MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ VÀ CẤU TRÚC SO SÁNH HƠN

NHẤT
I. MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ

Mệnh đề quan hệ (Relative clause) là mệnh đề phụ dùng để

nối với mệnh đề chính thông qua các đại từ quan hệ, trạng từ
quan hệ. Mệnh đề quan hệ thường đứng sau các đại từ, danh
từ nhằm bổ nghĩa và giải thích rõ hơn cho danh từ, đại từ đó.

 Mệnh đề quan hệ đứng sau chủ ngữ

- Cấu trúc:
S + đại từ quan hệ + V1 + O +V2 + O
Vd: the man who is working so hard is my boss.
 Mệnh đề quan hệ đứng sau tân ngữ
- Cấu trúc:
S + V1 + O + đại từ quan hệ + V + O
VD: I really like the dress which my friend gave me for my 18th birthday.
2. Các loại từ dùng trong mệnh đề quan hệ
2.1 Các loại từ quan hệ
- WHO : sử dụng thay thế cho chủ ngữ, tân ngữ or danh từ chỉ người
- cấu trúc:
….+ N (người nào đó) + who + V + O
VD: the person I admire most in the life is my father, who has done so many
great things for our family.
- WHOM: sử dụng thay thế tân ngữ hoặc danh từ chỉ người.
- Cấu trúc:
….N( người nào đó) + whom + V + O
VD: do you know the teacher whom was the homeroom of my class for 3
years in high school.
- WHICH: sử dụng thay thế cho chủ ngữ, tân ngữ hoặc danh từ chỉ người
- Cấu trúc:
….N ( thứ gì đó) + which + V + O
VD: I really like my computer which my father bought for my birthday last
year.
- THAT: sử dụng thay thế làm chủ ngữ, tân ngữ or cả danh từ chỉ người và
danh từ chỉ vật ( who, whom, which ).
- Ngoài ra, That còn sử dụng khi đi sau là so sánh nhất, khi đi sau các từ:
only, the last, the first, khi danh từ đi trước bao gồm cả người cả vật.
VD: he is talking about the movie that he went to see last night.
- He is talking about the girl that he met last night.
- This is the first time that I have ever eaten a lobster
- WHOSE: sử dụng thay thế cho sự sở hữu của người và vật, sau Whose
luôn cộng với danh từ.
- Cấu trúc:
….N ( người, vật ) + Whose + N + V
VD: Mr Tom, whose son received a full scholarship to Harvard University.
- WHY: sử dụng thay cho các mệnh đề chỉ lý do, thay cho for the reason
hoặc For that reason
- Cấu trúc:
…….N ( lý do ) + why + S + V
VD: I don’t know the reason. You didn’t go to school for that reason.
 I don’t know why you didn’t go to shool.
- WHERE: sử dụng thay thế từ chỉ nơi chốn, dùng thay cho there
- Cấu trúc:
……N( nơi nào đó) + where + S +V ( where = on/in/at + which )
VD: The hotel wasn’t very clean. We stayed that hotel.
 The hotel where we stayed wasn’t very clean.
 The hotel at which we stayed wasn’t very clean.
- WHEN: thay thế cho các từ chỉ thời gian.
- Cấu trúc:
…..N( thời gian) + when + S + V ( when = on / at/ in + which )
VD: do you still remember the day? We first met on that day.
 Do you still remember the day on which we first met.
 Do you still remember the day when we first met
2.2 Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ
a. Rút gọn bằng cách dùng Ving
 - Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ là chủ động thì dùng Ving
VD: the man who is standing over there is my father.
 The man standing over there is my father.
The couple who live next door to me are professors.
 The couple living next door to me are professors.
B, Rút gọng bằng cách dùng V3/ ed
Mệnh đề quan hệ là mệnh đề bị động thì rút thành cụm quá khứ ( Ved/Vpp)
VD: the instructions that are given on the front pafe are very important.
 The instructions given on the font page are very important.
The book which was bought by my mother is interesting.
 The book bought by my mother is interesting.
C, rút gọn bằng cách dùng to V
Mệnh đề quan hệ rút về to V khi có các cụm từ : the first, the second, the last,
the only hoặc các hình thức so sánh nhất.
VD: John was the last person that got the news.
 John was the last person to get the news
He was the best player that we admire.
 He was the best player to be admired.
 BÀI TẬP
BT1: choose the correct answer

1. Mr.Linh, …….. is living behind my house, is a teacher.

A. that B. who C. whom D. what

2. His phone …….. was my friend’s got broken.

A. which B. whom C. who D. that

3. The man …….. I wanted to see my parents.

A. which B. where C. whom D. who

4. Her grandfather, …….. is 75, often takes exercise.

A. what B. who C. where D. which

5. The man …….. came here yesterday is my teacher.

A. who B. that C. whom D. what

Bài 2: Viết lại câu sao cho nghĩa không đổi

1. The man is his father. You met him last week.

➔ …The man whom you met last week is his father.……

2. I have a sister. My sister’s name is Lan.

➔ I have a sister whose name is Lan.

