SIGMUND FREUD: PSYCHOANALYSIS ● Viennese physician, became close

friends with Freud

OVERVIEW OF PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
LEVELS OF MENTAL HEALTH ● taught "catharsis" (removing
● UNCONSCIOUS hysterical symptoms through talking
● PRECONSCIOUS
them out)
● CONSCIOUS
PROVINCES OF THE MIND ● it was enhanced by Freud (free
● ID association technique) used by
● EGO
● SUPEREGO
psychoanalysts
DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY Bertha Pappenheim - “Anna O.”
● DRIVES - Treated by catharsis (talking cure)
○ SEX
○ AGGRESSION
● ANXIETY LEVELS OF MENTAL HEALTH
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
1. Unconscious - contains all those
● REPRESSION
● REACTION FORMATION drives, urges, or instincts that are
● DISPLACEMENT beyond our awareness; enter only
● FIXATION
● REGRESSION
into consciousness after being
● PROJECTION disguised or distorted enough to
● INTROJECTION elude censorship; constantly strive
● SUBLIMATION
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT to become conscious
● INFANTILE PERIOD "Unconscious mind of one person
○ ORAL can communicate with the
○ ANAL
○ PHALLIC unconscious of another without
■ MALE OEDIPUS COMPLEX either person being aware of the
■ FEMALE OEDIPUS
COMPLEX
process"
○ LATENCY a. Suppression - create
○ GENITAL feelings of anxiety
○ MATURITY
APPLICATIONS OF PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY b. Repression - forcing of the
● FREUD'S EARLY THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUE unwanted, anxiety-ridden
● FREUD'S LATE THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUE experiences as a defense
● DREAM ANALYSIS
● FREUDIAN SLIPS mechanism
c. Phylogenetic endowment -
OVERVIEW OF PSYCHOANALYTIC inherited unconscious
THEORY images that originates from
Psychoanalysis - most famous of all our early ancestors that have
personality theories been passed onw to us
● Twin cornerstone: sex and through hundreds of
aggression generations of repetition
● Spread beyond its Viennese origins 2. Preconscious - unconscious
● Presented in a stimulating and memories that can easily become
exciting manner conscious
● Two sources: conscious
perception and unconscious
Josef Breuer 3. Conscious - mental elements in
awareness in any given point in

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 time; only level of mental life directly improper behavior (what we
available to us should not do)
Two different directions: b. Ego ideal - experiences with
● Perceptual conscious rewards or proper behavior
system - turned toward the (what we should do)
outer world and acts as a
medium for the perception of DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
external stimuli Drives (Trieb) - a constant motivational
● Mental structure - includes force; internal stimulus
non-threatening ideas Characteristics:
(preconscious), and ● Impetus - amount of force it
menacing and well-disguised exerts
images (subconscious) ● Source - region of the body
in a state of tension or
PROVINCES OF THE MIND excitation
1. Id (das Es, it) - no contact with ● Aim - seek pleasure by
reality, strives constantly to reduce reducing tension or removing
tension by satisfying basic desires; excitation
illogical and can entertain ● Object - means through
incompatible idea; pleasure principle which the aim is satisfied
2. Ego (das Ich, I) - region of the mind Two major headings:
in contact with reality; decision- 1. Sex (Eros) - aim: pleasure, entire
making or executive branch of body is invested with libido
personality; reconcile the irrational ○ Libido - sex drive
claims of id and superego with ○ Erogenous zones - parts of
realistic demands; reality principle the body which are capable
3. Superego (Uber-ich, over-I) - of producing sexual
represents the moral and ideal pleasures i.e mouth and
aspects of personality; unrealistic in anus
its demand for perfection; moralistic Forms of sex:
and idealistic principle ○ Primary narcissism - libido
● Guilt - results when ego acts is invested almost exclusively
contrary to the moral on their own ego
standards of superego ○ Secondary narcissism -
● Feelings of inferiority - (during puberty) redirect the
arise when the egovis unable libido back to the ego i.e.
to meet superego's moderate degree of self-love
standards of perfection and self-interest
○ Love - people invest libido
on an object or person other
than themselves
Two subsystems: ○ Overt sexual love -
a. Conscience - experiences children's first sexual love for
with punishments for the person who cares for

