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Logarithm

The document provides an overview of logarithms, including their definitions, applications, and methods for converting numbers between ordinary and scientific notation. It explains the concepts of common and natural logarithms, as well as the characteristics and mantissa of logarithms. Additionally, it covers the process of finding antilogarithms and includes examples to illustrate these mathematical principles.

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23 views16 pages

Logarithm

The document provides an overview of logarithms, including their definitions, applications, and methods for converting numbers between ordinary and scientific notation. It explains the concepts of common and natural logarithms, as well as the characteristics and mantissa of logarithms. Additionally, it covers the process of finding antilogarithms and includes examples to illustrate these mathematical principles.

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lovelyawanawan203
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Logarithms At the end of the unit, fie ‘students will be able to: IN} ot , > Express libel in Seientific notation and vice versa. > Describe logarithm of a number > _ Differentiate between common and natural logarithm INTRODUCTION Logarithms are powerful mathematical tools used to simplify complex calculations, particularly those involving exponential growth or decay. They are widely applicable across various fields, including banking, science, engineering, and information technology. In chemistry, the pH scale, which measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, is based on logarithms. They help in transforming non-linear data into linear form for analysis, solving exponential equations and managing calculations involving very large or small numbers efficiently. _ 7 2.1 Scientific Notation. A method used to ex, regs yeryilarge or very small numbers in a more manageable form is known asq Saient he tfotation. It is commonly used in science, engineering and mathematics to simplify complex calculations. A number in scientific notation is written as: a™* 10", where 1 =9 => x=64 => #32 Example8: Convert the following in logarithmic form: (i) 34=81 (ii) 7° =1 i) 34= Solition: = (i) 3-81 A, Its logarithmig fea ist/ UN Mes Vosarithmic form is: A\\\ (\{\ius NS MN : log, 1=0 — QCEXERCISE2.2 PY 1, Express each of the following in logarithmic form: 1 (i) 10° = 1000 (ii) 28=256 (ii) | 3°= 0 \ (iv) 20?=400 (vy) 164 =5 (vi) 1?=121 (vii) p=q' (viii) 2. Express each of the following in ex; ==log, 3 (vii) 5=log,, 100000 (viii) log, =-2 >, 2.3) ne Unit — 2: Logarithms 3. Find the value of x in each of the following: () log, 64=3 (ii) log, l= x (iii) log, 8=1 (iv) logyx=-3 (v)_—_log, x= = 2c log, 1024 = x 2.3. Common Logarithm The common logitithm simply as log (when no base is mentioned, it is usually assumed to be base 10). i8 the logarithm with a base of 10. It is written as logy9 or For example: 10'=10 < logl0=1 10° =100 <> log100=2 10° =1000 <> log1000 = 3andsoon, English mathematician Henry Briggs extended Napier’s work and developed the common logarithm. He also introduced logarithmic table. 