Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education

Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim

Mindanao

CITY SCHOOL DIVISION of MARAWI

RPMD NATIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

SUBJECT

STEM 11

USMAN, PRINCESS SALIHA T.

NAME

ABUBACAR OMAR ALI

TEACHER

JANUARY 26, 2025

DATE
Lesson 1: Understanding Random Variables

A random variable is a mathematical formalization of a quantity, which represent the value of

an outcome, whose values occur according to the frequency distribution or the distribution of

the sample space. The random variable is capitalized letter as we use.

Probability in field of mathematics that deals with chance or prediction of an event.

Experiment is an activity in which the result cannot be predicted with certainly. Outcomes is

the result of an experiment. The sample space for a given experiment is a set S that contains

all possible outcomes of the experiment. To get the f(X) or the frequency of an object, just

count the value of all possible outcomes of random variable. We also use the formula to find

its probability.

Formula:

n ( number of findings )
P ( numerical quantity of the findings ) = =result
n ( sample space )

Example: Suppose two coins are tossed. Let P be the random variables representing the

number of tails that occur. Find the values of the random variable P.

Step 1: find the sample space of the tossed coins. And the probability getting a tail.

Sample space = {HH, HT, TH, TT} = 4 H (head), T(tail)

Step 2: count the number of tails in each outcome that is assigned for each possible outcome.

Possible outcomes Value of random variable Z (number of tails)

HH 0

HT 1

TH 1

TT 2
The value of the number of tails P = 0,1,2.

Step 3: find the probability and its frequency. Use the value of P to find the frequency and use

the formula.

n ( number of findings )
P ( numerical quantity of the findings ) = =result
n ( sample space )

Values of P 0 1 2

Frequency (P) 1 2 1

Probability (P) ¼ 2/4 = ½ ¼

Discrete and Continuous Random Variables

A discrete random variable is a countable value of an object that it only can take a finite

number of a distinct vales. A continuous random variable is used to model situations that

involved measurement, that uses such as, tape measurement, ruler stick, and etc…

Example 1:

Discrete Random Variables Continuous Random Variables

Number of students graduating Weight of flour used to be baked

Number of manila papers in a greenboard Speed of a Ferrari car

Number of people debating on the meeting Height of the tallest man in the

world

Number of a cars in parking lot Amount of a rice to be delivered

Lesson 2: Discrete Probability Distribution

and corresponding probabilities, which the result of the probabilities is called probability

distribution. It is also called as probability mass function. To find the probability use the

formula.

Formula:

n ( number of findings )
P ( numerical quantity of the findings ) = =result
n ( sample space )

Where:

N (number of findings) = number of all outcomes that you going to find, such as head or tail,

etc...

N (sample space) = number of all possible outcomes or chance that predicted.

Example 2: A peso coin is tossed.

Step 1: find the sample space.

Sample space (S) = (head, tail) = 2

Step 2: the probability of getting a head. Using the formula.

n ( head ) 1
P ( head )= =
n( sample space) 2

Example 3: if three coins are tossed. If X is the random variable for the number of head.

Step 1: list the sample space of the tossed coins. You can also use the three diagram to find

the set S.

Sample space = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT} = 8
STEP 2: construct the probability distribution of the value of heads X. That is assigned for

each possible outcomes of each number.

Possible Outcomes Value of the random variable X

(number of head)

HHH 3

HHT 2

HTH 2

HTT 1

THH 2

THT 1

TTH 1

TTT 0

X = 0, 1, 2, 3

Step 3: find the frequency. Just count the value of head.

Values of X 0 1 2 3

Frequency (X) 1 3 3 1

Step 4: construct a probability distribution of the value of X. Use the formula and apply all

the values of head.

n ( number of findings )
P ( numerical quantity of the findings ) = =result
n ( sample space )

Number of head X 0 1 2 3

Frequency (X) 1 3 3 1
 Probability P(X) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8

Properties of a Discrete Probability Distribution

The probabilities for each outcome must be equal to one or must be non-negative and less

than or equal to 1(0 ≤ P(x) ≤ 1).

Example 4: consider the probability distribution of the number of head X below.

Number of head X 0 1 2 3

Frequency (X) 1 3 3 1

Probability P(X) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8

Find the following:

1.P(X=2)

2.P(X>1)

3.∑P(X)

4. P(X=1)

5.P(X <3)

Solution:

1. P(X=2) = 3/8

2. there is one possible value of X. P(X>1) = P (2) = 3/8

3. To find ∑P(X) we need to find the sum of all the probability values.

∑P(X) = P (3) +P (2) + P (1) + P (0)

4. P (X =1) = 1/8

5. There are two possible values of X

P (X <3) = P (2) + P (1) + P (0)

= 3/8 + 3/8 + 1/8 = 6/8

Graphical Presentation of a Discrete Probability Distribution

A Discrete Probability Distribution graphs whereas continuous probability distribution graphs

are continuous curves. The y axis represents the probability of the random variable. And the x

axis represents the possible value of the random variable. That can be shown graphically by

constructing a histogram. The graph is also called a probability histogram.

Example 5: construct the probability histogram of the probability distribution of the number

of head X.

Number of head X 0 1 2

Probability P(X) ¼ ½ ¼

Histogram
Lesson 3: finding the Mean and the Variance of a Discrete Probability Distribution

To find the mean (μ) or the expected value E(X) of the random variable by its probability and

add the product

Formula: μ= E(X)= ∑ [X • P(X)]

Where:

μ = mean

X = value of the random variable

P(X) = is the probability value of the random variable

Example 6: find the mean of the discrete random variable X with the following probability

distribution.

Value of head P(X)

2 ¼

1 ½

0 ¼

Step 1: multiply the value of X by the probability value of P (X).

