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All Physics Formulas

This e-book, 'All Physics Formulas', is designed to help students efficiently learn and reference essential physics formulas organized by topic. It covers various branches of physics including mechanics, thermodynamics, waves, optics, electricity, and modern physics, providing clear definitions and equations. The e-book aims to reduce the workload for students preparing for physics exams by offering a concise and comprehensive resource.

Uploaded by

ramadancute22
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
237 views24 pages

All Physics Formulas

This e-book, 'All Physics Formulas', is designed to help students efficiently learn and reference essential physics formulas organized by topic. It covers various branches of physics including mechanics, thermodynamics, waves, optics, electricity, and modern physics, providing clear definitions and equations. The e-book aims to reduce the workload for students preparing for physics exams by offering a concise and comprehensive resource.

Uploaded by

ramadancute22
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

Table of Content

Introduction 5
Why You Need This E-Book 5

How to Use This E-Book 5

Measurements and Units 7


Common Quantities and Units 7

Measurement of Volume 7

Mechanics 8
Scalars and Vectors 8

Motion 8

Circular Motion 9

Projectiles 9

Moment of Force 9

Upthrust and Density 9

Work, Energy and Power 10

Machines 10

Simple Harmonic Motion and Linear Momentum 11

Pressure and Gas Laws 11

Elastic Force 12

Heat and Thermodynamics 13


Expansivity 13

Heat Capacity and Change of State 13

Relative Humidity 14

Waves and Optics 15


Waves 15

Light Waves and Optics 15


Sound Waves 16

Electricity and Magnetism 18


Gravitational Field 18

Electric Field 18

Electromagnetic Field 19

A.C Circuits 20

Power in A.C Circuit 21

Resonance 21

Modern Physics 22
Nuclear Physics 22

Energy Quantization 22

Particles and Waves 22

Effective Study Tips 23

Learning Resources 24

About the Author 25


Introduction

Physics is concerned with describing the interactions of energy, matter, space, and
time, and it is especially interested in what fundamental mechanisms underlie every
phenomenon. It is a branch of science that deals with the study of your world and the
world and universe that surrounds you.

All Physics Formulas was written with the sole aim of reducing the students’
workload in learning and committing physics formulas to memory by presenting them
in a manner that is organized and easy to reference.

Why You Need This E-Book

After tirelessly searching the internet and bookstores around me to find a


comprehensive, concise and thorough book containing all the formulas in secondary
school physics, I was quite disappointed to not find any. The closest I found were
either too copious, unnecessarily complicated, lacked details or didn’t cover most of
the formulas. This e-book is for you if you answer yes to any of the following
questions:

☞ Are you a science student preparing for a physics exam?

☞ Do you want to quickly master your physics formulas?

☞ Do you need an easy reference to all of your physics formulas?

How to Use This E-Book

Formulas in this e-book are organized by the branch of physics and chapters they
belong to so as to make it easy for students to refer to while studying. Below are
some tips to maximize the results from this e-book.
☞ The chapters in the Table of Content are clickable so you can easily find your

topic or chapter of interest by clicking on the chapter or topic in the Table of


Contents.

☞ When practicing your past Q&A or CBT and you forget the formula to a certain

question, you can easily open up All Physics Formulas and navigate to the
chapter where the formula is from and find your desired formula or equation
easy-peasy.
This saves a lot of time as opposed to opening your 500+ paged textbook to
look for a single formula.

☞ When learning a new chapter or reviewing a familiar one you can also use this

e-book as a study guide to ensure you have memorized all the necessary
formulas you have just learnt or reviewed.
Measurements and Units

Common Quantities and Units


Quantity Unit
Length meter (m)
Mass Kilogram (kg)
Time second (s)
Force Newton (N)
Energy Joule (J)
Pressure Pascal (Pa)
Electric current ampere (A)
Magnetism Tesla (T)
Electric Charge Coulomb (C)
Measurement of Volume
Rectangular block 𝑙×𝑏×ℎ
Sphere 4
π𝑟
3
3
Cylindrical wire π𝑟 𝑙
2
Mechanics