3. Show me the new shirt. You bought them last week.

➔Show me the new shirt which you bought last week.

4. Linh likes the blue T-shirt. My sister is wearing it.

➔ Linh ngu likes the blue T-shirt which my sister is wearing.

5. That is a company. It produces telephones.

➔ that is a company which produces telephones.

Bài 3: Tìm lỗi sai và sửa

1. The film which my brother watched yesterday was

interesting.

2. I like that shirt which is really beautiful.

3. The only house to be paint last week was Lan’s.

4. Do you get on with the person who lives behind?

5. A dictionary is a book which gives him the meaning of words.

BT4:
1. There are eighteen different kinds of penguins ___which_____
live south of the equator.
2. Thank you very much for the present ____that/which____ you
sent me.
3. This is Mrs. Jones, _whose_______ son won the championship
last year.
4. His girlfriend, _whom he trusted absolutely, turned out to be
an enemy spy.
5. The bus crashed into a queue of people, four of ___that_____
were killed.
6. A man bought in a little girl, __whose______ hand was cut by
flying glass.
7. Mary, __whose_ boyfriend didn’t turn up, ended by having
lunch with Peter.
8. He paid me $5 for cleaning ten windows, most of
__that______ hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.
9. In prison they fed us on dry bread, most of ___that_____ was
moldy.
10. The chair in ___where_____ I was sitting suddenly
collapsed.
11. The bed _which_______ I slept on has no mattress.
12. The man ___whom_____ I was waiting for didn’t turn up.
13. The student with __whom______ she was dancing had a
slight limb
BT5:
1. That’s the hospital _____________ my dad works.
2. He is someone _____________ face is familiar, but I can’t
remember his name.
3. Do you know a shop _____________ I can buy printer paper?
4. The essay _____________ Tom wrote got top marks.
5. The boy _____________ sits next to me in class is from
Warsaw.
6. I know a girl _____________ plays tennis six times a week.
BT6:
1. I’ve lost the DVD. You gave it to me.
_______________________________________.
2. Jo has an expensive car. She keeps it in the garage.
_______________________________________.
3. Who’s that man? He’s looking at us.
_______________________________________.
4. I opened the cupboard. We keep the glasses there.
_______________________________________.
5. Who is the boy? You copied his homework.
_______________________________________.
6. Website designer is a job. It attracts young people.
_______________________________________.
Bài tập mệnh đề quan hệ lớp 9 – Dạng 5
Yêu cầu: Sử dụng mệnh đề quan hệ với giới từ để liên kết
các câu lại với nhau
1. I’ll show you the second-hand bookshop. You can find
valuable books in this shop.
_____________________________________________________________.
2. The police want to know the hotel. Mr. Bush stayed at this
hotel two weeks ago.
_____________________________________________________________.
3. The reasons are basic grammatical ones. I’m scolded by
the teacher for these reasons.
_____________________________________________________________.
4. I have not decided the day. I’ll go to London on that day.
_____________________________________________________________.
5. The airport is the most modern one. We are going to arrive
at this airport.
_____________________________________________________________.
6. She doesn’t want to speak to the cause. She divorced her
husband for this cause
_____________________________________________________________.
7. The teacher is Mr. Pike. We studied with him last year.
_____________________________________________________________.
8. The problem has been discussed in class. We are very
interested in it.
_____________________________________________________________.
9. Many diseases are no longer dangerous. People died of
them years ago.
_____________________________________________________________.
 10. Do you see my pen? I have just written the lesson
with it.
_____________________________________________________________.