10" =a=01 © log0.1=-1 10° ae 0.01 <> log0.01=—2 100 lo*= = = 0.001 <> 1og0.00f; Pasig. WOU 2.3.1 Characteristig and Mant sa of Logarithms The logarithm aninber consists of two parts: the characteristic and the mantissa. Here is a simple way to understand them: (a) Characteri: The characteristic is the integral part of the logarithm. It tells us how big or small the number is. ic When the characteristic is negative, we write it with bar. Rules for Finding the Characteristic (i) For a number greater than 1: Characteristic = number of digits to the lefi of the decimal point — 1 2 ®) For example, in log 567 the characteristic = 3 = (ii) For a number less than 1: \ T\( a } \ Characteristic = = (aumibes oft Zetos between the decimal point and the first non-zero digit wy For example, in log 0.0123 the characteristic = — (1 + 1) =-2 or 2 iy 25 ~~ Tet ie Unit — 2: Logarithms Example 9: Find characteristic of the followings: (i) log 725 Gi) log 9.87 (iii) log 0.00045 (iv) log 0.54 Solitons (i) log 725 ©) \UGi) log 9.87 Characteristie\<3 4\1 2 Characteristic = 1-1 =0 ii) 19¢0.00045 (iv) log 0.54 Characteristic = — (3 + 1)=4 Characteristic = — (0 + 1)=T Characteristic of the logarithm of numbers can also be find by expressing them in scientific notation. For example, Number | Scientific Notation | Characteristic of the logarithm Ds 7.23 «10? 2 9.87 9.87 x 10° 0 0.00045 45x10 : 0.54 asia Qn per (b) Mantissa R The mantissa is the decimal part of the logarithm. It represents the "fractional" component and is always positive. For example, in log 5000 = 3.698 the mantissa is 0.698 2.3.2. Finding Common Logarithm of a Number Suppose we want to find the common logarithm of 13.45. The step-by-step procedure to find the logarithm is given below: Step 1: Separate the integral and decimal parts. Integral part = 13 Decimal part = 45 c Step 2: Find the characteristic of the fiumhber tic + Mantissa Characteristic. = number of digits to the left of the decimal point — | -1=1 Step 3: In common logarithm table (Complete table is given at the end of the book), check the intersection of row number 13 and column number 4 which is 1271. [_-——(‘( rh 26 ‘I A Step 4: Find mean difference: Check the intersection of|row number 13 and column number 5 in the méan-difference which is 16 yc Logarithm Table Bnit}2hLogarithms Mean Difference 12 3/4 5 6|7 8 9 10 | 0000} 0043} 0086] 0128] 0170) 0212) 0253} 0294) 0334| 0374) 4 8 12|17 24 25/29 33 37 11 | 0414) 0453} 0492] 0531] 0569) 0607) 0645] 0682) 0719|0755] 4 8 11/15 19 23}26 30 34 12 | 0792] 0828} 0864 | 0899] 0934) 0969) 1004) 1038} 1072| 1106] 3 7 10|14 47 21/24 28 31 3 3 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 13 | 1139] 1173) 1206] 1239] 1271) 1303) 1335] 1367] 1399) 1430} 6 10/13 16 19/23 26 29 14 | 1461} 1492} 1523] 1553] 1584] 1614) 1644] 1673] 1703] 1732 6 9{12 15 18}21 24 27 Step 5: Add the numbers found in step 3 and step 4. ie., 1271 + 16 = 1287 which is the mantissa of given number. Step 6: Finally, combine the characteristic and mantissa BRE found in step 2 and step 5 respectively. We get 1.1287 \ So, the value of log, 13 45is\ 28% Example@0: Find Jogatithm ‘of the following numbers: (i) Wii) log 5.678 (iii). 100.0036 iv) ‘Log 0.0478 Solution: (i) log 345 Characteristic = 3—1=2 Mantissa = 0.5378 _(EBORIFSHS4/in| he Pow anal in the Column OF HE TOwABIE) So, log(Q48) =2 + 0.5378 = 2.5378 (ii) log 5.678 - Characteristic = 1-1 =0 re (0) undefined Mantissa = 0.7542 (7536 + 6 = 7542) eB (i=0 So, log (5.678) = 0 + 0.7542 = 0.7542 log (a= | (iii) log 0.0036 Characteristic =—(2 + 1) =93, | S563 RRA re column of the log table) 30.5563 = 2.4437 Mantissa So, log (0.0036))f\5 (iv) log 0.0478 Characteristic =—(1 + 1)=-2 .6794 (Look for 47 in the row and 8 in the column of the log table) So, 2 + 0.6794 = 1.3206 