241

symbol for
t h e schematic NAND gate
Draw
writeits Boolean expression. (vi) State Wien's displacement law. observed
and Schematicsymbol for NAND gate: Ans. e Wien's displacement law: It is power
that the wavelength for which emissive
inversely
is
of a
blackbody is maxium, temperature o
AO oY=A·B Proportional to the absolute
the blackbody.
BO (a mark) 1 (1 mark)
i.e. Mmax T
Booleanexpression for NAND gate:
Y =A-B (s mark) (vii) what is isobaric process?
dimensions of magnetic fâeld. Ans. Isobaric process: A process which takes
State as an
i
F Place at constant pressure is called(1 mark)
Magnetic field (B) = Il isobaric process.
|L' M'T-2] (viii) Define 'Radius of Gyration'. of
DimensionofB radius
Ans. Radius of Gyration: The
gyration of a body about a given aXis Of
= |L° M' T-2 I-1] (1 mark) rotation is defined as the distance between
Define velocity gradient. the axis of rotation and a point at which the
Velocity gradient: The rate of change of whole mass of the body can be supposed to
velocity(du) with distance (dx) measured from be concentrated so as to possess the same
moment of inertia as that of the body.(1 mark)
astationary layer is called velocity gradient.
du
gradeint = (1 mark)
: Velocity dx

SECTION - B
EIGHT:
> Attemnpt any [16] " Applications:
03. Draw a near labelled energy level diagram (i) Dead beat galvanometer : When a

for hydrogen atom. (2) galvanometer is used for measuring current,

Ans. Energy level diagram for hydrogen the coil is wound on alight aluminium frame
atom: to make it dead beat i.e. to bring the coil
Ionized atomn
i,-0 eV n = 0 quickly to rest. The eddy current opposes the
E
n= 7
motion and brings the coil to rest quickly.
E-0.38 eV -n=6 (6 mark)
E-0.54 eV (ii) Electric brake: When the train is to be
pfund series n =5

E,--0.85 eV
(IR)
n=4
stopped, the power supplied to rotate the
Brackett series axel is switched off. At the same time, the
(IR)
E-1.5 eV
Paschen series
n = 3 stationary magnetic field is applied to the
(IR) rotating drum giving rise to strong eddy
i,*34 eV n= 2
currernts in the drum. These eddy currents
Balmer series
(visible region) produce a torque which opposes the rotation
of the drum and hence the axle. Thus train is
brought to rest quickly. (s mark)
Q.5. A drop of water of radius 8 mm breaks into
-13.6 evwW n =1
number of droplets each of radius 1 mm.
L
Lyman series
(UV region) How many droplets will be formed? (2)
4. What (Diagram- 1mark; Labellings - 1 mark) Ans. Given: Radius of a big drop (R) = 8 mm,
are eddy currents? State any twO Radius of a Small drop (r) = 1mm.
applicaticurrents:
"
Eddy onsof eddy currents.
The circulating currents
(2) To find: Number of droplets (n) =?
inplduced
aced orin moved
a metalin block
a (or plate},magnetic
changing when field
it is Formula: Number of droplets,
Volume of big drop
aTe called =

eddy (1 mark) Volumne of each droplet

Currents.
242 UTTAM's XII.Physics Papers

4 Q.9. Calculatethe
energy radiated;in
one Solution
227° c 100minute
of surface area
by a black body
(1 mark) when it is maintained at cm
4
Ans. Given: 2
x 10-4 m² =
A= 100 cm² =100
3

T= 227°C = 227 + 273 =

500 K 102 m?,
/m²sk4
6= 5.67 x 10-6 J
n = 512 (1 mark) t = 1min = 60 sec.

Q.6. Find the reactance of a coil of inductance To flnd: Energy radiated () =?

