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SCIENCE 10 - LECTURE 2
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
• Electromagnetic waves or EM waves are waves that are created because of
vibrations between an electric field and a magnetic field. It is composed of
oscillating magnetic and electric fields.
• An electromagnetic wave does not need a medium to propagate or travel from
one place to another.
• EM waves are transverse waves.
• All electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed through empty space or
vacuum. The speed of all electromagnetic waves is about 300,000,000 m/s (3.0 x
108 m/s) – this is called the speed of light.
PROPERTIES OF AN ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
• Wavelength - The horizontal distance between two consecutive troughs or
crests is known as the wavelength of the wave.
• Frequency - refers to the number of full wavelengths that pass by a given point
in space every second; the SI unit for frequency is Hertz (Hz), which is equivalent
to “per seconds” 1/s or s-1
Wavelength and frequency are inversely proportional: that is, the shorter the
wavelength, the higher the frequency, and vice versa. This relationship is given
by the following equation:
𝒄 = 𝝀𝒇
where:
• c is the speed of light (300,000,000 m/s)
• f is the frequency in the unit of cycle per second or Hertz (Hz)
• 𝜆 (pronounced as lambda) is the wavelength of the wave in meters (SI
unit).
• Energy – carried on by photons which travel through space. The different types
of electromagnetic waves can be compared by the energy carried by the photon.
The energy is given by the equation:
E = hf
where
• h is Planck’s Constant which is equal to 6.626 x 10-34 J•s, and;
• f is the frequency of the EM wave
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SCIENCE 10 - LECTURE 3
APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Electromagnetic Applications Explanation Issues
Wave Type
Radio Waves Primary Applications: - TV & Radio: Modulates - Signal interference
have the longest TV & Radio Communication AM/FM waves for - Health concerns with
wavelengths (from Other Applications: audio/video. prolonged exposure
1 mm to 100 km) Wireless networks, RFID tags, - Wireless: Used in cell
GPS phones and Wi-Fi networks.
Microwaves Primary Applications: - Cooking: Microwaves heat - Potential health risks
Cooking, RADAR, Satellite water molecules in food. - Environmental
Communication - RADAR: Used in air traffic effects from high-
Other Applications: control, weather monitoring. power use
Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, weather
forecasting
Infrared Waves Primary Applications: - Night Vision: Detects heat - Privacy concerns
primarily Night Vision, Remote Controls, in darkness. with surveillance
associated with Medical Imaging - Medical: Thermal imaging - Risk of burns in
heat. Other Applications: for diagnostic purposes. high-intensity
Heat sensing, astronomy, applications
infrared photography
Visible Light Primary Applications: - Telecommunication: - Eye safety concerns
Part of the Telecommunication, Medical Lasers transmit data in fiber- - Expensive
spectrum that Imaging optic cables. infrastructure for fiber
humans can see Other Applications: - Medical: Used in eye and optics
and is composed Barcode scanning, laser skin surgeries.
of colors cutting, DVD/Blu-ray players
(ROYGBIV)
Ultraviolet waves Primary Applications: - Sterilization: UV light kills - Skin cancer and eye
has UVA, UVB, Counterfeit Detection, microbes. damage from
and UVC Sterilization - Forensics: Reveals hidden overexposure
Other Applications: substances at crime scenes. - Environmental
Tanning, pest control, water damage due to
purification excessive use
X-rays Primary Applications: - Medical: X-rays create - Radiation exposure
Medical Imaging, Security images of bones and risk
Scanning organs. - Privacy and ethical
Other Applications: - Industrial: Inspects welds concerns in security
Art restoration, airport security, and materials in applications
industrial testing construction.
Gamma Rays Primary Applications: - Medical: Used to treat - Harmful to healthy
highest energy EM Cancer Treatment, Industrial cancer cells. cells
waves, produced Sterilization - Industrial: Gamma rays - Safety and waste
by radioactive Other Applications: sterilize medical tools and management issues
decay. Food irradiation, nuclear inspect materials.
medicine, astrophysics
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SCIENCE 10 - LECTURE 4
EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
NON-IONIZING AND IONIZING RADIATION
• Non-ionizing radiation is low energy radiation, it can heat up atoms and molecules. It
includes the spectrum of radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, and low
energy ultraviolet light (UV-A & UV-B). For example: A microwave oven has enough
energy to cook food because when food absorbs microwaves, it causes the water
molecules in the food to vibrate and produce heat. Unprotected exposure to UV-A and
UV-B can damage the skin cells causing sunburn, premature aging, and skin cancer.
• Ionizing radiation is high energy radiation that is strong enough to remove an electron
from an atom or molecules. It contains the spectrum of high energy ultraviolet light
(UV-C), X-rays, and gamma rays. High doses of ionizing radiation absorbed by living
cells can damage or alter their genetic material (DNA). The body cells are effective at
repairing this damage. But, if the damage does not repair properly, the cell may die or
become cancerous.
