrated and brought out in the final product and best operating practices ensure
that the systems knowledge is passed on to operations and maintenance.

2.8 Marketability

The final goal of a green building is to use minimal resources and to build homes that
are not just attractive and comfortable but homes that are appreciated by the residents
for their energy efficiency and also their beauty.

2.9 Sustainability

The Earth’s ecosystems are critically poised with continued insult from human
developmental activities making sustainability issues ever so relevant. New technol-
ogies are constantly evolving to decrease the detrimental effects of this growth and
development. To assess the environmental impact an approach called LCA or life
cycle assessment is done such that an inventory is made of all the inputs and releases
of energy and materials during the entire life of a building and informed decision is
made of its potential impacts.

3 Health Benefits of Green Buildings

It is a known fact that we spend more time indoors than outdoors so Indoor
Environmental Quality (IEQ) has become one of the most important part of a
green building and hence its certification also, this important component ensures
greater resident satisfaction along with less health risks for its occupants. The
concentrations of many indoor pollutants have been found to be higher indoors
therefore our susceptibility to harmful effects of these pollutants is also higher. These
impact our health and productivity. Studies have shown decreased absenteeism and
increased productivity when residents have moved from conventional to green
buildings [13]. The green buildings impact our health at the individual level directly
168 A. Aziz and M. R. Beg

and at the level of the community indirectly by decreased energy utilisation thereby
reducing pollutants in the environment. These pollutants lead to cardiovascular
disease, worsen respiratory disorders along with many adverse health effects.
Scientific evidence published so far shows better health and environmental
quality in green buildings. The levels of VOCs, allergens and other chemicals are
significantly lower making them safer for humans, with inhabitants reporting fewer
sick building syndrome symptoms, fewer respiratory symptoms, fewer absenteeism
and therefore better productivity [14].
Research has shown that indoor air quality impacts higher order cognitive
function also [15].

4 Green Building Technologies

Advancements in green building technology has made the vision of having green
buildings on the planet a reality today. These technological ideas have made the
buildings more energy efficient thereby reducing environmental insult by lowering
the carbon footprint. During construction each aspect of the building from the site to
the materials and systems used are adapted and modified to make it as sustainable as
possible.
Sensors such as access cards, RFID scanners, motion detectors are used to sense
the presence of humans in any given area of a building and using that information
green technology by itself regulates the switching on or off systems like lights,
HVAC, heating, cooling preventing wasteful expenditure of energy outflows in areas
where it is not needed. This judicious use of energy may contribute to huge amounts
of cumulative energy saving considering that at any point of time up to 30% of
commercial space may be unoccupied at any point of time thereby saving energy by
cutting off supply to these areas.

4.1 Solar Power

One technology that has become the backbone of clean energy is solar energy and it
is used both as an active as well as passive power. The active use involves using the
radiation to provide for heating and electricity needs, decreasing the dependence on
other non-renewable energy sources. Passive solar power design uses innovative
designing of walls and windows and use of heat absorbing surfaces to decrease the
dependence on heating systems during winters. There are some rules which must be
adhered to for effective solar energy utilization through passive solar systems [16].
Green Building: Future Ahead 169

4.2 Biodegradable Materials

These materials offer an advantage over traditional construction practices by

preventing the accumulation of dangerous and toxic chemicals which may persist
in the environment and gradually release toxins over time polluting the natural
resources.

4.3 Green Insulation

Use of green insulation eliminates the use of non-renewable materials for high end
finishes instead recycled materials are used. Efficient insulation is necessary to
maintain temperature on the inside of a building with respect to the outside in
different climactic conditions. The choice of insulating material is important, com-
monly used materials are wool insulation, slag slabs, natural fiber insulation,
porotherm smart bricks, gypsum board, vermiculite and perlite insulation materials,
gasket cork sheet and cementitious foam insulation materials. Preferred material
should be fireproof, should not be hygroscopic, should not be vulnerable to defor-
mation and be resistant to insect attacks.

4.4 Smart Appliances

Use of smart appliances in commercial as well as residential buildings with the goal
to make them zero-energy using smart-grid machines is strongly recommended and
encouraged.

4.5 Cool Roofs

Reflecting sunlight and heat away from buildings helps in lowering temperatures
inside decreasing energy consumption resulting in decreased greenhouse gas emis-
sions from power sources [17]. Reflective paints, cool roof shingles and tiles are
some of the materials commonly used for constructing cool roofs.

4.6 Sustainable Resource Sourcing

Construction materials should not only be recyclable as well as recycled and

remanufactured but also made from sustainable sources.
170 A. Aziz and M. R. Beg

4.7 Low-Energy House and Zero-Energy Design

The technologies used here have inbuilt mechanisms to decrease energy consump-
tion with the goal being a zero-energy building. Though the initial costs may be on
the higher side but long-term returns are worthwhile. Sustainable green construction
uses not just materials but also designs which cut energy costs, like strategic
placement of windows to capture maximum amount of daylight minimizing elec-
tricity consumption along with use of renewable energy such as solar or wind for use
in the building. The use of wood as a construction material is also a sustainable
option as it has a lower embodied energy in comparison to other commonly used
materials like steel and concrete. Smart glass an energy saving technology is all set to
become the backbone of zero energy buildings. The buildings are built such that they
not only use energy efficiently, but they direct the surplus energy that they generate
to a grid where it can be easily stored. The skyscrapers have the extra advantage of
using wind turbines on rooftops taking advantage of air currents at higher altitudes
generating clean energy.

4.8 Water Efficiency Technologies

Essentially these technologies involve reuse of water and an efficient water supply
system. Dual plumbing, greywater re-use, rainwater harvesting, and water conservation
fixtures ensure that water is fully utilized with zero wastage. Recycled water is used for
non-potable purposes like washing and flushing toilets. Dual plumbing decreases loss
of water and encourages re-use on-site. Rainwater harvesting provides water for use in
and around the building and at the same time recharges ground water.

4.9 HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning)

A good HVAC system which is one of the major consumers of energy has to be
efficient so that it serves to reduce the consumption. AHU’s are interlinked with heat
recovery units to reduce the cooling load on the chiller, cooling towers, pumps jet
fans with adjustable frequency drives are modulated by centralized IBMS.

4.10 Rammed Earth Bricks

This ancient technology has regained acceptance due to its environmental sustain-
ability, better thermal insulation and use of locally sourced raw materials. Moist
earth mixture and gravel and clay mixed with stabilizing elements helps to create
dense hard walls which provides good insulation.
Green Building: Future Ahead 171

4.11 Transportation

Green travelling is an effective travelling mode which compliments a green building,

such systems have low pollution, low emission and low energy consumption. People
need to be educated and made aware of benefits of green travelling and civic
infrastructure modified accordingly, with special emphasis on pedestrians and bicy-
cles [18]. A smooth flow of goods, people and services will automatically lead to
lesser and optimal energy utilization [19].
A transport system that involves all stakeholders along with technology adoption
leads to a cost and energy efficient system [20].

5 International Rating Systems

There are several rating systems worldwide. The most widely accepted are briefly
mentioned here.

5.1 LEED

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design is a certification system in use in

USA where an onsite and third-party verification system exists with four levels of
certification. It offers its certification based on nine major areas so that buildings use
their resources efficiently and help in keeping the environment safe throughout the
building’s life cycle. Top users of LEED certification include Intel Corp, Colgate-
Palmolive, Mars Inc.

5.2 Well

This is a certification program managed by International WELL Building Institute

(IWBI). WELL, evaluates buildings on eleven concepts. Top users of WELL include
Wells Fargo, EY, Deloitte and Lenovo.

5.3 Fitwell

Fitwell focuses on the health and wellbeing of the occupants and the surrounding
community. Tower Companies is one of the top users of this certification.
172 A. Aziz and M. R. Beg

5.4 Green Globes

This rating system is in use in USA and Canada, this system uses a different
mechanism using a self-assessment and can be used for new as well as old buildings.
This system focuses on energy usage, water, waste management, emissions, and
environmental management.
The following Table 1 list the information regarding certification and their
relevant area of focus.

6 Challenges Being Faced by Green Building Practices

Green building (GB) is increasingly becoming the norm in the construction industry
as a viable solution for meeting the growing demand for environmentally friendly or
healthy buildings. However, the uptake of GB technologies is not as apparent [21].

6.1 Limited Awareness

A large number of populations continues to be unaware of the benefits of green

buildings and those who are aware of it perceive it to be an expensive option. The
government and other agencies need to reach out to educate the people, developers
and also students of architecture and planning and engineering to encourage incor-
poration of green practices in all constructions.

6.2 Inadequate Administrative Support

A government that is not responsive to the needs and policy changes needed to
encourage builders to incorporate green practices in their buildings can be an
impediment to the success of green projects.

6.3 Shortage of Trained and Skilled Manpower

Success of such projects needs people with knowledge and expertise from
policymakers to workers. Skilled manpower who can use and also educate others
in the use of green technology need to be part of an integrated planning and
implementation setup to plug knowledge deficits.
Green Building: Future Ahead 173

Table 1 Green building certification

Rating institution Type of standards/certification Areas of focus
Leadership in Energy • Building Design and Construction • Sustainable sites
and Environmental • Interior Design and Construction • Water efficiency
Design (LEED) • Operations and Maintenance • Energy and atmosphere
• Neighborhood Development • Materials and resources
• Homes • Indoor environmental quality
• Locations and linkages
• Awareness and education
• Innovation and design
• Regional priority
Building Research • BREEM New Construction • Energy
Establishment • BREEAM International New • Health & Well-being
Environmental Assess- Construction • Transport
ment Method (BREEM) • BREEAM Communities • Water
• BREEAM Infrastructure • Materials
• BREEAM In-Use • Waste
• BREEAM Refurbishment & • Land use & Ecology
Fit-Out • Management
• Pollution
GREEN GLOBES • Existing buildings • Energy
• New construction • Indoor environment
• Site
• Water
• Resources
• Emissions
• Project/environmental
management
WELL • New and existing buildings • Air
• Retail • Water
• Education • Nourishment
• Restaurant • Light
• Commercial kitchen • Fitness
• Multifamily residential • Comfort
• Mind
CASBEE • New construction • Energy
• Existing building • Resource and materials
• Renovation • Off-site environment

6.4 Reduction of Costs of Equipment’s and Products

Reduction of costs and ready availability of financing options and tax benefits needs
to be encouraged by the relevant agencies to encourage people to adopt green
practices.
Providing direct incentives in taxes, development fees and any other financial
benefits to developers and taxing non green projects may prove to be a bane [22].
174 A. Aziz and M. R. Beg

6.5 Non-Financial Incentives

A number of non-financial incentives in the form of floor area density, relaxatio,

assistance by providing relevant technical support from all government departments,
expediting clearances of projects will greatly assist such projects.

7 Future of Green Building

The future of green building technology is full of opportunities and it is incumbent

upon us to undo some of the damage that we have inflicted on our planet. There are
areas which need further research to plug the knowledge gaps of green buildings and
set the references for future research these include areas of corporate social respon-
sibility, the performance of green buildings, ICT applications in green buildings and
factors related to safety and health risks of workers involved in these projects [23].

7.1 Some Innovations in the Coming Times

1. Air cleaning materials such as paints and concrete using nanoscale titanium
dioxide. Microgrids which re-distribute energy such that they store energy
when it is in excess and utilize it later as and when needed. Net-zero buildings
at net zero costs. These buildings generate as much as they use over the course of
a year. Smart glass, a glass that can tint itself to keep the interior of a building
cool. They are of two types electrochromic which responds to electricity and
thermochromic which responds to heat from sunlight. Electricity generating
glass, which combines smart glass tinting with electricity generation.
2. Self-healing concrete which uses concrete along with water activated bacteria that
produce calcite which heals the cracks and has a very long-life span. This
technique reduces maintenance costs and cuts greenhouse gases.
3. Pollution absorbing bricks which can filter 30% of fine pollutants and 100% of
coarse pollutants resulting in self-sustaining ventilation.
4. Hydro ceramics is the future of self-cooling wall which uses a membrane made of
ceramic fabric and hydrogel which absorbs water thereby cooling the building
saving on air-conditioning costs.
5. Algae infused building panels; tree debris burned in kilns provide insulation
materials for construction of walls which help in thermal insulation.
6. While many of these materials are not in full scale commercial production these
may soon become a part of green buildings in near future.
7. Developing technologies for capture at source to lower green-house gas emission
may become a part of all future buildings.
Green Building: Future Ahead 175

The future of green building is as bright as its past. Further advances in green
technology will bring in newer designs and materials shaping the future of our
buildings.
With the world having been shocked by the pandemic caution about health has
only increased motivating people to live in safe and healthy spaces.

8 Conclusion

The future of buildings is without doubt green more so because of its contribution
not just to reduction in carbon emissions and global warming but also as a huge
investment opportunity. The technologies to build such buildings is readily available
and is rapidly evolving at a rapid pace auguring well for future as sustainability is the
idea to heal the world. By successfully preserving green there is the possibility and
chances for us to help our own world to save the earth from global damage and
destruction and at the same time bringing economic prosperity within the commu-
nity. Government and policy makers should make provisions under their legislative
framework to develop green buildings in the urban planning process.

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Reliable and Cost-Effective Smart Water
Governing Framework for Industries
and Households

Usha Rani Nelakuditi, Mohammad Khasim Shaik, and Naveen Avula

1 Introduction

Water is an essential element for the existence of life on earth. The total populace
significantly increased worldwide in the twentieth century and water consumption is
increasing at the rate of more than twice the rate of population growth. As per the
predictions, in the following 50 years the total populace will increase by another
40–50%. This has made supplying clean water at minimum cost is a challenge for
water management authorities.
This populace development combined with industrialization and urbanization
will bring about expanding interest in water. As per the World Bank, 40% of the
total populace is influenced by water shortages. Assessments show that by 2025, 1.8
billion individuals will live with the shortage.
Two third of the worldwide populace will live in water-focused regions. World
Economic Forum2019, recognized water shortage as the most genuine worldwide
danger in the following decade.
As per a report by the Ministry of Water Resources, India has around 18% of the
total population in the world, however has just 4% usable water sources. The
National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog) depicted it as the most
exceedingly terrible water emergency in India’s set of experiences.
The 2018 Composite Water Management Index (CWMI) noticed that 6% of
monetary GDP will be lost by 2050, while water requests will surpass the accessible
stock by 2030.

U. R. Nelakuditi · M. K. Shaik (*) · N. Avula

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vignan’s Foundation for Science,
Technology and Research (Deemed to be University), Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 177
P. Agarwal et al. (eds.), Smart Technologies for Energy and Environmental
Sustainability, Green Energy and Technology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80702-3_11
178 U. R. Nelakuditi et al.

The Central Water Commission expresses that India needs around 3000 billion
cubic meters of water a year, whereas 1000 billion cubic meters in abundance with
India. The current gap between supply and demand is around 2000 million liters.
This alarms that bounty water resources are to be utilized judiciously.
On average one person wastes around 45 l of water each day. To comprehend it
better, it is 30% of water necessity per individual every day. One hundred and
twenty-five million liters of water wasted every day. These statistics clearly show
that there needs to be an effective water management system to reduce the water
crisis.
Though it is difficult, this can be resolved by integrating big data and analytics
into water management systems. The consistent, end-to-end digitalization of plants
and processes helps the water and wastewater industry meet these challenges.
Smart water management implies the mix of frameworks and the selection of a
complex of measures to monitor, control, and manage the utilization and nature of
water assets and keep up the related hardware (pipes, siphons, and so on).
By frameworks, we mean a wide scope of equipment and programming instru-
ments, including sensors, meters, information handling, and perception devices,
actuators, and web and versatile control that interface individual with water
frameworks.
The essential goal of smart water management is sensible and feasible utilization
and reusing of water assets. Developing populace, expanding ecological issues and
tension on the food and agribusiness area make water even an all the more valuable
resource.
In the water management process, a greater part of the water wastage happens
during supply, dissemination, and utilization. To dodge these sorts of wastages a
successful framework is fundamental which screens such spillages through pipe-
lines, a measure of water burned-through, programmed water tank filling, turbidity,
PH, and temperature utilizing sensors and makes a vital move by enacting the
separate actuators at whatever point deviation happens. Combination and support
of the related equipment hardware like lines, siphons, sensors, and meters, just as
programming for information preparing and representation is a lot required.
Internet of Things is the best reasonable technology for this sort of use since it
gives ongoing observation and the capacity to quickly address distinguished issues.
IoT empowers stainable practices by lessening wastage It likewise encourages
mechanization and expansion of human force alongside straightforwardness to the
interaction in water store network. Supports information perception and investiga-
tion along these lines prompts forward-arranging water preservation systems.

2 Literature Survey

There were numerous individuals dealt with water management issues at different
levels. Graham Cole [1] proposed a paper about the execution of a savvy water
metering framework in Hervey Bay that permitted the neighborhood water utility to
Reliable and Cost-Effective Smart Water Governing Framework for Industries. . . 179

record the hourly water utilization of every one of its clients. It gives itemized
after-effects of the investigation of the normal hour, top hour, top day, and pinnacle
month utilization information.
Beza Negash Getu, Hussain A. Attia [2], have built up a framework that at first
tests the accessibility of water in the tank with the assistance of a level indicator and
afterward modifies the condition of the water siphon as per the data gathered through
the level identifier. This plan utilizes a seven portion show and an engine siphon. The
proposed framework comprises of water level sensor and an advanced rationale
processor circuit.
J.Navarajan et al. [3] present a remote sensor-based system along with a micro-
controller and Zigbee module to quantify water quality. This framework dependent
on remote sensor organizes that comprise a wireless water quality monitoring
network and remote data center. But this system has a few confinements as the
scope of correspondence is less for the Zigbee convention.
Cho Zin Myint et al. [4] introduced a reconfigurable keen sensor interface gadget
for the water quality observing framework. The brilliant water quality observing
framework comprises of Field Programmable Gate Array configuration, sensors,
remote correspondence module, and PC. This framework has a restriction of con-
tinuous execution.
Saravanan Krish et al. [5] proposed another Supervisory Control And Data
Acquisition (SCADA) framework for continuous water quality checking. It intends
to decide the tainting of water, spillage in the pipeline, and proportion of boundaries,
for example, temperature, stream, and shade of water progressively.
P. Swetha Reddy et al. [6] built up a framework for the spillage discovery of
pipelines during water conveyance to recognize the spillage and gives insinuation to
the client about spillage alongside control for programmed engine killing after the
identification of spillage. This framework is a dependable one for the execution
continuously during the conveyance of water through pipelines.
M.B. Kawarhe et al. [7] built up a framework which screens water level of tank
alongside quality checking and recognition of spillages in pipelines with GSM
insinuation to the client. It doesn’t have an appropriate controlling system which
prompts at whatever point the water wastage happens it just underwear however it
doesn’t make any legitimate move. This framework additionally neglects to follow
the measure of water burned-through from the tank which is another inconvenience
to control the water utilization through the valve so that overuse or pointless use can
be dodged.
Anna Di Mauro et al. [8] presented an IoT-based distinguishing and noticing
system to perceive water end-use in private space. The organized plan can normally
perceive, accumulate and store significant standards of water end-use usage data
persistently. The paper presents crucial results as demonstrated by the data open after
2 months of movement.
Dr. Manjunath Kotari et al. (2019) planned a framework for water tank observing
which turns on/off the engine when the water level in the tank arrives at lower and
upper edges separately so the overhead water tank filling will be performed conse-
quently. The water level in the tank can be envisioned utilizing the application and
180 U. R. Nelakuditi et al.

the engine can likewise be controlled through the application physically according to
the prerequisite of the client. Yet, this framework is restricted to tank level as it were.
It doesn’t manage wastage during water spillage and utilization.
The proposed system is an integrated model for the water governing purpose with
automatic monitoring and controlling facility along with effective data visualization
and analytics tool. It is a cost-effective and reliable solution for water management
purposes without any wastage. The proposed system will solve all the limitations
that are discussed in the above research works regarding water conservation during
distribution and consumption in cases of leakage detection and water tank scenario.
It also provides an effective overview and analysis of data to take necessary action so
that water wastage can be avoided.

