PERIMETER

BINOMIAL EXPRESSIONS

CONGRUENCE OF TRIANGLES
Side Angle Side
SAS Case
Angle Angle Side
AAS Case

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 Side Side Side
SSS Case
Hypotenuse
RHS Case
Right ⊾

Side

AREA

FACTORS OF QUADRATIC EXPRESSION

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INVERSE PROPORTIONS

DATA REPRESENTATION

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = × 360
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = × 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
360

ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS

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PERCENTAGES

Simple Interest
Use the formula; but don’t write it
on the answer script.
𝑃𝑃 × 𝑅𝑅 × 𝑇𝑇
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 =
100

EQUATIONS
Simultaneous Equa�on

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Quadra�c Equa�ons
An equa�on of the form ax2+bx+c where a ≠ 0.

Step 1: Make one side as

Step 2: Factorize
Step 3: Make each factor equal zero

PARALLELOGRAMS
Proper�es of a parallelogram (Described in Geometric Theorems Section)
0) Opposite sides are parallel (defining property)
1) Opposite sides are equal
2) Opposite angles are equal
3) The area of the of the parallelogram is bisected by each diagonal
4) Diagonals Bisect Each other
To prove that a quadrilateral is a parallelogram one of the following must be true
1) Opposite sides must be equal
2) Opposite angles must be equal
3) Diagonals must bisect each other
4) A pair of opposite sides must be equal and parallel

Parallelograms with special proper�es

Rectangle Square Rhombus

- All vertex angles are right - All vertex angles are right
angles. angles.
- The diagonals are equal in - The diagonals are equal in
length. length.
- All sides are equal. - All the sides are equal
- Diagonals bisect each - Diagonals bisect each
other at 90o other at 90o
- Angles at the ver�ces are - Angles at the ver�ces are
bisected by the diagonals bisected by the diagonals
and it forms 45o

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SETS

Ways of represen�ng a set Example

Descrip�ve method A = {mul�ple of 3 between 1 and 10}
A = set of all mul�ples of 3 between 1 and 10
Method of Lis�ng Elements A = {3,6,9}
Venn Diagram Method

Set Builder form A = {x: x is a mutliple of 3 and 1<x<10}

Example Ques�on

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LOGARITHMS
Laws of Indices
1) a1 = a 5) ax / ay = ax-y
2) a0 = 1 6) a-x = 1 / ax
3) (ax)y = a x * y 7) a1/x = x√a
4) ax x ay = ax+y
Laws of Logarithm
1) loga m + loga n = loga mn 4) loga 1 = 0
2) loga m – loga n = loga (m/n) 5) loga a = 1
3) loga mn = n loga m

Logrithmic Form  Index Form

Examples:
log2 64 = 6  26 = 64
log3 81 = 4  34 = 81
1 3 2

Logarithm of 5.075 found using the table

Row  50 | Column  7 | Mean Difference Column  4

lg 5.075  0.7054 (7050+4)
(Since there is only one digit in the integral part of 5.075 the characteristic of 0.7054 is 0)
An�log 0.8436 using the logarithms table

an�log 0.8436 = 6.976

(Since the characteristic of 0.8436 is 0 there is only one digit in the integral part of the antilog)

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GRAPHS
𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦
The gradient of a straight line = 𝑥𝑥1− 𝑥𝑥2
1 2

Example

Finding the equa�on of a straight line

Finding the equa�on using two given coordinates

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 Graphs of the func�on of the form y = ax2

Nature Minimum Parabola Maximum Parabola

Axis of x=0 x=0
Symmetry
Minimum y=0 y=3
Value
Coordinates (0,0) (0,3)
of turning
point
Roots x=0 (only one root) X = -1.2 or x = 1.2
y = ax2 + c
Minimum/Maximum value
If a is posi�ve  Minimum
of the func�on
If a is nega�ve  Maximum

RATES
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 =
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
𝐶𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 =
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
1000 5
To change kmph to ms-1  mul�ply by 3600 = 18
3600 18
To change ms-1 to kmph  mul�ply by 1000 = 5

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ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION

ALGEBRAIC INEQUALITIES

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FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Finding the mean using fx method