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 them i.e. one’s family
member DEFENSE MECHANISMS
○ Aim inhibited love - the aim - protection from neurotic anxiety/behavior
of reducing sexual tension is ● Repression - basic defense
inhibited or repressed i.e. mechanism; avoiding impulses by
inhibited love for siblings or forcing threatening feelings to the
parents unconscious
○ Sadism - sexual pleasure by ● Reaction Formation - adopting a
inflicting pain on another disguise that is directly opposite to
person its original form; exaggerated
○ Masochism - sexual character, and obsessive and
pleasure from suffering pain compulsive form (not genuine;
and humiliation inflicted by pakikipagplastikan)
themselves or by others ● Displacement - unacceptable urges
2. Aggression (Thanatos) - a are redirected so that the original
destructive drive which aims to impulse is hidden (binubunton sa iba
return the organism to an inorganic ang galit)
state; self-destruction ● Fixation - permanent attachment of
○ Reaction formations - libido onto an earlier stage of
repression of strong hostile development (remain at the more
impulses and the overt and primitive and comfortable
obvious expression of the psychological stage i.e. oral fixations
opposite tendency such as eating, smoking or talking)
● Anxiety - effective unpleasant state ● Regression - reverts back to an
or feeling that is accompanied by a earlier stage of life; possess a rigid
physical sensation that warns and infantile behavior (acting as a
against impending danger; ego- child during times of stress and
preserving mechanism and self- anxiety i.e adopting fetal position,
regulating staying in bed all day etc. )
1. Neurotic anxiety - “free- ● Projection - attributing unwanted
floating anxiety”, impulses to an external object;
apprehension of an unknown seeing in others unacceptable
danger; ego's dependence feelings or tendencies that actually
on the id resides in one's own unconscious
2. Moral anxiety - outgrowth of (e.g. Paranoia, powerful delusions of
the conflict between realistic jealousy and persecution)
needs and the dictates of ● Introjection - incorporating positive
their superego qualities of another person to your
3. Realistic anxiety - own ego i.e adopting the good
unpleasant, nonspecific qualities of someone you look up to
feeling of possible danger ● Sublimation - protecting ego from
that is related to fear; anxiety which are socially
dependence on the outer acceptable i.e. making art, music,
world dance, etc.

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 ● Rationalization - finding reasons ● Anal expulsive - messy,
and looking for excuses i.e. sweet disorganized
lemoning and sour-graping Orientations:
● Intellectualization - form of defense a. Active - dominance and
mechanism which practically uses sadism (masculine)
evasion b. Passive - voyeurism and
masochism (feminine)
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT 3. Phallic (3-4yrs) - genital area is the
INFANTILE PERIOD (0-5yrs, most crucial leading erogenous zone
for personality formation) ● Suppression of masturbation
● Sexual impulses can be satisfied ○ Oedipus complex - forms
through organs other than genitals an identification with his/her
1. Oral - nourishment through the oral same sex parent and
cavity; gain pleasure through acts of develops a sexual desire
sucking from his/her opposite sex
a. Oral receptive - no parent
ambivalence towards ○ Complete Oedipus
pleasurable object; minimal complex - affection and
frustration and anxiety hostility coexist because one
b. Oral sadistic - respond to or both feelings may be
others by biting, cooing, unconscious
crying etc. ○ Castration anxiety - fear of
2. Anal - sastisfaction gained through losing the penis (boys)
aggressive behavior and through ○ Penis envy - desire to have
excretory function; anus emerges as a penis (girls)
a sexually pleasurable zone LATENCY (6-7yrs, little or no sexual
Phases: growth takes place)
○ Early anal period - receive ● Parent's attempt to punish or
satisfaction by destroying or discourage sexual activity, if
losing objects; sadistic drive successful child will repress sex
is stronger than erotic drive; drive and redirect psychic energy to
frustration brought by toilet school and friends
training GENITAL STAGE (puberty, renaissance
○ Late anal period - erotic of sexual life occurs)
pleasure of defacating ● Reawakening of sexual aim
Anal characters - people who Steps:
continue to receive satisfaction by 1. Give up autoeroticism and
keeping and possessing objects and direct sexual energy toward
by arranging them in an excessively others
neat and orderly fashion 2. Reproduction is possible
● Anal triad - orderliness, 3. Penis envy continue on girls,
stinginess and obstinacy but vagina obtains the same
● Anal retentive - minimal, status as penis; boys see
orderly

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 vagina as a sought-after ● Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
object (PTSD) - repeatedly dream of
4. Pleasure producing-areas frightening traumatic experiences
take an auxiliary position to ● Disguised form of dreams:
genitals, attain supremacy as a. Condensation -
an erogenous zone unconscious has been
MATURITY (culmination of psychosexual abbreviated before appearing
development) on the manifest level
Psychological maturity - a stage attained b. Displacement - dream
after a person has passed through the image is replaced by some
earlier developmental periods in an ideal other ideas related to it
manner Transference - vital to psychoanalysis;
● Balance among structures of the strong sexual or aggressive feelings that
mind patients develop toward their analyst during
the course of treatment
APPLICATIONS OF PSYCHOANALYTIC ● Positive Transference - permits the
THEORY patients to more or less relive
Early Therapeutic Technique childhood experiences within the
Pressure Technique - technique of non-threatening climate of analytic
extracting repressed childhood memories in treatment
which a majority of his patients reproduce ● Negative Transference - form of
childhood scenes in which they were hostility must be recognized and
sexually seduced by some adult explained to the patients so that they
“Neurotic symptoms were related to can overcome resistance (variety of
childhood fantasies rather than material unconscious responses used by
reality” patients to block their own progress
Later Therapeutic Technique - goal: to in therapy)
uncover repressed memories ● Freudian slips (Parapraxes) -
Free Association - patients are required to expressing unconscious impulses;
verbalize every thought that comes to their error in speech, memory, and
mind no matter how irrelevant or repugnant physical actions that occur due to
it may appear; the interference of the unconscious
● Goal: to arrive at the unconscious
by starting with present conscious
ideas
Dream Analysis - favorite therapeutic
technique of Freud; transform the manifest
content (conscious description) of dreams to
a more important latent content
(unconscious material); most reliable
approach to study unconscious processes
● Basic Assumption: nearly all
dreams are wish fulfillments