3 Existing System

There are distant sources like Pumping stations, Storage offices, Industrial client
areas, and Retail client areas from where these devices gather information identified
with water. Some of the Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) items that are accessible
in the market that get information from various sources and help water managers in
taking better and well-informed choices are
• Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
• Laboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS) and
• Computerized Maintenance Management Systems (CMMS)
These frameworks have the ability to store water information and afterward
perform prompt activities dependent on the equivalent.
Here, information-driven SCADA is viewed as the information assortment mea-
sure that helps in better asset observing and improved dynamic by information
perception and information ingestion. The essential SCADA framework has pro-
grammable logic controllers (PLCs) or remote terminal units (RTUs).
These are microcomputers that can communicate with different items like factory
machines, human-machine interfaces (HMIs), sensors, and different gadgets, and
afterward course the data to PCs with SCADA software. Supervisory Control and
Data Acquisition (SCADA), frameworks are utilized for continuous procurement of
sensor information, observing hardware, and controlling cycles in water dispersion.
It additionally screens and controls the innovative boundaries in the water
circulation stations, which will permit the ideal working of the siphoning framework,
wellbeing, and perseverance development in the supplies and establishments inves-
tigating, thus acquiring effective energy use and ideal organization of the drinkable
water.
Reliable and Cost-Effective Smart Water Governing Framework for Industries. . . 181

3.1 Working of SCADA System

In the main stage, the SCADA framework contains observation, distribution, and
detailing capacities for Water Supply Systems (WSS), such as checking the levels in
supplies, streams and pressing factors on the power source of creation siphon
stations and water conveyance repositories, control of the chlorination cycle and
so on. In the next stage, in person/automated activity for WSS will takes place. There
will be three layers in an improved model of the governing framework. The primary
layer deals with wiring, automation devices, remote terminal units and instruments
those are required for controlling purpose. Instruments for controlling includes
electrostatic flow measurers, supersonic ranging devices and transducers along
with level, flow, pressure and force automation terminals are placed at the required
positions of tanks and pipelines. With the help of transmitting devices information in
the form of signals will be sent to respective controlling boards in the next layer.
The authorities can monitor the controllers and can change the particular parameters
as per the requirement. Remote terminal units monitor the levels of the tanks and this
information will be sent to programmable logic controlling boards through broadband.
Workers, a monitoring& controlling station along with an architect’s working envi-
ronment are the main elements of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition.

3.2 Drawbacks of SCADA

Gadget Interconnectivity

While executing SCADA frameworks, bringing together devices that are made by
distinct manufacturers is a near outlandish undertaking. Moreover, when the devices
are created by a similar producer, it very well may be hard to utilize them recipro-
cally as their model may change. They additionally require an even program that can
work across a large group of devices, independent of their maker or model.
Presently when we assess IoT, the framework relies upon the thought of inter-
connectivity. The essential rationale of this is to encourage correspondence across
various gadgets. Nothing is dependent on the model or producer of the apparatuses.
It utilizes techniques like MQTT to encourage excessive correspondence over all
gadgets in a complete framework.

Working Expenses and Costs

To store additional information in a SCADA framework, organizations will unavoid-

ably cause costs for new workers. Likewise, during the time spent programming
permitting or getting extra highlights, SCADA clients need to purchase particular
licenses for new administrations and need to oftentimes pay for updating the
framework.
182 U. R. Nelakuditi et al.

The Internet of Things can significantly alleviate the equipment and programming
costs for organizations, while additionally eliminating the prerequisite of actually
empowering programming authorizing and redesigning by executing cloud
administrations.

Information Insights

While utilizing SCADA frameworks present deficiencies in dissecting and

deciphering noteworthy information, organizations will in general experience these
obstacles in breaking down old information and afterward deciphering it. SCADA
doesn’t zero in on working together or deciphering the knowledge that organizations
are producing day by day. The data neither carries any significant experiences to the
clients nor does it offer any vital assistance to the chiefs of the business.
Here, IoT eclipses its competitors. It solidifies and gathers information from a few
business capacities, and afterward along these lines applies enormous information
examination to foresee productivity and dodge any possible vacillations. With the
complete astuteness of IoT, enterprises can anticipate unanticipated gear blocks and
support necessities.

Adaptability

In SCADA programming, there are devices that present basic data yet have never
been used as they require an overhead cost. Additionally, as the quantity of clients
builds, the data transfer capacity ought to likewise be made huge enough to deal with
the increment which causes security concerns and alleviate most issues. Moreover, it
likewise takes a long effort to set up.
IoT can get and handle a lot of information, while likewise empowering clients to
interface extra machines at ease. The entirety of this information is shipped off a
cloud and got to utilizing login details. Data or information from any place in the
world can be seen and gotten to by means of an HMI framework that interfaces them
to the clouds.

4 Proposed Framework

An IoT-based smart water governing framework is proposed to perform fundamen-

tally four tasks such as leakage detection, water tank filling, water consumption
tracking, and water quality monitoring as appeared in Fig. 1. The functions of each
module are explained below.
Reliable and Cost-Effective Smart Water Governing Framework for Industries. . . 183

Fig. 1 Proposed water

governing system

4.1 Water Pipeline Leakage Detection Module

This module is intended for the identification of spillages in the long pipeline
networks utilizing a flow sensor that quantifies the progression of water through
the pipeline. At whatever point if there is a spillage in the pipeline then the stream
rate at one flow sensor changes with the flow rate with another sensor of that
pipeline, at that point, the leakage will be recognized. As soon as leakage was
detected intimation will be sent to the operator through GSM and the motor will
be turned off automatically to avoid water wastage.

4.2 Automatic Water Tank Filling Module

In numerous houses, the majority of the water will be squandered during the filling
of the overhead tanks. This errand can be mechanized using an ultrasonic sensor.
Water tank levels will be arranged with two limits, lower and upper edges. whenever
the water level spans underneath the lower edge at that point motor will be auto-
matically turned on through the relay. When the water level arrives at the upper limit
motor will be killed and it will stay in the off situation until the water level reaches
the lower edge again. Likewise, water wastage due to overflow can be limited. The
water level in the tank can be monitored using the Blynk app.
184 U. R. Nelakuditi et al.

4.3 Water Quality Monitoring

Water quality check is very much required in the case of drinking water and in some
industries. The parameters like PH, turbidity, and temperature are monitored using
Blynk App. Whenever there is a deviation from the permissible threshold values of
parameters then intimation will be given to the user. Based on the required param-
eter, a specific sensor will be used for that application. The proposed system uses
PH, turbidity, and temperature sensors for measuring the respective parameters of
water in the tank.

4.4 Water Consumption Tracking

Estimations of household water consumption are very troublesome in intermittent

water supply (IWS) systems, where water is conveyed for brief lengths, taps are
shared, metering is restricted, and the family stockpiling framework fluctuates
generally. Metropolitan water chiefs require estimations of how much water occu-
pants burn through to comprehend examples of water access and water misfortunes,
and thus to distinguish powerful measures to improve supply conditions. Notwith-
standing, regular water accounting strategies don’t have any significant bearing in
unmetered and discontinuous frameworks. Water accounting techniques for
funneled water supplies have been set up for the completely compressed and metered
frameworks. In many cases in India, there is no accountability in the usage of water
due to which people are unaware of water wastage. There is a need to create
awareness among the people through proper metering. In this work process flow
sensor will be used for tracking water usage which was fitted at the outlet of the tank
so that toward the day’s end one can know the amount of water consumed and the
same can be observed on the Blynk app. When the measure of utilization is more
noteworthy than the set edge then the valve will be naturally killed and the solenoid
valve stops the stock.

4.5 Block Diagram of Proposed Framework

The block diagram of the proposed smart water governing framework appears in
Fig. 2. It comprises of Arduino Mega Microcontroller for observing and controlling
activity and ESP8266 Wi-Fi module to transfer data from controller to the Azure
cloud, whose data will be accessed by power BI tool & Blynk app for data
visualization and analysis. Sensors such as flow sensor, ultrasonic sensor, PH,
turbidity, and temperature sensors are likewise associated with the Arduino Mega
Reliable and Cost-Effective Smart Water Governing Framework for Industries. . . 185

Fig. 2 Block diagram of Smart Water Governing Framework

board. Actuator components such as relay switch, water motor, and solenoid valve
for water flow control are interfaced with the microcontroller. GSM is utilized for
message correspondence.
All the sensors will ceaselessly detect the information from the actual world and
send it to the Arduino Mega microcontroller and it will move the information to Azure
cloud through an IoT hub utilizing ESP-8266 Wi-Fi module. Data is obtained from
different subsystems like an overhead tank, PH, turbidity and temperature of water in
the tank, the measure of water burned-through can be procured utilizing separate
sensors and pictured on the Blynk application. The received sensor information will
be pictured and broke down utilizing power BI for clear comprehension of framework
with successful dynamic to decrease the water wastage in different viewpoints.

4.6 Framework Components and Description

Flow sensor: It is used for flow estimations and to detect any spillage in the pipeline.
Accurate water stream flow measurement is an important aspect not only in subjec-
tive but also for financial perspectives. Sensor is placed across the waterline which
has a pinwheel to measure the amount of water flows through the sensor. For each
rotation of pinwheel, an electric signal will be generated by Hall Effect. This flow
sensor is used for spillage detection as well water consumption tracking in case of
smart water governing framework.
186 U. R. Nelakuditi et al.

Fig. 3 (a) Flow sensor, (b) ultrasonic sensor, (c) PH sensor, (d) turbidity sensor, (e) temperature
sensor

Ultrasonic sensor: This measures the level of water in the tank to avoid over-
flow. Sensor continuously emits ultrasonic pulses at regular intervals up to its range.
During this time, if any obstacle is present, then the waves will get reflected back and
sensor detects the reverberation, based on which distance will be calculated.
PH sensor: It is used for gauging hydrogen quantity in given fluid. Activity of
Hydrogen ions under the common logarithm which is a negative one is nothing but
the PH of a solution. Amount of carbonate present in water will affect its PH Value.
It is one of the important variables for water quality gauge.
Turbidity sensor: This works on the principle of amount of light that can be
received by the IR receiver through suspended solid particles in the solution gives
the measure of turbidity. If the defer particles are more, turbidity will be more and
vice versa. Turbidity of water comes under water quality check sub system in smart
water governing framework.
Temperature sensor (DS18B20): available voltage over the diode ends quan-
tifies the temperature of the solution. Amount of voltage generated is directly
proportional to temperature. This sensor has high application in case of industrial
use (Fig. 3).

GSM (SIM 900a)

A proper GSM supporting mobile with the respective link along with the program-
mable driver to connect a sequential port or Universal Serial Bus port on a Personal
Computer forms a GSM module. Any mobile that allows “extended AT command
set” for the communication of message can be used. This module has a major role
during sending intimation to the user about the status of the water governing
framework on a timely basis.
Relay: Relays are electric switches that utilize electromagnetism to change over
little electrical stimuli into bigger currents. These transformations happen when
electrical data sources initiate electromagnets to one or the other structure or break
existing circuits. The relay is used to avoid water wastage during tank filling &
leakage detection by making motor condition into the off state.
Solenoid valve: It is a type of valve that can be controlled electrically. A solenoid
is present inside the valve which has a movable magnetic unclogger in the form of
Reliable and Cost-Effective Smart Water Governing Framework for Industries. . . 187

Fig. 4 (a) GSM module. (b) Relay. (c) Solenoid valve

electric loop at the center. When the unclogger is in off state it closes the little hole.
When electric field is applied then unclogger will be moved upwards then, hole will
get open. This is the basic principle that is used to open and close the valve which
will be applied for stopping water supply from the tank when it crosses the threshold
limit of consumption (Fig. 4).
ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module: A System on chip (SOC) based independent module
with combined TCP/IP protocol stack that provides access to Wi-Fi network and
allows this facility to all type of microcontroller boards is nothing but an ESP8266
Wi-Fi Module. This Wi-Fi module is capable of supporting all type functionalities
related to Wi-Fi networking with other devices. Data transfer into Azure cloud is one
of the essential tasks which will be taken care of by this module. Makes it feasible for
data access & visualization afterward, independent of location.
Azure Cloud: It is a Public cloud computing platform that provides Infrastruc-
ture, Platform, and Software as services which is used for analytics, virtual
processing, stockpiling systems administration, and substantially more. IoT based
Azure cloud also supports two way transfer of information among the devices. With
the Azure cloud, one can perform both controlling and measurement of the desired
system while connecting multiple devices to it.
Blynk App: It is a platform which facilitates the quick assembly of interfaces for
monitoring and automating various projects from Android and iOS devices. With the
help of arrange buttons, charts, sliders, various widgets one can create a required
dashboard. It also supports controlling action through pins and can display the data
from the sensors. It provides an effective visual interface to the user which is very
handy and reliable for water governing system.
Power BI: Connect to and visualize any data using the combined, adaptable stage
for self-administration and endeavor business intelligence (BI) that is easy to use and
encourages you to acquire further deeper data insight.
Arduino Mega Microcontroller: ATmega2560 based microcontroller is the
Arduino Mega board. Due to its multiple I/O lines & pins (54D, 16A) vast memory,
space, simplicity and high RAM makes this board suitable for various complex
projects. Low power consumption with fast start-up and easy-to-use features enables
the use of this microcontroller effectively.
188 U. R. Nelakuditi et al.

4.7 Algorithm of Proposed Framework

Step1: Initialization of sensors (flow sensor, ultrasonic sensor, PH,

turbidity and temperature sensor) and other components along with
microcontroller of smart water governing system (as per the
specifications)
Step2: If variation of flow rates between respective sensors > ’0’ {
Leakage in pipeline, Indication in LCD display, SMS alert will be sent to
user
}
Step 3: If leakage time > threshold time {
Put off the motor
}
Step 4 :Initialize the Lower (LL) and Upper (LH)water level thresholdsas
per the requirement.
Step 5 :If Current Water Level < Lower (LL) {
Motor will be turned on through relay till water level reaches upper
threshold Tank Levelis visualized in BlynkApp }
Step 6: If Current Water Level >Upper (LH) {
Motor will be turned off till water level reaches again lower threshold.
Tank Level is visualized in BlynkApp }
Step7: Monitor the PH, Turbidity and temperature of water in the tank and
send that to Blynk app for visualization.
Step8: If PH value of water in tank <’5’{
Turn on Buzzer,
PH value indication on Blynk App.
}
Step9 : Track the consumption of water from the tank
Step 10: If amount of water consumption> threshold amount of water {
Turn off the solenoid valve ,
Visualization of amount of water consumed on Blynk App.
}
Step 11: Visualize the entire system data on power BI.
Step 12: Perform Data Analytics for effective conclusion and decision
making.

4.8 Flow Chart

While the sensors are in the action of water management, if any deviation happens
like water level variation or quality parameter changes or spillage discovery hap-
pens, at that point, legitimate controlling activity will be started on the side of the
actuator.
The whole sensor’s activities and their relating actuator’s response can be
observed in the flow chart as shown in Fig. 5.
Reliable and Cost-Effective Smart Water Governing Framework for Industries. . . 189

Fig. 5 Flow chart of smart water governing system

Fig. 6 System representation of smart water governing framework

4.9 System Representation (Fig. 6)

190 U. R. Nelakuditi et al.

4.10 Schematic Diagram (Fig. 7)

5 Implementation

Arduino based smart water governing system is implemented using hardware and
IDE is shown in Fig. 8.

Fig. 7 Schematic diagram of smart water governing framework

Fig. 8 Smart water governing system

Reliable and Cost-Effective Smart Water Governing Framework for Industries. . . 191

5.1 Construction

For spillage identification, two flow sensors are fixed at the front and backsides of
the pipeline are appeared in Fig. 9. To model the leakage while the distribution of
water through the pipe, a tap is arranged in between those two flow sensors to gauge
the differential flow. GSM modules and LCD module is also added to the frame-
work. Automatic overhead tank filling is observed through the ultrasonic sensor,
motor, and the relay associated with the controller.
Water quality check is actualized using PH, turbidity, and temperature sensors
inside the tank. Water utilization tracking is finished with the assistance of a flow
sensor and valves which are fitted to the power source of the tank as demonstrated in
the above figure.
The front and top perspectives of the tank are shown in Fig. 9a, b respectively.
The leakage detection framework can be observed in Fig. 9c.

6 Results and Discussion

The function of the system is observed utilizing the Blynk application on the client-
side and in Power BI on the host or administrator side. At whatever point it
recognizes any spillage in the pipeline (when the tap is turned on for showing
spillage, flow variation will happen) it sends a message to the client using GSM
and displays the leakage detection data on the LCD module (Figs. 10 and 11).
When the spillage is more than 5 min which is a support time in this situation, the
engine will be naturally turned off alongside warning to the client as demonstrated in
the above figures.
For the proposed framework, various parameters threshold is set as follows.
• PH value of water is less than 4.5 or greater than 11.
• The turbidity of water is more than 5 NTU.

Fig. 9 (a) Front view of the tank. (b) Top view of the tank. (c) Leakage detection system
192 U. R. Nelakuditi et al.

Fig. 10 Status of smart

water governing system

• The temperature of the water is less than 15  C or greater than 50  C.

• Water consumption reaches 2.5 l, and then intimation will be sent to the user.
When consumption reaches 3 l, then the valve will be turned off automatically.
According to the set threshold values, messages are sent to the user which is
shown in the above figure.
Tank filling can be monitored automatically which can be observed in the Blynk
app as shown in the above figure. App developed for the proposed system visualizes
water quality parameters like PH, temperature and turbidity values of water, the
volume of water consumed from the tank.
Proposed control mechanisms assure that the smart water governing system
model can prevent water wastage during overhead tank filling, distribution, and
consumption tracking along with water quality monitoring in the tank.
Blynk app is useful for facilitating effective user interface & provides real-time
monitoring on the client-side for visualization of entire system data and to analyze
the data to make effective decision making, Power BI comes in to use.
Reliable and Cost-Effective Smart Water Governing Framework for Industries. . . 193

Fig. 11 Sensor readings on

Blynk App

Power BI lays the foundation for cutting-edge analytics, opening up a world of

opportunities for water management activity—from anticipating maintenance events
and forestalling early gear substitution to turning away widespread service blackouts
or catastrophes.
New, close to ongoing detailing and significant dashboards are now vital to the
utility’s operations. From the capacity to now cost-successfully gather and store
mass sums of continuously created framework data, to the recently actualized web
application alarming framework, the Power BI is revolutionizing data visualization
& analytics.
This powerBI based arrangement gives the scale and scientific capacities to
meet the utility’s future business needs. The solution was, partially, intended to
address weaknesses in the utility’s heritage SCADA framework. This methodology
can decipher across enterprises—especially those that actually depend on SCADA
engineering.
194 U. R. Nelakuditi et al.

All the sensor data will be accessed from the cloud and visualization of entire
system data can be viewed in the PowerBI tool in the form of a dashboard as shown
in the below figure. Power BI dashboard facilities effective visualization on the host
side which includes water distribution corporation authorities. At a glance, one can
get an overview of the system data on various timelines using the powerBI dash-
board (Fig. 12).
Information that can be extracted from the dashboard is
• Amount of water consumed and water level in the overhead tank by the end of the
day as per the need.
• Water quality parameters (PH, Turbidity & Temperature) and leakage detection
data throughout the weeks.
• Frequency of occurrence in case of leakage.
Power BI gives viable perception as well as encourages dynamic utilizing of
information investigation. different DAX functions are utilized to break down the
information. data analytical functions include identify outliers in the data, grouping
data together, and binning data for analysis. It also supports time-series analysis. Can
work with cutting-edge scientific highlights of Power BI, for example, Quick
Insights, AI Insights, and the Analyze include. Power BI allows the host or admin-
istration team to make intelligent decisions for efficiently managing the framework
operations, making the job simpler & easier
The data analytics dashboard for the smart water governing system is shown in
the below figure. Following conclusions can be made after analyzing the data using
DAX functions (Fig. 13).
• Highest water utilization among all the days and vice versa
• Relation between water utilization and water level of the tank throughout
the days.
After analysis, conclusions that can be drawn are:
• Whenever the water consumption is high, then water level in the overhead tank by
that day is low and vice versa.
• On day 14 water consumption is highest throughout all days, whereas on day
15 the consumption is the lowest one.