Finding the mean using fd method

CHORDS OF A CIRCLE

(Theorems in Geometric Theorems Section)

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CONSTRUCTIONS

Locus
One Point Two Points One Line Two Lines
Circle (Circumference) Perpendicular Bisector Parallel Line Angle Bisector

SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME

Surface Area Volume

Cylinder 2𝝅𝝅r2 + 2𝝅𝝅rh 𝝅𝝅r2h
Prism 2 △’s + 3 ▭’s Cross Sec�on x Height

PROBABILITY
Probability for any two random events Probability for mutually exclusive events

Probability for independent events

Probability Grid Probability Tree

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SCALE DIAGRAMS

GEOMETRIC THEOREMS – GRADE 10

The exterior angle formed when a side of a

triangle is produced is equal to the sum of the
two interior opposite angles.

The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is

180o

If two sides are equal in a triangle, the angles

opposite the equal sides are equal.

The sides opposite equal angles of a triangle

are equal.

The opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal

The opposite angles of a parallelogram are

equal

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The area of the parallelogram is bisected by
each diagonal

In a parallelogram, the diagonals bisect each

other.

If the opposite sides of a quadrilateral are

equal, then it is a parallelogram.

If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are

equal, then it is a parallelogram

If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each

other, then it is a parallelogram.

In a quadrilateral, if a pair of opposite sides is

equal and parallel, then the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram

The straight line joining the center of the circle

to the midpoint of a chord is perpendicular to
the chord.

The perpendicular drawn from the center of a PR = RQ

circle to a chord bisects the chord.

The angle subtended by an arc at the center of

a circle is twice the angle subtended by the Y = 2X
same arc on the remaining part of the circle.

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 The angles in the same segment of a circle are
equal.

An angle in a semicircle is a right angle. ∠ AXB = 90o

REAL NUMBERS
Defining ra�onal numbers in a set nota�on

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LOGARITHMS
Applica�ons of logarithms

SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME

Surface Area Volume

Square based Pyramid

𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

+ 4 × 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐
𝒂𝒂 𝒉𝒉
𝟑𝟑
𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

Cone

𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

+ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐
𝚷𝚷𝒓𝒓 𝒉𝒉
𝟑𝟑
𝚷𝚷𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 + 𝚷𝚷𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐

Sphere

𝟒𝟒 𝟑𝟑
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 𝚷𝚷𝒓𝒓
𝟑𝟑

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BINOMIAL EXPRESSIONS
Binomial Cubes

PERCENTAGES
Reducing Balance (Direct)
MM SHORT CUT

𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 − 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷

𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ =
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁. 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
1
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ × 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖% ×
12
𝑛𝑛(𝑛𝑛 + 1)
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁. 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 =
2
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁. 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 × 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 =
𝑛𝑛
Reducing Balance (Indirect)
MM SHORT CUT

𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀ℎ𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 × 𝑛𝑛

𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 − 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 − 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ =
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁. 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝑛𝑛(𝑛𝑛 + 1)
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁. 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 =
2
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 =
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁. 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
1
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ × 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖% ×
12
Compound Interest

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SHARE MARKET
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 =
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎 𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 =
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 − 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 + 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = × 100%
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼

GRAPHS
Finding the solu�on to a pair of simultaneous equa�ons graphically

Intersec�on point coordinates  (2, -1)

x = 2
y = -1

Minimum and
maximum value
of the func�on(y)

If posi�ve (x ± b)2  Minimum Parabola

If nega�ve -(x ± b)2  Maximum Parabola Equa�on of axis of symmetry
𝒙𝒙 = ±𝒃𝒃
(If +b is given in equa�on then axis of symmetry is
-b, and vice versa)

Nature: Minimum
Axis of Symmetry: 𝑥𝑥 = −1
Minimum Value: 𝑦𝑦 = −2
Coordinates of turning point: (-1, -2)
Roots: 𝑥𝑥 = −2.4 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 = 0.4
Decreasing Posi�vely: 𝑥𝑥 < −2.4
Decreasing Nega�vely: −2.4 < 𝑥𝑥 < −1
Increasing Nega�vely: −1 < 𝑥𝑥 < 0.4
Increasing Posi�vely: 𝑥𝑥 > 0.4

