CONCORD

What is concord?
o The agreement between subject and verb is known as “Concord”

Understand Concord through examples:

o Goat bleats. (Singular Subject)
o Cats meow. (Plural Subject)
o I sleep. (1st person singular subject)
o He/ She Sings. (3rd Person singular subject)

Few important situations of concord:

o One of my friends lives in Kolkata. (Live is incorrect), ( in ‘One of my friends,’ the
head word is ‘ One’ singular)
Examples:
o One of the students is missing from the hostel.
o One of my friends is a doctor.

o ‘Each of” takes a singular verb.

Examples:
o Each of them is tired.
o Each of the students is intelligent.

o None of” takes plural verb (in informal and conversational English)
Examples:
o None of these people are rich.
o None of the students have text-books.

o Some of the children are naughty. (“Children” is countable plural noun)

o Some of the music is quite heart-touching (“Music” is uncountable singular)

Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns

apple water
cat cheese
restaurant sand
book time
table milk
dog soil
student cotton
chair research
 o Neither Either - (Without nor/or) takes a singular verb.

Examples:
o Either of the children has got a prize.
o Neither of them has visited Vellore.

Note: The words either and neither admit that the maximum number is two. So, either means
one of the two. (Similarly neither means not this one nor the other one.)
o When both the alternatives are singular, the verb is singular Either/Neither Ravi or/
nor Rajesh has broken the plate.
o When both the alternatives are plural, the verb is plural. Either /Neither the boys
or/nor the girls have done this work.
o When one of the alternative subjects is plural the verb must be plural, and the plural
subject is placed as the second alternative subject (nearest the verb) Either/ Neither
Ravi or/nor his friends have done this work.
o When the subjects are of different persons the verb agrees with the near subject.

Examples:
o Either he or I have done this work.
o Neither you nor he has done this work.
o Either he or I shall do this work.
o A collective noun takes a singular verb when it is thought of as a whole or a single unit,
but when they are thought of as a collection of separate individuals, a plural verb is
used.
(Family as a unit or whole)
Examples:
o Our family is not rich.
o Our family consists of three members.
o Our family has a close connection with this temple.
o Our family are staying at different places (family as individual members).
o The temple committee was newly formed. (as single unit).
o The committee were divided on a controversial issue (Individual members).
o Some other the collective nouns : Company, audience , government
Community, army, crowd, Team, Public, army,
o Some nouns are singular in form but plural in remaining, such as police ,
people, cattle, staff, dozen, etc. These nouns take a plural verb.
o Some nouns are always used as singular. They take a singular verb. Furniture,
advice, food, stationery, traffic, accommodation, scenery, information.

o Clothing- Singular
 o Clothes- Plural.
Examples:
o People are not happy with this decision.
o The cattle are grazing.
o The police are trying to catch the thief.
o The furniture is new. (not, furniture’s are)
o Some nouns are singular, although they look like plural nouns, so, they take singular
verb. They are physics, economics, mathematics, electronics, news, politics,
measles etc.

Examples:
o The news was not correct. (not, news were)
o Statistics is my favorite subject.
o Some nouns are known as pair nouns. These nouns are made up of two similar parts
in a pair. (Scissors, trousers, spectacles, glasses) .
o These nouns are treated as plural subjects, so, they take plural verb.
Examples:
o The scissors are new.
o Your new glasses are attractive.
o His trousers need cleaning.
When amount, distances, weight, height or time is expressed as a single unit of
measurement, it is treated as a singular subject. Singular verb is used for them.
Amount: - The hundred core rupees was sanctioned to build a bridge.
Distance: - Twenty miles was covered in thirty minutes.
Weight: - Thirty kilograms of rice is enough for a month.
Time: - Three weeks is a long vacation.
o The following plural nouns are actually the names of some single object, so, they
take singular verb.
Examples:
o Gulliver’s Travels was written by Jonathon Swift.
o The United States is very rich in science and technology.
o The Arabian Nights deals with some imaginary stories.

