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Paper 2 (Computer Science) - 104807

This document is an examination paper for the Cambridge O Level Computer Science course, specifically Paper 2 on Problem-solving and Programming from May/June 2020. It includes instructions for candidates, a pre-release material section detailing items sold by a shop, and tasks requiring programming solutions related to data entry, validation, and discount calculations. The paper consists of multiple sections, including questions on algorithms, data structures, validation checks, and database queries.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

25 views284 pages

Paper 2 (Computer Science) - 104807

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Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 284

Cambridge O Level

* 0 1 8 2 9 7 2 4 6 2 *

COMPUTER SCIENCE 2210/21

Paper 2 Problem-solving and Programming May/June 2020

1 hour 45 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Do not attempt Tasks 1, 2 and 3 in the copy of the pre-release material on page 2; these are for
information only.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● Calculators must not be used in this paper.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 50.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
● No marks will be awarded for using brand names of software packages or hardware.

This document has 16 pages. Blank pages are indicated.

DC (JP) 198770
© UCLES 2020 [Turn over
2

A shop sells a range of mobile devices, SIM cards and accessories as shown in the table:
Category Item code Description Price ($)
Phone BPCM Compact 29.99
Phone BPSH Clam Shell 49.99
Phone RPSS RoboPhone – 5-inch screen and 64 GB memory 199.99
Phone RPLL RoboPhone – 6-inch screen and 256 GB memory 499.99
Phone YPLS Y-Phone Standard – 6-inch screen and 64 GB memory 549.99
Phone YPLL Y-Phone Deluxe – 6-inch screen and 256 GB memory 649.99
Tablet RTMS RoboTab – 8-inch screen and 64 GB memory 149.99
Tablet RTLM RoboTab – 10-inch screen and 128 GB memory 299.99
Tablet YTLM Y-Tab Standard – 10-inch screen and 128 GB memory 499.99
Tablet YTLL Y-Tab Deluxe – 10-inch screen and 256 GB memory 599.99
SIM card SMNO SIM Free (no SIM card purchased) 0.00
SIM card SMPG Pay As You Go (SIM card purchased) 9.99
Case CSST Standard 0.00
Case CSLX Luxury 50.00
Charger CGCR Car 19.99
Charger CGHM Home 15.99

Write and test a program or programs for this shop.

• Your program or programs must include appropriate prompts for the entry of data; data must be
validated on entry.
• Error messages and other output need to be set out clearly and understandably.
• All arrays, variables, constants and other identifiers must have meaningful names.
You will need to complete these three tasks. Each task must be fully tested.
Task 1 – Setting up the system.
Write a program to:
• use appropriate data structures to store the item code, description and price information for the
mobile devices, SIM cards and accessories
• allow the customer to choose a specific phone or tablet
• allow phone customers to choose whether the phone will be SIM Free or Pay As You Go
• allow the customer to choose a standard or luxury case
• allow the customer to choose the chargers required (none, one or both may be purchased)
• calculate the total price of this transaction
• output a list of the items purchased and the total price.
Task 2 – Allow a customer to order multiple mobile devices.
Extend Task 1 to:
• offer the customer the opportunity to purchase an additional mobile device
• if required, perform bulleted steps 2 to 7 of Task 1 for each additional mobile device and
calculate a running total for the customer
• once no further devices are required, output the total the customer will need to pay.
Task 3 – Offering discounts.
Extend the program to allow a discount of 10% off the price of every additional phone or tablet
purchased.
Output the new total the customer will need to pay and the amount of money saved.

© UCLES 2020 2210/21/M/J/20

1 All variables, constants and other identifiers must have meaningful names.

(a) (i) Identify two arrays you could have used for Task 1 and, in each case, state its purpose.

Array 1 ...............................................................................................................................

Purpose .............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

Array 2 ...............................................................................................................................

Purpose .............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

(ii) Identify two variables you could have used for Task 1 and, in each case, state its
purpose.

Variable 1 ..........................................................................................................................

Purpose .............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

Variable 2 ..........................................................................................................................

Purpose .............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

(b) Explain why the item code data could not be stored as a real data type and identify the most
suitable data type for the item code data.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2020 2210/21/M/J/20 [Turn over

(c) Write an algorithm to show how you input your choice of mobile device and SIM card (part of
Task 1), using either pseudocode, programming statements or a flowchart. It is not necessary
to show initialisation or setting up of arrays containing product details.

...................................................................................................................................................

© UCLES 2020 2210/21/M/J/20

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [5]
© UCLES 2020 2210/21/M/J/20 [Turn over
6

(d) Explain how your program completes Task 3. Any programming statements used in your
answer must be fully explained.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [5]

© UCLES 2020 2210/21/M/J/20

Section B starts on page 8.

© UCLES 2020 2210/21/M/J/20 [Turn over

Section B

2 Tick (ü) one box in each row to identify if the statement about structure diagrams is true or false.

True False
Statement
(ü) (ü)
A structure diagram is a piece of code that is available throughout the
structure of a program.
A structure diagram shows the hierarchy of a system.

A structure diagram is another name for an array.

A structure diagram shows the relationship between different components

of a system.
[2]

3 Programs can perform validation and verification checks when data is entered.

(a) Give the names of two different validation checks and state the purpose of each one.

Check 1 .....................................................................................................................................

Purpose .....................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Check 2 .....................................................................................................................................

Purpose .....................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

(b) Give the name of one verification check.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Describe the difference between validation and verification.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2020 2210/21/M/J/20

4 The pseudocode algorithm shown should allow numbers to be entered and should allow
50 numbers to be stored in an array.

Count 0 ←
REPEAT
INPUT Values[Count]
Count ←
Count + 1
UNTIL Count = 0

(a) Explain why the algorithm will never end.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Re-write the original pseudocode so that it terminates correctly and also prevents numbers
below 100 from being stored in the array Values[ ]

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

(c) Describe how you could change your pseudocode in part (b) so that it prevents numbers
below 100 and above 200 from being stored in the array Values[ ]

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2020 2210/21/M/J/20 [Turn over

5 The flowchart represents an algorithm.

The predefined function DIV gives the value of the result of integer division,
for example, y ← 9 DIV 4 gives y a value of 2

An input value of –1 ends the algorithm.

START

INPUT
Value

IS Yes
Value =
-1 ?

Calc1 Value DIV 2

Calc2 Value DIV 3

IS
No Calc1 =
Value / 2 ?

Yes

IS
No Calc2 =
Value / 3 ?

Yes

OUTPUT
Value
END

© UCLES 2020 2210/21/M/J/20

(a) Complete the trace table for the input data:

50, 33, 18, 15, 30, –1, 45, 12, 90, 6

Value Calc1 Calc2 OUTPUT

[4]

(b) Describe the purpose of the algorithm.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2020 2210/21/M/J/20 [Turn over

6 A garden centre sells garden tools and stores details of these in a database table named TOOLS.
Code is the primary key in the TOOLS table.

Code Description Price ($) Quantity_Stock Quantity_Ordered

GFLG Garden Fork 50.00 1 50
GSLG Garden Spade 50.00 11 0
GHLG Garden Hoe 45.00 8 0
HFSM Hand Fork 9.99 42 0
HSSM Hand Spade 9.99 40 0
HWSM Hand Weeder 9.99 11 0
HS20 Hose (20 metres) 45.00 10 0
HS35 Hose (35 metres) 60.00 2 0
HS50 Hose (50 metres) 75.00 20 60
YBLG Yard Brush 24.99 100 0
LMHD Lawn Mower 99.99 5 0
LMBT Lawn Mower (Battery) 249.99 7 0
LMPT Lawn Mower (Petrol) 349.99 10 25
TRBT Edge Trimmer (Battery) 79.99 15 0
TRPT Edge Trimmer (Petrol) 59.99 20 0
SHSM Shears 40.00 40 0
HCSM Hedge Clippers 40.00 45 0

(a) State the purpose of the primary key in the TOOLS table.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

© UCLES 2020 2210/21/M/J/20

(b) List the output from the data shown in the table TOOLS that would be given by this query-by-
example.