Yêu cầu: Gạch bỏ lỗi sai trong mỗi câu và viết lại từ
đúng. Mỗi câu đều chứa đựng một lỗi sai
1. Every eight minutes, the Red Cross, who responds to more
than 60,000 disasters each year, responds to an
emergency somewhere in the world.
2. In 2013, the Red Cross, that has 97 million volunteers
worldwide, helped 100 million people.
3. When a disaster strikes, the Red Cross, which it opens
shelters in disaster areas, ensures that people have
somewhere to stay.
4. Red Cross health volunteers go to disaster areas to help
people which need first aid, shelter and medical care.
5. People whose volunteer with the Red Cross provide hot
meals, snacks and water as part of emergency response.
6. The Red Cross reunites families whom have been
separated by natural disasters.
Task 1. Change the adjective clauses to adjective
phrases

1. Do you know the woman who is coming towards us?

2. I come from a city that is located in the southern part of the

country.

3. The children who attend that school receive a good

education.

4. The fence which surrounds our house is made of wood.

5. Be sure to follow the instructions that are given at the top of

the page.

6. They live in the house that was built in 1890.

7. The papers that are on the table belong to Patrica.

8. The man who is talking to the policeman is my uncle.

9. The number of students who have been counted is quite
high.

10. George is the man who was chosen to represent the

committee at the convention.

II. SO SÁNH HƠN VÀ SO SÁNH NHẤT

1. So sánh hơn
- Với tính từ/ trạng từ ngắn:
S+ V + Adj/Adv- er + than
- những tính từ ngắn có một âm tiết, chúng ta chỉ cần thêm
đuôi -er vào ngay sau tính từ đó.

- Những tính từ/ trạng từ 2 âm tiết kết thúc bằng -y, ta chuyển -
y thành -i sau đó thêm đuôi -er. Ví dụ: easy → easier, lucky →
luckier, tiny → tinier, crazy → crazier, sexy → sexier.

- Những tính từ/ trạng từ ngắn có kết thúc bằng 1 phụ âm nhưng
trước đó là 1 nguyên âm, ta nhân đôi phụ âm cuối rồi thêm đuôi
-er. Ví dụ: fat → fatter, big → bigger, sad → sadder.

2. So sánh hơn với tính từ/ trạng từ dài

 Công thức: S + V + more + Adj/ Adv + than

 Ví dụ: This month’s sale project is more difficult than last
month’s sale project.
 Lưu ý:

- Những tính từ/ trạng từ 2 âm tiết trở lên, có kết thúc bằng
-ly, giữ nguyên đuôi -y, thêm more vào trước từ đó để tạo công
thức so sánh hơn. Ví dụ: boldly → more boldly, likely → more
likely, coldly → more coldly, sadly → more sadly.

- Thêm “far”, “much”, “a lot” trước cụm từ so sánh để nhấn

mạnh. Ví dụ: Cherries are much more expensive than apples.
3. So sánh kém hơn trong tiếng Anh

 Công thức: S + V + Less + Adj + than + N

Trong tiếng Anh, thường ít sử dụng công thức so sánh kém hơn
này, mà sẽ dùng công thức so sánh hơn đi kèm với các tính từ
hoặc trạng từ ngược lại hoặc cấu trúc not as…as hoặc so…as.

Ví dụ: Apples are less expensive than cherries.

=> Cherries are more expensive than apples

=> Apples are not as/so expensive than cherries

4. Một số cấu trúc so sánh hơn đặc biệt khác

 Cấu trúc so sánh hơn gấp theo bội số: Đây là cấu trúc
so sánh hơn để diễn tả vật này hơn vật kia bao nhiêu lần: 2
lần, 3 lần,...

Công thức: S + V + số lần + as + Adj/adv + as + N

Ví dụ: Their garden is twice as big as ours.

Cấu trúc so sánh hơn cấp tiến “càng…càng…”: Đây là cấu

trúc so sánh mang ý nghĩa cấp tiến, thể hiện sự nhấn mạnh
trạng thái đang muốn nói tới, càng A thì càng B.

Công thức: so sánh hơn + so sánh hơn

Ví dụ: The more the merrier!

1.3. 10 ví dụ so sánh hơn

 This pant is more comfortable than that one.

 This year’s summer is hotter than last year’s summer.
 Jun learns English better than his brother.
 My sister’s hair is two times as long as mine.
 He speaks Chinese more fluently than his friend.
  The colder the weather is, the worse I feel.
 The more careless he is, the more mistakes he makes.
 Tuan is taller than me.
 This problem is more difficult than that others.
 My dad worked harder than the others.