o The poet and the politician were present , (The poet and the politician are two
different persons)
o The definite article ‘the’ is used before each person.
o The poet was also a politician was present. (This person who was a poet was
also a politician, hence one person).
o When a subject which is formed with two nouns joined by ‘and’, it clearly sates
two different ideas. So, it takes a plural verb.
Examples:
o My father and mother are teacher
o Gold and silver are rare metals.
o But the nouns in the following subject suggest one idea to the mind. They actually
refer to the same thing so the verb is singular.
Examples:
o Time and tide waits for no one.
o Bread and butter is whole some food.
o The rise and fall happens in life.
o Slow and steady wins the race.
o The horse and carriage is at the door.
o When the adjective is used as a noun is “the + adjective “structure, it represents a
class.
Examples:
o The rich’ = all reach people.
o The poor = all poor people.
o The blind = all blind persons.
Note: so, the subject in “the + adjective” structure takes a plural verb.
o The rich have no sympathy for the poor.
o The poor are growing poorer.
o The blind need our help and support.
o Sometimes , the subject of a sentence contains two nouns connected by the following
phrases: as well as , in addition to, along with , together with, rather than, more
than, besides, as much as,
o When both the nouns are singular, the subject takes a singular verb.
o When one of the nouns is singular and the other one is plural, the verb agrees with
the first noun which comes before the connecting phrase.
o The manager as well as the accountant is responsible for the
loss in the business. (Both the nouns are singular)
o The man, together with his children, is standing at the door.
(The first noun, man, is singular)
o The children along with their father are standing at the door.
(The fast noun “children” is plural).
 o In case of Not only -------------but also, the verb agrees with the nearest noun
(Which comes after but also).
Examples:
o Not only Sangeeta but also her friends are coming. Not only
the students but also the teacher is working in the garden.

PAST TENSE
Past tense is used to describe actions or events that happened in the past. It usually mentions
the time of the past tense actions.
Examples:
o I walked to work yesterday.
o She watched television last night.
o She finished her homework before dinner.
o They bought a new car last month.
o When to Use Simple Past Tense:
o To describe something that happened and is no longer happening.
o To talk about specific past events.
o To express feelings or states in the past.

o Structure of simple past tense :

o Regular verbs: add -ed to the base form of the verb (walk → walked)
o Irregular verbs: use the specific past form of the verb (example: go
→ went)
o Types of sentences:
o Affirmative: use the past form of the verb.
o Example: The children played in the park.
o Negative: use “did not” with the base form of the verb.
o Example: she did not finish her homework.
o Interrogative: use “did” before the subject and the base form of the
verb.
o Example: Did they arrive on time?

Subject Verb

I Was

We Were

You Were

They Were

He/ she/ It Was

 Regular verbs Irregular verbs
accept accepted accepted catch caught caught

do did done
question questioned questioned

dream dreamt dreamt

worry worried worried

agreed arise arisen

agree agreed arose

recovered break broken

recover recovered broke

choose chose chosen

update updated updated

bite bit bitten

achieve achieved achieved

REPORT WRITING
A report is type of document or template used to collect and present data or information in a
structured and organised manner.
o Structure of a report:
o Title
o Introduction
o Main body
o Conclusion

Note: Report writing has to be written in past tense.

Example:
o Write a report to our college principal about one day industrial visit to BHEL
company in Ranipet.
 Submitted To
The Principal
TPGIT , Vellore.
Submitted By
Class Representative
TPGIT, Vellore.
Dated on
28-01-2025

o Jan 22, 2025.

o Place visited: BHEL Ranipet.
Sub: Report on one day industrial visit to BHEL Company Ranipet.
On Jan 22nd we visited Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Ranipet. We were
accompanied by Mr. Pandian who is working deputy engineer. He took us to each and every
manufacturing unit in the company and detailed out the process of manufacturing. In
addition, He also showed us the new machines used in the company.
It was a very good learning experiences for all the students. We had a very thoughtful
discussion with the resource person. Moreover, it was a wonderful industrial visit where
ideas were shared, discussed and with which we will do a project in future.
We once again express our sincere gratitude to our institution and college faculty
members for conducting such a memorable industrial visit to BHEL in Ranipet.