Field: Code Description Price ($) Quantity_Stock Quantity_Ordered

Table: TOOLS TOOLS TOOLS TOOLS TOOLS

Sort: Descending

Show: ü ü ü
Criteria: >40 >0 >0

or:

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(c) Complete the query-by-example grid to output the tools where the quantity in stock is below
25. Only show the Code, Description and Quantity_Stock fields in ascending order of Code.

Field:

Table:

Sort:

Show:

Criteria:

or:

[3]

© UCLES 2020 2210/21/M/J/20

BLANK PAGE

© UCLES 2020 2210/21/M/J/20

BLANK PAGE

© UCLES 2020 2210/21/M/J/20

BLANK PAGE

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which itself is a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2020 2210/21/M/J/20

Cambridge O Level
* 8 2 5 0 4 2 3 9 2 8 *

COMPUTER SCIENCE 2210/21

Paper 2 Problem-solving and Programming May/June 2021

1 hour 45 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

This document has 16 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (LO) 214473
© UCLES 2021 [Turn over
2

Section A
You are advised to spend no longer than 40 minutes answering this section.

Here is a copy of the pre-release material.

DO NOT attempt Tasks 1, 2 and 3 now.

Use the pre-release material and your experience from attempting the tasks before the examination to
answer Question 1.

Pre-release Material

A system is required to record and count votes for candidates in school council elections. The voting
system will allow for one representative to be elected from a tutor group. The school has between
28 and 35 students in each tutor group, five year groups named Year 7 to Year 11, and there are six
tutor groups in each year group. Tutor group names are their year group followed by a single letter
e.g. 7A, 7B, etc.
All students are allowed to vote in the system. Each student may only vote once for a representative
from their tutor group in the election.
Write and test a program or programs for the voting system.
• Your program or programs must include appropriate prompts for the entry of data; data must be
validated on entry.
• Error messages and other output need to be set out clearly and understandably.
• All variables, constants and other identifiers must have meaningful names.
You will need to complete these three tasks. Each task must be fully tested.
Task 1 – Setting up the voting system to allow a tutor group to elect a representative.
Write a program to:
• allow the tutor to enter the name of the tutor group
• allow the tutor to enter the number of students in the tutor group
• allow the tutor to enter the number of candidates in the election; maximum of four candidates
• allow the tutor to enter the names of the candidates and store them in a suitable data structure
• allow each student to input their vote or to abstain
• count the votes for each candidate and student abstentions.
When all students have voted, display the name of the tutor group, the votes for each candidate
and the name of the candidate who has won the election. If there is a tie for first place, display all
candidates with the equal highest number of votes.
Task 2 – Checking that students only vote once.
Each student is given a unique voter number by their teacher.
Extend Task 1 to achieve the following:
• Allow students to enter their unique voter number before casting their vote.
• Check whether the student has already voted:
– if so, supply a suitable message and do not allow them to vote.
– if not, store the unique voter number, but not their vote, in a suitable data structure, and
add their vote to the relevant candidate count or abstention.
Task 3 – Showing statistics and dealing with a tie.
Extend Task 2 to achieve the following:
• Calculate the percentage of the votes that each candidate received from the number of votes
cast, excluding abstentions.
• Display the name of each candidate, the number of votes and the percentage of votes they
received from the number of votes cast, excluding abstentions.
• Display the total number of votes cast in the election and the number of abstentions.
• In the event of a tie, allow the election to be immediately run again, with only the tied candidates
as candidates, and all the students from the tutor group voting again.
© UCLES 2021 2210/21/M/J/21
3

1 (a) All variables, constants and other identifiers must have meaningful names.

(i) Identify one constant you could have used for Task 1, give the value that would be
assigned to it and its use.

Constant ............................................................................................................................

Value .................................................................................................................................

Use ....................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) Identify one variable and one array you could have used for Task 1.
Explain the use of each one.

Variable .............................................................................................................................

Use ....................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

Array ..................................................................................................................................

Use ....................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

(b) Explain how you should change your program in Task 1 to allow a tutor to enter up to eight
candidates for the election.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

© UCLES 2021 2210/21/M/J/21 [Turn over

(c) Write an algorithm using pseudocode, programming statements or a flowchart to show how
your program completes these parts of Task 2:
• Allows students to enter their unique voter number before casting their vote.
• Checks whether the student has already voted:
– if so, supplies a suitable message and does not allow them to vote.
– if not, stores the unique voter number, but not their vote, in a suitable data structure.

It is not necessary to show parts completed in Task 1, including counting of votes for each
candidate.

...................................................................................................................................................

© UCLES 2021 2210/21/M/J/21

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [5]

© UCLES 2021 2210/21/M/J/21 [Turn over

(d) Explain how your program completes these parts of Task 3:

• Calculate the percentage of the votes that each candidate received from the number of
votes cast, excluding abstentions.
• Display the name of each candidate, the number of votes and the percentage of votes
they received from the number of votes cast, excluding abstentions.
• Display the total number of votes cast in the election and the number of abstentions.

Any programming statements used in your answer must be fully explained.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]
© UCLES 2021 2210/21/M/J/21
7

Section B

2 Tick (ü) one box in each row to identify if the statement is about validation, verification or both.

Validation Verification Both

Statement
(ü) (ü) (ü)
Entering the data twice to check if both entries are
the same.
Automatically checking that only numeric data has
been entered.
Checking data entered into a computer system
before it is stored or processed.
Visually checking that no errors have been
introduced during data entry.
[3]

3 Name and describe the most appropriate programming data type for each of the examples of data
given. Each data type must be different.

Data: 37

Data type name ................................................................................................................................

Data type description .......................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

Data: Cambridge2021

Data type name ................................................................................................................................

Data type description .......................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

Data: 47.86

Data type name ................................................................................................................................

Data type description .......................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................
[6]

© UCLES 2021 2210/21/M/J/21 [Turn over

4 The pseudocode algorithm shown has been written by a teacher to enter marks for the students in
her class and then to apply some simple processing.

Count 0 ←
REPEAT
INPUT Score[Count]
IF Score[Count] >= 70
THEN
Grade[Count] "A" ←
ELSE
IF Score[Count] >= 60
THEN
Grade[Count] "B" ←
ELSE
IF Score[Count] >= 50
THEN
Grade[Count] "C" ←
ELSE
IF Score[Count] >= 40
THEN
Grade[Count] "D" ←
ELSE
IF Score[Count] >= 30
THEN
Grade[Count] "E" ←
ELSE
Grade[Count] "F" ←
ENDIF
ENDIF
ENDIF
ENDIF
ENDIF
Count ←
Count + 1
UNTIL Count = 30

(a) Describe what happens in this algorithm.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

© UCLES 2021 2210/21/M/J/21

(b) Write the pseudocode to output the contents of the arrays Score[] and Grade[] along with
suitable messages.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

© UCLES 2021 2210/21/M/J/21 [Turn over

5 The flowchart represents an algorithm.

The algorithm will terminate if –1 is entered.

START

INPUT
Value

IS Yes
Value =
–1 ?
OUTPUT
"Reject: END
No
Abnormal"

IS
No Value >= 50
AND Value
<= 100 ?

Yes

Diff1 100 – Value

Diff2 Value – 50

IS
OUTPUT No Diff1 < 1 OR
"Accept: Normal" Diff2 < 1 ?

Yes

OUTPUT
"Accept:
Extreme"

© UCLES 2021 2210/21/M/J/21

(a) Complete the trace table for the input data:

50, 75, 99, 28, 82, 150, –1, 672, 80

Value Diff1 Diff2 OUTPUT

[4]

(b) Describe the purpose of the algorithm.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2021 2210/21/M/J/21 [Turn over

6 A library uses a database table, GENRE, to keep a record of the number of books it has in each
genre.

ID GenreName Total Available Loaned Overdue

ABI Autobiography 500 250 250 20
BIO Biography 650 400 250 0
EDU Education 20200 10000 10200 1250
FAN Fantasy 1575 500 1075 13
GFI General Fiction 35253 23520 11733 0
GNF General Non-Fiction 25200 12020 13180 0
HFI Historical Fiction 6300 3500 2800 0
HNF Historical Non-Fiction 8000 1523 6477 0
HUM Humour 13500 9580 3920 46
MYS Mystery 26000 13269 12731 0
PFI Political Fiction 23561 10523 13038 500
PNF Political Non-Fiction 1823 750 1073 23
REF Reference 374 374 0 0
ROM Romance 18269 16800 1469 0
SAT Satirical 23567 12500 11067 0
SCF Science Fiction 36025 25000 11025 0
SPO Sport 45720 32687 13033 3256
THR Thriller 86000 46859 39141 0

(a) State the reason ID could be used as a primary key in the table GENRE.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) State the number of records in the table GENRE.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

© UCLES 2021 2210/21/M/J/21

(c) Complete the query-by-example grid to display any genres with overdue books. Only display
the ID, GenreName and Overdue fields in order of the number of books overdue from largest
to smallest.