100 mH at a frequency of 50 Hz. Formula: Q = oA tT4
(2) 10-2 x 60 x (a mark
Ans. Given: L = 100 mH = 100 x 10-3 H = 10-1 H .. Q = 5.67 x 10-6 x (500) ((½ mark
f= 50Hz 5.67 x60 x (5)
To find: Reactance of coil (X,) =? 212625J
(1mark)
Formula: Q.10. A motor cyclist rides in a vertical
X = 2fL (½ mari) sphere of radius 5 m. Find hollow
= 2x 3.14 x 50 × 10-! angular speed required so that miitnimdna
um
=6.28 x 5 (a mark) not loose contact with the sphere at t
X = 31.42 (1 mark) highest point. (g = 9.8 m/s)
Ans. Given: r= 5 m, g = 9.8 m/s2, (2
Q.7. Prove that for pipe closed at one end, the
To find: ) =?
end correction ises"22 nË4 (2) The motor cyclist will not loose contact with
Ans. Consider the two pipes of same diameter but the sphere at the highest point if
different lengths of l, and y Centripetal force
Let n, and n, be the frequencies of tunning =Weight of the motor and rider
fork. i.e. mro = mg (2 mark)
We know, for a pipe closed at one end
V= 4n, bi = 4n,Ly (½ mark)
n, ()

n,(, + e) = n,( te)

where, e= end correction. 9.8
n,, t n,e = ny, t n,e (a mark) 5 (½ mark)
n,e - n,e = ng - n,4 V1.96
e(n, - n) = ngy-n = 1.4 rad/s (1 mark)
e =
(1 mark) Q.11. State Kirchhoffs current law in electric
circuit. Also state their sign conventions
Q.8. Calculate the de Broglie wavelength
associated with an electron moving with a (2
Ans.
speed of 5x 10 m/s. (m, =9.1 x 10-31 kg) Kirchhoff's current law:
Statement: The algebraic sum of the currents
(2) at a junction is zero in an electrical network.
Ans. Given: v=5 x 10 m/s, m= 9.1 x 10-31 kg
Planck's constant, h = 6.63 x 10-34 i.e. -0 (Imark)
To find: de Broglie wavelength (2) =? " Sign conventions:
Formula: (1) The currents arriving at the junction
h
=

mu (½ mark) considered positive. ('á mark)

(11) The currents leaving the junction
6.63 x 10-34 (%marty
9.1 x 10-31 x 5 x 106 (a mark) considered negative.
Q.12. Obtain an expression for magnetic feld
0.1457 x 109 m at a distance r from straight conductor
= 1.457 x 10-l0 m
carrying law. (2)
2 = 1.457 Å Ans. Consider current
a long wire Ampere's
usingcarrying a CurrentIas
(1 mark)
shown in the figure.
 -1
243
charge dq is further transferred between the
plates.
dw
de
dl Vdg
i.e. duw (½ mark)
...From (i)I
Integrating, with limit 0 to Q we get total work
done.
Amperian
Loop W
½ mark) (dw
daare tangential to the
0

Band
ByAmpere'slaw, Amperian loop W
19 (V½ mark)

1 19
W
fBdlcos = Lol c 2 Jo
(As = 0°, cos 0° = 1) 1
W
Bdi (a mark)
But,
= Total length of the loop 1Q2
W
= 2r 2 C
(a mark)
Bx 21r= Hl Putting Q= CV, we get
1 (Vemark)
B =
Hol W Cy?
2Tr
(a mark)
n13. Derive an expression for energy stored in a Q.14. State zeroth law of thermodynamics. State
its significance. (2)
capacitor. (2) Ans. " Zeroth law of thermodynamics :
Ans. Consider a capacitor of
If twosystems are each in thermal equilibrium
capacitance C being with a third system, they are also in thermal
charged by a DC source equilibrium with each other. (1 mark)
of V volt as shown
Significance of zeroth law::
in figure. (i) The zeroth law enables us to use a
During the process of charging, let g be the thermometer to compare the temperatures of
charge on the capacitor and Vbe the P .D. different objects.
between the plates. (ii) When we use a thermometer, the thermometer
By definition of capacity, and the object are in thermal eguilibrium and
thermometer indicates the temperature of the
C= object.
V
(iii) Tenmperature is defined on the basis of zeroth
V = ...) (s mark) law of thermodynamics.
done if a small (Any two- ½ mark each)
n Small amount of work is
SECTION-C