7 Conclusion

IoT-based Smart water governing framework is a practical and proficient answer for
the anticipation of water wastage during supply, conveyance, and consumption
which is appropriate for smart cities, smart villages, households, and industries.
This framework keeps away from the mediation of the human segment by encour-
aging programmed checking and controlling activities to dodge water wastage.
Reliable and Cost-Effective Smart Water Governing Framework for Industries. . . 195

Fig. 12 Power BI dashboard for smart water governing system

196 U. R. Nelakuditi et al.

Fig. 13 Data analytics dashboard for smart water governing system

The proposed framework model is appropriate to businesses, family units,

schools, and so forth any place the presence of tanks and dispersion of water occurs.
It is a convenient and solid arrangement with less establishment and operational
intricacy.
Information can be imagined in the type of a compelling user interface using the
Blynk application on the client-side and through power BI on the host or adminis-
trator side which encourages a viable representation and examination for better end
and dynamic to prevent water wastage.

8 Future Scope

Utilizing Digital twin for smart water governing system, one can able to anticipate
various outcomes depending on variable data. After run-the-simulation process, all
potential situations can be demonstrated inside the digital environment. With the
assistance of data analytics, the digital twin can upgrade the smart water governing
framework for the greatest productivity, just as help originators sort out where things
should go or how they work before they are genuinely conveyed.
Frameworks like water governing using the Internet of Things, the more excep-
tionally instrumented gadgets are, the more precisely digital twins can reproduce
how the gadgets have performed over the long run, which could help in anticipating
future execution and conceivable disappointment.
The intelligent connecting of information from various sources like sensors, water
meters will set out new open doors to utilize water all the more effectively. A
precondition will be end-to-end networking of system engineering and designing,
from dispatching to activity, support, and progressing measure enhancement depen-
dent on a data platform—a converging of the real and virtual worlds.
The enhanced qualitative data and accessibility will lessen the project execution
time in reality. Simultaneously, the prospects provided by recreation and demon-
strating in the virtual world decrease not only limitless expenses during development
stage but also continuous working expenses (Fig. 14).
Reliable and Cost-Effective Smart Water Governing Framework for Industries. . . 197

Fig. 14 Digital twin

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Adaptation of Smart Technologies
and E-Waste: Risks and Environmental
Impact

Lubna Ansari, M. Afshar Alam, Ranjit Biswas,

and Sheikh Mohammad Idrees

1 Introduction

In recent years, Smart Cities is a new concept mushrooming around the globe. This
life-changing concept is beneficial to people in various aspects of life. The smart city
is an ambiguous term and varies from one nation to another. The smart city can be
defined as the most simple way i.e. how efficiently and effectively we use our
resources to benefit our citizens the most [1]. A Smart city is like a skyscraper
well built on three main pillars viz smart citizens, smart technology, and smart
governance [2]. Each pillar has its importance but smart governance has supreme
value. One of the most important ingredients of a smart city is smart government as it
is used to foster rules or government policies and handle related issues by using ICT
and by communicating with people [3]. When the citizens of a nation have the liberty
to access all the services and information provided by the government when and
where they require it, then that nation has successfully implemented smart gover-
nance [4]. To content present citizens, smart governance must be sustainable smart
governance. Smart governance will be sustainable smart governance if attains three
sustainability viz Social Sustainability, Environmental Sustainability, and Economic
Sustainability [5]. To successfully implement sustainable smart governance in any
smart city, we have to be aware of various factors and parameters that support it and
that are barriers to it. Though there are many hurdles to achieve sustainable smart
governance, in this chapter we will be discussing on e-waste problem.

L. Ansari (*) · M. A. Alam · R. Biswas

Department of Computer Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
S. M. Idrees
Department of Computer Science (IDI), NTNU, Trondheim, Norway

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 201
P. Agarwal et al. (eds.), Smart Technologies for Energy and Environmental
Sustainability, Green Energy and Technology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80702-3_12
202 L. Ansari et al.

There are many blessings of technology that make the life of a citizen very easy.
In today’s world, we start ours day by using technology and end the same by using
some technology. With today’s technology distance is just a number. It is a well-
known fact that Electronic devices have transformed every aspect like modern
living, education, governance, entertainment, health care, and many more [6]. This
in turn increases the production of electronic devices especially mobile phone,
laptops, smart TV [6]. ICT became the new parameter for measuring any country’s
development [6]. Countries with the latest ICT are considered more developed than
others. The life span of electronic items is shrinking as the frequency of improve-
ment in technology increases [7, 8]. As the life span of electronic devices is
shortening, the number of outdated products increases thereby making the environ-
ment polluted [9]. Out of all other electronic devices, the highest usage is of mobile
phones. Even in developing countries, every citizen who either belongs to an urban
area or rural area possesses mobile phones [10]. Since the usage of mobile is highest
its production is highest and shortest life cycle as new models are manufactured with
the latest technologies [10]. Thereby making a rich contribution in waste electronic
and electrical devices [10]. It has been noted that the amount of electronic waste
annually increases by 10% [11]. According to [12] global generation of e-waste will
be more than 50 million tons in 2020 and yearly growth will be around 4–5%.
These figures are quite alarming. Many researchers are working in this area to
minimize the number. In this paper, we have discussed some of the work of these
researchers. We have also proposed a system for the aforementioned problem.

1.1 Electronic Waste

‘Electronic waste’ also known as e-waste means any electronic or electrical devices
which are no longer in use or discarded by their owners [13]. Any electrical or
electronic device is considered to be trash when the working period is over. E-waste
includes all electrical and electronic devices that reached their end of life
[14]. E-waste is a vast term and includes a variety of electronics devices spans
from heavy household devices to personal devices like mobile phones, laptops
[15]. Another term used for E-waste is WEEE abbreviation for Waste of electrical
and electronic equipment. It includes devices like laptops, mobile phones, smart TVs
and is expanding exponentially in the European Union [16]. As reported, in 2005
WEEE generated was about 9 million tons and by end of 2020, it will grow around
12 million tons [16]. WEEE comprises various elements which can pollute the
environment and can cause health issues due to their poisonous nature [16]. It has
been noted that WEEE is expanding three times more quickly than urban waste and
the growing rate of WEEE is approximately between 3% and 5% [17, 18]. Around
50 million tons of WEEE are generated and about 1 billion smartphones and
300 million laptops are produced annually [19]. WEEE of about 12.5% is
recycled [19].
Adaptation of Smart Technologies and E-Waste: Risks and Environmental Impact 203

1.2 Components of E-Waste

WEEE is a composite term as it includes many electronic and electrical device waste.
Many components of WEEE are not very harmful, some are precious and can be
reused and some of them are very toxic in nature and can cause serious health to
humans, animals. Mobile phones consist of about 40 elements and out of which
12 are very toxic and can pollute the environment [10]. Mobile phones contain some
precious elements like silver (250 mg), gold (24 mg), copper (9 mg), some very toxic
elements like antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, lead, nickel, zinc, cobalt, tin
[20, 21]. The cadmium battery of one cell phone can contaminate 600,000 L of
water [21].
Apart from mobile phones, other electrical and electronic devices also contain
toxic elements. In transformers and condensers, we have polychlorinated biphenyls,
in the insulation foam and the cooling unit we have chlorofluorocarbon, Chromium
is used in data tapes, Zinc sulphide is present in the CRT screens [6]. Mercury is used
in pocket calculators and LCDs [22].
The exact composition of WEEE cannot be predicted as it contains a variety of
elements ranging from large household devices to personal use devices [13]. Broadly
we can classify WEEE into five classes: glass, ferrous metals, plastics, non-ferrous
metals, and others [13] (Fig. 1).

70.00%

60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%

20.00%

10.00%

0.00%
Metals Plastics Metal-Plastic Cables Screens(LCD Printed Others Pollutants
mixture & CRT) Circuit
Boards

Fig. 1 E-waste material fraction [13, 23]

204 L. Ansari et al.

1.3 Adverse Effects of E-Waste

As mentioned earlier WEEE contains many toxic elements which are very harmful to
the environment, humans, and animals. Since WEEE is very complex in nature so it
is very hard to recycle sustainably [22]. Lead can cause water pollution, damage the
nervous system, higher risk of cardiovascular problems, and can also cause infertility
and miscarriage [6]. Cadmium can cause cancer, bone deformation and can affect
kidneys [6]. Mercury can have adverse effects on the brain [6]. Polyvinyl Chloride
Plastics (PVC) can irritate the eyes, skin and can damage the liver, kidney [6]. Nickel
mostly found in batteries and printed circuit boards can cause lung cancer, bronchitis
[24]. Barium can cause brain swelling and damages the heart and liver [24]. Beryl-
lium can cause cancer and skin infection [24]. Antimony harms the stomach and
leads to diarrhea [24].

2 Issues Regarding E-Waste in Smart Cities

The E-waste issue is global. It is like a Pandora’s Box. Every country is facing this
arduous problem of WEEE. The various reasons behind this gigantic problem are:
• The partially damaged or problematic devices are discarded straight away without
trying to repair them [25].
• Recycling WEEE is another big task as people are not very interested in it [25].
• Inadequate technology [25].
• It is a time taking task [25].
• Labor cost is high [25].
• No strong initiative for recycling WEEE [25].
• High tech design of e-products makes it next to impossible to recycle them as the
parts of electronic equipment are attached securely, making it a hard and time
taking task [25].
• There is no strict law that can monitor the WEEE disposal [26].
Table 1 shows figures for e-waste generated in major countries. And Table 2
shows e-waste generated per inhabitant.
Africa generates approximately 2.2 million tons of WEEE annually, reported by
UN 2017 [27]. Around 1.1 million tons of WEEE are generated every year either
locally or imported from outside Nigeria [27]. Nigeria does not have any construc-
tive e-waste management system [28]. ICT devices coming from developed coun-
tries are dumped here [28]. To eradicate the digital gap between the developed
economies and developing economies electrical and electronic equipment are
imported to Lagos port, Nigeria [28]. These devices are either in their last phase of
life or need to be repaired [28]. It is been reported that in the year from 2001 to 2013,
about 54,050 tons of cell phones were imported to Nigeria [10]. In 2017
288,000 tons of e-waste were imported into Nigeria [27]. There is no efficient
Adaptation of Smart Technologies and E-Waste: Risks and Environmental Impact 205

Table 1 The global e-waste status

S. No. Name E-waste generations (Mt) E-waste collected and recycled (Mt)
1 Africa 2.2 Mt 0.004 Mt
Egypt 0.5 Mt
South Africa 0.3 Mt
Algeria 0.3 Mt
2 America 11.3 Mt 1.9 Mt
USA 6.3 Mt
Brazil 1.5 Mt
Mexico 1 Mt
3 Asia 18.2 Mt 2.7 Mt
China 7.2 Mt
Japan 2.1 Mt
India 2 Mt
4 Europe 12.3 Mt 4.3 Mt
Germany 1.9 Mt
Great Britain 1.6 Mt
Russia 1.4 Mt
5 Oceania 0.7 Mt 0.04 Mt
Australia 0.57 Mt

Table 2 The global e-waste S. No. Name E-waste generation/inhabitant

per inhabitant
1 Africa 11.5 kg/inhabitant
Seychelles
Libya 11.5 kg/inhabitant
Mauritius 8.6 kg/inhabitant
2 America 20 kg/inhabitant
USA
Canada 20 kg/inhabitant
3 Asia 19.1 kg/inhabitant
Cyprus
Hong Kong 19 kg/inhabitant
Brunei 18 kg/inhabitant
Singapore 18 kg/inhabitant
4 Europe 28.5 kg/inhabitant
Norway
Great Britain 24.9 kg/inhabitant
Denmark 24.9 kg/inhabitant
5 Oceania 23.6 kg/Inhabitant
Australia
New Zealand 20.1 kg/inhabitant
206 L. Ansari et al.

recycling process in Nigeria, so people use their mobile phones for longer periods
[10]. Alhaji Ibrahim Jibril, Ex-Minister of State for the Environment spoke about the
e-waste problem, “E-waste is a real problem and environment peril. E-waste can be
categorized into two classes one that we all use; the new ones and other category are
second-hand devices which are imported into Nigeria” [27]. There is no strict law in
Nigeria, which opens the gate for unauthorized transportation of used electronic
devices without any checking or testing to see whether they are in good condition or
not [27]. Executive Director, Dr. Leslie Adogame of SRADev (Sustainable Research
and Action for Environmental Development), said: “E-waste is two-sided coin. It
offers employment opportunity but toxic in nature can pollute environment [27].” In
Nigeria informal recycling is used for e-waste in which e-waste is dismantle by
hands and either burn in open air or dipped into acid to obtain valuable elements
[29]. This ultimately effect environment, human health [29].
The USA is the most developed country in the world. It is also on the top when it
comes to e-waste [30]. More than 140 million mobile phones are dumped into
landfills every year by the USA [19]. If the same amount is recycled then it will
produce power for 25,000 households for a year [19]. Approximately 9.4 million
tons of electronic devices are discarded by Americans [19]. The electricity consumed
by 3500 homes in a year in the US can be produced if we can recycle one million
laptops [19]. Mobile phones discarded by the USA yearly contain over $60 million
gold or silver [19].
In the US 30% of the e-waste, which is 80% of the total e-waste of the world in
2016, is either landfilled, informally recycled, incinerated, exported, or maybe left
out somewhere [31].
India being a highly densely populated country holds fifth position in the gener-
ation of e-waste across the globe [32]. In 2014, it was reported that Indians discarded
around 1.7 million tons of WEEE. E-waste management in India from collection to
disposal is handled by unprofessional people [32]. Citizens of India are unaware of
e-waste’s adverse effects and throw away e-waste along with their garbage which is
then gathered by rag pickers [32]. Every year 12.5 lakh million tons of e-waste is
produced by India [32]. Being a developing economy, many developed countries
also export e-waste to India and increases the e-waste. There is a lack of infrastruc-
ture, less awareness, and insufficient funds to handle e-waste. There is no formally
developed e-waste management in India [33]. E-waste management is neither well
defined nor well organized [33]. The current e-waste management system can be
divided into three levels; EEE generation, WEEE generation, and WEEE
re-processing [33]. There were also no strict law for handling and managing
e-waste before 2011 [22].
All these issues must be handled most appropriate and sustainable way possible
so that they will harm as minimum as possible to the present generations as well as
the future generation.
Adaptation of Smart Technologies and E-Waste: Risks and Environmental Impact 207

3 Approaches to Tackle E-Waste in Smart Cities

As there are no strict rules imposed by the government in many countries, there is a
emerge of several informal e-waste organizations. Various approaches are
implemented by Smart cities to reduce the impact of e-waste. Some of them are
very effective, some are still in the processing phase.
Mr. Lawrence Anukam, DG of NESREA (National Environmental Standards and
Regulations Enforcement Agency) spoke about the solutions to the e-waste issue in
Nigeria and enlighten about Extended Producer Responsibility [29]. In the EPR, the
producer of the product bears the responsibility of the product when it is discarded
by the user [29]. The producer decides whether the product when reaches its End of
Life should be returned or recycled [29]. But this program can only be successful if
the user, producer, and recycler take an active part [29].
Each company needs to obey the policy framework before putting its products on
the market [27]. All the stakeholders (manufacturers, producers, distributors) have to
comply with PRO (Producer Responsibility Organization) [27]. PRO is a buy-back
or take-back program in which the producers bear the cost of environmental man-
agement throughout the life cycle of their product [27].
In Nigeria, EPR is still not in its full swing and will take time [27]. To eradicate
the e-waste problem from Nigeria, the government, users, and manufacturers have to
co-operate [27]. The government must be vocal about the consequences of e-waste
and run an awareness program for the user [27]. Besides government, other e-waste
processing companies like Hinckley Recycling also taking part to remove the
e-waste problem from Nigeria [29]. Hinckley works as a “collect and recycles”,
gathers e-waste from different places, and recycles it [29].
With the continuous support of the government and recycling companies, WEEE
cannot harm the environment and can be converted into a treasure that is beneficial to
everyone [27].
Despite being on the top of e-waste generations, e-waste is not a big issue for the
USA. The USA is a developed country have many “way out” plan already for this
gigantic problem. Between the years 2003 and 2005, approximately 80–85% of the
e-waste about to enter their end-of-life phase are dumped in landfills [34]. Such
treatment of e-waste not only pollutes the environment but also precious elements in
the e-waste remain unused [34].
The U.S. also exports e-waste to developing countries routinely [34]. Though
NGOs and governments of some of the developing countries resist this exportation,
this trend is increasing yearly [34]. One possible reason for this increment is both the
countries, developing and developed country make money by informal
recycling [34].
The USA also started to gather and recycle e-waste [34]. California charges extra
consumer fees, ARF (Advanced recycling fees) ranging from US$6 to US$10 from
the consumer when they purchase items like laptops, TV [34]. Washington also
implemented Electronic Product Recycling Law in which manufacturers has to give
recycling services in the state at no additional cost to small local government,
208 L. Ansari et al.

households, charities, low budget business and school districts [34]. Maine from
January 2006 also started an e-waste program which includes e-waste like laptops,
TV thrown away by households [34]. In this program, the responsibility is divided
between manufacturers and municipalities [34].
To solve this gigantic problem of e-waste from India, the Indian government is
actively participating. After 2011, India revised its law regarding e-waste manage-
ment and handling. India also participating EPR program [35]. Many awareness
programs are running to educate Indians about the effects of e-waste and how to
reduce the effect and help the government in recycling e-waste [35]. In the next
section, we will be discussing some of the smart technologies that have been either
developed or proposed by other researchers.
All these concepts are theoretical, we should also focus on something practical. In
the following section, we have discussed some of the work which has been either
practically implemented or proposed to be implemented.