Field:

Table:

Sort:

Show:

Criteria:

or:

[4]

© UCLES 2021 2210/21/M/J/21

BLANK PAGE

© UCLES 2021 2210/21/M/J/21

BLANK PAGE

© UCLES 2021 2210/21/M/J/21

BLANK PAGE

© UCLES 2021 2210/21/M/J/21

Cambridge O Level
* 9 1 1 9 7 5 6 5 7 5 *

COMPUTER SCIENCE 2210/21

Paper 2 Problem-solving and Programming May/June 2022

1 hour 45 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

This document has 12 pages.

DC (EF) 311448
© UCLES 2022 [Turn over
2

Section A

You are advised to spend no longer than 40 minutes answering this section.

Here is a copy of the pre-release material.

DO NOT attempt Tasks 1, 2 and 3 now.

Use the pre-release material and your experience from attempting the following tasks before the
examination to answer Question 1.

Pre-release material

Friends of Seaview Pier is an organisation devoted to the restoration and upkeep of a pier in the
town. A pier is a wooden structure that provides a walkway over the sea. The pier requires regular
maintenance and the friends of the pier need to raise money for this purpose.
Members of Friends of Seaview Pier each pay $75 per year, as a contribution to the pier’s running costs.
This entitles them to free admission to the pier throughout the year. They can also volunteer to help run
the pier, by working at the pier entrance gate, working in the gift shop, or painting and decorating.
To provide additional income, the pier’s wooden planks can be sponsored. A brass plaque, which
contains a short message of the sponsor’s choice, is fitted to a plank on the pier, for a donation of
$200.
Write and test a program or programs for the Friends of Seaview Pier:
• Your program or programs must include appropriate prompts for the entry of data. Data must be
validated on entry.
• All outputs, including error messages, need to be set out clearly and understandably.
• All variables, constants and other identifiers must have meaningful names.
You will need to complete these three tasks. Each task must be fully tested.
Task 1 – becoming a member of Friends of Seaview Pier
Set up a system to enable people to become members of Friends of Seaview Pier and for each new
member enter:
• their first name and last name
• whether or not they wish to work as a volunteer
○ if they choose to volunteer, identify the area from:
– the pier entrance gate
– the gift shop
– painting and decorating
• the date of joining
• whether or not they have paid the $75 fee.
All of this information needs to be stored using suitable data structures.
Task 2 – using the membership data
Extend the program in Task 1 so that a list of the first and last names of members can be output in
any of the following categories:
• Members who have chosen to work as volunteers.
• Volunteers who would like to work at the pier entrance gate.
• Volunteers who would like to work in the gift shop.
• Volunteers who would like to help with painting and decorating tasks.
• Members whose membership has expired (they have not re-joined this year).
• Members who have not yet paid their $75 fee.
Task 3 – sponsoring a wooden plank
Add an additional option to the program in Task 1 to enable the pier’s wooden planks to be
sponsored. Separate data structures should be used to store the names of the individuals and
the short messages they would like to have written on their brass plaque. An output would display
everything that was input for the sponsor to confirm. If errors are found, the program should allow
data to be re-entered. Once complete, the data is stored and the sponsor is charged $200.

© UCLES 2022 2210/21/M/J/22

1 (a) Describe the data structures you could have used in Task 1. Your description should include
types of data structure, names used for data structures, their uses and examples of sample
data.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [5]

(b) Explain how you could change your program in Task 1 to total all the money collected from
new members who have paid.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

© UCLES 2022 2210/21/M/J/22 [Turn over

(d) Write an algorithm to show how your program completes Task 3 assuming the option to
sponsor a wooden plank has been chosen, using pseudocode, programming statements or a
flowchart. Details completed in Task 1 are not required.

...................................................................................................................................................

© UCLES 2022 2210/21/M/J/22

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [5]
© UCLES 2022 2210/21/M/J/22 [Turn over
6

(e) Explain how your program allows any one of the member or volunteer lists to be selected and
displayed (part of Task 2). Any programming statements used in your answer must be fully
explained.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

© UCLES 2022 2210/21/M/J/22

Section B

2 Tick (ü) one box in each row to identify the most appropriate data type for each description. Only
one tick (ü) per column.

Data type
Description
Boolean Char Integer Real String
a single character from the keyboard

multiple characters from the keyboard

only one of two possible values

only whole numbers

any number
[4]

3 Give one piece of normal test data and one piece of erroneous test data that could be used to
validate the input of an email address.

State the reason for your choice in each case.

Normal test data ...............................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

Reason .............................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

Erroneous test data ..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

Reason .............................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................
[4]

© UCLES 2022 2210/21/M/J/22 [Turn over

4 The flowchart shows an algorithm that should allow 60 test results to be entered into the variable
Score. Each test result is checked to see if it is 50 or more. If it is, the test result is assigned to the
Pass array. Otherwise, it is assigned to the Fail array.

(a) Complete this flowchart:

START

PassCount 0

FailCount 0

Count 0

Yes No

Count Count + 1

Yes

END

[6]
© UCLES 2022 2210/21/M/J/22
9

(b) Write a pseudocode routine that will check that each test result entered into the algorithm is
between 0 and 100 inclusive.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

© UCLES 2022 2210/21/M/J/22 [Turn over

5 The pseudocode represents an algorithm.

The pre-defined function DIV gives the value of the result of integer division.
For example, Y = 9 DIV 4 gives the value Y = 2

The pre-defined function MOD gives the value of the remainder of integer division.
For example, R = 9 MOD 4 gives the value R = 1

First ← 0
Last ←
0
INPUT Limit
FOR Counter ← 1 TO Limit
INPUT Value
IF Value >= 100
THEN
IF Value < 1000
THEN
First ← Value DIV 100
Last ←Value MOD 10
IF First = Last
THEN
OUTPUT Value
ENDIF
ENDIF
ENDIF
NEXT Counter

(a) Complete the trace table for the algorithm using this input data:

8, 66, 606, 6226, 8448, 642, 747, 77, 121

Counter Value First Last Limit OUTPUT

[5]

© UCLES 2022 2210/21/M/J/22

(b) Describe the purpose of the algorithm.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2022 2210/21/M/J/22 [Turn over

6 A computer game shop records its stock levels in a database table called GAMES. The fields used
in the stock table are shown.

Name Description
GameID primary key
GameName the name of each game
AgeRestriction the minimum age at which a person is allowed to play each game
GamePrice the selling price for each game
NumberStock the quantity of each game currently in stock
OnOrder whether or not each game is on order from the suppliers
DateLastOrdered the date the most recent order for each game was placed
GameDescription a summary of the contents and purpose of each game

(a) State the number of fields that are in the table GAMES.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) State one important fact that must be true for a field to be a primary key.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Complete the query-by-example grid to output all the games that have no stock and that are
on order with the supplier. Display only the GameID, GameName and GamePrice fields in
alphabetical order of the name of the game.

Field:

Table:

Sort:

Show:

Criteria:

or:
[3]

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2022 2210/21/M/J/22

Cambridge O Level
* 0 2 5 8 8 6 9 4 2 4 *

COMPUTER SCIENCE 2210/21

Paper 2 Algorithms, Programming and Logic May/June 2023

1 hour 45 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● Calculators must not be used in this paper.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 75.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
● No marks will be awarded for using brand names of software packages or hardware.

This document has 16 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (DE) 326841
© UCLES 2023 [Turn over
2

1 (a) Four descriptions of stages in the program development life cycle are shown.

Draw one line to link each description to its most appropriate program development life cycle
stage.

Not all program development life cycle stages will be used.