Attempt any EIGHT: [24] X X X X X X

Q.15. Derive an expression for the total emnf X X X X X X X

a conducting rotating
rod. (3)
induced
Ans. Consider ina conducting rod rotating around a
X

X
X

X
X

X
X

X
field
pivot at one end in a uniform magnetic X X X X X

that is of rotation.
perpendicular to the plane X
Refer figure
X pivot
Now drof the rod at a
considera small element with velocity
X X X X

distancemagnetic field B and has an

r from the pivot moving induced emf X X X X X

8enerated in it like a sliding rod. (a mark) (Diagram- Yo mark)

Vinod P. Balan
B.E.(Mechanical);PGDM
244 UTTAM's XII Physics
Papers
The induced emf (de) in the clement dr is
given by
de= Bvdr
Q.17. A rectangular coil of wire 50 turn
area 6 x 10-* m 1s 1reely suspen
a field of 3 x 10-2 Wb/m?,
Souteachion ofof

Integrating eqn. (i) with limit Oto lwe get total

induced emf
...(i) (a mark)
current
it
flowing through the
deflects through 60°, when coil
Calculatewhenthe
e J de Bvdr (amark)
constant is 3.82 × 10- SI unit
Ans. Given:n = 50
A =6 x 10-4 m², B=3 x 10-2
torsional (3)
Putting v= ro, we get
e
|Brodr
9 = 60° =

K= 3.82 × 10-
T

3
= 1.047 rad

SI unit.
Wb|m,
e Bo rdr To flnd: I= ?
Formula:
KO
e =
Bo nAB (1 mark)
3.82 x 10-6 x 1.047
e
Bo[12 - 0] 50 × 6 x 10-4 x3 x 10-2 (1 mark)
3.82 x 1.047
1
e Bo12 ...(iü)
2 (1 markk) 50 x 6 x 3
Q.16. Find the wavelength and wave number of 3.9995
.. I
the frst mnember of the Balmer series in 900
Hydrogen spectrum. (R = 1.097 x 10 m-) = 0.004443 A = 4.4 mA (1 mark)
(3) 0.18. Consider the cyclic process ABCA on a
Ans. Given: R= 1.097 x 107 m-1
For the first member of Balmer series, sample of 2.0 mol of an ideal gas as shown
p=2
in following figure.
and n=3
P^
To find: (a) Wavelength (2) = ?
(b) Wave number (v)= ?
(a) We have -B
1 1
(Ve mark) The temperature of the gas at A and Bare
n2 300 K and 500 K respectively. A total of
1 1 1 1200 Jheat is withdrawn from the sample
R (e mark) in this process. Find the work done by the
gas in part BC. (R=8.3 J/molK) (3)
5 Ans. Given: n =2.0 mol, T, = 300K, T, = 500K,
R
36 Q=-1200 J, R =8.3 J / mol K.
To find: Work done (W2)=?
36
Formula:(1) Q = AU + W
5R
(2) W = PAV = nRAT
36 1 AU+ W
X
5 (1.097 x 107) W ABCA AU =0)
...(As internal energy Va
36
mark
x 10-7
Q= WAR t WRO t WcA
= constant during
5.485 As, the volume remains
6.563 x 10-7 m path CA,
6563 ¢ (1 mark)
1 -1200 W AB + Wpt0 6 mari)
(b) Wave number (v) = (a mark) .". W,AB + WBC 1200 ...(1)
1 We know,
WAB nRAT
6.563 x 10-7 =

nR(Tg-T)
= 1.524 x 10 m-'( mark) 2.0 x 8.3(500 300) ( ámark

WAB 3320 J

sls3 boniV
 Paper-
1

romcquation(i) 245

2320tWRc
-1200 Q.20. In a
biprismby experiment, the slit
WsC
Negative
sign
- 4520J
indicates
=