4 Smart Technologies for E-Waste

The smart technologies developed for handling e-waste involve IoT in every phase
of it. To widen our research, we have considered the smart technologies developed
or proposed in both waste and e-waste management.
In [36], the author discussed the smart bin which is mostly fitted with some
sensors. These sensors can collect data like fill level, temperature, weight, image.
Data generated by the sensor not only send the alert but also this data can be analyzed
and can be used to take action. For say, based on the information gathered we can not
only find the pattern on the frequently the bin is full, but we can also schedule the
trash pickup event.
While in [37], use an ultrasonic sensor in the smart bin to detect the threshold
level for the smart bin. In addition to the sensor, the author also used an ARM
microcontroller to check the whole operation and connected it with ThingSpeak.
Here, the author also has an LCD on the bin which allows the user to know how
much is the smart bin is occupied without actually opening it.
Reference [38] uses three ultrasonic sensors placed at three levels of the bin.
When one level is crossed by the smart bin the notification is sent to the concerned
team including the level by text message using GSM technology. The cost of the
smart bin will become high as there are three sensors.
Another author [39] utilizes an ultrasonic sensor to check the level of the smart
bin. When the bin is full an alert is sent. This work gathers and transfers data using a
wireless mesh network. One more proposed system by Zavare et al. [40], uses an
ultrasonic sensor and notifies the authority when a bin is 80–90% filled. Notification
including id and coordinates of the dustbin is sent by using GSM. Reference [41]
also uses SMS to update the authority when the sensor-equipped bin is full in real-
time. However, the coordinates of the bin are not sent to the authority thereby it is
difficult for them to trace the bin.
Adaptation of Smart Technologies and E-Waste: Risks and Environmental Impact 209

Another effort is done in [42], ultrasonic sensor fitted in the bin fetches the data
and move the result to the responsible unit using a web application. An efficient
model is discussed by [43]. This architecture also uses an ultrasonic sensor to sense
the threshold value but the system is simulated and modeled by MATLAB. This
system also has RFID technology. RFID tags have all the relevant data and an RFID
reader can fetch and analyze the data.
The smart bin discussed in [44] has an efficient embedded device that consists of
an IR (infrared) sensor, RF (radio frequency) module, and microcontroller. To easily
identify the dustbin a unique ID is also given to the smart bin. When the smart bin is
full, a radio frequency signal is sent by the transmitter and will be received by the
receiver at the central system. All the required information will be displayed in a web
browser.
Another approach is a synergetic effect of the weight sensor and an IR sensor
introduced in [45]. Here, when the threshold level is reached the IR sensor activates
the other sensor to disseminate the result. The other end of the system has a
smartphone with a wifi connection to show data in a browser.
The discussion in paper [46] is about having a load sensor in the smart bin to
check the weight of the smart bin, as well as a camera, which is also set up at each
location of the smart bin. While the camera keeps on taking pictures of the smart bin,
the load sensor will send the signal once the smart bin reached its upper limit. Results
from both are taken and analyzed and the respective team is updated.
Another author in [47] uses a synergetic effect of image and GSM. The camera
continuously clicks the picture of the bin and the load cell sensor tracks the threshold
value of the bin. When the combined result is alarmistic, a message is given to the
responsible person.
Paper [48] uses a load cell that functions in the same way as a weight sensor. It
senses the weight and notifies the experts. This system also has an RFID concept.
RFID reads the tag of the product which has all the information of the user. Arduino
Uno is the controller here and manages the input /output of the system. The author
uses an attraction, a reward system, which compels the user to discard their e-waste
to earn rebate points.
Al-Jabi et al. [49], presented an attractive model where a user has an RFID card
that uniquely identifies the user and has to use it each time when the user wants to
throw some waste in the dustbin. An RFID reader is attached to the bin along with
the sensor (ultrasonic and weight).
Another author discusses an agile methodology for IoT e-waste monitoring
system. In [50], the author uses three sensors: flame sensor (senses the heat) to
avoid explosions, ultrasonic sensor(level detection), and temperature sensor. The
controller used in this paper is Raspberry Pi 3. To analyze the sensor data
ThingSpeak is used and notification is updated via the Wi-Fi module. An alert will
be posted on ThingSpeak when the level is 90% and a temperament raise hence
follows a level-priority-scheduling.
One more approach is presented in [51], the bin is equipped with sensors to
indicate if it’s full or not. Also, there is an LCD that shows the same status. Two LED
also included in the bin if its green means the bin is empty and if it’s red then the bin
210 L. Ansari et al.

is full and needs to be emptied. In an event of an alert, the same is notified to the user
via GSM/GPRS. Furthermore, there is an Android app too to control and combine
the information from various coordinates. Another automated system used for
separating and controlling garbage is proposed by [52]. The system consists of
Keil uVision programmed sensors, LPC2148 microcontroller, WiFi module, and
GSM technology. When the sensor senses that the bin is full it sends the alert using
GSM to authority.
Kalpana and Jayachitra [53] explained a variant for dealing with the aforemen-
tioned problem. In this paper, the author places relevant information regarding the
dustbin on the server. Here the user plays a vital role, by checking the bin level and
updating the same on the server. The higher management will take the action
accordingly. The bin can only be emptied if an end-user raises a request referring
to the same.
One more proposed model by Mahajan and Chitode [54], also comprises a
sensor-based bin, and once the upper limit of the bin is reached controller ARM7
updates the truck driver of the garbage collection team. And the bin will be emptied
by them.
Baby et al. [55] proposed the system which has two sensors(Infrared and ultra-
sonic) placed in the bin to check the status of the bin. When the bin is almost full, the
same is notified to Raspberry Pi and Arduino parallelly. Raspberry Pi transmits the
alert by E-mail and SMS and Arduino moves data ahead on the cloud. The same data
is then forwarded to the Power Bi platform for real-time analysis and prediction of
the data in a particular locality.
A cloud-based smart waste management system [56], follows the same concept of
the smart bin having sensors and alert the system when the bin is full. The difference
here is the data is transferred and saved in the cloud. The author also included route-
optimization and path selection for waste collector trucks for improving efficiency
based on the data received.
Smart e-waste reverse system is proposed by [57], use interactive online maps. As
per the author, interactive online maps are very efficient and easy to track EoL EEE
user requests. If a user wants to discard some e-waste fills all the relevant information
in an interactive online map. An essential role is played by Local E-waste operator
which stores all the request for collection of e-waste and also connects with the
delivery services that processes the request. After the collection of the e-waste, it is
transferred to a specialized e-waste processing enterprise.
The author [58] generalizes most of the waste collection systems stating that the
difference is in the technologies used. Most of the system follows the same protocol:
smart bin has some sensors and notifies to authority by some technology. The author
also compared various systems and concluded that none of the systems best to their
knowledge used LoRa (Low Range). LoRa is a technology that enhances the lifespan
of IoT solutions. It also provides a wider coverage area with low power usage. Also,
it is more reliable.
To overcome the waste management problem, a conceptual framework is intro-
duced [59]. Waste management should be a part of every stage of e-product, and this
is done by this system. To transform a smart city into a smart city with iota waste we
Adaptation of Smart Technologies and E-Waste: Risks and Environmental Impact 211

need to focus on three areas: prevent waste generation, smart collection of waste, and
smart recovery strategies. The author introduced three elements to accomplish the
same viz element 1: is data collection of the product life cycle, element 2: business
models which avoid waste generation and promote sharing products, and element 3:
the infrastructure of the city consists of smart and connected devices.
A different approach has been proposed by [60] to use the concept of Blockchain
Smart Contract. Whenever a product is manufactured its details are inserted into the
blockchain network. The details will update in the blockchain if there is a change in
the ownership of the product. When the end-user discards the e-product to the
e-waste unit a smart contract is generated in the e-waste center and some amount
in ether form is transferred to the user. Additional money is locked by the smart
agreement when there is a change in the ownership. And when that product reaches
the e-waste center the protected sum plus some incentive is transferred to the owner.
Hence, giving motivation to the user to discard their e-product. The programming
language used is Solidity. VSC is used to develop the front-end of the decentralized
app. The stakeholders here are producers, retailers, collection centers, recycling
units. Other than these two participants are government and customer.

5 Proposed Solution

There are many adverse effects of e-waste on human health as well as the environ-
ment but smart technologies to tackle the same are still in their embryonic stage. To
the best of our knowledge, most of the researchers considered only one phase of the
e-waste life cycle i.e. collection. But to build an effective e-waste system we have to
focus on all the stages of life starting from the collection to the disposal of the
e-waste. We are proposing a system that conveniently handles the e-waste lifecycle.
In our proposed model we will be using a sensor in our smart collector bin but it
will be an amalgam of load cell sensor and infrared sensor. Most of the state of art
does include sensors but mostly a single type of sensor is used. If a single type of
sensor is used it will not reflect the accuracy in results. For example, if we use an
ultrasonic sensor, it will temper the output of the sensor as temperature changes.
Also, how the notification will be transferred from one position to another needs
attention. For say, if only GSM is used for the same purpose, it likely to have
bandwidth lag. So here also we have to combine two or three technologies to avoid
any discrepancy.
In our proposed solution, a unique ID will be provided to the customer, product,
manufacturer, retailer, and smart collector bin. The following sections will give a
brief about our proposed system.
212 L. Ansari et al.

5.1 Smart Collector Bin

Every smart collector bin will have a unique id. This id can be used to trace the
position of the dustbin and the best-suited route to collect the e-waste from it. The
route will keep on updating in real-time. We will be using interactive online maps for
the same. The smart collector bin is fitted with a slot for inserting an e-waste card and
a panel where the user can enter his id and product id in case the e-waste card is
missing. Once the user either inserted the card or entered the pin (customer id and
e-waste id) the smart collector bin will be open and the user can place the e-waste
item in there. Every smart collector bin is equipped with sensors: load cell sensor and
infrared sensor. Load cell sensor is used to determine the weight of the smart dustbin
and infrared sensor will note the level of the smart collector bin, in case it reaches the
threshold value will send an alert to the concerned authority. We will use
ThingSpeak, which is an IoT Cloud platform. ThingSpeak can be used to forward
sensor data to the cloud as well as to visualize and analyze the sensor data. It is
handled by MathWorks. An additional camera will be installed at every location of
the smart collector bin, it will weekly capture the image of the smart collector bin and
send the same to the higher authority. Installing a camera will rule out the condition
where the sensor is inoperative and the smart bin needs to be emptied. Figure 2
shows the smart collector bin and information which is related to it.

Fig. 2 Smart collector bin

Adaptation of Smart Technologies and E-Waste: Risks and Environmental Impact 213

Fig. 3 Customer

5.2 Customer

Every end-user of the electronic or electric item is a customer in this proposed

model. Each customer is given a unique id and with that id, all the relevant
information can be fetched. When a customer wants to discard some e-product he
has to go to the nearest bin and can either insert his e-waste card or enter the
customer id and product id. When an e-waste product is thrown by the customer in
the smart collector bin, a decent amount will be added to his account. This amount is
a security amount that is included at the time of purchase of the product. To make
this transaction authentic, transparent, and secure blockchain will be used. Figure 3
depicts all the necessary information related to the customer.

5.3 E-Product

When an e-product is manufactured, a respective product id is assigned to it. The

whereabouts of the product can be easily traced by the product id. An RFID tag can
also be used for this purpose. Every product ID is mapped with its manufacturer id
and if it is already purchased by a customer then the respective customer id is also
included in the table. Fields that will be stored with each and e-product are shown in
Fig. 4.

5.4 Manufacturer

Every manufacturer also possesses a unique ID. This Id is associated with all the
product id manufactured by it. Also, other information like name, address can be
tracked by this id. Fields that will be stored with each and manufacturer is shown in
Fig. 5.
214 L. Ansari et al.

Fig. 4 E-product

Fig. 5 Manufacturer

5.5 Retailer

Every retailer can be identified by a unique ID. This Id is associated with all the
product id sold by it. Also, other information like name, address can be tracked by
this id. Figure 6 depicts all the necessary information related to the retailer.

5.6 E-Waste Unit

Every state will have at least one e-waste unit. All the e-waste picked up from
different parts of the state will reach here. When e-waste reached recycling facilities,
it is processed for further use. Shredding is a process of tearing or cutting e-waste
into smaller parts [61]. During shredding, e-waste is shredded into small pieces like
100 mm to make the next step viz sorting and separation easier. After cutting or
tearing e-waste into small pieces, it is sorted and separated according to its
Adaptation of Smart Technologies and E-Waste: Risks and Environmental Impact 215

Fig. 6 Retailer

Fig. 7 E-waste plant

properties. The magnetic separation method is used to extract iron and steel, which
can further process for reuse or resale [61]. Glass can be separated from plastic by
using water separation technology [61]. Other mechanical processes are used to
extract aluminum, copper [61]. After sorting and separation, precious metals like
copper, silver, gold can be resale. Some of the parts can be recycled and can be
reused again in electronic and electrical products. Some elements can be reused for
other purposes like water purification, making concrete, and the production of
electricity. If there exists any residual part of the e-waste which cannot be recycled
or reused, they will be kept in a separate section until there is a possibility to use
them again. Figure 7 shows an e-waste plant.
216 L. Ansari et al.

5.7 Working

The manufacturer produces various electronic or electrical items. These products are
then handed over to different retailers across the city. The customer purchases these
products from the retailer.
At the time of purchase, the customer has to pay an additional amount as security
which will be returned to the customer when he disposes of the same product to the
smart collector bin. When the e-product reaches its end of life, the customer can
throw the same in the smart collector bin. He first has to go to the bin and can either
enter the product and his unique id or simply insert his e-waste card in the vent of the
smart collector bin. Once the lid of the bin is opened, he can discard the e-product
into the smart collector bin.
Once the smart collector bin is full up to its threshold value, it will update to the
concerned authority in all the three ways viz by email, SMS, and notification in the
webpage.
After that, the specialist team will redirect the e-waste truck to collect the e-waste
from the location and empty the smart bin. The truck will use an interactive map to
reach the destination. Furthermore, the collected e-waste will move to the e-waste
unit. At the e-waste unit, it will be processed accordingly. Figure 8 depicts the
control flow of our proposed system.

Fig. 8 Control flow

Adaptation of Smart Technologies and E-Waste: Risks and Environmental Impact 217

6 Conclusion

With the advancement of ICT, many new problems come into existence. All these
problems have their magnitude of seriousness. One such threat is e-waste. E-waste is
growing exponentially in Smart Cities and becoming a huge matter of concern for
Sustainable smart Governance. E-waste not only affects the environment but humans
and animals too and a threat for future generations also. To eradicate the e-waste
problem, we have to take initiatives that can reduce the effects of e-waste. Before
that one should be aware of the hazardous effects of e-waste so that he can actively
participate in cleaning the environment and securing life for future generations. We
have observed a good amount of related work and mostly all of them used sensors.
But best to our knowledge all of them only discussed about the collection of the
waste. As we already discussed, to sort this e-waste problem we have to consider
each stage of the life cycle of e-waste. So, we proposed a system that will efficiently
handle the e-waste issue.

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A Comprehensive Study on the Arsenic
Contamination in the Groundwater
of Assam and West Bengal with a Focus
on Normalization of Arsenic-Filled Sludge
from Arsenic Filters

Subhashis Chowdhury, Rajashree Lodh, and Souvik Chakraborty

1 Introduction

India being a big country has a total area of about 32,87,000 square kilometers as on
2020. It is surrounded by oceans in almost all sides, tributaries and lakes are also
present in every interior part of India. The fresh surface water as well as groundwater
near coastal areas of India is affected by the sea water intrusion in surface and
sub-surface water and alluvium soil in those areas. Thus, the scarcity of fresh potable
water occurs due to over exploitation of groundwater. Indians are very much
dependent on groundwater for drinking purposes as well as domestic usage. As
already mentioned, the contamination of surface water is very high near sea and
oceans. Majority of groundwater is used for household purposes in rural areas and
for industrial needs in urban areas. Withdrawal of the amount of groundwater has
enhanced sharply, to meet up various needs and as a result of which the level of
groundwater table (GWT) has lowered down touching the lower lithology part
containing igneous rocks. Arsenic is found in igneous rocks and thus it gets
dissolved in groundwater. It has been found by continuous study that large areas
of India groundwater are contaminated with arsenic [1–6]. The rise in arsenic
contamination according to BIS standards is beyond the acceptable limits mainly
in few districts and states of India. This is a matter of serious concern from different

S. Chowdhury
Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering College, Durgapur, India
R. Lodh (*)
Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata, India
S. Chakraborty
Dr. Sudhir Chandra Sur Institute of Technology and Sports Complex, Kolkata, India
e-mail: [email protected]

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 221
P. Agarwal et al. (eds.), Smart Technologies for Energy and Environmental
Sustainability, Green Energy and Technology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80702-3_13
222 S. Chowdhury et al.

viewpoints, the most important being different health problems in human and
animals due to the consumption of arsenic contaminated groundwater and other
harmful effects includes damaged agricultural land, irrigation related issues and
socio-economic problems etc. Over exposure of human body to arsenic creates
skin, lung, and bladder cancer. Rural people of India are more dependent on
groundwater for their regular usage like household needs and irrigation purpose as
irrigation is the profession of most Indians. The quality of soil is harmed by the
application of Arsenic-contaminated water on culturable command area. According
to IS 10500:2012 which is drinking water specification, acceptable limit of arsenic in
drinking water should be within 0.01 ppm and permissible limit should be
0.05 ppm [7, 8]. Until 2008, most arsenic affected area mainly existed in the
Ganga-Brahmaputra flood plains extending seven states namely, Jharkhand, West
Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Manipur, Uttar Pradesh and also as per CGWB,
2010 and NIH [9–15]. Until 2014, total number of Arsenic-contaminated ground-
water states has been enhanced from 7 to 10 [5, 6]. The present study includes
detailed information about two states that are mainly located in the eastern portion of
India and northern portion of West-Bengal. Both these states are situated in flood
alluvium plain of Ganga or Brahmaputra. The arsenic affected areas in these two
states are identified and detailed discussion on the Arsenic-removal technologies
have been done. Moreover, the paper explained about the different issues related to
the disposition of Arsenic contained sludge from arsenic filters and the probable
ways for the safe utilization of Arsenic waste.

2 Arsenic Affected Areas in the States of Assam and West

Bengal

Arsenic was first found in the groundwater of West Bengal in 1978 and then in its
neighboring territory in Assam in 2004 (CGWB 2009; [11]). Primarily quite a few
samples were collected from Dhemaji, Karimganj and Dhubri locations which on
analysis showed Arsenic concentration of groundwater was greater than
0.05 ppm [9, 16]. According to UNICEF, 18 out of 23 districts of Assam covering
76 different blocks and 603 habitations were affected by Arsenic contaminated
groundwater. They handed over the crucial responsibility of identifying the locations
and reducing the amount of contamination to Public Health Engineering Department
PHED, Assam Government in joint venture with the UNICEF. The said job was
executed in a three layers method by FTK, UV-1. It was declared that 2571
habitations were present in those areas, who were seriously affected by the presence
of Arsenic in groundwater.
In 1983, Arsenic concentration in groundwater of West Bengal was more than
0.05 ppm according to BIS standards and was first surfaced from 33 villages of
4 districts, named, North 24 Parganas, South 24 Parganas, Nadia and Murshidabad.
CGWB (2010) and NIH indicated that in the year 2008, 9 districts consisting of 3417
villages and hundred eleven (111) blocks were detected as arsenic affected. Among
A Comprehensive Study on the Arsenic Contamination in the Groundwater. . . 223

all nine districts Kolkata, the capital of the state has been affected adversely by the
presence of arsenic in groundwater. It has been classified into three parts: high risk,
moderate risk and no risk based on quantity of arsenic in groundwater. Nine
locations of West Bengal include Murshidabad, Nadia, Hooghly, both 24 Parganas,
Malda, Brahman, Kolkata and Howrah, where concentration of arsenic in ground-
water was more than 0.03 ppm. The concentration of Arsenic was detected in tube-
wells and had been classified as extremely affected. One lakh thirty five thousand
five hundred fifty-five samples of groundwater were tested from the study area of
few districts as mentioned earlier, out of which 67,306 test samples were around
50% that showed Arsenic concentration above 0.01 ppm and 25% samples above
0.05 ppm. Interestingly, in all the nine highly affected districts the concentration of
arsenic was greater than 0.05 ppm and follows a linear trend along Bhagirathi and
some places across Ganga which is carried through Kolkata. The geological forma-
tions in those areas are such that it is made up of thick alluvial deposits of such a time
when it is of Quaternary age. Most affected areas were located in the vicinity of river
towards the pathline of groundwater flow. Pathline of groundwater in study area is in
south-east direction. Arsenic affected groundwater layers lie largely in between
layers of depth of 15–50 m. The demographic survey of arsenic affected areas
executed up to year 2008 by many organizations revealed that fourteen (14) million
people have been exposed to arsenic more than contamination level that is above
0.01 ppm, seven (7) million people have been contaminated with arsenic of concen-
tration above 0.05 ppm, out of total 50 million population [9, 16]. Figures 1 and 2
shows the distribution of arsenic contaminated groundwater regions of Assam and
West Bengal respectively.

Fig. 1 Arsenic contaminated regions of Assam

224 S. Chowdhury et al.

Fig. 2 Arsenic contaminated regions of West Bengal

A Comprehensive Study on the Arsenic Contamination in the Groundwater. . . 225

3 Methodology

The various data and related information have been collected from different sources
such as reports of CGWB (Central Ground Water Board), PHED (Public Health
Engineering Department), Planning commission, BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards)
and NIH (National Institute of Hydrology), SWID (State Water Investigation Direc-
torate) website, and WHO (World Health Organisation) guidelines and also from
different journals, Govt. articles etc. to prepare this paper. After collecting the data
and studying the scenario, detailed review has been presented along with carto-
graphic representations [10–12, 17–19].