Program development life cycle description Program development life cycle stage

develop an algorithm to solve the problem analysis

by using structure diagrams, flowcharts or
pseudocode

coding

detect and fix the errors in the program

design

identify the problem and its requirements

evaluation

write and implement the instructions to

solve the problem testing
[4]
(b) Identify three of the component parts after a problem has been decomposed.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

3 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

2 Tick (ü) one box to show the name of the data structure used to store a collection of data of the
same data type.

A Array

B Constant

C Function

D Variable
[1]
© UCLES 2023 2210/21/M/J/23
3

3 (a) Describe what is meant by data validation.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) A validation check is used to make sure that any value that is input is an integer between 30
and 200 inclusive.

Give one example of each type of test data to check that the validation check is working as
intended. Each example of test data must be different.

Give a reason for each of your choices of test data.

Normal test data .......................................................................................................................

Reason .....................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Abnormal test data ...................................................................................................................

Reason .....................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Extreme test data .....................................................................................................................

Reason .....................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[6]

4 Explain the purpose of the library routines DIV and ROUND

DIV ...................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

ROUND ..............................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................
[4]
© UCLES 2023 2210/21/M/J/23 [Turn over
4

5 An algorithm has been written in pseudocode to allow some numbers to be input. All the positive
numbers that are input are totalled and this total is output at the end.
An input of 0 stops the algorithm.

01 Exit 1←
02 WHILE Exit <> 0 DO
03 INPUT Number
04 IF Number < 0
05 THEN
06 Total ←
Total + Number
07 ELSE
08 IF Number = 0
09 THEN
10 Exit 1 ←
11 ENDIF
12 ENDIF
13 ENDIF
14 OUTPUT "The total value of your numbers is ", Number

(a) Identify the four errors in the pseudocode and suggest a correction for each error.

Error 1 .......................................................................................................................................

Correction .................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Error 2 .......................................................................................................................................

Correction .................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Error 3 .......................................................................................................................................

Correction .................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Error 4 .......................................................................................................................................

Correction .................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

© UCLES 2023 2210/21/M/J/23

(b) Describe how you could change the corrected algorithm to record and output how many
positive numbers have been included in the final total.

You do not need to rewrite the algorithm.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

6 State two features that should be included to create a maintainable program.

Give a reason why each feature should be used.

1 .......................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

2 .......................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................
[4]

© UCLES 2023 2210/21/M/J/23 [Turn over

7 The flowchart represents an algorithm.

START

Pointer 1

INPUT
Letter

IS No
Word[Pointer, 1] Pointer Pointer + 1
= Letter ?

Yes

OUTPUT "Letter ", Letter,

" is represented by ",
Word[Pointer, 2]

OUTPUT "Another Letter?

(Y or N)"

INPUT Choice

Yes IS No
Choice = STOP
'Y' ?

© UCLES 2023 2210/21/M/J/23

The table represents the two-dimensional (2D) array Word[] which stores the first half of the
phonetic alphabet used for radio transmission. For example, Word[10,1] is ‘J’.

Index 1 2
1 A Alpha
2 B Bravo
3 C Charlie
4 D Delta
5 E Echo
6 F Foxtrot
7 G Golf
8 H Hotel
9 I India
10 J Juliet
11 K Kilo
12 L Lima
13 M Mike

(a) Complete the trace table for the algorithm by using the input data: F, Y, D, N

Pointer Letter Choice OUTPUT

[4]

© UCLES 2023 2210/21/M/J/23 [Turn over

(b) Identify the type of algorithm used.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2023 2210/21/M/J/23

BLANK PAGE

© UCLES 2023 2210/21/M/J/23 [Turn over

8 The function LENGTH(Phrase)calculates the length of a string Phrase

(a) Write the pseudocode statements to:

• store the string "The beginning is the most important part" in Phrase
• calculate and output the length of the string
• output the string in upper case.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) Write the output your pseudocode should produce.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2023 2210/21/M/J/23

9 Consider this logic expression.

Z = (NOT A OR B) AND (B XOR C)

(a) Draw a logic circuit for this logic expression.

Each logic gate must have a maximum of two inputs.

Do not simplify this logic expression.

B Z

[4]

(b) Complete the truth table from the given logic expression.

Working space
A B C Z

0 0 0

0 0 1

0 1 0

0 1 1

1 0 0

1 0 1

1 1 0

1 1 1

[4]

© UCLES 2023 2210/21/M/J/23 [Turn over

10 A database table called TVRange shows the main features and prices of a range of televisions.

TVCode ScreenSize Satellite SmartTV SoundBar Price$

TV90SaSmSd 90 YES YES YES 9750.00
TV75SaSmSd 75 YES YES YES 8500.00
TV75SaSd 75 YES NO YES 8000.00
TV65SaSmSd 65 YES YES YES 6000.00
TV65SmSd 65 NO YES YES 5000.00
TV65SaSd 65 YES NO YES 5000.00
TV55SaSmSd 55 YES YES YES 4000.00
TV55SaSd 55 YES NO YES 3500.00
TV55SmSd 55 NO YES YES 3500.00
TV50SaSmSd 50 YES YES YES 2500.00
TV50Sa 50 YES NO NO 1750.00
TV50Sm 50 NO YES NO 1750.00
TV40Sa 40 YES NO NO 1200.00
TV40 40 NO NO NO 950.00
TV32 32 NO NO NO 650.00

(a) Give the name of the field that is most suitable to be the primary key.

State the reason for this choice.

Field ..........................................................................................................................................

Reason .....................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

© UCLES 2023 2210/21/M/J/23

(b) The database uses the data types:

• text
• character
• Boolean
• integer
• real
• date/time.

Complete the table to show the most appropriate data type for each field.
Each data type must be different.

Field Data type

TVCode
ScreenSize
SmartTV
Price$
[2]

(c) Complete the structured query language (SQL) query to return the television (TV) code,
screen size and price of all Smart TVs in the database table.

SELECT TVCode, ......................................................., .......................................................

....................................................... TVRange

WHERE SmartTV = .......................................................;

[4]

© UCLES 2023 2210/21/M/J/23 [Turn over

11 A one-dimensional (1D) array Days[] contains the names of the days of the week. A
two-dimensional (2D) array Readings[] is used to store 24 temperature readings, taken once
an hour, for each of the seven days of the week. A 1D array AverageTemp[] is used to store the
average temperature for each day of the week.

The position of any day’s data is the same in all three arrays. For example, if Wednesday is
in index 4 of Days[], Wednesday’s temperature readings are in index 4 of Readings[] and
Wednesday’s average temperature is in index 4 of AverageTemp[]

The temperature readings are in Celsius to one decimal place. Temperatures can only be from
–20.0 °C to +50.0 °C inclusive.

Write a program that meets the following requirements:

• input and validate the hourly temperatures for one week
• calculate and store the average temperature for each day of the week
• calculate the average temperature for the whole week
• convert all the average temperatures from Celsius to Fahrenheit by using the formula
Fahrenheit = Celsius * 9 / 5 + 32
• output the average temperature in Celsius and in Fahrenheit for each day
• output the overall average temperature in Celsius and in Fahrenheit for the whole week.

You must use pseudocode or program code and add comments to explain how your code works.

You do not need to declare any arrays, variables or constants; you may assume that this has
already been done.

All inputs and outputs must contain suitable messages.

All data output must be rounded to one decimal place.

You will need to initialise and populate the array Days[] at the start of the program.

..........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................
© UCLES 2023 2210/21/M/J/23
15

..........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................
© UCLES 2023 2210/21/M/J/23 [Turn over
16

..........................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [15]

© UCLES 2023 2210/21/M/J/23

Cambridge Assessment International Education
Cambridge Ordinary Level
* 3 5 5 9 5 9 7 8 2 0 *

COMPUTER SCIENCE 2210/22

Paper 2 Problem-solving and Programming May/June 2019
1 hour 45 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
No Additional Materials are required.
No calculators allowed.

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your centre number, candidate number and name in the spaces at the top of this page.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.

Answer all questions.

DO NOT ATTEMPT TASKS 1, 2 AND 3 in the pre-release material; these are for information only.

You are advised to spend no more than 40 minutes on Section A (Question 1).

No marks will be awarded for using brand names of software packages or hardware.