that
(½ mark)
the work is done
illuminated red light of wavelength
6400 A and the crosswire of eyepiece
onthegas. aajusted to the centre of 3rd bright band. By
Vorkdone by the gas in part BC = + 4520 J. using blue light it is found that 4th bright
Dand is at the centre of the cross wire.
(l mark) Calculate the wavelength of blue light. (3)
pefinesurface tension. Obtain the relation Ans. Given: , = 6400 A
surface tension and To flnd:,=?
between
surface Formula:
energy. (3)
Surface Tension: It is defined as the For bright band x, =
nD. (e mark)
tangential force acting per unit length on d
bothsides of an imaginary line drawn on the For red light, distance of 3d bright band is
liquid.
freesurface of F
(1 mark) 3DR ...) (½ mark)
Tension (T) =
. Surface For blue light, distance of 4th bright band is
Relation between surface tension and
surface energy:
4Dg
d
...(i) (e mark)

P/ P By condition,
A D
Distance of 3rd Distance of 4th
bright band of bright band of
red light red light
i.e. X, 1.e. X4
3DA. 4Dag. (½ mark)
d
dx
3
C

x 6400
(Diagram-½ mark) 4

Let ABCD be a rectangular frame of wire = 4800 ¢ (1 mark)

frame held
fitted with a movable arm PO. The 0.21, An electron in an atom is revolving
horizontal position and dipped into soap around the nucleus in a circular orbit
solution and taken out so that soap film is of radius 0.53 A, with a speed of
formed. Due to surface tension a force F will
to pull it 2 x 106 m/s. Find the resultant orbital
acts on the wire PÌ which tendingcalculated magnetic moment and angular momentum
towards AB. Magnitude of force is
of electron.
le = 1.6 x 1019C, m=9.1 x 10SI kg) (3)
F
10-10 m.
T=
21 Ans. Given: r = 0.53 A = 0.53 x
F = T.21 (a mark) = 2x 10 m/s,
2 is used e = 1.6 x 10l9 C.
Wnere l is length of wire PO and
surfaces. m = 9.1 x 1031 kg.
Decause soap film has two free
Due to this force work is done To find:
dw = F.dx (1) Orbital magnetic moment (Mo=?
dw = 2Tldx (2) Angular momentum (L) =?
(e mark) eur
dw = Tx dA Formulae:(1) Morb (2) L = mur
2
Where dA = 2ldx = surface area
This work done is stored in the form of
evr
(1) Morb ( mark)
2
i
potential energy (P.E.) 1.6 × 10-19 x 2 x 106 x 0.53 x 10-10
P.E. = T X dA
2
P.E. = T
Va mark) = 1.6 x 0.53 x 10-23
dA = 0.848 x 10-23
1.e, is equal to
surface energy per unit area = 8.48 x10-24 Am2 (1 mark)
Suriace tension.
246
UTTAM's XII Physics
(2)
(e mark) (v) The diode conducts only in Papers
the Solution
9,1 x 10-31 x 2 x 106 × 0.53 × 10 cycle of AC input. The
R, only in one direction and positive half
current flows
Q.22. With
18,2 x 0.53 x 10-35
9.65 x 10-35 J.s (1 mark)
neat circuit diagram, explain
a
wave is rectified. Therefore it
wave rectifier.
only
hrasoughhaln f
half part of
is called
working of p-n junction diode as a half (vi) The variation of AC input and
DC (½ mark)
Ans.
wave rectifier.
D
(3)
time is as shown in Fig. (b).
Q.23. State and explain the
output with
P s, W
conservation of
Ans. "Principle of conservation of
principle (3)
angular
momentum. 0f

