Bauan Technical Integrated High School
Senior High School Department
Work, energy &
energy
conservation
Work
Work-related Problems
Energy
Potential and Kinetic Energy
Energy-related Problems
Conservation of Energy
Power and Related Problems
work
•The work done by force is defined as
the product of that force times the
parallel distance over which it acts.
W = F s = Fs cos
work
•The unit of work is the Newton-meter,
called a joule (J)
•Work is a scalar
work
• When a force acts upon an object to cause a displacement
of the object, it is said that work was done upon the object.
• There are three key ingredients to work - force,
displacement, and cause.
• In order for a force to qualify as having done work on an
object, there must be a displacement and the force
must cause the displacement.
work
•There are several good examples of work
that can be observed in everyday life –
✓a horse pulling a plow through the field,
✓a father pushing a grocery cart down
the aisle of a grocery store,
✓a freshman lifting a backpack full of
books upon her shoulder,
work
•There are several good examples of work that
can be observed in everyday life –
✓a weightlifter lifting a barbell above his
head,
✓an Olympian launching the shot-put, etc.
In each case described here there is a force exerted upon an
object to cause that object to be displaced.
work
W = F s = Fs cos
•where F is the force, d is the displacement, and the
angle (theta) is defined as the angle between the
force and the displacement vector.
•Perhaps the most difficult aspect of the above
equation is the angle "theta.”
work
W = F s = Fs cos
• The angle is not just any 'ole angle, but rather a very
specific angle.
• The angle measure is defined as the angle between the
force and the displacement. To gather an idea of it's
meaning, consider the following three scenarios.
Work scenarios
•SCENARIO A: A force acts rightward
upon an object as it is displaced
rightward. In such an instance, the force
vector and the displacement vector are
in the same direction. Thus, the angle
between F and d is 0 degrees.
Work scenarios
•SCENARIO B: A force acts leftward upon
an object that is displaced rightward. In
such an instance, the force vector and
the displacement vector are in the
opposite direction. Thus, the angle
between F and d is 180 degrees.
Work scenarios
•SCENARIO C: A force acts upward on an
object as it is displaced rightward. In
such an instance, the force vector and
the displacement vector are at right
angles to each other. Thus, the angle
between F and d is 90 degrees.
Sample problem
Sample problem
Sample problem
Sample problem
A 10 kg object experiences a
horizontal force which causes it to
2
accelerate at 5 m/s , moving it a
distance of 20 m, horizontally. How
much work is done by the force?
energy
•in physics, the capacity for doing work. It may
exist in potential, kinetic, thermal,
electrical, chemical, nuclear, or other various
forms.
Potential energy
•An object can store energy as the
result of its position.
• Ex: the heavy ball of a demolition
machine is storing energy when it
is held at an elevated position.
•Potential energy is the stored
energy of position possessed by
an object.
Potential energy
•energy possessed by an object 𝑷𝑬 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉
due to its position or state.
•“Stored Energy”
•Where:
• m = mass (kg)
• g = gravitational acceleration (m/s)
• h = height (m)
Potential energy
1.Gravitational PE
- Gravitational potential energy is the energy stored in an object
as the result of its vertical position or height. The energy is stored
as the result of the gravitational attraction of the Earth for the
object.
𝑷𝑬𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒗 = 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 ⋅ 𝒈 ⋅ 𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕
𝑷𝑬𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒗 = 𝒎 ⋅ 𝒈 ⋅ 𝒉
Potential energy
2. Elastic PE
- Elastic potential energy is the energy stored in elastic materials
as the result of their stretching or compressing. Elastic potential
energy can be stored in rubber bands, bungee chords,
trampolines, springs, an arrow drawn into a bow, etc.
𝑭𝒔𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝒌 ⋅ 𝒙
𝑷𝑬𝒔𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟓 ⋅ 𝒌 ⋅ 𝒙𝟐
Sample problem
A cart is loaded with a brick and pulled at constant speed along an inclined
plane to the height of a seat-top. If the mass of the loaded cart is 3.0 kg and
the height of the seat top is 0.45 meters, then what is the potential energy of
the loaded cart at the height of the seat-top?