Scalars and Vectors


Resultant of two 2 2
𝑅 = 𝑃 +𝑄
perpendicular vectors
𝑃
θ =⎡𝑄⎤
⎣ ⎦
Resultant of two 2 2
𝑅 = 𝑃 + 𝑄 − 2𝑃𝑄 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
non-perpendicular
vectors
α= ( 𝑃sin𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ
𝑅 )
Resolved horizontal 𝐹𝑥 = cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
component of force
Resolved vertical 𝐹𝑦 = sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ
component of force
Motion
Speed 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
=
𝑠
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡

Velocity 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
=
𝑠
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡

Acceleration 𝑎=
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
=
𝑣−𝑢
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡

Equations 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
of Motion 2
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 2𝑎𝑠
2

(Rectiline 1 2
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
ar Motion) 2
1
𝑠 = 2
(𝑢 + 𝑣)𝑡
Equations 𝑣 = 𝑢±𝑔𝑡 ℎ = 𝑢𝑡± 1
𝑔𝑡
2 2
𝑣 = 𝑢 ±2𝑔ℎ
2
2
of Motion
(Motion
under free
fall)
Circular Motion

Centripetal 𝑣
2
2 2
𝑎= =ω 𝑟 =ω 𝐴
Acceleration 𝑟

Centripetal Force 𝑚𝑣
2
𝐹𝑇 =
(FT) 𝑟

Linear Velocity 2 2
𝑣 = ω𝑟 = ω𝐴 = ω 𝐴 − 𝑥
𝑠 θ
θ = 𝑟
ω = 𝑡
Projectiles

Time of Flight (T) 𝑇=


2𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
𝑔
Range 2
𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛2θ
𝑅 = 𝑔
Maximum Height 𝑢θ
2
𝐻 = 2𝑔
Angle of Depression
(∅)
Moment of Force
∅= ( 1
𝑢
𝑔ℎ
2 )
Moment force×distance
clockwise moment=anticlockwise moment

Upthrust and Density

Upthrust 𝑈 = 𝑊𝐴 − 𝑊𝐿 𝑈𝐹 = ρ𝑣𝑔
Density 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

Relative 𝑅. 𝐷 =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠(𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠(𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Density
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑅. 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝑢𝑝𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑅. 𝐷 = 𝑢𝑝𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Work, Energy and Power

Work 𝑊 = 𝐹×𝐷
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
Potential Energy 𝑃. 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
Kinetic Energy 𝐾. 𝐸 =
1
𝑚𝑣
2
2
Gravitational Potential 𝐸𝐺𝑃 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
Energy (EGP)
Power 𝑃 =
𝐹×𝐷
𝑡
Machines

Force 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠×𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Friction Coefficient μ=
𝐹
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛θ
𝑅

Mechanical 𝑀. 𝐴 =
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
=
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
Advantage
Velocity Ratio 𝑉. 𝑅 =
𝑒
=
1
=
2π𝑟
=
𝑅
𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ ρ 𝑟
Efficiency 𝐸=
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘(𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟) 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
×100%
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘(𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟) 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

𝑀.𝐴
𝐸= 𝑉.𝑅
×100%
Simple Harmonic Motion and Linear Momentum

Angular Velocity ω = 2π𝑓 =


θ
𝑡
Frequency 𝑓=
1
=
ω
𝑇 2π
Period of Simple Pendulum 2π 𝑙
𝑇= ω
= 2π 𝑔
1 𝑚
𝑇= 𝑓
= 2π 𝑘
Momentum 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠×𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

Impulse 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒×𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

Conservation of Linear 𝑚1𝑢1 + 𝑚2𝑢2 = 𝑚1𝑣1 + 𝑚2


Momentum
Pressure and Gas Laws

Pressure 𝑃 =
𝐹
= ρ𝑔ℎ
𝐴
Work done by expanding 𝑊 = 𝑃(𝑉2 − 𝑉1)
gas
Pascal’s Principle 𝐹1 𝐹2
𝐴1
= 𝐴2

Hare’s Apparatus ρ1 ℎ2
ρ1
= ℎ1

Boyle’s Law 𝑃1𝑉1 = 𝑃2𝑉2


Charles Law 𝑉1 𝑉2
𝑇1
= 𝑇2

Pressure Law 𝑃1 𝑃2
𝑇1
= 𝑇2

General Gas Law 𝑃1𝑉


1
𝑃2𝑉
2
𝑇1
= 𝑇2
Elastic Force

Tensile Stress 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒


𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

Tensile Strain 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛


𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
Elastic Force 𝐹 = 𝑘𝑒
Young Modulus γ=
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
=
𝐹/𝐴
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒/𝑙
Work done in elastic 𝑊=
1
𝐹𝑒 =
1
𝑘𝑒
2
2 2
spring/string
Heat and Thermodynamics