RL Vo
momentum: Angular momentum
isolated system conserved in
is
the
angul
of aanr
of an external unbalanced torque
Proof: (1 mark absence
S, Angular momentum (L) of a
by L = rx p system is given
Fig.(a)
P,P2 Primary of transformer, where,
S,S, Secondary of transformer, r is the position vector from the axis of
D
V
Diode,
AC input,
R, - Load resistance, p is the linear momentumn. rotation,.
Vo- DC output.
(Diagram- 1 mark)
Differentiating equation (1) w.r. to time, we get
i) The experimental circuit for half wave
rectifier
dL
=
d(r x p)
is as shown in above Fig. (a). The AC dt dt
voltage
which is to be rectified is applied across the dp dr
primary P, P, of transformer. The secondary = r X
dt d *b (½ mark)
S, S, of transformer is connected in series
with diode D and resistance R,. The dr dp
takern across the load resistance.
output is NoW, dt V and dt = F (% mark)
(ii) When we apply AC input across primary
P, P, then AC voltage is developed across dL = r x F + y X mu
dt (As p= mu)
secondary S, S,.
(iii) During the positive half cycle of input voltage, rxF+ m(v xv)
S, is positive with respect to So, therefore the
diode D is forward biased. It conducts current We know vx u = 0
and current flows through the circuit and we dL
get output across load resistance. The output dt
=
rxF + 0 (Va mark)
voltage V, is, Vo = IR (% mark) But r x F = t = mnoment of force or torque
(iv) During the negative half cycle of input voltage,
dL
S, is negative with respect to S,, therefore the =

diode D is reverse biased. It does not conduct dt

current. No current flows through the circuit. dL
Therefore output voltage across R is zero Thus, if t = 0 then =)
dt
i.e. V,= 0. (a mark) ( mark!
+V4^
L= constant.
Input Q.24. Obtain an expression for average power
Voltage Of > time (3)
dissipated in a pure resistive circuit
Ans. Let, e= eo, sin ot be applied emf across a
-V figure.
resistance R as shown in the following
+v
R

Input o >time
Voltage

e e, sin ot
Fig. (b) (Diagram-½ mark) Fig. Pure resistive circuit mark)
(Diagram- %
 247
Construction :It consist of an evacuated glass
i=i, sin
curent otis flowing through bulb or tube containing two electrodes anode
e resistor: and cathode. The cathode is semi-cylindrical
c a s ee
andiarein phase. photosentitive metal plate (E) and the anode
his circuit is given by is in the form of metal rod. The glass bulb 1s
rin
fitted on nonconducting base provided with
sino)
(, UWO pins for external connection as shown in
,sin o ...i) (½ mark) (1mark)
figure given below.
powerfor one cycle can be obtained Working: The experimental circuit is
erage
as shown in the figure. The cathode is
Work done by emf in one cycle
follows:
Connected to negative terminal and anode
Time for one cycle (period) 1S connected to positive terninal of battery
(HT) with microammeter. When light of
(Pdt Suitable wavelength falls on the cathode,
(½ mark) photoelectrons are emitted. These electrons
P
T
are attracted towards the anode due to applied
T
eosinotdt electric field. The generated photocurrent 1s
current
noted from the microammeter. This
0*
intensity of
T is directly proportional to the (Imari)
T incident light.
ob (sin²otdt .26. At what temperature will the rms
velocity
T 0 its value at STP? (3)
of a gas be four times
Ans. Given: At STP, T, = 273 K;
P

sin² otdt =. (a mark) To find: Temperature (T,) =?

2
3RT (½ mark)
Formula: Vms M
2 2
Paems
(1mark) VT
Describe construction and working of a T (½ mark)
photo cell with the help of neat diagram. T,
(3)
273 (I maric)
Diagram: 4u,
Incident T,
light Squaring on both side,
Evacuated 273
bulb > 1
Anode

C
16 T,
Cathode T, = 16 x 273

>Base T, = 4368 K (1 mark

DHA
(Diagram-1 mark)
SECTION - D

from a rigid support. (Imark)

Atempt. any THREE:pendulum. Derive an [12]
Expression for period of simple pendulum:
ideal simple Considera simple pendulum of length L.
xprHence essistate
on forthe period of simple
pendulum.
factors on which its period Let m be the mass of bob and is balanced by
depeIdealnds. Simple ideal
(4)
simple
the tension in the string (T).
If the bob is in displaced position with very
Pendulum:. An suspended
penduhum is
by a massless, ainextensible,
heavy particle
flexible string small angle 0, then the displacement x of the
bob may be treated as a straight line.
When
248
UTTAM's XIl Physics
Papers
the bob is at B, the forces
acting on bob are:
lLLILLLLLIILLIIL Rigid support
T =
2T