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EQUATIONS
Simultaneous Equa�ons

Step 1: Clear the Frac�ons

For the first equa�on, the least common denominator of 2 and 3 is 6. Mul�ply every term by 6.
1 2
𝑚𝑚 × 𝟔𝟔 + 𝑛𝑛 × 𝟔𝟔 = 1 × 𝟔𝟔
2 3

3𝑚𝑚 + 4𝑛𝑛 = 6
For the second equa�on, the least common denominator of 6 and 3 is 6. Mul�ply every term by 6.
5 1
𝑚𝑚 × 𝟔𝟔 + 𝑛𝑛 × 𝟔𝟔 = 4 × 𝟔𝟔
6 3
5𝑚𝑚 + 2𝑛𝑛 = 24

Step 2: Align the Equa�ons

3𝑚𝑚 + 4𝑛𝑛 = 6 − − − − − (3)
5𝑚𝑚 + 2𝑛𝑛 = 24 − − − − − (4)
Step 3: Eliminate One Variable
To eliminate one variable, we use the elimina�on method. We must make the coefficients of either
𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑛𝑛 in both equa�ons equal.
Mul�ply the third equa�on by 2 and the fourth equa�on by 4 to align the coefficients of 𝑛𝑛 equal:

6𝑚𝑚 + 8𝑛𝑛 = 12 − − − − − (5)

20𝑚𝑚 + 8𝑛𝑛 = 96 − − − − − (6)
Step 4: Subtract the Equa�ons
Subtract the fi�h equa�on from the sixth to eliminate :
(6) – (5)
20𝑚𝑚 + 8𝑛𝑛 − 6𝑚𝑚 − 8𝑛𝑛 = 96 − 12
14𝑚𝑚 = 84
𝒎𝒎 = 𝟔𝟔

Step 5: Solve for the Second Variable

Subs�tute into third equa�ons to solve for 𝑛𝑛

3𝑚𝑚 + 4𝑛𝑛 = 6
18 + 4𝑛𝑛 = 6
4𝑛𝑛 = −12
𝒏𝒏 = −𝟑𝟑

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Solving Quadra�c equa�ons using comple�ng squares.
MM Short Cut

Solve 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 – 3 = 0
Step 1: Keep the constant (number without a variable) in one side.
𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 = 3
Step 2: Write x within the brackets and square the brackets.
(𝑥𝑥 )2 = 3
Step 3: Divide the coefficient of x by 2 and write it within the brackets.
(𝑥𝑥 + 1)2 = 3
Step 4: Square the number which was writen in the previous step and subtract it from the bracket.
(𝑥𝑥 + 1)2 − 1 = 3
Step 5: Solve the equa�on
(𝑥𝑥 + 1)2 = 4
𝑥𝑥 + 1 = ±√4
𝑥𝑥 + 1 = ± 2
𝑥𝑥 + 1 = 2 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥 + 1 = −2
𝑥𝑥 = 1 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥 = −3

Quadra�c Formula

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DATA REPRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION
Histograms with discrete class intervals

Frequency polygon
Step 1: In each column in the histogram, mark the sign ‘X’ at the middle of the top of the column.
Step 2: Join these ‘X’ signs by the line segments as shown in the figure.

Cumula�ve frequency curve

MM Short Cut

4+6
4 + 6 + 10
4 + 6 + 10 + 9
4 + 6 + 10 + 9 + 3

𝑥𝑥 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑦𝑦 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣

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Finding Quar�les for less than 30 data

GEOMETRIC PROGRESSIONS

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PYTHAGORAS THEOREM
In a right angled triangle, the area of the square drawn on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the
areas of the squares drawn on the remaining sides of the triangle, which include the right angle.

TRIGONOMETRY
MM Shortcut :- SOH CAH TOA

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Finding Side Lengths

Finding Angles

MATRICES
Addi�on

Subtrac�on

Mul�plica�on

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CONSTRUCTIONS

Construc�ng the circumscribed circle

Draw the perpendicular bisectors of any two of

the three sides of the triangle

Taking O as the center and the distance from

any vertex of the triangle to O as the radius,
draw a circle.