2. So sánh nhất trong tiếng Anh (Superlative)

2.2. Công thức so sánh nhất

2.2.1. So sánh nhất với tính từ/trạng từ ngắn

 Công thức: S + V + the + Adj/adv + est + N

 Ví dụ: My dad is the greatest person in the world.

- Những tính từ/ trạng từ ngắn có 1 âm tiết, ta thêm đuôi -est

vào sau dạng nguyên thể của chúng. Ví dụ: cold => coldest.

- Những tính từ/ trạng từ có tận cùng là e thì chỉ thêm -st. Ví dụ:
cute => cutest

- Những tính từ/ trạng từ có 1 âm tiết, kết thúc bằng nguyên âm

+ phụ âm thì nhân đôi phụ âm và thêm -est. Ví dụ: hot =>
hottest, big => biggest.

- Những tính từ/ trạng từ có 2 âm tiết kết thúc bằng phụ âm y –

> ta đổi y thành i và thêm -est. Ví dụ: dry => driest, happy =>
happiest.

2.2.2. So sánh nhất với tính từ/ trạng từ dài

 Công thức: S + V + the + most + adj + N

 Ví dụ:

- He is the most handsome in his class.

- These shirt are the most expensive of all.

2.2.3. So sánh kém nhất trong tiếng Anh

 Công thức: S + V + the + least + Adj/Adv + N

 Ví dụ: Her ideas were the least practical suggestions

2.2.4. Một số trường hợp mở rộng của công thức so sánh nhất

– Khi dùng “most+ adj” và không đi kèm với “the” thì

cụm “most + adj” tương đương với “very”.

Ví dụ: The notebook you lent me was most interesting.

– Khi muốn nhấn mạnh, chúng ta có thể thêm “by far” vào công
thức so sánh nhất.

Ví dụ: Jim is the smartest by far.

2.3. 10 ví dụ so sánh nhất

 It’s the most interesting novel I’ve ever read

 It’s the shortest bridge I’ve ever seen.
 Nam is the tallest boy in my class.
 July is the tallest of the three sister. (July là người cao
nhất trong ba chị em gái.)
 This bag is the most expensive of all. (Chiếc túi sách này
thì đắt nhất so với tất cả các chiếc túi còn lại.)
 July is the wettest of the year. (Tháng 7 là tháng ẩm ướt
nhất trong năm.)
 This T-shirt is the cheapest in the shop.
 Andy is the most intelligent in his class.
 Sam’s ideas were the least practical suggestions.
 It is the least practical plan for us.

3. Một số tính từ, trạng từ bất quy tắc trong công thức so sánh
hơn và so sánh nhất
Trong công thức so sánh hơn và so sánh nhất, ngoài cách biến
đổi dạng của tính từ và trạng từ như trên, một số các từ khác
có dạng bất quy tắc đặc biệt như sau:

Tính từ / So sánh Nghĩ

So sánh nhất
trạng từ hơn a
Good/Well Better Best Tốt
Bad Worse Worst Tệ
The farthest/ the
Far Farther Xa
furthest
Nhiề
Much/Many More Most
u
Little Less Least Ít
Older/
Old Oldest/Eldest Già
Elder

Bài Tập

Bài tập:
Adj/ Adv So sánh hơn So sánh nhất
Hot hotter The hottest
Few fewter The fewtest
Comfortable More comfortable The most comfortable
Expensive More expensive The most expensive
Far farther The farthest
Quiet More quiet The most quiet
Little Less The least
Dirty More dirty The most dirty
Fast Faster The fastest
Weak weaker The weakest

Bài tập 1. Viết lại các câu sau theo công thức so sánh hơn và so
sánh nhất.

1. Today is hotter than yesterday

➔ _______________________.

2. No one in her team is more beautiful than Dyan.

➔ _______________dyan is the most beautiful girl in her

team_______________.

3. No building in Quan’s city is higher than this building.

➔ this building is the highest in Quan’s

city_____________________.

4. Jack is the most intelligent in his class.

➔ ________no one is as intelligent as Jack in his

class____________.

5. If your son reads many science books, he will have much

knowledge.

➔ ________________________________.

6. If Linda wants to pass the exam easily, she will study harder.

➔ The more easily ________________________________.

7. Binh An’s house is very beautiful. It’s expensive, too.

➔ The more _____________________________.

8. One of the greatest tennis players in the world is BJ.

➔ BJ is ____the greatest tennis player in the

world_____________________________.