Value of X P(X) X • P(X)

2 ¼ ½

1 ½ ½

0 ¼ 0
Step 2: find the mean or the expected value of the probability distribution by getting the sum

of the value under the column X • P(X).

μ= E(X)= ∑ [X • P(X)]

=½+½+0

= 4/4 =1

The Variance and the Standard Deviation of a Discrete Probability Distribution

By finding the variance of a discrete probability distribution is by finding each deviation from

its expected value and square it, then multiply it by its probability and add the products, to get

the value of the variance deviation. To find the standard deviation σ of a probability

distribution, square root the value of the variance σ² to get the value of the standard deviation

by using the two formulas.

σ² = ∑ [X² • P(X)] – μ² σ = √∑ [X² • P(X)] – μ²

Where:

Μ = mean

X = value of the random variable

P(X) = is the probability value of the random variable

σ² = Variance

σ = standard deviation

Example 7: find the Variance and the Standard Deviation of the discrete random variable X

with the following probability distribution.

Value of X P(X)
 3 1/8

2 3/8

1 3/8

0 1/8

Solution:

Step 1: multiply the value of X by its corresponding probability value of P (X).

Value of X P(X) X • P(X)

3 1/8 3/8

2 3/8 6/8

1 3/8 3/8

0 1/8 0

Step 2: find the mean or the expected value of the probability distribution by getting the sum

of the value under the column X • P(X).

μ= E(X)= ∑ [X • P(X)]

= 1/8 + 3/8 + 6/8 + 3/8 = 13/8

Thus, the value of the mean or the expected value of the probability distribution is equal to

13/8.

Step 3: square each of the value of the random variable and multiply by the corresponding

probability value of (X² • P (X)].

X P(X) X • P (X) X² X² • P(X)

3 1/8 3/8 9 9/8

2 3/8 6/8 4 12/8

1 3/8 3/8 1 3/8

Step 4: find the Variance and standard deviation using the two formulas.

σ² = ∑ [X² • P(X)] – μ²

= (9/8 + 12/8 + 3/8 + 0) – 13/8²

= (24/8) – 13/8²

= 0.359

The standard deviation is computed by getting the square root of the variance.

σ = √0.359

= 0.599

Thus, the variance deviation is 0.359 and the standard deviation is 0.599.

Lesson 4: Applied Problems Involving the Mean and the Variance of a Discrete

Probability Distribution

The mean of a discrete random variable can be thought of as “anticipated “value. It is the

average to be the result when a random experiment is continually repeated. It is the sum of

the possible outcomes of the experiment multiplied by their corresponding probabilities. To

find the mean (μ) or the expected value E(X) of the random variable by its probability and

add the product.

The variance of a discrete random variable is by finding each deviation from its expected

value and square it, then multiply it by its probability and add the products, to get the value of

the variance deviation. The mean of a discrete random variable also known the expected
value of a random variable is denoted as E(X) and it is computed using the formula. To find

the standard deviation σ of a probability distribution, square root the value of the variance σ²

to get the value of the standard deviation.

Formulas:

μ= E (X) = ∑ [X • P(X)] = mean or expected value

μ= ∑ [X • P(X)] = mean

E (X) = ∑ [X • P(X)] = expected value

σ² = ∑ [X² • P(X)] – μ² = Variance deviation of a random variable

σ = √∑ [X² • P(X)] – μ² = Standard deviation of a random variable

Example 8: the random variable X, representing the number of nuts in a chocolate bar has the

following probability distribution. Compute the variance and the Standard Deviation of a

random variable.

Value of X P(X) X • P(X) X² X² • P(X)

1 1/10 1/10 1² 1/10

2 3/10 3/5 2² 6/5

3 3/10 9/10 3² 27/10

4 2/10 4/5 4² 16/5

5 1/10 1/2 5² 5/2

Step 1: first find the mean of the probability distribution. Using a scientific calculator.

μ= ∑ [X • P(X)]

= 1/10 + 3/5 + 9/10 + 4/5 + 1/2

= 2.9
Step 2: find the Variance and standard deviation of a random variable using the formula.

σ² = ∑ [X² • P(X)] – μ²

= 1/10 + 3/5 + 9/10 + 4/5 + ½ – (2.9) ²

= 1.29

Therefore, to get the standard deviation is computed by getting the square root of the

variance.

σ = √∑ [X² • P(X)] – μ²

= √1/10 + 3/5 + 9/10 + 4/5 + ½ – (2.9) ²

= √ 1.29

= 1.135

Thus, the value of the variance deviation of a random variable is 1.29 and the standard

deviation is 1.135.

Example 9: the probabilities that a market inspector will discover violations of the public

health code in a public market are given in the following table.

Number of violations X Probability P(X) X • P(X) X² X² • P(X)

0 0.41 0 0 0

1 0.22 0.22 1 0.22

2 0.17 0.34 4 0.68

3 0.13 0.39 9 1.17

4 0.05 0.2 16 0.8

5 0.02 0.1 25 0.5

Find the following:

public health code?

Solution:

Step 1: find the probability that at least two violations of the public health code, use X = 2, 3,

4, and 5.

P (X ≥ 2) = P (2) + P (3) + P (4) + P (5)

= 0.17 + 0.13 + 0.05 + 0.02

= 0.37

What is the probability that a market inspector will discover at least two, but fewer than five

violations of the public health code?

Solution:

Step 1: to find the probability that at least two, but fewer than five violations of the public

health code, use X = 2, 3, 4.

P (2 ≤ X < 5) = P (2) + P (3) + P (4)

= 0.17 + 0.13 + 0.05

= 0.35

Find the mean and the variance and the standard deviation. Use the formulas.

Step 1: apply all the value of [ X • P(X)] to get the mean.

μ= ∑ [X • P(X)]