iy 27 ‘I Mantissa Unit — 2: Logarithms 2.3.3 Concept of Antilogarithm An antilogarithm is the inverse operation of a logarithm. An antilogarithm helps to find a 4=1024 number whose logarithmic value is given. Logarithm(exponent) | | Antilogarithm(result) In simple terms: Iflogx=yoo then the process\of finding is called antilogarithm of y. Finding Antilogarithm of a. Number using Tables Let us find the antilogarithm of 2.1245. The step-by-step procedure to find the antilogarithm is given below: Step 1:Separate the characteristic and mantissa parts: Characteristic = 2 Mantissa = 0.1245 Step 2:Find corresponding value of mantissa The word antilogarithm is another word for the number or result. For example, in 43 = 64, the result 64 is the antilogarithm. from antilogarithm table (given at the end of the book): ‘i Check the intersection of row number, 12-and colin ber 4 which provides the number 1330. A\VA\(OWY Step 3:Find the mean differences \ Check the\ittéfSection of row number .12 and the column number 5 of the mean difference in the antilogarithm table which gives 2. Antilogarithm Table Mean Difference o}/1)/2]/3/4]s]6]7)]s8]9 123/415 6/7 8 9 11 [1288] 1291] 1294/1297] 1300] 1303[ 1306] 1309] 1312/1315] 0 1 1/1/2 2/2 2 3 .12 | 1318] 1321] 1324] 1327] 1330] 1334| 1337] 1340] 1343]1346]0 1 1/1 2 2/2 2 3 -13 | 1349] 1352] 1355] 1358] 1361] 1365] 1368] 1371| 1374] 1377/0 1 1/1 2 2/2 3 3 .14 | 1380] 1384] 1387] 1390] 1393] 1396] 1400] 1403] 1406] 14090 1 1/1 2 2/2 3 3 -15 | 1413| 1416] 1419] 1422] 1426| 1429| 1432] 1435] 1439| 1442] 0) 1a@)/i2 2/2 3 3 Step 4: Add the numbers found in the step2 Fag step 3, we get 1330 + 2 = 1332 Step 5: Insert the decimal point: Since characteristig)is 2) therefore the decimal pointiwill be after 2 digits right from the reference position. So, we get 133.2. Thus, the antilog (2.1245) = 1,33.2 iy 28 ‘I The place between the first non- zero digit from left and its next digit is called reference position. For example, in 1332, the reference position is between | and 3 Unit - 2: Logarithms Example 1: Find the value of x in the followings: (i) log x = 0.2568 (ii) log x =— 1.4567 Gii) = log x =- 2.1234 Solution: (i) log x = 0.2568 xf Characteristic = 0 14 ¢ Mahlissa Table value of 0,2568 =. 1803 (3.1806 So, x=antilog (0.2588) 21.806 6 (Insert the decimal point at reference position NNN because characteristic is 0.) (ii) logx=~ 1.4567 Since mantissa is negative, so we make it positive by adding and subtracting 2 log x =-2 + 2 -1.4567 =-2 40,5433 = 2.5433 Here characteristic = 2, mantissa = 0.5433 Table value of 0.5433 = 3491 + 2 = 3,493 So, x=antilog (2.5433) = 0.03493 Since characteristic is 2, therefore decifial bt vill be) before 2 digits left from the reference position. Ql (iii) log x= TRAN Since mantissa aie, so we make it positive by adding and subtracting 3 log x =-3 +3 2.1234 =-3+0.8766 = 3.8766 Swiss mathematician and physicist Leonhard Euler introduced ‘e’ for the base of natural logarithm. Here characteristic = 3 , mantissa = 0.8766 Table value of 0.8766 = 7516 + 10 = 7,526 So, x =antilog (3.8766) = 0.007526 Since characteristic = 3 , therefore decimal point will be before 3 i digi left from the reference position. S 2.3.4 Natural Logarithm) The natural logarithaga is, the Jogarithm with base e, where e is a mathematical constant approximately equal to 2.71828. It is denoted as In. The natural logarithm is commonly >” 29 ‘I TELL ile Unit — 2: Logarithms used in mathematics, particularly in calculus, to Aleseritff ‘expofiehtial