Sample problem
If a force of 14.7 N is used to drag the
loaded cart (from previous question)
along the incline for a distance of 0.90
meters, then how much work is done
on the loaded cart?
kinetic energy
• the energy of motion. An object that
has motion - whether it is vertical or
horizontal motion.
• There are many forms of kinetic energy
1. vibrational (the energy due to
vibrational motion),
2. rotational (the energy due to rotational
motion),
3. translational (the energy due to
motion from one location to another).
kinetic energy
•Kinetic energy is a scalar quantity; 𝟏 𝟐
it does not have a direction. 𝑲𝑬 = 𝒎𝒗
•Kinetic energy is energy due to the 𝟐
motion.
•Where:
• m = mass (kg)
• v = velocity (m/s)
Sample problem
Determine the kinetic energy of a
625-kg roller coaster car that is
moving with a speed of 18.3 m/s.
Sample problem
If the roller coaster car in the above
problem were moving with twice the
speed, then what would be its new
kinetic energy?
Sample problem
Missy Diwater, the former platform diver for
the Ringling Brother's Circus, had a kinetic
energy of 12 000 J just prior to hitting the
bucket of water. If Missy's mass is 40 kg,
then what is her speed?
Conservation of energy
•Principle of Conservative
Energy
1. Energy cannot be created and
destroyed
2. Energy can change from one form
to another form.
3. Total of energy is constant.
Conservation of energy
•Principle of Conservative
Energy
𝑲𝑬𝑨 + 𝑷𝑬𝑨 = 𝑲𝑬𝑩 + 𝑷𝑬𝑩
•Where:
• KEA – initial KE
• PEA – initial PE
• KEB – final KE
• PEB – final PE
Sample problem
A pendulum with a mass of 405kg
reaches a maximum height of 2.4m.
What is its velocity at the bottommost
point in its path?
Sample problem
A rollercoaster cart with a total mass of
1,000 kg is at the top of a hill moving at
2 m/s. Assuming no friction and
neglecting air resistance, what is the
speed of the cart when it reaches the
bottom of the hill, 30m below?
Sample problem
A group of ten friends, each of mass 50kg, want to
test the strength of a trampoline. At their highest
jump, each friend is 2 m above the trampoline.
They all land on the trampoline at the same time
and decelerate at a constant rate to a point of zero
velocity over a period of 0.5 s. The trampoline has
a threshold of 5000 N, above which it breaks. Do
the friends succeed in breaking their trampoline?
Sample problem
For a baseball field, the distance between
home plate and the center field wall is about
123 m and the wall is 5 m tall. If a player hits
the ball at a level of 1m off the ground, an
angle of 55∘ above the horizontal, and a
velocity of 40 m/s, what is the total velocity of
the ball as it passes over the center field wall
at a height of 33 m?
power
•The quantity of work that has to do with a force
causing a displacement.
•Work has nothing to do with the amount of time
that this force acts to cause the displacement.
•Sometimes, the work is done very quickly and
other times the work is done rather slowly
power
•Power is the rate at which work is done. It is the
work/time ratio.
•The standard metric unit of power is the Watt.
As is implied by the equation for power, a unit of
power is equivalent to a unit of work divided by a
unit of time. Thus, a Watt is equivalent to a
Joule/second.
power
•Power formulas:
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 =
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝑿 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 =
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝑿 = 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝑿 𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
Sample problem
A tired squirrel (mass of approximately 1 kg)
does push-ups by applying a force to elevate
its center-of-mass by 5 cm in order to do a
mere 0.50 Joule of work. If the tired squirrel
does all this work in 2 seconds, then
determine its power.
Sample problem
An escalator is used to move 20 passengers every
minute from the first floor of a department store to
the second. The second floor is located 5.20 meters
above the first floor. The average passenger's mass is
54.9 kg. Determine the power requirement of the
escalator in order to move this number of passengers
in this amount of time.
Bauan Technical Integrated High School
Senior High School Department