Yours sincerely,

Class Representative.
2. Write a report to your principal about one day blood camp in your college.

Submitted To

The Principal
TPGIT , Vellore.

Submitted By

Class Representative
TPGIT, Vellore.

Dated on
30-01-2025

29 January,
Place: TPGIT, Vellore.
Sub: Report on one day blood camp in our college – reg.
On 29th January, Vellore Medical College and TPGIT organized a blood
donation camp in TPGIT campus. Some doctors from Vellore government hospital
attended the blood donation program. The principal and all the head of the
departments, students and volunteers participated in the camp.
The camp was inaugurated by our principal at 10a a.m. in the civil seminar
hall. Many students, teachers, and college staff donated blood and became a part
of the camp. In addition to this, several local people also participated in the camp.
After donating blood, refreshments and snacks were distributed to the blood
donors to help them to replenish their energy level. .A number of 53 individuals
donated blood and approximately 100 units of blood were collected during the
camp.
The blood donation camp was a resounding success, and the camp encouraged
students and staff to donate blood and help people in need.
The organizers extended their heartfelt gratitude to all donors, and volunteers,
those who contributed to the success of the camp.

Yours sincerely,

Class Representative.
 PREFIX AND SUFFIX
Prefix:
o A prefix is a word that is added at the beginning of the root word to form a new word.
It does not have any meaning of its own but when added to a root word it modifies the
meaning of a word.

Examples:

o un (prefix) + happy (root word) = unhappy (new word)

o dis (prefix) + organised (root word) = disorganised (new word)
Suffix:
o Suffix is also a word added to the root word to form a new word but it is added at the
end of the root word. It does not change the meaning of the word it is added to but
makes the word opposite or negative as prefix do, it simply changes the class of the
root word like a verb is changed into an adjective by adding a suffix.
Examples:
o forget (root word) + -ful (suffix) = forgetful (new word)
o happy (root word) + -ness (suffix) = happiness (new word)
The most common prefixes are as follows.

o un- undo, unfold

o im- impolite, immature
o in- intolerant, indiscipline
o il- illogical, illegible
o ir- irregular, irresponsible
o de- decode, destress
o re- redo, reappear
o dis- disinterested, disobedient
o mis- misunderstand, misinterpret
o pro- proactive
o sub- subconscious, substandard
o pre- preset, predetermine
o non- non-existent, non-violence
o anti- antifungal, antiviral
o post- postmodern, postoperative
o inter- interdependent, interrelated
The most common suffixes are

o -y -honesty, noisy
o -ly -quickly, softly
o -ty -loyalty, sincerity
o -ry- bravery, mockery
o -er- larger, brighter
o -al- parental, bacterial
o -est -fastest, biggest
o -age -usage, breakage
o -ing- trying, binding
o -ful- truthful, fruitful
o -ment -shipment, basement
o -ness -happiness, blindness
o -able -bearable, eatable
o -ible -sensible, convertible
o -less -fearless, baseless
o -ship-friendship, internship
o -hood -parenthood, brotherhood
o -sion -conversion, invasion
o -tion -invention, exhibition

TRAVEL BLOG

We were caught in the rat race, feeling trapped by our lives and constantly searching for
something more. We have been married for 28 years and have always lived a life less
ordinary. But it wasn’t until 2008 that we finally found what we had been searching for all
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spokespeople and brand ambassadors. It was only a year into our relationship that we
relocated from Toronto to Vancouver to pursue our dreams of being famous musicians. While
things didn’t exactly go as planned, we did fall into the booming film business instead.