Any businesses described in this paper are entirely fictitious.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.

The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

The maximum number of marks is 50.

This document consists of 13 printed pages and 3 blank pages.

DC (LEG) 193951/1
© UCLES 2019 [Turn over
2

Section A

You are advised to spend no longer than 40 minutes answering this section.

Here is a copy of the pre-release material.

DO NOT attempt Tasks 1, 2 and 3 now.

Use the pre-release material and your experience from attempting the tasks before the examination to
answer Question 1.

Pre-release material

An auction company has an interactive auction board at their sale rooms, which allows buyers to
place bids at any time during the auction. Before the auction starts, the sellers place their items
in the sale room with a unique number attached to each item (item number). The following details
about each item need to be set up on the interactive auction board system: item number, number of
bids, description and reserve price. The number of bids is initially set to zero.

During the auction, buyers can look at the items in the sale room and then place a bid on the
interactive auction board at the sale room. Each buyer is given a unique number for identification
(buyer number). All the buyer needs to do is enter their buyer number, the item number and their bid.
Their bid must be greater than any existing bids.

At the end of the auction, the company checks all the items and marks those that have bids greater
than the reserve as sold. Any items sold will incur a fee of 10% of the final bid to be paid to the
auction company.

Write and test a program or programs for the auction company.

• Your program or programs must include appropriate prompts for the entry of data, data must be
validated on entry.
• Error messages and other output need to be set out clearly and understandably.
• All variables, constants and other identifiers must have meaningful names.

You will need to complete these three tasks. Each task must be fully tested.

Task 1 – Auction set up.

For every item in the auction the item number, description and the reserve price should be recorded.
The number of bids is set to zero. There must be at least 10 items in the auction.

Task 2 – Buyer bids.

A buyer should be able to find an item and view the item number, description and the current highest
bid. A buyer can then enter their buyer number and bid, which must be higher than any previously
recorded bids. Every time a new bid is recorded the number of bids for that item is increased by one.
Buyers can bid for an item many times and they can bid for many items.

Task 3 – At the end of the auction.

Using the results from TASK 2, identify items that have reached their reserve price, mark them as
sold, calculate 10% of the final bid as the auction company fee and add this to the total fee for all
sold items. Display this total fee. Display the item number and final bid for all the items with bids that
have not reached their reserve price. Display the item number of any items that have received no
bids. Display the number of items sold, the number of items that did not meet the reserve price and
the number of items with no bids.

© UCLES 2019 2210/22/M/J/19

1 (a) All variables, constants and other identifiers must have meaningful names.

Describe the data structures you have used in Task 1 to record the items for sale. Include
some sample data for each data structure you have described.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [5]

(b) Explain how your program for Task 1 ensures the item number is unique.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2019 2210/22/M/J/19 [Turn over

(c) Write an algorithm for the part of Task 2 that allows the buyer to add a new bid, using
either pseudocode, programming statements or a flowchart. Assume that Task 1 has been
completed and that the item details have already been found.

...................................................................................................................................................

© UCLES 2019 2210/22/M/J/19

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [5]

© UCLES 2019 2210/22/M/J/19 [Turn over

(d) Explain how your program for Task 2 checks that a new bid is higher than previous bids for
an item.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

© UCLES 2019 2210/22/M/J/19

(e) Explain how your program identifies the items that have reached their reserve price, then
calculates and displays the total auction company fee for all sold items as part of Task 3. Any
programming statements used in your answer must be fully explained.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [5]

© UCLES 2019 2210/22/M/J/19 [Turn over

Section B

2 (a) An algorithm has been written in pseudocode to input 100 numbers, select and print the
largest number and smallest number.

Count 1
INPUT Number
High Number
Low Count
REPEAT
INPUT Number
IF Number > High
THEN
High Number
ENDIF
IF Number > Low
THEN
Low Number
ENDIF
Count Count + 1
UNTIL Count = 99
PRINT "Largest Number is ", Number
PRINT "Smallest Number is ", Low

Find the four errors in the pseudocode and suggest a correction for each error.

Error 1 ........................................................................................................................................

Correction .................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Error 2 ........................................................................................................................................

Correction .................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Error 3 ........................................................................................................................................

Correction .................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Error 4 ........................................................................................................................................

Correction .................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

© UCLES 2019 2210/22/M/J/19

(b) Show how you would change the corrected algorithm to total the numbers and print the total.
Use a variable Total.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

© UCLES 2019 2210/22/M/J/19 [Turn over

3 This flowchart inputs the marks gained in an examination. An input of –1 ends the routine.

START

Total 0
Count 0
Distinction 0

INPUT Mark

Is Mark = –1 ? Yes
Total Total + Mark
Count Count + 1

No Is OUTPUT "Number of
Mark >= Distinctions ", Distinction
80 ? OUTPUT "Average Mark "
Total/Count
Yes

Distinction Distinction + 1 END

Complete the trace table for the mark input data: 50, 70, 65, 30, 95, 50, 55, 85, 65, 35, –1, 45

Total Count Distinction Mark OUTPUT

[4]
© UCLES 2019 2210/22/M/J/19
11

4 For each of the four groups of statements in the table, place a tick in the correct column to show
whether it is an example of Selection or Repetition.

Statements Selection Repetition

FOR A 1 TO 100
B B + 1
NEXT A
CASE A OF
100: B A
200: C A
ENDCASE
IF A > 100
THEN
B A
ENDIF
REPEAT
A B * 10
UNTIL A > 100
[4]

5 Explain what is meant by validation and verification.

Give an example for each one.

Validation ..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

Example ...........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

Verification ........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

Example ...........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................
[6]

© UCLES 2019 2210/22/M/J/19 [Turn over

6 A database table, FLIGHT, is used to keep a record of flights from a small airfield. Planes can
carry passengers, freight or both. Some flights are marked as private and only carry passengers.

Flight number Plane Notes Departure time Passengers

FN101 Caravan 1 Private passenger flight 08:00 Y
CN101 Caravan 2 Freight only 08:30 N
CN102 Piper 1 Freight only 09:00 N
FN104 Piper 2 Passengers only 09:20 Y
FN105 Piper 1 Freight and passengers 10:00 Y
FN106 Caravan 1 Passengers only 10:30 Y
CN108 Caravan 2 Freight only 08:00 N
CN110 Lear Private passenger flight 08:00 Y

(a) State the field that could have a Boolean data type.

Field .................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2019 2210/22/M/J/19

(b) A query-by-example has been written to display just the flight numbers of all planes leaving
after 10:00 that only carry passengers.

Field: Flight number Passengers Departure time

Table: FLIGHT FLIGHT FLIGHT
Sort:

Show: 3

Criteria: =Y = 10:00
or:

Explain why the query-by-example is incorrect, and write a correct query-by-example.

Explanation ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Field:
Table:
Sort:

Show:

Criteria:
or:
[7]

© UCLES 2019 2210/22/M/J/19

BLANK PAGE

© UCLES 2019 2210/22/M/J/19

BLANK PAGE

© UCLES 2019 2210/22/M/J/19

BLANK PAGE

© UCLES 2019 2210/22/M/J/19

Cambridge O Level
* 9 2 0 1 5 8 2 8 9 0 *

COMPUTER SCIENCE 2210/22

Paper 2 Problem-solving and Programming May/June 2020

1 hour 45 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

This document has 16 pages. Blank pages are indicated.