2
Soution
L
. Period (T) = 2 TtA ..(i)
(2 mork)
From Eqn (ii)
Period of simple pendulum depends on the
length of the pendulum and
T
to gravity.
Q.28. Show that only odd
accelerati(2onmarkdue
mg sin0
B
present
column in
in the harmonicsof
vibrations
ai
a pipe closed at
Aviolin string vibrates with one end.
mg
Fig. Simple pendulum
mg cos 0
frequency of
frequencies of first and second
440 Hz,
fundamental
What are the
overtone?
(i) the weight of bob (mg) (Diagram-½ mark) Ans. When the stationary waves are
downwards. acting vertically pipe closed at one end, a node isproducedatin a
closed end and anti-node is formedformed the
(ii) the tension (T) in the at open
string acting along BO. end, This is calld as
The weight mg resolved into two boundary condition.
(a) mgsin0 components. The different modes of
vibrations
perpendicular
(b) mgcos - along the string
to the string follows: are as
balanced by T. (i) Fundamental mode of
vibration:
(½ mark) The first mode of
The mgsin is along
tangent
The force tries to restore the
to arc at B. vibration of air column
to the angular bob. It
opposes closed at one end is A

:. Restoring force displacement

0. called fundamental mode.
(F) = - mgsin 0 This mode contains
:. F= -mgo ...(As 0is small sin = 0) half loop as shown
From figure, in Fig. (a).
arc AB X Let lbe the length
radius L ...1) (½ mark) of pipe.
L = 1+ e
where,
But, F = e’ be the end
ma
correction.
.:. Equation (i) becomes, n’ be the Fig. (a)
of first frequerncy
mode, (Diagram- ½mark)
X h’ be the
(Length of airwavelength.
ma

column) (Length of loop)

a =

4
We know,
= 4L
Acceleration (a) =-)x (½ mark) We know,
.. Equation (i) becomes, V= n
X
-02x = -g n =
4L
n = (%marl
4(+ e) ..)
The equation for the period is where L =l+e
This is the frequency of fundamental mode
or first harmonic.
(ii) First overtone:
 249
contains one full loop and one Similarly n, = (2 + 1) x 440
mode
This shown in Fig. (b). = 1320Hz (a mark)
loopas the frequency A Q.29. Derive the relation between electric
’
the
be
wavelength intensity and electric potential.
be column)
’ ofair condenser has a
A
(Length ofloop)
length A parallel plate air the new
capacity of 20 uF. what will be
two plates
32, 32,
capacity if the distance between (4)
L is doubled?
4 4
electric intensity and
4L A Ans. " Relation between
electric potential: point 0'. The
Consider a point charge +g at distance dx.
3
Weknow, separated by
þoints M andN are
dx o
N N M
Fig. (b) -A

(Diagran- ½ mark) X
(Diagram - %mark)
n, = 4L/3 When it is
Let g, be the test charge at point M.
1)
work is done and
= 34L displaced from M to N small
(a mark) it is given by
3n ...(ii) = ..(i)
-Fdx
n, third harmonic dw
Thus. the first overtone is force anddisplacement
is absent). Negative sign indicates
land 2nd harmonic are in opposite direction.
mode contain two full
Bitl Second overtone: This shown in Fig. (c). By definition of electric
intensity
loops and one half loop as
n ’ be the frequency A E =

y’ be the wavelength (a marik)