growth, decay and many other natural phenomenay For example, Ine? = 2 i.e Ahe\logarithnboF e” to the base ¢ is Difference betyreen Common and Natural Logarithms ii, It is written as log,,(x) or simply log (x) when no base is specified. Common logarithms are widely used in everyday calculations, especially in scientific and engineering applications. iii. Common Logarithm Natural Logarithm i. The base ofa common logarithm |i. The base of a natural logarithm is e. is 10. iii, Natural i. It is written as In(x) logarithms are commonly used in higher level mathematics particularly calculus and applications (Gxmaszy involving growth/decay processes. 1. Find characteristic ofthe following’ ‘umbets: (i) (ii) 59.28 (iii) 0.0567 (iv) § (v) 0.000049 (vi) 145000 2. Find logarithm of the following numbers: (i 43 (ii) 579 Gii) 1.982 (iv) 0.0876 (v) 0.047 (vi) 0.000354 3. If log 3.177 = 0.5019, then find: @ log 3177 (ii) log 31.77 Gii) log 0.03177 4. Find the value of x. (i) logx=0.0065 (ii) ~— logx=1.192 (iii) logx = -3.434 (iv) logx=-1.5726 (v) logx=4.3561 (vi) log x =-2.0184 2.4 Laws of Logarithm Laws of logarithm are also known as rules or properties flogettin. hose laws help to simplify logarithmic expressions' end solye logavithmie equations. 1. Product Law VN ob log, xy = log, x+ log, y The logarithm of the product is the sum of the logarithms of the factors. 30 Unit - 2: Logarithms Proof: Let =m =log,x .i) and on =log,y _ ...(ii) Express (i) and (ii) in exponential form: x=" an com Multiply x me » we ee , amit Its logarithmic foun log, xy =m+n log, xy =log,x + log, » [From (i) and (ii)] 2. Quotient Law Proof: © je CO Let m=log,x “A «teh wK © Divide the students into small groups. and n=log,y . Express (i) and xponential form: | © Distribute the logarithmic expression x=b" and y=b" cards randomly among the groups. Divide x by y, we get © Each group will work together to identify on which logarithmic law applies to each 28 yee expression. yo After completing the task, each group will Its logarithmic form is: present its findings. x log, : mn y bes * te, x-log, y gem Power Law Unit — 2: Logarithms m=log,x oi) Its exponent form is: =p Raise both sides R fhe power? = (by Shem Its tegen form is: log, x" =nm log, x" =n. log, x [From (i)] 4. Change of Base Law log, x log, 5 This law allows to change the base of a logarithm wom to PAROE base “a”. log, x= Proof: Let =log,x Its exponential fii! is: "=X Taking log with base "a" on both sides, we get log, b" = log, x mlog, b= log, x _ log, x log, b log, x 7 log, x=—=s— From (i 8, log, b [ Q@] 2.4.1 Applications of ‘Logarithm Logarithms have a wide range of applications i in many fi fields. Here some examples are given about the apgtcetions of logarithms. Example 12: iXpand the following using laws of logarithms: (i) log, (20) ii) log, (9)° (iii) log,, 27 iy 32 ~~ Math Unit — 2: Logarithms Solution: (i) log,(20) (ii) log, (iii) log, 27 = log,(2x 2x5) = log, (3°)° = mei x3 x a Example 13: Expand the following using laws of logarithms: 8 @ toe, (22 = J wi ie, (2) Zz Zz , Solution (i) te, (= ] 3,22") 7 7 a om = = sf, x + log, y—log, 2] Example write the following as a single logarithm: ji) 2 log, 10—log, 4 (ii) 6 log, x+2 log, 11 Solution: (i) 2 log,10—log,4 (ii) 6 log, x+2 log, 11 =log, (10) —log, 4 =log, x° + log, (11)° = log, 100-log, 4 = log, x° + log, (121) = log, (121x°) = Io 100 3 7. = log, 25 Uo). What is the sound level in decibels? ., I Solution: L=40 logy, (4) Put 1= 10%Io, we get Ll [| L =40 log,, (10)° L = 40x 