RADIATION HEALTH EFFECTS AND PROTECTIONS
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) formulated the standard radiation safety
principles including the time of exposure, shielding, and distance.
• Time of Exposure. The amount of radiation dosage is directly proportional to the time
exposure. Therefore, if the amount of radiation dosage increases, the time of exposure
is also increasing.
• Shielding. In handling radioactive materials, additional armor/protective materials are
placed between the person and the source of radiation to absorb most of its radiation.
• Distance. It refers to how near you are to a radiation source. Increasing the distance
from the radiation source can reduce radiation exposure.
SCIENCE 10 - LECTURE 5
REFLECTION
• Bouncing off light rays as it hits a smooth and shiny surface (reflecting surface).
Where:
• Incident ray - light coming from the
source
• Normal line - perpendicular line with
the mirror
• Reflected ray – the ray moving away
after reflecting
LAWS OF REFLECTION
States that (1) the angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection, and
(2) the incident ray, reflected ray, and normal line lie on the same plane.
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TYPES OF MIRRORS
PLANE MIRROR CONCAVE MIRROR CONVEX MIRROR
• has flat surface • also called converging • also called diverging
• can redirect the light mirror mirror has its reflective
• has its reflective surface surface curved outwards
curved inwards (forming a bulge) which
(somewhat forming a scatters or diverges the
cave) which converges light
the light to a point called
focus.
Image Formed by Mirrors
Images are formed when light from the object hits the mirror and reaches the eyes. It
can be described using the following: Size, Orientation, Location, and Type (SOLT).
LOCATION OF SIZE ORIENTATION LOCATION TYPE
THE Same size Upright Infront of Virtual
OBJECT Smaller/Diminished Inverted mirror Real
Larger/Magnified Behind the
mirror
Plane Mirror
In front of the mirror Same size Upright Behind the Virtual
mirror
Concave mirror (+)
A. At C
B. Beyond C
C. Between F and C
D. At F
E. Between F and
mirror
Convex mirror (-)
F. Near the mirror
G. Far from the
mirror
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RAY DIAGRAMMING
• A technique used to locate and describe the image formed by an object. You may use
the following shortcuts to describe the image produced.
Ray 1 – Principal Axis to Focus (P-F)
Draw a line from the top of the object parallel to P then bounced back to F.
Ray 2 – Focus to Principal Axis (F-P)
Draw a line from the top of the object straight to F then bounced back parallel to P.
Ray 3 – Vertex (V)
Draw a line from the top of the object straight to V then, reflects at the same angle
as the incidence.
Ray 4 – Center of curvature (C)
Draw a line from C to the top of the object then reflects within the same line as the
incidence.
REFRACTION
• The bending of light as it passes from one transparent substance into another.
TYPES OF LENSES
Lenses are objects, usually made of glass, that refract light. They may form into different
shapes depending on the purpose. In this module, we will focus on spherical lenses. There
are also plenty of types of spherical lenses, but we will only discuss two, convex and concave
lenses.
CONVEX LENS CONCAVE LENS
• also known as converging lens • also known as diverging lens
• a type of lens that is bulging or thicker • thinner in the center and thicker at the
at the center edges
• when light passes through it, the light • when light passes through it, light
converges at a single point diverges or scatters
Figure 15: (A) When light passes a convex lens it converges; (B) When light passes a concave lens, it diverges.
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Image formation by Spherical Lenses through Ray Diagramming Techniques
Images formed by spherical lenses follow the law of refraction.
1. Parts of the diagram
A. Lens – It can be a concave or convex lens.
B. Principal Axis – An imaginary line that bisects the spherical lenses horizontally.
C. Primary Focus (F) - Located along the principal axis. Depends on the type of lens – for
a convex lens, it is on the same side with the object and for a concave lens, it is on the
opposite side of the object.
D. Secondary Focus (F’) - Located along the principal axis. Depends on the type of lens –
for a convex lens, it is on the opposite side of the object and for a concave lens, it is
on the same side with the object.
E. Optical Center (O) – Located at the intersection of the principal axis and the lens.
2. Rays to be used
Ray 1 – Principal Axis to Focus (P-F)
Draw a line from the top of the object parallel to P, it will refract on the lens then to F’.
Ray 2 – Focus to Principal Axis (F-P)
Draw a line from top of the object straight to F, it will refract on the lens then parallel to P.
Ray 3 – Optical Center
Draw a line from the top of the object straight to O. No refraction in the middle of lens.
3. Image formed
LOCATION OF SIZE ORIENTATION LOCATION TYPE
THE Same size Upright Infront of Virtual
OBJECT Smaller/Diminished Inverted mirror Real
Larger/Magnified Behind the
mirror
Concave lens
A. At 2F
B. Beyond 2F
C. Between F
and 2F
D. At F
E. Between F
and lens
Convex lens
F. Near the
mirror
G. Far from the
mirror