Expansivity

Linear Expansivity 𝑙2−𝑙1


α=
(
𝑙1 θ2−θ1 )
Area Expansivity 𝐴2−𝐴1
β=
(
𝐴1 θ2−θ1 ) = 2α
Volume/Cubic Expansivity 𝑉2−𝑉1
γ=
(
𝑉1 θ2−θ1 ) = 3α
Appare γ𝑎 =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠(𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒) 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠(𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒) 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔×𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒
nt
Cubic
Expansi
vity

Real Cubic Expansivity γ𝑟 = γ𝑎 + γ

Heat Capacity and Change of State

Heat Capacity 𝐶 = 𝑚𝑐

Specific Heat Capacity 𝐶=


𝑄
𝑚(θ2−θ1)

Specific Latent Heat of 𝑙=


𝐻
=
𝐼𝑉𝑡
𝑚 𝑚
Fusion
Specific Latent Heat of 𝐿 =
𝐻
=
𝐼𝑉𝑡
𝑚 𝑚
Vaporization
Relative Humidity

Relative 𝑅. 𝐻 =
𝑠.𝑣.𝑝 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑤 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
×100%
𝑠.𝑣.𝑝 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
Humidit
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑣.𝑝 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑣𝑙𝑚
𝑅. 𝐻 = ×100%
y 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠.𝑣.𝑝 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑣𝑙𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝

Gas Thermometer 𝑇𝑡−𝑇0


θ= 𝑇100−𝑇0
×100℃
Temperature

Kelvin, 𝐾 = ℃ + 273
9
Fahrenheit, ℉ = 5
(℃ + 32)

5
Celsius, ℃ = 9
(℉ − 32)
Waves and Optics

Waves

Frequency 𝑓=
𝑛
=
ω
=
1
𝑡 2π 𝑇

Period 𝑇=
𝑡
=

=
1
𝑛 ω 𝑓

Wave Velocity 𝑣 =
λ
= 𝑓λ
𝑇

Wave Equation 𝑌 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 2π𝑥


λ
𝑌 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛

λ
(𝑥 − 𝑣𝑡) = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2π
λ
−ω

Refractive Index 1𝑛2=


𝑣1
𝑣2
=
𝑓λ1
𝑓λ2
=
λ1
λ2
=
sin𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖
sin𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟

Light Waves and Optics

Law of Reflection θ𝑖 = θ𝑟

Law of Refraction 𝑛1 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ1 = 𝑛2 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ

Magnification 𝑣 ℎ𝑖
𝑀 = 𝑢
= ℎ𝑜

Angle of Deviation 𝑑 = 180 − (𝑖 + 𝑟)

Number of Images formed 𝑛=


θ
− 1
360
by Inclined Mirror
Focal length 𝑓=
𝑟
=
𝑢𝑣
2 𝑢+𝑣

Mirror Formula 1
=
1
+
1
𝑓 𝑢 𝑣
Refractive Index 𝑛=
𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
=
sin𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖
=
1
𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ sin𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟 sin𝑠

Refractive Index of Glass sin𝑠𝑖𝑛


1
2
(𝐴+𝐷)
𝑛= 1
sin𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
𝐴
Power of Lens 𝑃 =
1
𝑓

Magnifying Power of 𝑀 = 𝑀 1 × 𝑀2
Microscope, M
Magnifying Power of 𝑓𝑜
𝑀 =
Telescope, M 𝑓𝑒
Sound Waves

Velocity of Sound 𝑉 =
2𝑑
=
2𝑛𝑑
= 2𝑓(𝑙2 − 𝑙
𝑇 𝑡

Intensity of Sound 𝐸𝑜
𝐸= 2
𝑑
Frequency 𝑓=
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑠×𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑠
(disc siren)
Frequency 𝑓=
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑠×𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑠
(toothed
wheel)
Frequency 1 𝑇
𝑓 = 2𝑙 𝑀
(vibrating
wire)
Fundamenta 𝑓 = 𝑉 (closed pipe)
4𝑙
l Frequency 𝑜 𝑉
𝑓𝑜 = 2𝑙 (open pipe)
No. of Beats 𝑓2 − 𝑓1 (for 𝑓2 > 𝑓1)
𝑡 2π
ω = 2π𝑓 λ = 2𝑙 𝑇 = 𝑛
𝑘= λ
Electricity and Magnetism