6 log,,10 L=40x 6 L = 240 decibels Unit — 2: Logarithms Jn (0) = undefined Pipi) | in(e)=1 (+ log,,10=1) (CEXERCISED4-) 1. Without using calculator, evaluate the followin; (i) log, 18-log,9 ii) log, 64+ loge (iv) log 2+ 108 25, GL =log, 8— log, 18 7 los 8-log, ,64+2l0g,25 (vi) log, 12+log, 0.25 2. Write ¢hyféiloWing as a single logarithm: (i) shee 25+ 2 log 3 (iii) log, B°. log, 5° (v) — 4logs x—log; y+ log; z (ii) log 9 — log ; (iv) 2log, x+log, y (vi) 2Ina+3nb-4Ine 3. Expand the following using laws of logarithms: ‘eb (ii) log, V8a (iii) n( | / l-a¥ 5 r -a (vy) InVlox* (vi)_ Jog, (5*) 4, Find the value of x in the following equations (i) log2+log PEA A\\ SS Git) VIPS Gay? iy “(ii) log, x+ log, 8=5 Ly? (iv) (3) 27 34 ~~ Unit — 2: Logarithms Li (v) — log(Sx-10)=2 (vi) log, (8 +1) log. —4)=2 Find the values of the following pyitle the help of logarithm yable: 3.68 x 4.21 2 i — 7x2 39) (i) 5.234 KS dai, 4.6 x 2.11 x 2.397 al fo 3 (iii) (20:46) bc(24122) (i) 419.364 x 21.64 ~ 754.3 3.21 The formula to measure the magnitude of earthquakes is given by M=log,, (+} If amplitude (A) is 10,000 and reference amplitude (4,) is 10. What is the magnitude of the earthquake? Abdullah invested Rs. 100,000 in a saving scheme and gains interest at the rate of 5% per annum so that the total value of this investment after ¢ years is Rs y. This is modelled by an equation y= 100,000 (1.05)' , r> 0. Find after how many years the investment will be double. Huria is hiking up a mountain where the temperature (T) dearéases by 3% (ora factor of 0.97) for every 100 metres gained + ‘it ‘altitude The mit temperature (7) at sea level cis \20°C3) Using the totale ‘T =T,«0: gq ; calculate the temperature at an altitude a} of 500 metres. €REVIEWEXERCSED Four options are given against cach statement. Encircle the correct option. (i) The standard form of 5.2 « 10° is: (a) 52,000 (b) 520,000 (c) 5,200,000 (d) 52,000,000 (ii) Scientific notation of 0.00034 is: (a) 34x10? (6) 34x10 (c) 34x104 (d) 34% 10% (iii) The base of common logarithm is: (a) 2 (b) 10 @ 5 (de (iv) log,2?=_ : IA COU (a) 1 & 2 o N\\@i\\s/ < (@) 3 (v) log 100= lee \\ UI (a) 2 NJ OP '3 (c) 10 (d) 1 (vi) If 1S “0.3010, then log 200 is: (a) 1.3010 (b) 0.6010 (c) 2.3010 (d) 2.6010 iy 35 ~~ ti E) (vii) log (0) = ;: (a) positive (b) (viii) log 10,000 = (a) 2 \\\@) @ 5 (ix) log 5+ ee AVS N 5 aio (b+) log2 (© bg (3) @ log I (x) 3‘ =8lin logarithmic form is: (a) log, 4=81 (b) — log,3=81 (©) log, 81=4 () log, 81=3 2. Express the following numbers in scientific notation: (i) 0.000567 (ii),——734 ii) 0.33 x 108 3. Express the following numbers in ordinary notation: (i) 2.6 x 10° Gi) 8.794 « 104 (iii) 6 « 10% 4, Express each of the following in logarithmic form: (@) 37=2187 ii) Sah (ii) (ay gn § é an | l7o\ Si Express each of the following rat [Cs © loae= 2, \ ot as 26 on Na (ii) 6) =27 (iii) (3) = 64 te Write the following as a single logarithm: (i) 7 log x — 3log y* (ii) 3 log 4—log 32 (iii) (log, 8+ log, 27)—log.3 8. Expand the following using laws of logarithms: (i) logy") (i) log, men? (iii) log ¥8x° 9, Find the values of the following with the help of logarithm table: Oe Gi) 31983543 iy AESSRTINO 10. ‘In the year 2016, the population of a city was 22 millions andre rate of 2.5% per year. The Fonesonan) 6 * 220 18025 )aiy i millions, ¢ years after 2016, rantsat \n iniodl \t0\ \defermine i in which year the population will bh 3S-milli \Round thre answer to the nearest year. Wa (\

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