4 Remedial Measures to Reduce the Contamination

of Groundwater from Arsenic

The major concerned areas to be focused includes identifying and providing Arsenic
free water to Arsenic-infected areas, considering animal and human health exposure
to risk, implementing arsenic test centers, maintaining sampling protocols, supplying
medical necessity to affected people, adopting arsenic removal techniques, quanti-
fying amount of arsenic in soil and food chain of human beings and enhancing
knowledge about arsenic-infection etc [9, 15–17].
For remedy of groundwater contamination by presence of arsenic, various Central
and State Government organizations have undergone number of different initiatives
for these states such as, identification of sources of contamination, set up of
treatment plants, freshwater supply etc. In Assam, the authorities implemented
some remedial measures in many Arsenic affected habitations. New dug-wells
which discharges water free from arsenic from shallow aquifer have been established
in almost three thousand (3000) habitations and Piped PWSS that is basically
Schemes for Water Supply through Pipes has been set up for hundred fifteen (115)
habitations at a cost of around Rs. Four hundred (400) crore. Moreover, the State has
initiated to set up remedial measures for the remaining 359 habitations also, by
constructing dug-wells for 18 residences and piped PWSS in around 50 residences at
a cost of Rs. Hundred fifty-one (151) crore.
In 1978, the problem of arsenic affected groundwater was found in West Bengal.
Initiation of set up of hand pumps in deeper aquifers, water purification plant for
community was adopted immediately after the identification of the problem. Various
methodologies such as adsorption, chemical precipitation, ion exchange, and sedi-
mentation methods and treatment at site were adopted for installation of the com-
munity purification plants. West Bengal Government came up with an idea of long-
lasting systematic solution and set up a committee (under different programs of
Government of India, such as MsDP/BaDP etc.). The committee is set up on the
basis of verdict of 132,267 groundwater test samples, suggested for a Master Plan
(2005–2006). According to the Master Plan (2005–2006), it was advised to install
226 S. Chowdhury et al.

twelve (12) numbers of Piped Water Supply schemes (PWSS) for surface water,
three hundred thirty-eight (338) nos. of PWSS for groundwater, hundred sixty-five
(165) nos. of plants for arsenic removal in addition to existing various groundwater-
based schemes. During execution of Master Plan, West Bengal Government Public
Health Engineering Department (PHED) has completed implementation of plants in
most of Arsenic-contaminated locations of the state [9, 16].

5 Arsenic-Removal Technologies

The important factors that need to be considered-in while considering appropriate

Arsenic-removal methods are given below:
• Adoption of new technologies and advancement of cost minimized methods
based on availability of effective materials for Arsenic-removal.
• Cost minimization and finalization of techniques for better technical performance
or at least comparable to presently available alternatives.
• Continuous improvement of domestic and community-based arsenic removal
methods should be considered based on indigenously developed materials.
• Field execution of technologically developed systems to determine their suitabil-
ity in social aspects.
• Making use of cost-effective methods for removal of arsenic.
• Set up of capacity-building upto designated levels for functioning and mainte-
nance of Arsenic removal units.
• Safe deposition of sludge.

6 Issues Related to Deposition of Arsenic Waste from

Arsenic Filters

Nowadays, lot of Arsenic filters are installed wherever required and much more are
still to be developed. But the major problem of utilizing arsenic filters is safe disposal
of Arsenic contained sediment. Groundwater will be polluted and unsafe for drink-
ing by the seepage of deposited sludge into the ground. Geosynthetic-bounded
landfills are unable to solve the problem as their breakage would result in Arsenic
contaminated soil and groundwater. Moreover, arsenic can easily find its path to the
animals and human beings directly or indirectly, through the roots of the plants. The
idea of destroying the Arsenic laden sludge by burning did not worked as it causes
air pollution. It has been recommended that earthworms consume Arsenic and it
continues to be normalized in the earthworm’s body generation after generations, but
the idea did not work as the earthworms will deposit all the Arsenic at the time of
accidental death [18].
A Comprehensive Study on the Arsenic Contamination in the Groundwater. . . 227

There are few important points which are required to be taken into consideration
when discussing about the deposition of Arsenic-containing sludge from filters. The
construction industries are afraid of taking risk of using arsenic in manufacturing as
arsenic is renowned to be a detrimental element. Altogether, it would bring a never-
ending problem, wastage of time and money, psychological trauma and disaster to
the builder. The method used is to cast concrete in two steps, one with arsenic mixed
concrete in the central core part and the other with arsenic free concrete in the
exterior zone. This process of double-stage construction would eventually increase
the total time of construction and hence would be uneconomical. As a result, the
construction company will have to pay more revenue to the labourers and the rental
cost of the equipment will also increase. A public awareness programme is needed to
be carried out for a longer period of time to provide alertness among the people that
construction engineers are going to use Arsenic containing sludge securely in
construction and there is no harm to habitants of the dwellings, that are to be
established with Arsenic mixed with non-structural concrete. This programme
should be shared through all possible ways like television, radio, road side banner,
newspaper advertisements, and other public places, social media etc. It must be
noted that the problem of secure disposal of arsenic waste from filters and creating
public awareness must be done unitedly by different professionals like structural
engineers, environmental engineers, architects, journalists, doctors and lawyers etc.

7 Safe Application of Arsenic-Filled Sludge from Arsenic

Filters

1. The preferred option as explained by the authors is to disposal of the Arsenic

contained sludge by using this sludge as an admixture to concrete as concrete is
an anthropic rock. Arsenic is stabilized and does not go out to the outside
environment from the concrete, as the compound Arsenate has the lowest mobil-
ity. Arsenic contained sludge is utilized for the concrete that will not be used in
construction of structures, but can be used for architectural and ornamental work.
Moreover, concrete containing Arsenic is used only in the central portion of total
concreting with exterior cast in ordinary Arsenic-nil concrete, for removing the
possibility of arsenic to get in touch with the exterior. It has been proved after
critical research and by executing numerous experiments on weight-bearing and
decomposition characteristics of concrete having arsenic sludge as a part of the
admixture, that arsenic-containing concrete is not of lesser quality to ordinary
concrete with respect to stiffness and strength, this type of concrete may be used
as an ingredient to structure.
2. Alternatively, arsenic containing sludge can be normalized by utilizing it in
ornamental bricks in double procedure. First by combining with concrete as an
admixture at a constant ratio and second by mixing with clay for manufacturing
ornamental bricks. They are described as follows:
228 S. Chowdhury et al.

(a) The usefulness of Arsenic-containing sludge treatment procedure through

cement-based solid methods and normalization is strongly influenced by the
type of Arsenic compound. Arsenate is having lowest mobility. It is observed
that calcium of cement causes the extraction of water but not the movement of
Arsenic. Changing the state into solid and normalizing with lime and (OPC)
is a useful means for stabilization of Arsenic-containing sludge. Cement
mixture is utilized for treating a large quantity of harmful wastages by
upgrading the physical virtue of the disinfectants, by reducing the toxic
level and by transferring the contaminants. This process involves combina-
tion of the wastes either in the form of sludge, a solid, a liquid into a combined
binder system.
(b) When arsenic mixed sludge is normalized using clay, it is found that the
sludge is protected when utilized up to 10% of clay volume wise. In case of
tiles and ornamental bricks, arsenic-mixed sludge can be utilized securely
upto 4% of tiles and ornamental bricks volume wise. It must be kept in mind
that with the enhancement in the percentage of sludge, the resistive capacity
of bricks diminishes at all fire temperatures.

8 Conclusion

The causes and harmful effects of arsenic in different parts of Assam and West
Bengal have been discussed elaborately in this paper. It has been observed that the
rapid increase of contamination of Arsenic in groundwater of different districts of
Assam and West Bengal are in alarming position and need more attention. The
effects of arsenic on human and animal health are slow but hazardous; therefore, it is
better known as slow poison. It is necessary to aware the society about the harmful
effects of Arsenic at microlevel, and thus the procedure to aware the scientific
community and people staying in the arsenic contaminated areas has also been
discussed here in detail. Few important methods of deposition of Arsenic-contained
waste from Arsenic filters have been discussed in this paper and the most efficient
methods are considered in detail. Some recommendations are provided by the
authors that can be adopted by the Government to utilize the Arsenic waste from
filters. The method of utilizing the waste, the purpose and various positive and
negative impacts are also discussed. It has been found that Arsenic waste can be used
safely as an admixture to concrete for ornamental and architectural structures and
with clay for making ornamental tiles and bricks.

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Sustainable Approach for Cloud-Based
Framework Using IoT in Healthcare

Tabish Mufti, Shahab Saquib Sohail, Bulbul Gupta, and Parul Agarwal

1 Introduction

During the last few years, cloud computing and IoT has become an emerging field in
the industry. In earlier days it was very difficult to trace and manage the patient and
its related records nowadays with the help of advanced Technologies and applica-
tions, it has become convenient easy and efficient to trace patient geography and
excess records from previous databases. Due to the advancement in the technolog-
ical field, the advancement in the architecture of cloud based applications has also
changed the way user and client communicates with each other. This has a rapidly
changed the models and the components related along with functionality, storage,
exchange, manage information. Why IoT for Healthcare is becoming important with
respect to time? There are various reasons for growth of the internet of things (IoT) in
Healthcare. One of the main reason is the people who live in rural areas are unable to
avail Health Services due to distance so in order to bring them closer to the health
facilities applications are being developed for the Healthcare [1], so that they can
avail health facilities quickly and can be stayed connected. This problem is not
limited to rural areas, but it has rapidly increased in Metropolitan cities if anyone
needs an emergency service for health related services then it is very difficult for a
person to connect to a right health service which is nearest to its place. With the
development of the Healthcare monitoring ecosystem system [2], the current health
of a patient can be monitored and related measures can be taken.

T. Mufti (*) · S. S. Sohail · B. Gupta · P. Agarwal

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SEST, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, Delhi,
India
e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected];
[email protected]

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 231
P. Agarwal et al. (eds.), Smart Technologies for Energy and Environmental
Sustainability, Green Energy and Technology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80702-3_14
232 T. Mufti et al.

2 Literature Review

In 1997, Cloud computing was described by Professor Ramnath Chellappa as the

current computing model where the lines of computing will be complete with
commercial rationale rather than technical limits alone. Google provides cloud
services as Google Cloud Platform (GCP). Google gains a powerful game in the
world of cloud services. Google cloud platform was launched in the year 2008.
Google cloud platform offers so many features. In this one feature is the use of
managed VMs (virtual machines). Google enters in the cloud services in 2008 with
the viewing of Google App Engine [3]. In this paper PaaS service that enabled
purchaser to use Google’s platform to develop and host their applications. Problems
with Google App Engine were the lack of outstanding developer languages, it
supported and the absence of Storage solution. Planners of Google Cloud Platform
(GCP) [4] were mandatory write their functions using Python. In 2009, Google
achieved more benefits after the extension of multiple services like Google compute
engine and to manipulate functions like DNS and data analyst. Java is included as a
supported language (Table 1).
Google Cloud Platform is available in 200+ countries across the globe. Google
Cloud Platform enables a user to build, deploy, and manage Virtual Machines (VMs)
to run workloads in the cloud. Google Cloud Platform offers a free tier that includes
a micro instance per month for up to 12 months. It is the easiest way to run your code
in the cloud. Also, it is highly available and fault-tolerant [6]. The unified object
storage for live or archived data provided for Google Cloud Platform (GCP). This
service is used to store and access data in GCP infrastructure. The Google Cloud
Platform provides storage that can be attached to instances running in either Google
Computer Engine or Google Kubernetes Engine. GCP does not have any disaster
recovery service. GCP offers high performance and scalability. Also, it helps in
maintaining relational MYSQL, and SQL Server databases in the cloud. GCP pro-
vides better pricing than competitors, live migration of Virtual Machines (VMs),
improved performance, redundant backups. Some disadvantages Google Cloud
Platform support fee is quite hefty, it has a complex pricing schema, downloading
data from GCS is expensive (i.e., it’s 0.12 per GB). Companies using the Google
Cloud Platform are Netflix, Unilever, Kellogg’s, Samsung, Spotify, HSBC,
Snapchat, etc. [7] (Fig. 1).
In February 2010 Microsoft Azure was launched, and promises to deliver services
as infrastructure-as-a-service and service and platform as a service [8]. Microsoft
Azure cloud structure the oldest cloud service provider in the industry. It consists of
following features.
• Compute
• Networking
• Storage
• Web
• Mobile
• Containers
Table 1 Summary of related work in the area of healthcare and IoT
Paper name Authors name Objective Finding Area Method Citation
Personal Health Nina Sevani • Adolescent healthcare • Adolescent’s healthcare Health Sector The use of a [3]
Care Framework needs precautions and requires helpers, such as a PHC’s
for Children attentive attention pediatrician framework
• Healthcare is combined • Usage of Primary Health
with the finite efficiency of Care’s framework to control
the child child’s health that is also
• Mainly a child with managed according to the
unique problem, like disor- health situation of the child
der [5]
• Use of holistic structure
also protects the adolescent
from unaware bacteria
e-Health network- D. S. Venkateswarlu, K. S. • Healthcare conditions • Usage of elemental E-Health Telemedicine, [5]
ing to cater to Rural Verma, and K. S. R. A. in India engineering that CDMA methodology Networking e-health
Health Care and Murthy can decrease the amounts it through wireless line diag- networking
Health Care for the is attracted on nostic method
Aged • Wireless Electronic
Communication Technolo-
gies (ICT) on health care
Healthcare technol- Saulo José Argenta Garcia, • The University of Bio- • The formation of this Health care Local Centre [8]
ogy management Rubia Alves da Luz Santos, medical Engineering of structure in the CS of technology of Clinical
applied to public Priscila Sousa de Avelar, Santa Catarina is FLN-SMS has given a management Engineering
primary care health Renato Zaniboni, Renato established from the major effect on the majors sector
Sustainable Approach for Cloud-Based Framework Using IoT in Healthcare

Garcia Municipal Health Secretar- of healthcare in initial

iat healthcare
• Establishment of this
institute is for primary
health care
(continued)
233
Table 1 (continued)
234

Paper name Authors name Objective Finding Area Method Citation

Health Informatics Carmen C. Y. Poon, Wenbo • Standardization of • P-Health is expected as a Health sector P-Health [11]
for Low-Cost and Gu, and Y. T. Zhang, Fel- MINDSS machines that future less amount health
High-Quality low, IEEE needed an analysis, like the model that provide best
Health Care calibration method of cuff- health qualities
less blood pressure analysis
machines, is reviewed
Designing Interac- Lisa Graham—IEEE Stu- • As sufferers become • Personal Health Care Scenario- Personal [13]
tive Health Care dent Member, Mohammad active about their wellness System (PHCS) and based soft- health systems
Systems: Bridging Moshirpour—IEEE Stu- and grow into techniques e-Health can give sufferers ware and eHealth
the Gap Between dent Member, Michael such as the Internet of with data about their well- engineering systems
Patients and Health Smith—Senior IEEE Things (IoT) ness while granting them to
Care Professionals Member, Behrouz H. Far— committing extra data about
IEEE Member their health
Complexity of Aysha K. Alharam, and • Currently, a huge array • This paper explained the Complexity IP core [16]
Cyber Security Wael El-madany of Internet of Things wear- insoluble problem of cyber issue of cyber architecture
Architecture for able wellness functions has security structure for the security
IoT Healthcare been advanced Internet of Things (IoT)
Industry: A Com- • Secure healthcare sector based on health care
parative Study from cyber-attacks
attacking on Internet of
Things based wellness
devices
Development of Pin-Chieh Huang, Chung- • The healthcare structure • In this study, the notifi- Smart Health Wearing [19]
Health Care System Chih Lin*, Yu-Han Wang, in this paper is described to cation data daily provides Technology health devices
Based on Wearable Hisang-Jen Hsieh consist of wearable information to their place
Devices machines and information who have a chronic disease
(continued)
T. Mufti et al.
Table 1 (continued)
Paper name Authors name Objective Finding Area Method Citation
Health Care in the Mark L. Braunstein • The objective of this • The main motive of the Health field Patient care [20]
Age of Interopera- study is to dramatic trans- study is to introduce
bility Part 6: The formation in the health care researchers from other sec-
Future of FHIR informatics in huge scale tors in the recent area of
because of new Health health information
Level 7 (HL7)
Toward a Health Jair A. Villanueva P., • Objective of this paper • The motive and main Development Health [21]
Care Technology Fabiola M. Martínez L is to represent the growth of technology is forum of of health Management
Management the primary level of a advising for professionals
Knowledge Base healthcare technology sys- and for those who are
tem on the knowledge base interested
Improving IOT Inderpreet Singh, Deepak • Enhance and improve • It represents the dissimi- I Health [23]
Based Architecture Kumar Internet of Things (IoT) lar section of a medical sys- Internet of framework
of Healthcare based architecture tem and the device sensor Thing (IoT)
System being used to set up the
biological structure
Sustainable Approach for Cloud-Based Framework Using IoT in Healthcare
235
236 T. Mufti et al.

Fig. 1 Investment Cloud Infrastructure. (Source: Synergy Research Group)

• Databases
• Analytics
• Al + Machine Learning
• Internet of things
• Integration
• Identity
Microsoft Azure has a good market value since last more than 10 years, now it is
present in more than 140 countries and has the second [9] highest number of
customers around the globe after Amazon Web Services; it is the second best
Cloud Service Provider in the market after Amazon Web Services.
Microsoft provides many services to its clients, which includes computing ser-
vices, functional services, networking services, VPN services, etc., on the other hand
it also helps its clients to increase or decrease VPN Service according to the usability
[10]. Microsoft Azure has various clients from Netflix, Kellogg’s, Samsung eBay
Pixar Unilever etc. Microsoft Azure provides better development operations strong
security profile, cost effective solutions, etc. Some disadvantages of Microsoft Azure
are different codebase for cloud and premise, the PaaS ecosystem is not as efficient
as IaaS, poor management of GUI and tools, no integrated backup. Azure has a free
tier for a year with 750 h per month of Windows or Linux Virtual Machines. Azure
functions allow users to build an application using the server less, simple function
with a programming language of their choice. Blob Storage offers large amounts of
storage and scalability. It stores the object in the tiers; depending on how often the
data is being accessed. Microsoft Azure managed disk will allow you to create up to
10,000 VM disks in a subscription. Microsoft Azure is a strategy that allows site
recovery by orchestrating and automating the replication process of Azure Virtual
Machines (VMs) between regions. Azure eases the migration of SQL server data-
bases without changing the user’s applications [11].
Sustainable Approach for Cloud-Based Framework Using IoT in Healthcare 237

Table 2 Microsoft Azure vs. Google cloud platform

Services Microsoft Azure Google Cloud Platform
IaaS Virtual Machines (GCE) Google Compute Engine
PaaS Application Service and Cloud Google App Engine
Services
Containers Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS) Google Kubernetes Engine
RDBMS SQL Database Google Cloud SQL
Server Less Azure Functions Google Cloud Functions
Functions
Pricing Pre-Paid service Minute by minute Pre-Paid service Up to (minimum
10 min)
Model On demand Prepaid model On-demand sustained use
Data Transfer Azure port/Export Service Storage Transfer Service

Google Cloud Platform (GCP) is one of the leaders among cloud API (Applica-
tion Programming Interface). Microsoft Azure is the second leading cloud provider
after the Google Cloud Platform. We have compared compare in-depth the features
of Microsoft Azure and Google Cloud Platform deemed to provide security with a
particular focus on confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data. Comparatively
Google Cloud Platform gives better pricing than competitors. Azure functions allow
users to build an application using the server less, simple function with a program-
ming language of their choice [12]. The Google Cloud Platform provides unified
object storage for live or archived data. Google Cloud Platform (GCP) offers high
performance and scalability (Table 2).
Internet of things (IoT) is a technology to synthesize several devices on the
internet and permits them to share and transfer information, data and resources
among them. There are embedded sensors in all the devices we come across like
mobile phones, traffic lights, and electrical appliances, etc., these sensors help them
to integrate over the internet [13]. This sensor ceaselessly radiates data and helps us
track them as well as knowing their proper working. IoT connects all physical
devices like microphones, cameras, speakers display screens etc. This technology
helps to blend their data and provide a common language to communicate with each
other (Fig. 2).
In healthcare, IoT helps the hospital management system to make comprehensive
patient records, test results and treatment reports [14].
Although there still are some challenges like
• Unavailability of real time data
• Insufficient smart devices
Internet of things (IoT) could be the solution of all these issues. It can provide real
time data and make devices smarter so that they can provide analytics. Internet of
things (IoT) [15, 16] makes devices smarter. Internet of things (IoT) empowers
healthcare and improves the quality of care. In the end, it directs the un-sustainability
rising cost of medical devices.
238 T. Mufti et al.