DC (JP) 198772
© UCLES 2020 [Turn over
2

Section A

You are advised to spend no longer than 40 minutes answering this section.
Here is a copy of the pre-release material.
DO NOT attempt Tasks 1, 2 and 3 now.
Use the pre-release material and your experience from attempting the tasks before the examination to
answer Question 1.
Pre-release material
A car park payment system allows customers to select the number of hours to leave their car in the
car park. The customer will get a discount if they enter their frequent parking number correctly. The
system calculates and displays the amount the customer must pay. The price of parking, the number
of hours the customer can enter, and any discount depend upon the day of the week and the arrival
time. The number of hours entered is a whole number. The price per hour is calculated using the
price in force at the arrival time. No parking is allowed between Midnight and 08:00.
Arrival time
Day of the week From 08:00 to 15:59 From 16:00 to Midnight
Max stay in hours Price per hour Hours Price
Sunday 8 2.00 Up to Midnight 2.00
Monday 2 10.00 Up to Midnight 2.00
Tuesday 2 10.00 Up to Midnight 2.00
Wednesday 2 10.00 Up to Midnight 2.00
Thursday 2 10.00 Up to Midnight 2.00
Friday 2 10.00 Up to Midnight 2.00
Saturday 4 3.00 Up to Midnight 2.00

A frequent parking number can be entered for discounted parking. This number consists of 4 digits
and a check digit that is calculated using a modulo 11 check digit calculation. A discount of 50% is
available for arrival times from 16:00 to Midnight; the discount is 10% at all other arrival times.
Write and test a program or programs to simulate the car park payment system.
• Your program or programs must include appropriate prompts for the entry of data; data must be
validated on entry.
• Error messages and other output need to be set out clearly and understandably.
• All variables, constants and other identifiers must have meaningful names.
You will need to complete these three tasks. Each task must be fully tested.
Task 1 – Calculating the price to park.
A customer inputs the day, the hour of arrival excluding minutes (for example 15:45 would be 15),
the number of hours to leave their car, and a frequent parking number if available. If the frequent
parking number has an incorrect check digit, then no discount can be applied. The price to park,
based on the day, the hour of arrival, the number of hours of parking required and any discount
available, is calculated and displayed.
Task 2 – Keeping a total of the payments.
Extend Task 1 to keep a daily total of payments made for parking. The daily total is zeroed at the
start of the day. For the simulation, each customer inputs the amount paid, this must be greater than
or equal to the amount displayed. There is no change given so the amount input may exceed the
amount displayed. Each customer payment is added to the daily total, and this total is displayed at
the end of the day.
Task 3 – Making payments fairer.
Customers have complained that sometimes they are being charged too much if they arrive before
16:00 and depart after 16:00. Extend Task 1 to calculate the price before 16:00, then add the
evening charge. For example, a customer arriving at 14:45 on a Sunday and parking for five hours
was previously charged 10.00 and would now be charged 6.00

© UCLES 2020 2210/22/M/J/20

1 All variables, constants and other identifiers must have meaningful names.

(a) Identify two variables that you could have used for Task 1. Give the data type and state the
use of each variable.

Variable 1 ..................................................................................................................................

Data type ..................................................................................................................................

Use ...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Variable 2 ..................................................................................................................................

Data type ..................................................................................................................................

Use ...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

(b) Data input by a customer for Task 1 includes the day and the hour of arrival.

Identify one suitable validation check for each input and justify your choice. Your validation
checks must be different.

Day of arrival – validation check ...............................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Justification ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Hour of arrival – validation check .............................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Justification ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

© UCLES 2020 2210/22/M/J/20 [Turn over

(c) Explain how your program for Task 1 ensured that the frequent parking number entered by
the customer had a valid check digit.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

(d) Write an algorithm for part of Task 2 that simulates customer payment and calculating total
payments using either pseudocode, programming statements or a flowchart. Assume that
Task 1 has been completed.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
© UCLES 2020 2210/22/M/J/20
5

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]
© UCLES 2020 2210/22/M/J/20 [Turn over
6

(e) Explain how your program completed Task 3. Assume that Task 2 has been completed. Any
programming statements used in your answer must be fully explained.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

© UCLES 2020 2210/22/M/J/20

Section B

2 Most programming languages include basic data types. Ahmad is describing the basic data types
he has used.

State the data type that Ahmad is describing in each sentence.

Choose the data type from this list of programming terms.

Array Boolean Char Constant Function Integer

Iteration Procedure Real String Variable

A number with a fractional part that can be positive or negative and used in calculations

Data type ..........................................................................................................................................

A whole number that can be positive, negative or zero and used in calculations

Data type ..........................................................................................................................................

A single number, symbol or letter

Data type ..........................................................................................................................................

A sequence of characters

Data type ..........................................................................................................................................

A data type with two values, True or False

Data type ..........................................................................................................................................

[5]

© UCLES 2020 2210/22/M/J/20 [Turn over

3 (a) An algorithm has been written in pseudocode to input the names and marks of 35 students.
The algorithm stores the names and marks in two arrays Name[ ] and Mark[ ]. The highest
mark awarded is found and the number of students with that mark is counted. Both of these
values are output.

01 HighestMark 100 ←
02 HighestMarkStudents 0 ←
03 FOR Count ←
1 TO 35
04 OUTPUT "Please enter student name"
05 INPUT Name[Count]
06 OUTPUT "Please enter student mark"
07 INPUT Mark[Counter]
08 IF Mark[Count] = HighestMark
09 THEN
10 HighestMarkStudents HighestMarkStudents – 1 ←
11 ENDIF
12 IF Mark[Count] > HighestMark
13 THEN
14 Mark[Count] HighestMark ←
15 HighestMarkStudents 1 ←
16 ENDIF
17 NEXT Count
18 OUTPUT "There are ", HighestMarkStudents," with the highest mark of ",
HighestMark

Give line numbers where the four errors are to be found in the pseudocode. Suggest a
correction for each error.

Error 1 line number ...................................................................................................................

Correction .................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Error 2 line number ...................................................................................................................

Correction .................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Error 3 line number ...................................................................................................................

Correction .................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Error 4 line number ...................................................................................................................

Correction .................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

© UCLES 2020 2210/22/M/J/20

(b) Explain how you could extend the algorithm to also find the lowest mark awarded, count the
number of students with that mark, and output both these values.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]
© UCLES 2020 2210/22/M/J/20 [Turn over
10

4 This flowchart inputs the points won and the points lost when playing a game. The difference
between the points won and lost is calculated and depending on the result the player can: move
up to the next level, stay at the same level, or move down to the previous level. The flowchart
finishes when the input for points won is –1.

START

INPUT
PointsWon, PointsLost

IS
Yes END
PointsWon = –1 ?

Difference
PointsWon - PointsLost

OUTPUT IS
Yes
"Well done Difference > =
move up" 1000 ?

OUTPUT Yes IS
"Sorry move Difference < 0 ?
down"

OUTPUT
"Keep on trying"

© UCLES 2020 2210/22/M/J/20

(a) Complete a trace table for this set of input data:

5000, 4474, 6055, 2000, 7900, 9800, 3000, 2150, –1, 6700, 7615

PointsWon PointsLost Difference OUTPUT

[3]

(b) The flowchart needs to be changed. When the difference is more than 5000 the output
message is ‘Fantastic leap up two levels’.

Describe the changes that will need to be made to the flowchart.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

© UCLES 2020 2210/22/M/J/20 [Turn over

5 Arrays are data structures used in programming. Explain what is meant by the terms dimension
and index in an array. Use examples of arrays in your explanations.

Dimension ........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

Index ................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................
[3]

© UCLES 2020 2210/22/M/J/20

6 A database table, JUICE, is used to keep a record of cartons of fresh fruit juice available for sale.

Juice code Fruit 1 Fruit 2 Size Volume (ml) Stock level

LMO10 Mango Orange Large 1000 18
MOO05 Orange Orange Medium 500 8
SAM02 Apple Mango Small 200 25
SAA02 Apple Apple Small 200 50
SPP02 Pineapple Pineapple Small 200 10
MMM05 Mango Mango Medium 500 12
LMM10 Mango Mango Large 1000 5
MGG05 Guava Guava Medium 500 5
SMO02 Mango Orange Small 200 7
MOP05 Orange Pineapple Medium 500 12
LAA10 Apple Apple Large 1000 32
SGO02 Guava Orange Small 200 10
LPP10 Pineapple Pineapple Large 1000 3
LOO10 Orange Orange Large 1000 25
SOO02 Orange Orange Small 200 40

(a) Identify a suitable field to use as the primary key. State a reason for your choice.

Field ..........................................................................................................................................

Reason ......................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Complete the query-by-example grid to display only the stock level and size of all cartons
containing only apple juice.