9. No producers in the world is bigger than ABS.

➔ ABS is ____the biggest producer in the

world___________________________.
10. Sam is very intelligent but her sister is the most intelligent
in her family.

➔ Sam’s sister is __more intelligent than Sam in her

family______________________________________.

Bài tập 2. Chọn đáp án đúng nhất của tính từ/trạng từ trong
câu so sánh hơn và so sánh nhất

1. My Chinese class is _______ than her Chinese class.

A. funny

B. funnier

C. funniest

D. the funny

2. This sofa is _________ than the other.

A. comfortable

B. the comfortable

C. more comfortable

D. most comfortable

3. No one in his group is _______ than Quan.

A. kinder

B. kind

C. more kind

D. most kind

4. Lam visits his parents ________ than his sister does.

A. little

B. least

C. the less

D. less

5. If Sam had run ________ , her sister could have caught her.

A. fast

B. faster

C. the fastest

D. more faster

Bài tập 3. Tìm và sửa lỗi sai (nếu có) các câu so sánh hơn và so
sánh nhất dưới đây:

1. This is the most wonderful book Linda has ever read.

2. No mountain in the world is the bigger than Everest.

3. Jackma is the richest people in the world.

4. The living room is bigger than the kitchen one.

5. One of the greatest football players in Vietnam is Ho Van Y.

Bài tập 4. Điền vào chỗ trống tính từ/trạng từ trong công thức
so sánh hơn.

1. Dogs are more intelligent………… (intelligent) than hamsters.

2. Sam is……older……… (old) than Andy.

3. US is far ……larger…… (large) than the UK.

4. Hoa’s garden is a lot …more colourful……………. (colourful)
than this park.

5. Jack is ……more quiet……… (quiet) than his brother.

6. My Math class is ……more boring………. (boring) than my

Geography class.

7. Her class is ……bigger……. (big) than yours.

8. The weather this winter is even …worse (bad) than last

winter.

9. This gift is ………more beautiful……… (beautiful) than that

one.

10. A holiday by the mountains is …better…………….(good) than

a holiday in the sea.

Bài tập 5. Viết lại những câu so sánh hơn và so sánh nhất mà
không thay đổi nghĩa gốc.

1. My sister was earning much less in her previous job than she
is now.

=> (more) ____________________________________ .

2. Pork is cheaper than beef.

=> (more) _________beef is more expensive than pork

___________________________ .

3. To my knowledge, speaking Chinese is easier than writing

Chinese.

=> (harder) ___To my knowledge, writing Chinese is harder

than speaking Chinese.________________________________ .

4. This is the most delicious lunch he’s even had.

=> (more) ______He hasn’t ever had any lunch more delicious

Than this lunch______________________________ .

5. There is no better doctor in this hospital than Mr.Hung.

=> (best) _____Mr.Hung is the best doctor in this

hospital.____________________________ .

6. This is the fastest moving car we’ve ever driven.

=> (faster) __no moving car is faster than this car we

_______________________________ .

7. There isn’t anywhere as old as that castle.

=> (oldest) That castle is

oldest._______________________________ .

8. Have you got any bigger pants than that one?

=> (biggest) is this pant your biggest

_one___________________________ .

9. I am not taller than anyone in the class.

=> (Shortest) _____I am the shortest in the

class.e_______________________ .

10. The company’s revenue in August is the highest compared

to the previous months.

=> (lower) __the company’s revenue in the previous months is

lower

Than august___________________________ .

Bài tập 6. Cho dạng đúng của tính từ trong ngoặc

1. Her bag is ____lighter_________ (light) than mine.

2. My father’s advice is ___the most useful__________ (useful) for
me.

3. The Autumn this year is _______the driest______ (dry) as ever.

4. It is ________the most difficult_____ (difficult) rule of all.

5. This pencil writes ________better_____ (good) than my

previous one.

6. This athlete is _______stronger______ (strong) than her

competitor.

7. This student is ______the most clever_______ (clever) in the

class.

8. This is __the oldest (old) castle in UK.

9. Health is _____more important____ (important) than money.

10. This path is ____more narrow_________ (narrow) than the

parallel one.

11. This actor is ________the most famous____ (famous) actor

from Vietnam.

12. Kaya are ______the best_______ (good) sprinters.

13. Luxurious hotels are ___more expensive__________

(expensive) than those of economic class.

14. My ____oldest_________ (old) brother is afraid of mice.

15. Saturn is _____________ the largest_____________ (large)

planet in our solar system.