Gravitational Field

Gravitational Force (F) 𝐺𝑚1𝑚2


𝐹= 2
𝑟
Mass of Earth (me) 𝑔𝑟𝑒
2

𝑚𝑒 = 𝐺
Gravitational Potential (V) 𝑉 =−
𝐺𝑚
𝑟

Satellite Velocity (vs) 𝐺𝑚𝑒


𝑣𝑠 = 𝑟𝑒

Escape Velocity (ve) 𝑣𝑒 = 2𝑔𝑅


Electric Field

Electric Force 𝐾𝑞1𝑞2 𝑞1𝑞2


𝐹= 2 = 2
𝑟 4πε0𝑟

Electric Field Intensity 𝐸=


𝑉
=
𝐹
=
𝑄
2
𝑑 𝑞 4πε0𝑟

Current 𝐼 =
𝑄
=
𝑉
𝑡 𝑅

Resistors 𝑅 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 (series)
1 1 1 1
𝑅
= 𝑅1
+ 𝑅2
+ 𝑅3

(parallel)
Capacitance 𝐶=
𝑄
𝑉

Capacitors 1
=
1
+
1
+
1
(series)
𝐶 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3

𝐶 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 (parallel)
Energy stored in a 𝑊=
1
𝑞𝑉 =
1
𝐶𝑉
2
2 2
Capacitor
Energy stored in an 𝐸=
1
𝐿𝐼
2
2
Inductor
E.m.f 𝐸 = 𝐼(𝑅 + 𝑟)

Resistivity ρ=
𝑅𝐴
𝑙

Conductivity σ =
1
=
𝑙
ρ 𝑅𝐴

Shunt Resistance, S 𝐼𝑔𝑅


𝑆= 𝐼−𝐼𝑔

Galvanometer 𝑅𝑔(𝑉−𝑉𝑔)
𝑅 =
Resistance, R 𝑉𝑔

Wheatstone Bridge 𝑅1 𝑅3
𝑅2
= 𝑅4

Meter Bridge 𝑙1
𝑅1 = 𝑙2
𝑅2
Potential Difference 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅

Work done (W) 𝑊 = 𝑄𝑉 = 𝐼𝑉𝑡 = 𝐼 𝑅𝑡


2

Electric Power (P) 𝑉


2
2
𝑃 = 𝐼𝑉 = 𝑅
=𝐼 𝑅
Electrolysis 𝑀 = 𝑍𝐼𝑡

Magnetic Field 𝐹 = 𝑞𝑉𝐵


𝐹 = 𝑞𝑉𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ
Electromagnetic Field

Force 𝐹 = 𝑞(𝐸 + 𝑣×𝐵)


E.m.f 𝐸. 𝑚. 𝑓 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣

E.m.f from a Generator 𝐸 = 𝐸0 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ω𝑡

Transformer Equation 𝐸𝑠 𝑁𝑠 𝐼𝑝
𝐸𝑝
= 𝑁𝑝
= 𝐼𝑠

Efficiency of a 𝐸𝑓𝑓 =
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
×100%
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
Transformer
Heat Energy/Loss (H) 𝐻 = 𝑃𝑡 = 𝐼 𝑅𝑡
2

A.C Circuits

Current (I) 𝐼 = 𝐼0 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ω𝑡 = 𝐼0 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 π


r.m.s Current (I) 𝐼0
𝐼𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 =
2
Peak Current (I0) 𝑉0
𝐼0 = 1
2 2
( )
2
⎡⎢𝑅 + 𝑋 −𝑋 ⎤⎥
⎣ 𝐿 𝐶 ⎦

E.m.f/Voltage 𝑉 = 𝑉0 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ω𝑡 = 𝑉0 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛


𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍
r.m.s Voltage 𝑉0
𝑉𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 =
2
Reactance (X) 𝑋 = 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶
Capacitive Reactance 1 𝑉𝑐
𝑋𝑐 = =
(Xc) 2π𝑓𝐶 𝐼