Field:
Table:
Sort:
Show:
Criteria:
or:
[4]

© UCLES 2020 2210/22/M/J/20

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© UCLES 2020 2210/22/M/J/20

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© UCLES 2020 2210/22/M/J/20

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© UCLES 2020 2210/22/M/J/20

Cambridge O Level
* 6 4 3 4 2 1 7 6 1 4 *

COMPUTER SCIENCE 2210/22

Paper 2 Problem-solving and Programming May/June 2021

1 hour 45 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

This document has 16 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (LO) 214517
© UCLES 2021 [Turn over
2

Section A

You are advised to spend no longer than 40 minutes answering this section.

Here is a copy of the pre-release material.

DO NOT attempt Tasks 1, 2 and 3 now.

Use the pre-release material and your experience from attempting the tasks before the examination to
answer Question 1.

Pre-release material

An electric mountain railway makes four return trips every day. In each trip the train goes up the
mountain and back down. The train leaves from the foot of the mountain at 09:00, 11:00, 13:00 and
15:00. The train returns from the top of the mountain at 10:00, 12:00, 14:00 and 16:00. Each train
has six coaches with eighty seats available in each coach. Passengers can only purchase a return
ticket; all tickets must be purchased on the day of travel. The cost is $25 for the journey up and
$25 for the journey down. Groups of between ten and eighty passengers inclusive get a free ticket
for every tenth passenger, provided they all travel together (every tenth passenger travels free).
Passengers must book their return train journey, as well as the departure train journey, when they
purchase their ticket. Passengers can return on the next train down the mountain or a later train.
The last train from the top of the mountain has two extra coaches on it.

The train times are displayed on a large screen, together with the number of tickets still available
for each train. Every time a ticket is booked the display is updated. When a train is full, the word
‘Closed’ is displayed instead of the number of tickets available.

Write and test a program or programs for the electric mountain railway.

You will need to complete these three tasks. Each task must be fully tested.

Task 1 – Start of the day.

Write a program to set up the screen display for the start of the day. Initialise suitable data structure(s)
to total passengers for each train journey and total the money taken for each train journey. Each
train journey must be totalled separately. There are four journeys up and four journeys down every
day.

Task 2 – Purchasing tickets.

Tickets can be purchased for a single passenger or a group. When making a purchase, check
that the number of tickets for the required train journeys up and down the mountain is available. If
the tickets are available, calculate the total price including any group discount. Update the screen
display and the data for the totals.

Task 3 – End of the day.

Display the number of passengers that travelled on each train journey and the total money taken
for each train journey. Calculate and display the total number of passengers and the total amount
of money taken for the day. Find and display the train journey with the most passengers that day.

© UCLES 2021 2210/22/M/J/21

1 All variables, constants and other identifiers must have meaningful names.

(a) Identify and give the data type and use of one array that you could have used for Task 1.

Array .........................................................................................................................................

Data type ..................................................................................................................................

Use ...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(b) Describe two validation checks that could be used when inputting the number of tickets to
buy for Task 2. For each validation check give one example of normal data and one example
of erroneous data.

Validation check 1 .....................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Normal data ..............................................................................................................................

Erroneous data .........................................................................................................................

Validation check 2 .....................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Normal data ..............................................................................................................................

Erroneous data .........................................................................................................................

[6]

© UCLES 2021 2210/22/M/J/21 [Turn over

(c) Write an algorithm for the part of Task 2 that inputs the tickets required, calculates the total
price for the ticket(s) purchased by a passenger including a group discount (if applicable) and
updates the data structures used for the totals.
Use either pseudocode, programming statements or a flowchart.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
© UCLES 2021 2210/22/M/J/21
5

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

© UCLES 2021 2210/22/M/J/21 [Turn over

(d) Explain how your program completed Task 3. Include any programming statements that you
have used and fully explain the purpose of each statement.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [5]

© UCLES 2021 2210/22/M/J/21

Section B starts on page 8

© UCLES 2021 2210/22/M/J/21 [Turn over

Section B

2 (a) Write an algorithm in pseudocode to input 500 positive whole numbers. Each number input
must be less than 1000. Find and output the largest number input, the smallest number input
and the range (difference between the largest number and smallest number).

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

© UCLES 2021 2210/22/M/J/21

(b) Describe how the algorithm could be changed to make testing less time-consuming.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

3 (a) Draw the most appropriate flowchart symbol for each pseudocode statement.

Pseudocode statement Flowchart symbol

IF Number = 20

PRINT Number

Number ← Number + 1

[3]

(b) State the type of each pseudocode statement. For example, X ← X + Y is totalling.
IF Number = 20 ...................................................................................................................

PRINT Number ........................................................................................................................

Number ← Number + 1 ......................................................................................................

[3]

© UCLES 2021 2210/22/M/J/21 [Turn over

4 This algorithm checks passwords.

• Each password must be 8 or more characters in length; the predefined function Length
returns the number of characters.
• Each password is entered twice, and the two entries must match.
• Either Accept or Reject is output.
• An input of 999 stops the process.

REPEAT
OUTPUT "Please enter password"
INPUT Password
IF Length(Password) >= 8
THEN
INPUT PasswordRepeat
IF Password <> PasswordRepeat
THEN
OUTPUT "Reject"
ELSE
OUTPUT "Accept"
ENDIF
ELSE
OUTPUT "Reject"
ENDIF
UNTIL Password = 999

(a) Complete the trace table for the algorithm using this input data:
Secret, Secret, VerySecret, VerySecret, Pa55word, Pa55word, 999, 888

Password PasswordRepeat OUTPUT

[3]

© UCLES 2021 2210/22/M/J/21

(b) Explain how the algorithm could be extended to allow three attempts at inputting the matching
password. Any pseudocode statements used in your answer must be fully explained.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [4]

5 A one-dimensional array dataArray[1:20] needs each element set to zero.

(a) Write a pseudocode routine that sets each element to zero. Use the most suitable loop
structure.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) Explain why you chose this loop structure.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

© UCLES 2021 2210/22/M/J/21 [Turn over

6 A database table, PLANT, is used to keep a record of plants sold by a nursery. The table has these
fields:
• NAME – name of plant
• FLOWER – whether the plant flowers (True) or not (False)
• POSITION – shade, partial shade or sun
• SIZE – small, medium or large
• PRICE – price in $
• NUMBERSOLD – how many sold

A query-by-example grid has been completed to display only the price, name and number sold of
small plants that do not flower.

Field: NAME PRICE NUMBERSOLD SIZE FLOWER POSITION

Table: PLANT

Sort:

Show: 3 3 3

Criteria: = "shade"

or:

Identify the errors in the query-by-example grid.

...................................................................................................................................................

Rewrite the corrected query-by-example grid.

Field:

Table:

Sort:

Show:

Criteria:

or:

[5]

© UCLES 2021 2210/22/M/J/21

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© UCLES 2021 2210/22/M/J/21

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© UCLES 2021 2210/22/M/J/21

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© UCLES 2021 2210/22/M/J/21

Cambridge O Level
* 3 0 2 2 7 0 1 8 6 7 *

COMPUTER SCIENCE 2210/22

Paper 2 Problem-solving and Programming May/June 2022

1 hour 45 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

This document has 12 pages.

DC (LK) 311524
© UCLES 2022 [Turn over
2

Section A

You are advised to spend no longer than 40 minutes answering this section.

Here is a copy of the pre-release material.

DO NOT attempt Tasks 1, 2 and 3 now.

Use the pre-release material and your experience from attempting the following tasks before the
examination to answer Question 1.

Pre-release material
A program is needed to allow a Wildlife Park to sell tickets. A booking consists of one or more tickets for
the same day(s) and can be made up to a week in advance. A booking can be made for a visit of one day
or two consecutive days. A booking can have extra attractions included. A booking will be valid for the
day(s) chosen only.

Ticket type Cost for one day Cost for two days
one adult $20.00 $30.00
one child (an adult may bring up to two children) $12.00 $18.00
one senior $16.00 $24.00
family ticket (up to two adults or seniors, and three children) $60.00 $90.00
groups of six people or more, price per person $15.00 $22.50

Extra attraction Cost per person

lion feeding $2.50
penguin feeding $2.00
evening barbecue (two-day tickets only) $5.00

Write and test a program or programs for the Wildlife Park:

• Your program or programs must include appropriate prompts for the entry of data. Data must be
validated on entry.
• All outputs, including error messages, need to be set out clearly and understandably.
• All variables, constants and other identifiers must have meaningful names.