Dave as a Rigging Gaffer in feature films and Deb as a Make-Up Artist in television. It
was after moving back to Toronto, that we decided to buy a house and focus on our careers.
The Toronto Film Industry was booming, and summers were spent working on Hollywood
Blockbusters as part of the crew. Dave worked on films like X-Men, Chicago and The
Incredible Hulk. He ended up working 14 to 16-hour days and dreaming of his next vacation.
Having months off during the winter, we escaped the Canadian cold to explore exotic lands
such as Asia, Africa, South, and Central America. In 2004, we took a seven-month trip
through South East Asia and knew that one day we would figure out a way to make travel a
regular part of our lives. We brainstormed many ideas from becoming Dive Masters to
owning a bar or running cycling tours. Nothing stirred a passion in us but we kept searching
until we found what made us both happy. That turned out to be travel, writing, photography
and each other. Fast forward to 2008 when we took a giant leap out of our comfort zone that
changed our lives.

What we were unaware of is that this change had been brewing for many years – we just
didn’t realize it. When we first met, we had hopes and dreams. We were active and vibrant
people. But over the years we lost that energy and found ourselves stuck in a rut. We were
depressed and things started to fall apart. We didn’t inspire each other anymore. It was
signing up for the Tour d’Afrique, (the world’s longest cycling race) in 2008 was the catalyst
for finally taking the leap. That was the start of turning our passion into a full-time career.
We pushed ourselves out of our comfort zone and accomplished goals we thought would
never be possible.

Deb was women’s champion of the race and Dave won the prestigious title of Cycling
Every “Fabulous” Inch of Africa from Cairo, Egypt to Cape Town, South Africa. We were
buzzing after the race and found that our creativity levels were at an all-time high. We started
our travel blog right afterward, and we continue to share our stories with the world. Since
Africa, we travelled 14,000 km from England to Mongolia, driving an ill-suited Mongol
Rally. We climbed to Everest Base Camp and the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro. We even
reached the bottom of the world as we explored Antarctica by kayak, on foot, and camped on
the continent. It has been 17 years since we started this journey and we still love every minute
of it. It has reached far beyond our expectations and that is because of you, our readers.

We share our stories and photos with more than 1 million people monthly on the blog
and engage with our 600k followers on social media we were honoured to be named one of
the Top 10 Travel Influencers in the world by Forbes Magazine. We’ve won back-to-back
gold medals for Best Travel Blog in both the Society of American Travel Writers and North
American Travel Journalists Association. Dave has won countless photography awards
including back-to-back gold in Best Photo Illustration in Travel at the Bill Muster Awards.
We have been fortunate enough to partner with more than 100 brands and destinations. We
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Now, we want to share that knowledge with you. We want to show everyone that ordinary
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Answer the following questions:

o What do you mean by rat race?

o What is the name of the couple who travelled to 130 countries?
o What is Tour d’Afrique means?
o According to you, which year is a turning point in the couple’s life?
o Name the season in which the couple escaped Canadian cold.
o In which year does the couple take a seven-month trip.
o What does eventually turn to be their passion?
o Give an appropriate title to the travel blog.

PARAGRAPH

A paragraph is a piece of writing that has several sentences. It should always have complete
and concise sentence.

Structure of a paragraph

o Topic sentence
o Supporting sentence
o concluding sentence

Topic sentence:

o It reflects the main idea of a paragraph. It also helps the reader to know the content.
The lines and ideas in the paragraph need to be organised and precise.
Supporting sentence:

o It necessarily explains the topic sentence in detail. It needs to expand the main topic,
and develop the main idea into explanation. The ideas discussed in the paragraph
should be related to the topic sentence.

Concluding sentence:

o It brings a paragraph to a polished end. It may give a summary of a main topic and
draws a conclusion with a few already discussed main points.

Example:

Environmental pollution refers to the presence of harmful and poisonous substances

into our environment. It is not only limited to air pollution but can also affect water
bodies, soil, forests, aquatic life and all the land-living species as well. The main factors
leading to environmental pollution are human generated. Since ages we have been
interfering with the environment in order to expand our habitat and to make living easy.
Humans have invented automobiles, set up factories, cut down forests to make way for
roads and cities – all compromising the environmental health. Inadequate waste disposal
and its littering have resulted in polluting our oceans and water bodies, rendering them
useless and threatening the life of the species which depend on them.
(https://www.indiacelebrating.com/paragraph/paragraph-on-pollution/)

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