Construc�ng the incircle

Construct the angle bisectors of any two

interior angles of the triangle

Construct a perpendicular from X to any one of

the three sides of the triangle.

Taking XP as the radius and X as the center,

draw a circle.

Construc�ng the excircle

Produce any two sides of the triangle

Construct the angle bisectors of the exterior

angle formed when extended.

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Construct a perpendicular from the point of
intersec�on to the side of the triangle.

Take the point of intersec�on as the center and

the length to the perpendicular line to the side
of the triangle as the radius and draw a circle.

Construc�on of a tangent to a circle through a point on the circle

Let the center of the given circle be O and X be

a point on it.

Draw the line OX and mark a point P on OX

produced.

Construct a perpendicular to OP through X.

Construc�on of a tangent to a circle from an external point

Let O be the center of the circle and A be a

point external to the circle.

Join OA and Construct the perpendicular

bisector of the straight line segment OA

Taking B as the center and BO as the radius,

draw two arcs which intersect the circle.

Draw the lines AP and AQ.

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SETS

PROBABILITY
In Sithija’s pencil box there are 2 red pencils and 3 blue pencils of the same
size and shape. Sithija randomly draws one pencil out and gives it to his
friend Thamilini. Then Sithija randomly draws another pencil out for
himself.

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In a bag there are 3 red balls and 2 blue balls of the same size and shape. One ball is randomly
drawn out and its color is noted. Without replacing the first ball, a second ball is randomly drawn
out and its color too is noted.

Note: the answer in (c) can be obtained by using 1 – 𝑃𝑃 (𝐵𝐵, 𝐵𝐵) too.
GEOMETRIC THEOREMS – GRADE 11

Parallelograms on the same base and between

the same pair of parallel lines are equal in area.

If a triangle and a parallelogram lie on the same

base and between the same pair of parallel
lines, then the area of the triangle is exactly
half the area of the parallelogram.

Triangles on the same base and between the

same pair of parallel lines are equal in area.

The straight line segment through the

midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel
to the third side and equal in length to half of
it.

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The straight line through the midpoint of one
side of a triangle and parallel to another side,
bisects the third side.

A line drawn parallel to a side of a triangle

divides the other two sides propor�onally.

If a line divides two sides of a triangle

propor�onally, then that line is parallel to the
other side.

If two triangles are equiangular then the

corresponding sides are propor�onal.

If the three sides of a triangle are propor�onal

to the three sides of another triangle, then the
two triangles are equiangular.

The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are

supplementary.

If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are

supplementary, then the ver�ces of the
quadrilateral are on the circle

If one side of a cyclic quadrilateral is produced,

the exterior angle so formed is equal to the
interior opposite angle of the quadrilateral.

The straight line drawn through a point on a

circle and perpendicular to the radius through
the point of contact, is a tangent to the circle.

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 The tangent through a point on a circle is
perpendicular to the radius drawn to the point
of contact.

If two tangents are drawn to a circle from an

external point, then,

(i) the two tangents are equal in length.

(ii) the angle between the tangents is
bisected by the straight line joining the
external point to the center.
(iii) the tangents subtend equal angles at
the center.

The angles which a tangent to a circle makes

with a chord drawn from the point of contact
are respec�vely equal to the angles in the
alternate segments of the circle

________________________________________________________________________________
Dear Students,

It’s been a joy putting this notebook together for you, and I hope it has made your learning of math a bit
clearer and more fun. Math is not just about numbers and formulas; it's about solving problems and
understanding how things work in the world around us.

As you go forward in your math journey, remember that learning takes time. It’s okay to make mistakes,
that’s how we grow and get better. Every challenge you face is a chance to learn something new and improve
yourself. The more you practice, the better you'll get. Math is everywhere, and with the knowledge you gain,
you can do amazing things and make a difference in the world.

Your hard work and dedication will take you far. Use what you learn not just to do well in exams but to solve
real problems and help others.

Keep learning, keep growing, and most of all, enjoy the journey!

With love,
Ammaar Ghani
________________________________________________________________________________

For more free educational resources, notes, and tips to help with your studies:
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