Inductive Reactance 𝑉𝐿
𝑋𝐿 = 2π𝑓𝐿 = 𝐼
Impedance (Z) 2 2
𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 ( )
2
𝑍 =
2
𝑅 + 2π𝑓𝐿 − ( 1
2π𝑓𝐶 )
Phase Angle ∅=
𝑋
𝑅
Power in A.C Circuit

Average Power, P 𝑃 = 𝐼𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ = 𝐼 𝑅


2

Power Factor 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ =


𝑅
=
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑍 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Resonance

Resonance Frequency (f0 𝑓0 =


1
𝑜𝑟 ω0 =
1
2π 𝐿𝐶 𝐿𝐶
or w0)
Modern Physics

Nuclear Physics

Decay Constant (λ) λ =−


1
𝑁 ( ) 𝑑𝑁
𝑑𝑡
Population at time t −λ𝑡 𝑁0
𝑁 = 𝑁0𝑒 = 2
Half-life (T1/2)) 𝑇1/2 =
0.693
λ
Energy released 𝐸 = ∆𝑚𝑐
2

Energy Quantization

Energy of an Electron 𝐸 =−
1
2 𝑅
𝑛
Energy of a Photon 𝐸 = ℎ𝑓 =
ℎ𝑐
λ
Photon Energy in 𝐸2 − 𝐸1 = ℎ𝑣
Transition State
Work Function (W) 𝑊 = ℎ𝑓0
Einstein’s Photoelectric 𝐸 = 𝑒𝑉 = ℎ𝑓 − ℎ𝑓0
Equation
Particles and Waves

Wavelength (λ) λ =

𝑚𝑣
Uncertainty (∆𝑥)(∆𝑝)≥


Principle ℎ
(∆𝐸)(∆𝑡)≥ 2π
Effective Study Tips

Physics is considered by many science students to be fairly less challenging


compared to other science subjects like Biology and Chemistry which involves a lot
of rote memorization. I guess this is largely because physics allows you to think
deeply about a concept and once you’ve done that enough, the formulas flow much
easier.

Here are some tips I’d recommend to anyone interested in learning physics:

Understand, Don’t Memorize

Physics is a conceptually demanding subjects. It requires you to use your


imagination to model theories and behaviors of matter and forces. Don’t be afraid to
unleash your creativity while studying physics, grab a pen and paper and draw visual
guides, charts and models to make studies more interesting and memorable.

Employ Active Learning while Studying

It’s high time you stopped passively reading or skimming through your textbooks as if
it were a novel or storybook. You don’t have to always watch your teacher solve
practice problems, active learning requires that you participate more in what you
learn. Work more independently and practice as many problems sets as you can to
improve your problem solving skills.

Get involved with the Material

When studying physics, it’s always a great idea to conduct simple experiments and
observations, seek help from an adult if you must. Try experimenting with what you
learned in the textbook and work on real life projects. It helps you understand the
context of what you’re learning on a much deeper level allowing you to better encode
the memory into your brain.
Learning Resources

Khan Academy

Khan Academy has a mission of providing a free, world-class education available to


anyone, anywhere. It has a community of millions of students from all over the world
and offers practice exercises, instructional videos and personalized learning
experience allowing you to learn at your own pace.

Organic Chemistry Tutor

Organic Chemistry Tutor YouTube channel covers many of the science subjects from
physics and biology algebra and computer science. The channel has long duration
videos that cover pretty much everything you’ll need to know on the topi

Crash Course

Crash Course produces high quality educational videos available to everyone for
free on their YouTube channel. Its videos are visually appealing and is excellent for
visual learners.

They have courses on many other science subjects including biology, chemistry and
mathematics.

Veritasium

Veritasium is a popular science and engineering YouTube channel that explains even
the most advanced concepts in Physics in very simple terms. There are many highly
informational videos covering a wide range of topics available on this channel
ranging from interviews with subject matter experts and Nobel laureates to the many
science experiments which prove to help students visually understand the concepts.

There are a lot more resources and YouTube channels I didn’t mention of, explore
and find whatever suits you.
About the Author

Abubakar Abdul is a student, freelance writer and lifelong learner whose interests
lies in the intersection between technology, education and self-development. Skilled
in writing and content creation with nearly half a decade of experience. I try to be
more capable each day, learning new skills and meeting a lot of awesome people
along the way.

If you have any ideas on how to improve this e-book or notice an error you can
contact me here.

For business enquiries and partnerships email me at [email protected]

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