F = Ego
(Length of air column)
(Length of loop) .. Equation (i) becomes
dw =
-E q,dx
L
5 L=
52, dw (Y6 mark)
4 4 -Edx
4L dw
dV
Edx, where dV=
5
dV
We know, (4 mark)
E dx
N Thus the electric intensity at a point in
Fig. (c) electric field is the negative potential
(Diagram - ½ mark) an
gradient at that point.
4L/5 " Problem:
Given:C= 20uF, = 2d
ny = 4L
To fAnd: New capacitarnce (C) =?
5n ...(ii) harmonic
Thus, second overtone
the is 5th Formula: C Ae, k ...) (4 mark)
(and 4th harmonic is absent). d
overtone The distance between plates is double
way, for pth
Continuing
the frequency p
in similar
is
d =
The new capacitance is
2d

(2p + 1)n
Thus, for a pipe closed at one
end only odd A£, k Al, k
(Va mark) ...(ii) (4mark)
" narmonics
Problem: are present.
2d
Dividing equation (ii) by (i),
iven: n = 440 Hz Ae, k
To find: n and n2 =? 2d
X

Al, k
Formula:
..
n. = (pt 1)ro
= (1 + 1) x 440 x 20
(s mark)
= 880 Hz
250 UTTAM's XII Physics
Papers
C'= 1OuF (1 mark) Accordingto Huygen's principle
as secondary source and emit
point Soutiactons
A
Q.30. State advantages of a
voltmeter.
A resistance of 32 is
potentiometer over a waves in the same medium.
to surface PO.
Draw secondarANy
normal
connected in parallel
to a galvanometer of resistance 297 2. Find F

the fraction of current passing through the

galvanometer. (4)
Ans. Advantages of apotentiomneter over a
voltmeter:
(i) Potentiometer is more sensitive than a
voltmeter. (½ mark)
(ii) A potentiometer can be used to P7
a potential difference as well as emf measure
of a Fig. Reflection at a plane surface (1 mark)
cell. A voltmeter always measures terminal Let the incident wavefront move from the
potential difference and as it draws some point B to C in time t = T with velocity .
current, it cannot be used to measure an emf .:: BC = VT
of a cell. (a mark)
(iii) Measurement of P.D. or emf is During, the same time, the
in the case of a potentiometer as
very accurate
compare to
wave starting from A will travel the same secondary
voltmeter. (½ mark) distance vT. Taking A as center and u
(iv) A potentiometer is used to as radius, draw semi circle. Then draw
measure a very
small P.D. of order 10-6 yolt and to determine tangent CD to this semi circle. Hence CD
internal resistance of a cell while a voltmeter represent the reflected wavefront bounded hy
can not be used to measure small PD and to AG and CH i.e. AD = vT.
determine internal resistance of a cell. Let EAN = i = Angle of incidence and
(a mark) ZNAD =r= Angle of reflection. (½ mark)
" Problem:
In AABC and AADC,
Given:S = 32, G = 297 2.
AC AC
To find:Fraction of current-? ...(Common)
AD BC = vT
Formula:IG =(|- IJS ZBAC
...(Construction)
(½ mark) ZADC = 90°
From formula, AABC AADC
ZBAC = DCA
S
=
...CACT)...i) (½ mark
G I
From figure,
1 i + NAB = 90°
*n+
NAB + BAC = 90°
G + S
Comparing above equations,
ZBAC
I ..(ii)
Also,
S+ G r tDAC = 90°
3
= DAC + DCA = 90
3+ 297 (½ mark)
3
Comparing above equations,
I 300 l300*100|% ZDCA
...(ii)
Putting the values of equations (i) and )
1% in equation (1), we get
(1 mark)
The fraction of current passing = r (1 mar)
through the i.e. Angle of incidence = Angle of
galvanometer is 1%.
" Laws of
reflection
o.31. Explain rerlection of light at a plane Reflection:
() Angle of incidence is equal to angle
reflecting suriace on the basis of Huygen's reflection.
principle. Also state laws of reflection. (4) (ii) The incident ray, reflected ray and normal
Ans. Let PQ be a plane renecting surface. A plane
TUavefront AB b0uided by two parallel rays EA
lies in the same plane.
and FC is incident on the surface PO
(ii) The incident ray and reflected ray liesonthe
(1mark
AB touchesthe surface PQ at point Aat t= 0. opposite side of normal.