Fig. 2 Growth of Google

cloud platform and
Microsoft Azure 2015–2019

Fig. 3 Internet of things (IoT) Healthcare Architecture

3 Internet of Things (IoT) Healthcare Architecture (Fig. 3)

Google provides an API which application program interface tool for cloud
healthcare. The cloud healthcare API is costing consist of various factors like
(Tables 3 and 4)
• Data storage
• Network utilization
• Number of requests
Sustainable Approach for Cloud-Based Framework Using IoT in Healthcare 239

Table 3 Data Storage—Plan

Storage class 0–1 GB (per GB per month) 1–1024 GB (1 TB) (per GB per month)
Structured storage $0.00 $0.39
Blob storage $0.00 $0.023
Storage class 0–1 GB (per GB per month) 1–1024 GB (1 TB) (per GB per month)
Structured storage $0.00 $0.39
Blob storage $0.00 $0.023
Source: Google

Table 4 Request Plan

Category 0–25,000 requests 25,000–1 billion requests 1 billion + requests
Standard requests $0.00 $0.39 $0.29
Complex requests $0.00 $0.69 $0.59
Multi-operation requests $0.00 $0.39 $0.29
Source: Google

4 Applications of Internet of Things (IoT) in Health Cloud

Health Tracking App These types’ of software help to track the health of the
patient and generate quality of information which can be helpful for the doctor to
take necessary steps. These types of apps can track heartbeat [17, 18], blood
pressure, pulse rate diabetes, irregular breathing, fever, weight etc.
Internet of Things (IoT) for Patients Internet of things (IoT) has changed the
patient’s lifestyles, by keeping track of their condition [19]. Wearable devices like
fitness bands and some wireless devices like blood pressure and heart rate to monitor
the situation of a patient.
Internet of Things (IoT) for Nutrition Nutrition is a very important for individ-
uals to be healthy and to live a happy life. Fooducate is nutrition app. App provide
service of comparing various types of food for individual and recommends the best
result among all. This app also tracks the food intake, exercise, sleeping time,
sleeping hours etc.
Internet of Things (IoT) for Meditation Nowadays, mental health is very impor-
tant aspect of our real life, due to a busy life, excessive workload and hectic schedule
result in mental stress and mental illness. In the field of Internet of things (IoT) [20]
meditation app becomes more important in our daily life by reducing our stress by
providing peace of mind. Headspace application is a software which is designed in
such a manner which provide guided meditations provide SMS alerts, time to chill
out and many other functions.
240 T. Mufti et al.

Internet of Things (IoT) for Physicians Physicians can easily track the current
situation of a patient using wearable and other devices embedded with Internet of
things (IoT) [21]. Doctors are helped by Internet of things (IoT) in healthcare as
doctors can identify best suited treatment for the patients.
Internet of Things (IoT) in Hospitals In case of an emergency, the doctor can
immediately check the patient’s situation and can communicate easily with mobile
apps. Patient care is improved by Internet of things (IoT). Internet of things (IoT)
[22, 23] devices provides accurate data of a patient and support some features such as
monitoring, tracking and real-time alerting. As the Internet of things (IoT) devices
help the doctors to get the analysis of the patient’s health it also helps [5] the
hospitals to keep real time tracking of the various equipment’s such as Wheelchairs,
Oxygen Pumps, defibrillators, nebulizers and much more. Internet of things (IoT)
Devices is Hospitals also helps to manage the assets like pharmacy [24], Health
monitoring, Doctor Connectivity, patient monitoring etc.
Internet of Things (IoT) for Hospital Information System Such types of devices
are used to collect the information regarding services available in the hospital like
number of vacant beds, number of reserved beds, number of patients admitted [25],
number of doctors on duty, available emergency services, availability of ambulance
service, doctor on call service, doctors appointment, OPD timing, charges of
OPD etc.

5 Merits of Internet of Things (IoT) in Healthcare

• Using Internet of things (IoT) reduces data wastage by giving reliable and
accurate data with less percentage of error in expensive imaging, mapping and
[26, 27] testing which also in one way save cost and resources.
• Continuous monitoring of patients is possible with the help of the Internet of
things (IoT) which enables real-time diagnosis and reporting of diseases before it
spreads [28] further.
• Internet of things (IoT) promotes research in the healthcare sector because it can
effectively collect colossal data about a single case or type of patients, which
would otherwise be both difficult and costly if collected in person [29, 30].
• Internet of things (IoT) also helps the large scale policy makers and government
decisions by collecting real time data about urbanization, pollution, population,
market trends, shopping behaviors etc. [31].
• Internet of things (IoT) technology has the potential to change everything which
involves user interaction and generates data for improvements in business,
innovations, goal-setting and efficient working of a system [32, 33].
Sustainable Approach for Cloud-Based Framework Using IoT in Healthcare 241

6 Demerits of Internet of Things (IoT) in Healthcare

• Using Internet of things (IoT) for collecting data to help reduce wastage such as
testing and expensive imaging and reliable and accurate data gives us less error
[34, 35].
• Internet of things (IoT) enables continuously monitor patients, which provide real
time data that helps in diagnosis the diseases before it spreads [36].
• Internet of things (IoT) for healthcare can help in research work also as Internet of
things enable us to collect massive amounts of data [37, 38] which if collected by
a person could cost more.
• As the population is increasing, pollution is also increasing to control the pollu-
tion we need real time data and air pattern which is collected by using Internet of
things (IoT) device. This helps the policy makers to take decisions and make
cities healthier.

7 Conclusion

In this paper, we have reviewed Internet of things (IoT) in healthcare along with
Microsoft and Google cloud platform, These are the two big technological [39]
competitors, both are there in the market for ages since the introduction of cloud
based services now days, till date the competition have reach to the next level. The
use of the Internet of things (IoT) with cloud based platform has various domains.
All Apps are using cloud based services. One of the domains we covered in this
paper is Healthcare. Healthcare is a serious and complex task. Despite 24 h of
patients, monitoring doctor is unable to find out the exact medical issue and
sometimes in emergency situation doctors couldn’t be alerted on time. At this
point Internet of things (IoT) [40] comes in the race and fulfills the needs of doctors.
Internet of things (IoT) has launched various wearable devices like Hearable which
is like a miracle for those who suffer from hearing problems, monitoring machine,
smart watches for depression, ingestible sensors and heart rate monitoring. All the
Internet of things (IoT) devices are reliable and [38] help us to get medical condition
for every minute and whole day long and these devices automatically notify the
doctor about the condition and emergency situation. The most common Internet of
things (IoT) technology in health care is patient monitors, energy meters and x-rays
and imaging devices. Internet of things (IoT) collects accurate data [41], decreases
costs as there is no need for visiting doctors, Offer 24 h service at home. However
Internet of things (IoT)) enter with some issues. Security is a major issue as sensitive
information is shared; data is stored in huge amount, human errors are also deter-
mined [39]. According to some prediction till the end of 2020, 90% of the hospitals
and organization will implement Internet of things (IoT). So the future of the Internet
of things (IoT) is bright and will improve and will implement more devices. We have
talked about the Amazon cloud architecture and services provided by both Google
242 T. Mufti et al.

and Microsoft, Google is open source [42], provide discount and customer friendly
contracts, less data centers while Microsoft can integrate with office tools with a
broad feature set, supports [43] hybrid cloud, more data centers etc. As this paper
differentiate and review about same technology provided by two different companies
along with differences, compatibility and customer demand.

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A Case Study on Evaluation of Energy
Management System by Implication
of Advanced Technology in Typical Cement
Factory Tamil Nadu, India

X. Agnello J. Naveen, A. Arivoli, S. Boopathi, and V. Rajkumar

1 Introduction

In India, the Ultra-red category industries (most polluting) are in high environmental
risk factor in energy resource. An adaptation of the capacity building clean devel-
opment mechanisms intensified in energy conservation projects to overcome the
problem. New energy concepts based on under the Bureau of Energy Efficiency
scheme. It covers eight different manufacturing industries. These sectors accounts
40% of India’s primary energy manufacturing consumption. An alternative technol-
ogy to be found [1] called has advanced technology. This was introduced by Non-
Conventional Energy Sources connecting all state grid with wind power, industrial
cogeneration and Bio-power accumulated from the Biomass power or bagasse
co-generation plant, Non-bagasse co-generation, Biomass gasified, Urban and
Industrial wastes, Small hydropower (up to 25 MW station capacity), and Solar
Thermal and Solar Photovoltaic resources. The power output generated from the
co-generation plants used to meet the captive requirements and surplus power
produced can be connected to state electricity grids to minimize the non-renewable

X. A. J. Naveen (*)
Assistant Professor, Environmental Science Department of Crop Management, Thanthai Roever
Institute of Agriculture and Rural Development (TRIARD), Perambalur, Tamil Nadu, India
A. Arivoli
Department of Environmental Science, Government Arts and Science College, Ariyalur,
Tamil Nadu, India
S. Boopathi
Department of Economics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
V. Rajkumar
Department of Economics, Government Arts and Science College, Thondamuthur, Coimbatore,
Tamil Nadu, India

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 245
P. Agarwal et al. (eds.), Smart Technologies for Energy and Environmental
Sustainability, Green Energy and Technology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80702-3_15
246 X. A. J. Naveen et al.

energy resources. The funding scheme has a project to help firms, research and
development, technical up-gradation, and training facilities for all the large and small
scale industries. US Agency for International Development has contributed from
subsidy up to 10% equity for nine demonstration projects, training, workshops,
newsletters, and outreach activities.Indian renewable energy Development Agency
offers multilateral agreement for renewable energy development obtained from
international and bilateral institutions. The Bank provides funding for the total
installed capacity for four co-generation in India is around 3500 MW [2]. Bagasse/
biomass/co-generation to Clean Development Mechanism has introduced 79 Projects
Registered under India’s [3]. The United States has funded 19 million dollar efforts
for research and development by the Global Environmental Facility, The United
States Agency for International Development, Greenhouse Gas Pollution Preven-
tion, Project Bureau of Energy Efficiency, State Electricity Regulatory Commis-
sions, Asian Development Bank [4]. The project is a perspective to provide financing
to cooperative sugar mills. To keep an account of energy output can be monitored by
Certified Emission Reductions [5] using a systematic approach to compare the
conserve energy Year by Year, an energy audit clearance is a mandatory requirement
for more energy usage industries like iron and steel, pulp, and paper and cement to
maintain and operates Energy management system specifies certification is required
by ISO-50001 [6].

2 Statement of the Problem

In the Cement industry, energy loss has been high by wet/dry operational process.
Using fuel has high energy escape to identify the point comparing by decreasing the
annual report, Cement industries, energy are used at a higher level due to the heavy
production process. Mostly dry heat is utilized and recycled in most cement firms
due to this characteristic like load variation, escape of energy, energy drops, single-
line, power distribution. These are the problem faced by the industries during the
operation. To identify and have a holistic analysis of energy points and adopt new
cost-cutting technology with eco-friendly technologies.

2.1 Objective

To identify the energy conservation techniques used in the select cement industry by
calculating and calibrate by reporting using the Energy management system
benchmark.
A Case Study on Evaluation of Energy Management System by Implication. . . 247

2.2 Area of Study

The Typical Cement factory for the study, situated in Tamil Nadu, India, is an
“Ultra-red” category industry (most polluting). The production capacity is high
4000 kg per day, but we still had to adopt Advanced energy conservation
technologies.

2.3 Materials and Methods

Across studying 455 review of literature, there are particular studies using materials,
and this is a review that gave insight to this research framework [7–16], from this
The motto of the research is a case study to understand the select cement industry,
energy management system 50,001; a systematic datasheet, using step by step
process from the production line to the end of the operation line every electrical
point is checked with a data prepared to analyze the variables and factors depending
on EnMS Audit. Five different variables were discussed: (1) General Identification
has to be check, for an example road map, and diffusion of Energy-saving technol-
ogy, (2) They are finding the gaps and analyzing Energy-saving technology,
(3) Cost-Advantage, Advantage, and finding gaps, (4) Review and feedback,
(5) Adaptation of new technology. The data are the secondary source (descriptive
method) retrieve from Energy Engineers, Financial Auditors, Electricity board
(EB) reports, and environmental Managers. The data have two parts; qualitative
analysis is done by giving scores Note-Yes (✔), No (✘), Checked and Verified—
compliance, Noncompliance Reasons: Flexibility, Reliability, Quality, Very high
level-VHL, High level-HL, Medium level-ML, Low Level-LL, Very Low Level-
VLL, quantitative analysis like crosschecking with older reports, cost analysis,
calculation of Savings and loss, Environmental advantages. (2) Quantitative data
analysis of the cost variables given below [17, 18].

Concept of Cost Analysis Method

The materials are classified into three different types of cost variables: In Economics
fundamental is there are two Capital A and small a, where the Capital A explains the
holistic investment of a firm were the small a explains single component subjected to
a tool (technologies), are a production line.

Cost Analysis

Cost variables like Fixed cost, Annual operating cost, and annual savings. Under
these different variable costs, factors are involved like (1) The investment cost is
further classified into Equipment, Civil work, Instrumentation, and Auxiliaries
248 X. A. J. Naveen et al.

energy tool. (2) Annual operating cost (Fixed cost) is further classified into the cost
of capital, Maintenance, Manpower, Energy, Depreciation, and Annual savings
(Profit and benefits) are classified in the form of energy like thermal, Electricals,
oil saving, stream, (life cycle energy assessment) Miscellaneous cost, raw material
cost and waste disposal [19–21].

Methods

The method adopted is Simple net saving per year [22, 23]. Moreover, Payback in
months [22, 24] has given below (Fig. 1 and Table 1).

A net saving per year ðRs:=YearÞ ¼ Annual saving  Variable cost

Payback in month ¼ ðFixed cost=net saving=yearÞ  12

Fig. 1 The Operational flow chart of the Energy Management System in a Typical Cement factory
A Case Study on Evaluation of Energy Management System by Implication. . . 249

Table 1 Road map of Energy and Environmental measures taken in a Typical Cement Factory in
Tamil Nadu
S. no Description Date
1 First to Introduce Vertical Roller Mill for Limestone Grinding in India started up 1981
to 1.5 MTPA cement production
2 Captive Power Plant with Heavy Fuel Oil in India 1983
3 Install Modern Pre-Calcinatory Dry Process Kiln in Tamil Nadu 1987
4 QMS ISO-9001 Quality management system 1993
5 Vertical Roller Mill for Cement Grinding (VRM) 1997
6 Increased to 3 MTPA cement production 2003
7 ISO 14001(Environment Management system) Certification from BIS 2004
8 ISO 50001:2011 Energy Management Certification 2011
9 27 MW Captive Power Plant 2005
10 4000 TPD FLS Cement Plant 2006
11 New Pipe conveyors installed in place of conventional conveyors 2010
12 To improve the performance of ESP during direct operation New water spray 2010
system has been installed
13 Clinker production increased from 4500 to 6500 TPD by modifying the Kiln inlet 2011
Riser duct, Cooler vent Fan, and Primary Air Fan
14 Green belt development crossing 5000 plantation 2011
15 Rainwater harvesting pond increased to 40,000 m3 with RO 2011
16 Go Green initiative to all cement industry 2011
17 Cement grinding mechanism (roller mill) vertical operations 2012
18 65 numbers of VFD introduced for less amount of electricity consumption 2013

Explanation of Table 2

The Energy management system is a systematic procedure to deal with a step-by-

step hierarchy process of collecting information on the energy conservation system.
These are classified into five main steps: more application-oriented. Road map and
diffusion identification (Parameter), Analysis (Measurement), review, feedback, and
implementation. Energy performance indicators (EnPIs), Plan-do-check-action man-
agement cycle model, Integration-Energy-Practice (IEP), Environmental consul-
tancy Certification for ISO-50001 Energy Management System, Energy
Consumption of Products and Baseline, Improve Energy Performance Indicator,
Energy input and out Gas, Electricity, fuel (Oil/Coal), Compressed air, steam,
pressure, Thermal turbine (Windmill source) Process flow chart, material balance,
and flow chart process diagram, Energy efficiency in utility and process, specific
energy consumption, Bio-efficiency assessment Furance, clinker efficiency, cooling
water system, Alternate current sets performance, electric system load, lighting
system, identification of legal requirements.
250 X. A. J. Naveen et al.

Table 2 Interview schedule in Energy management system (EnMS) in Typical Cement Factory
(Annexure-1)
S. no Factors Element requirement
A. General requirement
Reference Auditors
Name of firm Typical cement factory
Product/service Cement
Date of operation 20-08-1983
Energy budget DG (LSHS)—12 MW, coal based—29 MW,
Windmill—14.5 MW
Date of audit reporting 11-11-2019
Location Tamil Nadu, India
Industrial pollution categories Ultra-red (polluting industry)
Energy consumption by thermal (kCal/ 700
kg of clinker)
Energy consumption -electrical (kWh/T) 70.63
of cement (actual)
Energy performance improvement
period
Fuel Indian coal, pet coke / imported coal, lignite
Renewable source Yes (9-Windpower)
Approval and completion
B. Audit requirements
Task Responsible Start date End date Comments
Internal audit Energy auditor 05-02- 06-02- Verified-non
2020 2020 compliance
Suitable equipment Electrical 07-02- 08-02- Verified-non
engineer 2020 2020 compliance
Budget Financial 10-02- 11-02- Verified-non
auditor 2020 2020 compliance
Energy-saving Skilled 12-02- 13-02- Verified-non
potential technician 2020 2020 compliance
Target (instruments) Management 14-02- 15-02- Verified-non
2020 2020 compliance
New baseline (tariff) Management 16-02- 11-11- Verified-non
2020 2019 compliance
Road map of As shown in Table 1
timeline
C. Energy Requirement
Has the organization defined an Energy Management System Accordingly, by ISO Yes
50,001? EnMS
EMS+ EnMS Yes
EMS + QMS+ EnMS Yes
Are the specialized skills, human, financial, and technological resources necessary for Yes
energy management identified and provided by the board?
Energy policy and regulation Yes
(continued)
A Case Study on Evaluation of Energy Management System by Implication. . . 251

Table 2 (continued)
C. Energy Requirement
Green rating project (GRP)
Qualitative checklist
Yes Report and
D. Factors and variables /no VHL HL ML LL VLL Remarks
EMS + QMS energy policy ✔ ✔ Verified
noncompliance
Energy input ✔ ✔ Verified
noncompliance
Classification of technology ✔ ✔ Verified
noncompliance
Cost analysis variables ✔ ✔ Verified
noncompliance
Methods of cost analysis ✔ ✔ Verified
noncompliance
Basic factors ✔ ✔ Verified
noncompliance
Research and development ✔ ✔ Verified
noncompliance
Service and maintenance ✔ ✔ Verified
noncompliance
Procurement of energy ser- ✔ ✔ Verified
vices, products, equipment, and noncompliance
energy
Technical instrumentation ✔ Verified
availability noncompliance
Risk assessment ✔ Verified
noncompliance
Safety priority list ✔ Verified
noncompliance
EIA interpretation (green belt) ✔ Verified
related to air pollution noncompliance
Audit report
Energy performance improvement Continuous improvement
period
Energy performance (%) over an 5%
improvement period
Total energy cost saving over 30 lakh USD
improvement
Cost to implement EnMS Rs. 6,40,000 per year
The payback period of EnMS imple- 0.34 years
mentation year
Total energy saving over an improve- 40,303 Giga joule
ment period (GJ)
Total CO2 emission reduction over the 38,371 MT of CO2
improvement period
(continued)
252 X. A. J. Naveen et al.