You will need to complete these three tasks. Each task must be fully tested.

Task 1 – displaying the ticket options and the extra attractions available
Set up your program to:
• display the options, attractions and prices for one-day tickets
• display the options, attractions and prices for two-day tickets
• show the days available for booking; assume that there are tickets available for any valid day.

Task 2 – process a booking

Extend your program for Task 1 to:
• input the tickets and extra attractions required, then calculate the total cost of the booking
• allocate a unique booking number
• display the booking details, including the total cost and the unique booking number
• repeat as required.

Task 3 – ensuring each booking is the best value

Check that the total for each booking gives the best value and offer an alternative if this is not the case.
For example, buying two family tickets is better than a group ticket for a group of 10 that includes
four adults and six children.
© UCLES 2022 2210/22/M/J/22
3

1 All variables, constants and other identifiers must have meaningful names.

(a) (i) Identify one constant that you could have used for Task 1.
Give the value and use of the constant.

Constant ............................................................................................................................

Value .................................................................................................................................

Use ....................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) Identify one variable that you could have used for Task 2.
Give the data type and use of the variable.

Variable .............................................................................................................................

Data type ...........................................................................................................................

Use ....................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(b) Explain how your program showed the days available for booking in Task 1.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2022 2210/22/M/J/22 [Turn over

(d) Write an algorithm for the part of Task 2 that inputs the tickets and extra attractions required
then calculates the total cost of the booking.

Assume that the booking is for a single day.

Use pseudocode, programming statements or a flowchart.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
© UCLES 2022 2210/22/M/J/22
5

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

© UCLES 2022 2210/22/M/J/22 [Turn over

(e) Explain how your program decides when a family ticket is better value in Task 3.

Any programming statements that you include in your answer must be fully explained.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

© UCLES 2022 2210/22/M/J/22

Section B starts on page 8

© UCLES 2022 2210/22/M/J/22 [Turn over

Section B

2 An algorithm allows a user to input their password and checks that there are at least eight
characters in the password. Then, the user is asked to re-input the password to check that both
inputs are the same. The user is allowed three attempts at inputting a password of the correct
length and a matching pair of passwords. The pre-defined function LEN(X) returns the number of
characters in the string, X

01 Attempt 0 ←
02 REPEAT
03 PassCheck TRUE ←
04 OUTPUT "Please enter your password "
05 INPUT Password
06 IF LEN(Password) < 8
07 THEN
08 PassCheck TRUE ←
09 ELSE
10 OUTPUT "Please re-enter your password "
11 INPUT Password2
12 IF Password <> Password
13 THEN
14 PassCheck FALSE ←
15 ENDIF
16 ENDIF
17 Attempt ←
Attempt + 1
18 UNTIL PassCheck OR Attempt <> 3
19 IF PassCheck
20 THEN
21 OUTPUT "Password success"
22 ELSE
23 OUTPUT "Password fail"
24 ENDIF

(a) Identify the three errors in the pseudocode and suggest a correction to remove each error.

Error 1 .......................................................................................................................................

Correction .................................................................................................................................

Error 2 .......................................................................................................................................

Correction .................................................................................................................................

Error 3 .......................................................................................................................................

Correction .................................................................................................................................
[3]

© UCLES 2022 2210/22/M/J/22

(b) The algorithm includes two types of check on the data input.
Identify and describe each type of check.

Type of check 1 ........................................................................................................................

Description ................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Type of check 2 ........................................................................................................................

Description ................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

Each set of test data and its reason must be different.

Set 1 .........................................................................................................................................

Reason .....................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Set 2 .........................................................................................................................................

Reason .....................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

3 (a) Describe a one-dimensional array. Include an example of an array declaration.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) Explain how indexing could be used to search for a value stored in a one-dimensional array.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2022 2210/22/M/J/22 [Turn over

4 This algorithm checks the temperature of hot food being served to customers.
Error

START

Counter 0
Hot 0
Cold 0
Serve 0

INPUT Temp

Is Temp Yes Error

= –1? ((Hot + Cold) / Counter) * 100

Is Temp Yes OUTPUT

Hot Hot + 1
> 86? "Too Hot"

Counter No
Counter + 1 OUTPUT
Error
Is Temp Yes
Cold Cold + 1
< 63?
No
OUTPUT
Serve Serve + 1 "Too Cold"
END

© UCLES 2022 2210/22/M/J/22

(a) Complete the trace table for the algorithm using this input data:

75, 78, 84, 87, 91, 80, 75, 70, 65, 62, –1, 20

Counter Hot Cold Serve Temp Error OUTPUT

[7]

(b) State how the final output from the algorithm could be improved.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Identify the process in the algorithm that is not required.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

© UCLES 2022 2210/22/M/J/22 [Turn over

5 A database table, NURSE, is used to keep a record of disposable items worn by veterinary nurses.

This is part of the table:

ItemNumber Description SingleUse Uses StockLevel ReorderLevel

DIG1 Glove (pair) Y 1 500 800

DIA1 Apron Y 1 700 800

DIM5 Hair net Y 1 650 500

DIA2 Apron N 5 25 100

DIS4 Suit N 3 70 50

DIV9 Shoe cover (pair) Y 1 400 250

(a) Complete this query-by-example grid to display only the item number and the description of
single use items, where the stock level is below the reorder level.

Field:

Table:

Sort:

Show:

Criteria:

or:
[4]

(b) Give a reason why the field SingleUse is not required in the table NURSE.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

© UCLES 2022 2210/22/M/J/22

Cambridge O Level
* 2 1 8 0 2 5 8 2 4 5 *

COMPUTER SCIENCE 2210/22

Paper 2 Algorithms, Programming and Logic May/June 2023

1 hour 45 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

This document has 16 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (PQ) 338137/1
© UCLES 2023 [Turn over
2

1 Tick (✓) one box to identify the first stage of the program development life cycle.

A Analysis

B Coding

C Design

D Testing
[1]

2 Four logic gates and five standard symbols for logic gates are shown.

Draw one line to link each logic gate to its standard symbol. Not all standard symbols will be used.

Logic gate Standard symbol

AND

NAND

NOT

[4]

3 Identify three different ways that the design of a solution to a problem can be presented.

1 .......................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

2 .......................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

3 .......................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................
[3]

© UCLES 2023 2210/22/M/J/23

4 A program needs to make sure the value input for a measurement meets the following rules:
• the value is a positive number
• a value is always input
• the value is less than 1000.

(a) Describe the validation checks that the programmer would need to use.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) The program needs editing to include a double entry check for the value input.

(i) State why this check needs to be included.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) The input value needs to be stored in the variable Measurement

Write pseudocode to perform the double entry check until a successful input is made.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2023 2210/22/M/J/23 [Turn over

5 Due to an issue with Question 5, the question has been removed from the question paper.

6 State three different features of a high‑level programming language that a programmer could use
to make sure that their program will be easier to understand by another programmer.
Give an example for each feature.

Feature 1 ..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

Example ...........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

Feature 2 ..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

Example ...........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

Feature 3 ..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

Example ...........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................
[6]

© UCLES 2023 2210/22/M/J/23

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© UCLES 2023 2210/22/M/J/23 [Turn over

7 An algorithm has been written in pseudocode to calculate a check digit for a four‑digit number.
The algorithm then outputs the five‑digit number including the check digit.
The algorithm stops when –1 is input as the fourth digit.

01 Flag FALSE
02 REPEAT
03 Total 0
04 FOR Counter 1 TO 4
05 OUTPUT "Enter a digit ", Counter
06 INPUT Number[Counter]
07 Total Total + Number * Counter
08 IF Number[Counter] = 0
09 THEN
10 Flag TRUE
11 ENDIF
12 NEXT Counter
13 IF NOT Flag
14 THEN
15 Number[5] MOD(Total, 10)
16 FOR Counter 0 TO 5
17 OUTPUT Number[Counter]
18 NEXT
19 ENDIF
20 UNTIL Flag

(a) Give the line number(s) for the statements showing:

Totalling ....................................................................................................................................

Count‑controlled loop ...............................................................................................................

Post‑condition loop ...................................................................................................................

[3]

(b) Identify the three errors in the pseudocode and suggest a correction for each error.