Table 2 (continued)
Qualitative checklist
Yes Report and
D. Factors and variables /no VHL HL ML LL VLL Remarks
Waste fuel recycling Quantity of waste fuel recycled and reused
(tons)—11,210, conventional energy reused (tons
of fuel)—4839, waste fuel reused has energy—
3.95%
High coal CV Yes (used)
Energy management system audit-reporting
PDCA (Plan-DO-Check-Act) Noncompliance, strongly agree
Review Has given by the auditor present and past reports
for verification
Consulting Total operating with energy assessment (check)
Planning (budgeting) It still has to improve the energy process escaping
heat (upgrading technology LCA, LCEA)
Benchmarking GRP show lower (carbon footprint)
Future scope Resource management (raw material), verified
noncompliance
Feedback Noncompliance (still to improve)
Note: VFD variable frequency drive, kWh kilowatt per hour, MT million ton, USD Untied state
dollar, GJ Giga joule, KCal kilo calories, CV calorific value, CO2 carbon dioxide, Yes (✔), No (✘),
Checked or tested Verified—compliance, Noncompliance Reasons: Flexibility, Reliability, Quality,
VHL very high level, HL high level, ML medium level, LL low level, VLL very low level, LCA life
cycle assessment, LCEA life cycle energy assessment, GRP Green rating project

3 Regulation of Energy Management System

Energy conservation by technology upgrading and foreign exchange earnings in

intellectual property rights and outgo has a holistic energy process like co-generation
and auxiliary process using add-on technology. The regulation policy is
noncompliance with energy resources adopting the that adopt towards reporting
EnMS, the calculation for a year, Third-party (Environmental consultant), CPCB,
Green rating project.

3.1 Energy Conservation and Cleaner Production Ultra Red

Category Industry

It is highly polluting industrial Ultra Red category using a regulation, policy which
has been a mandatory process for every industry’s Conservation of Energy, Tech-
nology Absorption, the Companies act. This rule is used to check the Financial Audit
of advanced technology (Energy, Environment, recycling, co-processing reusing)
A Case Study on Evaluation of Energy Management System by Implication. . . 253

and made mandatory to every large-scale industry in India. A Green rating project by
the Centre of science and environment (CSE) gives a rating on life cycle energy
assessment LCEA looping cycle.

3.2 Energy Input Identification

The concept of the Second law of energy c is used in energy conservation like Gas,
Electricity, Fuel, Pet coke (Oil/Coal), Compressed air, temperature, Steam, pressure,
Water, Thermal, Turbine (Windmill source), Internal Audit/ External audit, Energy
efficiency in utility and process Specific Energy consumption, Bio-efficiency assess-
ment, Furnace efficiency, (direct current generation) DG sets performance, Electric
motor load, Lighting system is given very high level and verified noncompliance.

3.3 Cost Analysis Variables

The firm’s total investment (Fixed cost), land, construction, operation, maintenance,
total cost, Buyback, Payback, Social cost, Annual saving of Electricity /Fuel/Coal/
non-renewable energy resources (MWh/MT) or in the unit, Annual savings in
Rupees (Indian currency) is given a very high level and verified noncompliance.

Methods Used for Energy Cost Analysis

Cost-benefit analysis, like Payback period, returns on investment, simple percentage,

and statistical tool. Benefits account (Rs.), Capacity improvement, Raw material
saving, Reduction in abatement costs, Improved productivity (T/day), Records and
documentation, New Design technology, Purchasing, Analysis, Reference year
equivalent ¼ Reference year energy using Production factor Plant-like Energy
Performance, Maximizing renewable System Efficiency, Energy Audit Instruments,
Electrical Measuring Instruments, Energy modification Calculating the energy input
and output usage, Different calibration are used from the initial to final process in the
cement industry by calibrating (substitution/subtraction/addition) of raw material
usage limestone (calcium carbonate), clay (aluminum silicates), sand (silica oxide),
and iron ore to produce clinker, which is ground with gypsum, limestone, etc. to
make cement in a step by step process. The operation of the energy process is
classified into two dry (combustion) and wet (steam) process, reduce, recovery, low
and high temperature/pressure, preheating air compressor systems, Mainly classified
into Energy savings in raw material preparation, clinker operation, finish grinding,
wastewater treatment process is given very high level and verified noncompliance.
254 X. A. J. Naveen et al.

4 Classification of Technology

Technologies are classified into Wastewater treatment, Air, odor, noise, solid waste,
Co-processing, co-generation, industrial ecology, recycling/reusing, Total quality,
life cycle management, synergy, flowchart operational process, whether utilization
of energy has an impact on air pollution, corrective actions and preventive measures,
updating/upgrading/ control records in technology, internal audit report. Hazards
areas identification, Standard operation procedure (SOP), Personal protective equip-
ment availability (PPE), Employee Training, Communication, Institutional back-
ground, Technical up-gradation, Maintenance and service, Fire and damage
insurance, Communication Record and documentation, Audits review, Crosscheck
with the past report, Risk assessment, Employee feedback or opinion, Environmen-
tal, social accountability, Implication cost, is given very high level and verified
noncompliance.

4.1 Basic Factors

Fundamental factors are classified into (1) They are identifying energy-saving
potential, (2) Energy-saving potential reviewed predefined intervals, (3) Significant
energy issues prioritized for further energy analysis, (4) Carbon emission identified
and calculated, (5) I was checking the performance, (6) New energy trends, (7) Tech-
nicians, (8) Awareness, (9) Training, (10) Maintenances, (11) Any facility for
research and development, (12) Communication like updating/upgrading technology
input and output review and validation and consolidation. Very high level and
verified noncompliance.

4.2 Procurement of Energy Services, Products, Equipments

Energy conservation is used in a variety of systems like water treatment plant, air
pollution control, odor, noise, solid waste management (Co-processing system),
hazardous waste, risk management system, Co-generation system, inbuilt or modi-
fication or integrated system, reuse energy system, industrial ecology, Recycling/
reusing, total energy requirement system, life cycle energy assessment, Synergy,
Flowchart of the operational process, less in emitting of Greenhouse gas CO2, CH4,
CO, High sulfur contents in the fuel (characteristic of pet coke) represent a higher
percentage of total production costs. High concentration of Volatile lead: The low
carbon content ratio is used in higher calorific value volatile organic compounds,
Polychlorinated, dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans, Hydrogen fluoride, Hydrogen
chloride, of Environmental health and safety are essential is given high level and
verified noncompliance.
A Case Study on Evaluation of Energy Management System by Implication. . . 255

4.3 Technical Instrumentation Availability

Checkpoints for energy like a Process flow chart, Different energy points, Dry and
wet process, Insulation compressed air, Homogenizing process, Exhaust fan Cali-
brating mechanism is studied continuously using expressions like units, KVA, kW,
MWh, GJ, PF, Hertz, kVA, Amps, and Volts. Electrical Measuring Instruments
combustion analyzer, Fuel Efficiency Monitor, Fyrite, Contact thermometer, Infra-
red Thermometer, Pitot Tube and manometer stroboscopes, Ultrasonic leak detector.
Essential factors like register can identify material balance and flow process diagram
by identifying energy saving potentials. Is given a very high level and verified
noncompliance.

4.4 Research and Development

The cement industry has link with energy industry with the institutional background
with research and development is given a high level and verified noncompliance.

4.5 Safety Priority List

Labors are given a periodic Health check-up in 3-month intervals ones strictly
following the regulation of the labor regulations like providing them with personal
protective equipment (PPEs), helmets to ensure the employee’s safety. Is given a
medium level and verified noncompliance.
Risk assessment and EIA interpretation (green belt) related to air pollution are
given a high level and verified noncompliance (Table 3).

4.6 Description of Tables 2 and 3, Cost Parameter Using Net

Saving Per Year and Payback in Months in the Typical
Cement Factory

The Typical cement plant selected for energy assessment and evaluation is situated
in Tamil Nadu, India. And it has been classified as one of the highest polluting
industries by CPCB norms due to its raw material used and the output pollution
level. This cement factory has improvised technologies with cost-cutting benefits,
from the initial production process to the end-of-life process. Advanced energy
technology is prioritized towards recycling, reusing, and reducing concepts because
there is a significant heat loss in cement factories. There is no steam heat used by
considering beneficial factors for dry heat like thermal, combustion, utilization of oil,
Table 3 Comparative studies between Advanced and Older energy-saving technologies using Net saving per annum and Payback in months in Cement
256

Industry
Payback in
Cost variables A net saving per year (lakh in Rs. /year) months
Cost Energy technology
S. no Energy technology used specifications Older Advanced Older Advanced Older Advanced
1. Energy-saving technology-1 1. Fixed cost Rs. 905,000 Rs. 1,400,000 0.8 1.27 70.8 28.8
2. Operating cost Rs. 2,00,000 per Rs. 1,05,000 per year
3. LCAM year 53 months
4. Savings 24 months Rs. 270,740 per year
5. Advantage Rs. 200,000 per 58.4 (MWh) per
year year
30.5 (MWh) per
year
2. Energy-saving technology-2 1. Fixed cost Rs. 15,00,000 Rs. 16,00,000 0.8 1.5 98.4 25.4
2. Operating cost Rs. 1,30,000 per Rs. 300,000 per year
3. LCAM year 60 months
4. Savings 24 months Rs. 4,56,710 per
5. Advantage Rs. 2,13,750 per year
year 95.9 (MWh) per
45 (MWh) per year year
3. Energy-saving technology-3 1. Fixed cost Rs. 360,000 Rs. 3000,000 0.14 5.38 102 75.9
2. Operating cost Rs. 140,000 per year Rs. 320,000 per year
3. LCAM 36 months 48 months
4. Net savings Rs. 285,000 per Rs. 570,000 per year
5. Advantage year 120 (MWh) per year
6 (MWh) per year
4. Energy-saving technology-4 1. Initial invest- Rs. 5,00,000 Rs. 2,000,000 0.03 1.35 398.4 58.8
ment Rs. 44,000 per year Rs. 115,000 per year
2. Fixed cost 60 months 36 months
3. LCAM Rs. 47,500 per year Rs. 250,000 per year
X. A. J. Naveen et al.

4. Savings 39 (MWh) per year 52.6 (MWh) per

5. Advantage year
5. Adjustable frequency drive 1. Fixed cost Rs. 40,000 Rs. 10,00,000 0.23 0.56 10.2 53.4
2. Operating cost Rs. 50,000 per year Rs. 190,000 per year
3. LCAM 24 months 48 months
4. Savings Rs. 28,500 per year Rs. 246,000 per year
5. Advantage 6 (MWh) per year 80 (MWh) per year
6. Raw mill energy reduction 1. Fixed cost Rs. 80,000 Rs. 2,00,000 0.25 0.58 19.2 0.8
2. Operating cost Rs. 8000 per year Rs. 18,000 per year
3. LCAM 24 months 48 months
4. Savings Rs. 33,250 per year Rs. 76,000 per year
5. Advantage 7 (MWh) per year 16 (MWh) per year
7. Energy reduction in pre-calcination 1. Fixed cost Rs. 1,500,000 Rs. 1,850,000 0.12 0.128 745.6 433.2
2. Operating cost Rs. 11,000 per year Rs. 18,000 per year
3. LCAM 24 months 48 months
4. Savings Rs. 23,720 per year Rs. 81,500 per year
5. Advantage 5 (MWh) per year 6.5 (MWh) p.a.
8. Modification in pyro processing 1. Fixed cost Rs. 22,00,000 Rs. 20,10,000 NA 1.6 NA 49.2
2. Operating cost Rs. 555,000 per year Rs. 220,000 per year
3. LCAM – 36 years
4. Savings – Rs. 380,000 per year
5. Advantage – 80 (MWh) per year
9. Cement grinding energy optimization 1. Fixed cost Rs. 410,000 Rs. 990,000 2 1.4 4.96 49.2
2. Operating cost Rs. 15,000 per year Rs. 37,000 per year
3. LCA 41 months 19 months
4. Net savings Rs. 216,250 per Rs. 182,000 per year
5. Advantage year 38.5 (MWh) per
A Case Study on Evaluation of Energy Management System by Implication. . .

3 (MWh) per year year

10. Energy modification in Klin 1. Fixed cost Rs. 3,60,000 Rs. 1,195,000 0.11 2.5 128.4 35.2
2. Operating cost Rs. 24,500 per year Rs. 84,000 per year
3. LCAM 36 months 17 months
4. Savings Rs. 36,380 per year Rs. 262,200 per year
5. Advantage 3.45 (MWh) per 55.2 (MWh) p.a.
year
257

(continued)
Table 3 (continued)
258

Payback in
Cost variables A net saving per year (lakh in Rs. /year) months
Cost Energy technology
S. no Energy technology used specifications Older Advanced Older Advanced Older Advanced
11. Conveyor modification 1. Fixed cost Rs. 23,400,000 Rs. 40,000,000 2.2 3.63 318 264.2
2. Operating cost Rs. 2,50,000 per Rs. 7,00,000 per year
3. LCAM year 60 months
4. Savings 48 months Rs. 1,063,000 per
5. Advantage Rs. 473,300 per year
year 55 (MWh) per year
36.5 (MWh) per
year
12. Air pollution control energy 1. Fixed cost Rs. 1,000,000 Rs. 1,500,000 0.4 0.4 60 90
optimization 2. Operating cost Rs. 5000 per year Rs. 3000 per year
3. LCAM 72 months 60 months
4. Savings Rs. 42,750 per year Rs. 52,200 per year
5. Advantage 9 (MWh) per year 11 (MWh) per year
NA* not available, Energy-saving technology 1—Clinker cooling section modification, Energy-saving technology, 2—Clinker Grit crusher modification,
Energy-saving technology, 3—Coal kiln roller mill modification, Energy-saving technology, 4—Cement grinding mechanism, Energy-saving technology, 5—
Fan drive Power Reduction optimization. LCAM life cycle assessment of the mechanism, MWh Megawatt per hour
X. A. J. Naveen et al.
A Case Study on Evaluation of Energy Management System by Implication. . . 259

coal where there is a heat escape from every machinery due to heat is reused by
different sectors. Using the principle of energy conservation intensity, calculating/
calibrating the energy flow by pressure, temperature by output, and input, approx-
imately 60% heat can be conserved using the synergy concept.
The data has been elicited from the energy auditor from the past and present
reports in this specific industry. There are two types of energy technology used
(1) Older technology (Non-renewable energy resources cannot be recycled/reused)
(2) And Advanced technology same in the production process updated version like
modification, re-technology Machinery.
There is a total of 12 types of Machinery which is updated in 2020. They are
classified into two sections (1) Modifications are done in 6 types of Machinery and
upgraded whole Machinery to reduce the energy use.
Energy-Saving Technology-1 Clinker Cooling Section Modification Heat is
reduced by frequent recycling of water the net saving per year in Older technology
(non-renewable energy) was (Rs. 80,000 per annum), where Advanced technology
(Rs. 127,000 per annum). On comparing the two technologies, there is a loss in net
saving per year. In terms of Payback on month older application technology
(non-recycled energy) (70.8 months) and advanced technology (28.8 months) and
terms of Payback returns per month in advanced technology shows a higher benefit
like energy-saving 58.4 MWh per annum and profit of Rs. 80,000 per annum.
However, net savings per annum showed a loss.
Energy-Saving Technology-2 Clinker Grit Crusher Modification The net sav-
ing per year old technology (non-reduced energy) was (Rs. 80,000 per annum), and
advanced technology was (Rs. 150,000 per annum). On comparing the two technol-
ogies, both show a loss in net saving per year. Payback returns, Older technology
(98.4 months) and Advanced technology (25.4 months), and Advanced technology
showed a higher benefit. Despite the loss in net saving per year and Payback in the
month of Advanced technology, the added benefits like energy benefit of 95.9 MWh
per annum and a profit of Rs. 4,50,000 per annum were recorded.
Energy-Saving Technology-3 COAL Kiln Roller Mill Modification In older
technology net savings, is (Rs. 14,000 per annum), and advanced energy technology
(Rs. 5,38,000 per annum). On comparing the two energy technologies, Advanced
technology shows a higher profit. In terms of Payback, older technology
(102 months) and advanced technology (75.9 months) where advanced technology
showed a higher benefit due to interest return month are low. With a loss in net
saving per year and gain in Payback in a month, Advanced technology also benefits
from saving 120 MWh per annum and gain a profit of Rs. 5,70,000 per annum.
Energy-Saving Technology-4, Cement Grinding Mechanism Comparing the net
saving per year in Older technology (Rs. 3000 per annum) and Advanced technology
(Rs. 135,000 per annum). On comparing the two technologies recorded a loss in net
saving per year. In terms of Payback on month conventional technology
(non-renewable energy) (398.4) and Advanced technology (58.8), advanced
260 X. A. J. Naveen et al.

technology shows a higher benefit. With the loss in net saving per year and gain in
Payback per month, the cleaner technology added benefit the energy saved amount
of 52.6 MWh per annum and Rs. 2,50,000 per annum.
Adjustable Frequency Drive The net saving for old technology was (Rs. 23,000
per annum). Advanced technology s (Rs. 56,000 per annum). Advanced technology
(AFD) shows the highest value in savings. In terms of Payback, older technology
(10.2 months) and advanced technology (53.4 months). The old technology showed
higher benefit with Quick Payback per month; the advanced technology would still
benefit and profit through the energy saved to the extent of 80 MWh, and total profit
is Rs. 2,46,000 per annum.
Raw Mill Energy Reduction The net saving in using older technology is
(Rs. 25,000 per annum), and Advanced technology was (Rs. 56,000 per annum).
On comparing the two technologies were at a loss. Payback per month, older
technology (19.2 months) and advanced technology (0.8 months), and advanced
technology showed a higher benefit. Energy saved as 16 MWh per year and profit
earned as Rs. 7600 per annum, along with loss in net saving per year and higher
benefit in Payback in the month Advanced technology.
Energy Reduction in Pre-Calcination The net saving per year in older technology
was (Rs. 12,000 per annum), and advanced technology was (Rs. 12,800 per annum).
Rs. 800 is higher in using advanced technology, In terms of Payback in months,
older technology was (745.6 months), and Advanced technology was
(433.2 months), and Advanced technology showed a higher profit return. Addition-
ally, Advanced technology showed benefits in energy saving 6.5 MWh per year and
profit as Rs. 30,800 per annum.
Modification in Pyro Processing There is no proper data in older technology
used, so the return on advanced technology is (Rs. 1,60,000 per annum), depicting
loss. Payback per month, advanced technology is (49.2 months). Though the loss in
net saving per Year and Payback in a month for advanced technology, benefits in the
form of energy saved 80 MWh per year, and profit earned Rs. 380,000 per annum
were high loss. Advantage: Low operational and maintenance cost, automated
energy-conserving technology.
Modification in Pyro Processing The older technology, data is not available, and
advanced energy technology was (Rs. 140,000 per annum); the two technologies
were in the loss. In terms of Payback per month, old technology was (4.96 months),
and advanced technology was (49.2 months), leading to advanced technology
showing a higher benefit; despite the loss in net saving per year and higher Payback
per month, cleaner technology added further benefits through energy saved as
38.5 MWh per annum and profit accrued as Rs. 182,000 per annum.
Energy Modification in Klin Net saving per year old technology was (Rs. 11,000
per annum), and advanced technology was (Rs. 250,000 per annum). In terms of
Payback per month, older technology was (128.4) and advanced technology was
A Case Study on Evaluation of Energy Management System by Implication. . . 261

(35.2 months), and advanced technology showed benefits. Also, Advanced technol-
ogy had extra benefits in energy saving 55.2 MWh per year and profit as Rs. 262,000
per annum. Advantage: Automated with online digital sensors is available.
Conveyor Modification Energy-saving technology is connected to an adjustable
frequency drive. The net saving per year old technology (pipe) was (Rs. 220,000 per
annum), and advanced technology (Belt) was (Rs. 363,000 per annum), both losses.
In terms of advanced technology was (318 months) and cleaner technology (Belt)
was (264.2 months), where advanced technology showed a higher benefit. Added
benefits like energy saved 55.5 MWh per annum and profit obtained Rs. 263,000 per
annum were attributed to advanced technology.
Air Pollution Control Energy Optimization The net saving per annum older
technology was (Rs. 40,000 per annum), and Advanced technology was
(Rs. 40,000 per annum). On comparing the two technologies, there is a loss in net
savings per annum. In terms of Payback per month, Older technology was
(60 months), and Advanced technology was (90 months). Advanced energy tech-
nology showed a higher benefit. The energy saved as 11 MWh per annum and profit
got as Rs. 52,000 per annum.
The total energy saved by Machinery advanced energy technology is 669 MWh
per annum, 575.6 MT per annum, and Profit Rs. 60 lakhs per annum.

5 Findings of Energy Management System Cement

Industry

Merits
1. Integrated management strategy (IMS) like EnMS, Good house practices, Occu-
pational, health, fire and safety, Management, and production in one framework
certification process gives cost saving.
2. Long-term Advantages, Comprehensive environmental management system,
Mandatory, Implementation Check, Decision-Making, Sustainable consumption,
accounting, and production, projecting future trends, Productivity, innovation,
energy efficiency.
3. Best in class for global certification.
4. Avoid major problems in management and production.
5. Sets Competitive goals and Targets (Energy conserves state-of-art technology for
pollution control, Finance, and procurement practices).
Demerits
1. Time-Consuming
2. SME cannot afford the cost is high for Accreditation
262 X. A. J. Naveen et al.

3. Just For certification,

4. The corporate industry plays an important role in developing criteria towards
Energy management system, so the standard is very high, so the medium and
small scale enterprises cannot adopt.
5. In developed countries, confusion between local and international policy, there
are different opinions in norms like (EU, OECD, UNEP, EPA, CPCB/SPCB, and
also in Energy management system regulations.

6 Completion of the Report

Lead auditor reports the external audit classified the data collected and combining in
a format on PDCA-assessment (strongly agree), Detailed compliance/
noncompliance verification, Environmental management budgeting, reporting/ doc-
umentation has been given strongly agreed, crosscheck records verified, committee
members odor in CSR (no adaptation of odor technology, GHG has compliance
(no proper calibration and calculation like Green rating project and life cycle energy
assessment is adopted), benchmarking (Resource management) and EnMS-
Certification, review, planning. Budgeting is verified as noncompliance reported
by the auditor.

7 Audit Report for Energy Management System

In this select cement industry, energy performance is checked, there is a continuous

improvement is identified by reporting green rating project, and life cycle energy
assessment, energy performance (5%) over an improvement period, the total energy
cost saving over an improvement in year 20 lakh USD, and the cost implement for
energy management is Rs. 5.4 lakh per annum for the payback period is
implemented in 0.34 years and total energy saving over a period of the year is
38,303 Giga Joule total CO2 emission reduction 40,303 MT CO2 is an improvement,
waste recycling like fuel 11,210 Ton per annum, Energy reused fuel—4839 Ton per
annum, Waste fuel recycled and reused has energy—3.97%. High coal—740 tons
per annum, MWh of electricity or tons of fuel)—180.44 Metric ton, Waste as percent
total energy—0.77, feedback is given by assessing energy parameters with different
factors (Crosschecking variables).
A Case Study on Evaluation of Energy Management System by Implication. . . 263

8 Energy Management System (Future Scope)

Digital sensors are connected with a continuous monitoring system based on a

software data analysis like Big data analytics (datasheet is given computing algo-
rithm software like Flux Analyzer and Meta tool, excel sheet and advance software
database ANSS Quake Monitoring System (AQMS) [25] is connected to a storage
facility (hardware) based to the EnMS computing algorithm to analysis in the online
continuous data system.

9 Conclusion

The select Cement industry is unique using cleaner technology for applications:
using energy-saving/cost-cutting technology, inbuilt equipment, Co-generating pro-
cess, like using wet and dry energy process in a closed-loop system using an
integrated approach pet coke, oil, co-processing, renewable resources like wind,
solar energy reporting (synergy concept) by self-sustaining towards sustainable
development.

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Index

A Biomass gasified, 245

Amazon Web Services, 236 Biomass power, 245
Ambipolar, 14 Blob storage, 236
Application Programming Interface (API), Blynk app, 187, 191–193
237, 238 Bureau of Energy Efficiency scheme, 245
Arduino mega microcontroller, 187 Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), 225
Arsenic filters, 222, 226–228
Arsenic in groundwater
animal health, 222, 225, 226, 228 C
in Assam and West Bengal Carbon emissions, measures for reducing,
affected areas, 222–224 47–49
arsenic-filled sludge from arsenic filters, Carbon footprint, 252
227, 228 Catering asset, 30
arsenic-removal methods, 226 Catering Renewable energy, 30
data from sources, 225 Cement industry
deposition of arsenic waste from arsenic problems in, 246
filters, 226, 227 Cement industry, Tamil Nadu
remedial measures to reduce annual operating cost, 248
contamination, 225, 226 data, 247
human health, 222, 225, 226, 228 EnMS
Arsenic-filled sludge, 227, 228 adjustable frequency drive, 260
Arsenic-removal methods, 226 advanced vs. older energy-saving
Asian Development Bank, 246 technologies, 256
Assam, 222, 223, 225, 228 air pollution control energy
Automated metre reading (AMR), 152 optimization, 261
Automatic Home system (AHS), 97 audit report, 262
Azure Cloud, 187 cement grinding mechanism, 259
clinker cooling section modification,
259
B coal kiln roller mill modification, 259
Bagasse co-generation plant, 245 conveyor modification, 261
Big data analytics, 263 cost analysis variables, 253
Bio recognition elements (BRE), 2 cost-benefit analysis, 253

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 267
P. Agarwal et al. (eds.), Smart Technologies for Energy and Environmental
Sustainability, Green Energy and Technology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80702-3
268 Index

Cement industry (cont.) Microsoft Azure, 232, 236–238

demerits, 261, 262 related work in area of healthcare, 233
energy conservation and cleaner request plan, 239
production ultra red category Cloud-computing environment
industry, 252 energy-efficiency in, 45–47
energy input identification, 253 CoAP protocol, 77, 79
energy reduction in pre-calcination, 260 Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) items, 180
energy services, products, equipments Composite Water Management Index
procurement, 254 (CWMI), 177
flow chart, 248 Computerized Maintenance Management
fundamental factors, 254 Systems (CMMS), 180
future scope, 263 Conjugated molecules, 6
grit crusher modification, 259 Constructions, 48
information collection, 249 CSA-based optimization algorithm, 45
interview schedule in, 250 Cultivation, 48
merits, 261
modification in pyro processing, 260
raw mill energy reduction, 260 D
regulation, 252 Data analytics, 188, 194, 196
report completion, 262 Data center management system, 57
research and development, 255 Data visualization, 180, 184, 193
safety priority list, 255 Direct air capture (DAC), 25, 26
technical instrumentation availability, Downtime tracking, 29
255 Dynamic power management (DPM), 46
technology classification, 254 Dynamic voltage frequency scaling (DVFS), 46
investment cost, 247
net saving per year, 248
road map of energy and environmental E
measures, 249 Earthworm, 226
Cement mixture, 228 Economic sustainability, 40
Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), 225 eHealth, 234
Central Water Commission, 178 Electric Grid vs. Smart Grid, 148
Centre of science and environment (CSE), 253 Electric vehicles (EVs)
Certified Emission Reductions, 246 advantages, 137–139
Charge carrier injection, 14, 15 battery life, 139
Clean Development Mechanism, 246 cost, 139
Clean energy, 24 free driving experience, 137
Cleaner technology, 260, 261, 263 low maintenance, 139
Cloud-based framework simplest driving procedure, 138
API, 238 torque accessible, 138
data storage plan, 239 zero emissions, 138
GCP, 232, 237 battery electric vehicles (BEV), 135–136
investment, 236 challenges, 142, 143
IoT disadvantages, 139–140
demerits in healthcare, 241 higher number of options, 140
healthcare architecture, 238 longer recharge time, 140
health tracking app, 239 minimal amount of pollution, 140
hospital information system, 240 recharge points, 139
hospitals, 240 short driving range and speed, 139
meditation, 239 electric cars
merits in healthcare, 240 advantages, 136
nutrition, 239 CO2 emissions, 137
physicians, 240 components, 135
Index 269

production of, 136 Energy-saving technology, 247, 256

hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), 136 EnMS Audit, 247
market penetration, 140 Environmental consultancy Certification for
plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), 136 ISO-50001 Energy Management
terminology for, 133 System, 249
Electrical vehicle, 26 Environmental sustainability, 40
Electronic polarization, 7 ESP-8266 Wi-Fi module, 185, 187
Endeavor business intelligence (BI), 187 E-waste (electronic waste), 202
Energy conservation in IoT wireless adverse effects, 204
networking, 58, 59 components, 203
Energy consumption, 42 global status, 205
Energy Consumption of Products and Baseline, proposed solution, 211
Improve Energy Performance control flow, 216
Indicator, 249 customer, 213
Energy level determination, 13, 14 e-product, 213
Energy Management System (EnMS), 250 manufacturer, 213
cement industry plant, 215
adjustable frequency drive, 260 recycling facilities, 214
advanced vs. older energy-saving retailer, 214
technologies, 256 smart collector bin, 212
air pollution control energy smart technologies, 208, 211
optimization, 261 Excel sheet, 263
audit report, 262 Exciton, 13
cement grinding mechanism, 259
clinker cooling section modification,
259 F
coal kiln roller mill modification, 259 Fitness bands, 239
conveyor modification, 261 Flow sensor, 185
cost analysis variables, 253 Flux Analyzer, 263
cost-benefit analysis, 253 Forestry, 48
demerits, 261–262
energy conservation and cleaner
production ultra red category G
industry, 252 Geosynthetic-bounded landfills, 226
energy input identification, 253 Global Environmental Facility, 246
energy modification in klin, 260 Global e-Sustainability Initiative
energy reduction in pre-calcination, 260 and Microsoft, 49
energy services, products, equipments Google App Engine, 232, 237
procurement, 254 Google Cloud Platform (GCP), 232, 237
fundamental factors, 254 Google Computer Engine, 232
future scope, 263 Google Kubernetes Engine, 232
grit crusher modification, 259 Gradual migration, 89
information collection, 249 Green building, 161
interview schedule in, 250 challenges, 172
merits, 261 cost reduction, 173
modification in pyro processing, 260 inadequate administrative support, 172
raw mill energy reduction, 260 limited awareness, 172
regulation, 252 skilled manpower, 172
research and development, 255 components, 162
safety priority list, 255 commissioning, 167
technical instrumentation availability, 255 energy efficiency, 163
technology classification, 254 indoor air quality, 165
Energy performance indicators (EnPIs), 249 marketability, 167
270 Index

Green building (cont.) introduction, 97

materials, 166 solar photovoltaic (PV), 100
site planning and design, 162–163 solar thermal, 101
sustainability, 167 Wi-Fi HaLow, 101
waste reduction, 164 Hopping model, 12, 13
water efficiency, 165 Hospital information system, 240
future innovations, 174, 175 Human settlements, 48
health benefits, 167–168
non-financial incentives, 174
rating systems, 171 I
fitwell, 171 Indian renewable energy Development
green globes, 172 Agency, 246
LEED certification, 171 Inorganic semiconductor Energy bands, 6
WELL certification, 171 Integrated communications and communication
technology, 168 technologies, 60
biodegradable materials, 169 Integration-Energy-Practice (IEP), 249
cool roofs, 169 Internet of things (IoT), 53, 54, 56, 178, 179,
green insulation, 169 181, 182, 185, 187, 194, 237
HVAC system, 170 demerits of IoT in healthcare, 241
rammed earth bricks, 170 health cloud
smart appliances, 169 health tracking app, 239
solar power, 168 hospital information system, 240
sustainable resource, 169 IoT in hospitals, 240
transport system, 171 meditation, 239
water efficiency, 170 nutrition, 239
zero -energy design, 170 patients, 239
Green buildings, 32, 33 healthcare architecture, 238
Green computing techniques, 87 merits of IoT in healthcare, 240
motivations for, 88, 89 work in healthcare, 233
Green Data Center design techniques, 89 IoT enabled technologies, 27
Green design techniques, 89 IoT framework, 56
Green disposal techniques, 92, 93 for Smart Cities
Green manufacturing techniques, 90 6lowPAN protocol simulation,
Green rating project (GRP), 251–253, 262 74–78, 80
Green utilization techniques, 91, 92 conceptual model, 58, 60–62
Greenhouse Gas Pollution Prevention, 246 IoT framework simulation, 62
Groundwater table (GWT), 221 RPL-UDP protocol simulation, 63–66,
GSM (SIM 900a), 186–187 68, 70–74
outcome, 81

H
Hall Effect, 185 J
Headspace application, 239 Java, 232
Highest occupied molecular orbitals
(HOMO), 4
Home energy management system (HEMS) K
battery storage, 100 Kellogg's, 232, 236
challenges, 101
control functionality, 99–100
definition, 98 L
electricity application, 100 Laboratory Information Management Systems
hardware, 99 (LIMS), 180
information and communication Lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals
technology, 97 (LUMO), 4
Index 271

M Organic thin film transistor (OTFT), 2

Master Plan, 225 Ornamental bricks, 227
Measures for reducing carbon emissions Overhead tank filling, 191, 192
energy minimization in
carbon emissions, measures for
reducing, 47–49 P
enhancing energy-efficiency in a cloud- PaaS service, 232, 236, 237
computing environment, 45–47 Pathline of groundwater, 223
CSP, 43 Payback, 248, 251, 253, 255–262
EATS, 45 Personal protective equipment availability
energy models, 44 (PPE), 254
future prospects of, 49, 50 Pervasive computing, 23, 24
power utilization model, 44 Physical environments, 24
TSCSA, 44 Piped Water Supply schemes (PWSS), 225–226
Meditation, 239 Pixar Unilever, 236
Meta tool, 263 Plan-do-check-action management cycle
Microsoft Azure, 232, 236–238 model, 249
Molecular polarization, 7 Planning commission, 225
Multiple Trapping and Release Model (MTR), Polarization, 7, 9
11, 12 Polaron hopping, 9
MYSQL, 232 Polymers, 6
Power BI, 187, 188, 191–196
Power flow distributed system, 61
N Power utilization model, 44
National Institute (NIH), 225 Programmable logic controllers (PLCs), 180
National Institution for Transforming India Project Bureau of Energy Efficiency, 246
(NITI Aayog), 177 Public awareness programme, 227
Netflix, 232, 236 Public Health Engineering Department
Non-bagasse co-generation, 245 (PHED), 222, 225
Non-Conventional Energy Sources, 245 Python, 232
Nutrition, 239

R
O Relays, 186
Organic field effect transistor (OFET), 2 Remote terminal units (RTUs), 180
Organic light emitting diode (OLED), 1 Renewable energy, 24, 25
Organic molecule semiconductors (OMS), 1 RPL-UDP protocol simulation, 63, 74
Organic semiconductors, 1, 2 average energy consumption, 67
applications, 2 average scenario energy consumption, 64
charge carrier injection, 14, 15 data collection, 64
charge transport in, 10 energy consumption data, 70, 72
hopping model, 12, 13 node energy consumption data, 68
MTR, 11, 12 send and receive data packages, 66
energy level determination, 13, 14 sensor map graph, 69, 72
limitations, 3
localisation of charge, 7
via disorder, 9–10 S
via polarization, 7, 9 Samsung, 232, 236
optical properties of, 13 Sensors and measuring devices, 61
technology and environment, 16 Single walled carbon nanotube (S-SWNT), 16
types of, 3–6, 15, 16 Small hydropower, 245
ambipolar, 16 Smart cities, 55
challenges, 16 IoT framework for
272 Index

Smart cities (cont.) Azure Cloud, 187

conceptual model, 58, 60–62 block diagram, 184, 185
IoT framework simulation, 62 Blynk App, 187
RPL-UDP protocol simulation, 63–66, Central Water Commission, 178
68, 70–74 CMMS, 180
6lowPAN protocol simulation, construction, 191
74–78, 80 CWMI, 177
Smart energy, 28 data analytics dashboard, 194, 196
green buildings, 32, 33 end-use usage, 179
power distribution, 30, 31 ESP8266 Wi-Fi module, 187
power generation, 28, 29 flowchart, 188, 189
smart grids, advantages of, 30 goal, 178
smart lighting with smart grid, 33, 34 GSM (SIM 900a), 186
smart mobility, 35 Internet of Things, 178
Smart environment, 22 LIMS, 180
definition of, 22 overhead water tank, 179
features of, 22, 23 PH sensor, 186
green buildings, 32, 33 power BI, 187, 193–195
and pervasive computing, 23, 24 proposed water governing system, 183
smart lighting with smart grid, 33, 34 relays, 186
smart mobility, 35 SCADA, 179, 180
technology, impact, 24 adaptability, 182
DAC, 25, 26 gadget interconnectivity, 181
electric vehicle, 26 information insights, 182
renewable energy, 24, 25 working expenses and costs, 181
smart technology, 27 schematic diagram, 190
Smart grid, 33, 34, 147 sensor readings on Blynk App, 193
architecture, 155 solenoid valve, 186
benefits, 156 status, 192
challenges, 157 system representation, 189
characteristics, 151 temperature sensor, 186
communications system, 148 threshold, 191
decision makers, 149 turbidity sensor, 186
definitions, 148 ultrasonic sensor, 186
goals, 156 water consumption tracking, 184
technologies, 151 water level sensor, 179
AMR devices, 152 water pipeline leakage detection module,
smart metres, 152 183
smart sensor, 154 water quality, 179, 184
V2G technology, 153 Snapchat, 232
Smart Home Energy Management (SHEM), 98 Social sustainability, 40–42
Smart lighting, 33, 34 energy consumption, minimizing, 42
Smart mobility, 35 Solar radiation forecasting method
Smart network, 57, 58, 62 deep learning, 115
Smart technologies, 21, 27 empirical modeling, 114
for energy, 28 evaluation metrics, 121
power distribution, 30, 31 clear sky radiation, 123
power generation, 28, 29 contemporary statistical metrics,
smart grids, advantages of, 30 123–125
Smart water governing framework correlation coefficient, 122
algorithm, 188 Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, 123
Arduino mega microcontroller, 187 Kurtosis, 124
automatic water tank filling module, 183 normalized error, 121
Index 273

Ramp characterization, 125 System on chip (SOC), 187

relative root mean square error, 122 System-wide power management, 46
root mean square error, 122
skewness, 124
standard deviation error, 121 T
uncertainty quantification, 125 Temperature sensor (DS18B20), 186
factors/parameters, 116 Transportation, 47
climatic variability, 116 Turbidity sensor, 186
geographical location, 120
input parameter selection, 116
night hour and normalization, 120 U
preprocessing stage, 120 Ubiquitous computing, 23
time horizon concept, 116 Ultrasonic sensor, 186
training and testing cycle, 120 Unilever, 232
global horizontal irradiance, 107 United States Agency for International
hybrid approach, 116 Development, 246
methodologies, 107 Uptime tracking, 29
necessity, 107 Urban & Industrial wastes, 245
physical methods, 108
cloud imagery, 109
numerical weather prediction V
(NWP), 109 Variable frequency drive (VFD), 46
research, 106 Virtual computing environments, 24
statistical methods, 109 Virtual machines (VMs), 232, 236
artificial neural network, 111 Virtualization techniques, 89
markov chain process, 114 Vissenberg Matters model, 10
persistence model, 111 VPN service, 236
support vector machine, 113
time series model, 110
Solar Thermal and Solar Photovoltaic W
resources, 245 Water level indicator, 179
Solenoid valve, 186 Water level sensor, 182, 184
sp3 hybridisation in carbon atom, 4 Water quality check, 179, 184, 186, 191
Spotify, 232 Water Supply Systems (WSS), 181
SQL Server databases, 232 Wearable devices, 239
Standard operation procedure (SOP), 254 West Bengal, 222–225, 228
State Electricity Regulatory West Bengal Government Public Health
Commissions, 246 Engineering Department
State Water Investigation (SWID) (PHED), 226
website, 225 WiFi schedulers, 91
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Wireless sensor networks, 58
(SCADA) framework, 180 World Health Organisation (WHO), 225
adaptability, 182
gadget interconnectivity, 181
information insights, 182 Z
working expenses and costs, 181 Zigbee module, 179