CHAPTER III

SAMPLING AND
SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTION
 POPULATION

SAMPLE

Sampling is a process of
getting the sample.
 Statistic versus Parameter

Statistics – a branch of Mathematics. It is

a subject offered in a school.
Statistic – a datum in a collection of
statistics. It is a characteristic of a sample. It is
used to estimate the value of a population.
The average grade of students would be an
example of a statistic.
 Statistic versus Parameter
Sample Statistic – any quantity computed from a
sample taken from a population with the intention of using
this quantity to estimate same but unknown quantities of the
population. The examples would be sample mean and
sample variance.
Parameter – a useful component of statistical analysis.
It refers to the characteristics that are used to define a given
population.
Statistic describes a sample while parameter describes
a population. In other words, statistic is used to estimate a
parameter.
Examples of a Parameter
Population mean (µ)
Population standard deviation (σ)
Population variance (σ²)
Examples of a Statistic
Population mean (µ)
Population standard deviation (σ)
Population variance (σ²)
A survey will be given to 100 students
randomly selected from the freshmen class at
Lincoln High School. What is the population?

A. The selected students

B. All freshmen at Lincoln High School
C. All students at Lincoln High School
A survey will be given to 100 students
randomly selected from the freshmen class at
Lincoln High School. What is the sample?

A. The selected students

B. All freshmen at Lincoln High School
C. All students at Lincoln High School
Fifty bottles of water were randomly selected
from a large collection of bottles in a
company's warehouse. These large collection
of bottles are referred to as the

A. parameter
B. population
C. sample
A mean is known as a statistic if it is
computed from the

A. parameter
B. population
C. sample
Correct examples of parameters are

A.s and δ
B.µ and δ
C. µ and s
 Say something about the following figures.

Sample Mean

8 10
40 34 34
29 33 32
32.7 17
35 32.7 32
38
24 33 31
26 33 30
55
80 Figure 2
Figure 1
Descriptive Statistics of the two given sets of sample data
Figure 1 Figure 2
Mean 32.7 Mean 32.7
Standard Error 6.92989 Standard Error 0.4726
Median 27.5 Median 33
Mode None Mode 33
Standard Deviation 21.9142 Standard Deviation 1.4944
Sample Variance 480.233 Sample Variance 2.2333
Kurtosis 1.3037 Kurtosis -0.1518
Skewness 1.13241 Skewness -0.3595
Range 72 Range 5
Minimum 8 Minimum 30
Maximum 80 Maximum 35
Sum 327 Sum 327
Count 10 Count 10
 Random Sampling refers to the
sampling technique in which each
member of the population is given
equal chance from a population is
called sample and the process of
taking samples is called sampling.
 Since survey research has a larger scope of
respondents, sampling technique is very necessary.
For instance, the population of the research is 6,033
students, teachers, parents and school administrators.
It doesn’t mean that all of these 6,033 target
respondents will be given a survey questionnaire.
Sampling technique should be done systematically so
that expenses and time will be minimized but the
generality and reliability of the information will be
maintained.
Probability Sampling Methods
1. Simple Random Sampling
- Fishbowl method
- Lottery Method
2. Systematic Sampling
3. Stratified Sampling
4. Cluster Sampling
5. Multistage Sampling
 Simple Random Sampling (SRS)
- is a basic sampling technique where a researcher
selects a group of a sample for study from a larger
group (population). Each individual is chosen
entirely by chance and each member of the
population has an equal chance of being included
in the sample.
 Simple random sampling
• As the name suggests is a completely random method of selecting the
sample. This sampling method is as easy as assigning numbers to the
individuals (sample) and then randomly choosing from those numbers
through an automated process.
 Systematic Sampling is a statistical method
involving the selection of elements from an
ordered sampling frame. The most common
form of systematic sampling is an equiprobability
method. In this approach, progression through
the list is treated circularly, with a return to the
top once the end of the list is passed.
 Systematic Sampling
• It is when you choose every “nth” individual to be a part of the sample. For
example, you can choose every 5th person to be in the sample. Systematic
sampling is an extended implementation of the same old probability
technique in which each member of the group is selected at regular periods
to form a sample. There’s an equal opportunity for every member of a
population to be selected using this sampling technique.
 Stratified Sampling is a
method of sampling in which the
researcher divides the population
into separate groups, called strata.
Then, a probability sampling is
drawn from each group.
 Stratified Random sampling
• Iinvolves a method where a larger population can be divided into smaller
groups, that usually don’t overlap but represent the entire population
together. While sampling these groups can be organized and then draw a
sample from each group separately. A common method is to arrange or
classify by sex, age, ethnicity and similar ways.
 Cluster Sampling is a sampling technique
used when mutually homogeneous yet internally
heterogeneous groupings are evident in a
statistical population. It is often used in
marketing research. In this sampling technique,
the total population is divided into groups called
clusters a simple random sample of the group is
selected.
 Cluster random sampling
• It is a way to randomly select participants when they are geographically
spread out. Cluster sampling usually analyzes a particular population in
which the sample consists of more than a few elements, for example, city,
family, university etc. The clusters are then selected by dividing the
greater population into various smaller sections.
 Multistage Sampling is the taking of
samples in stages using smaller and smaller
sampling units at each stage. It can be a complex
form of cluster sampling since it is a type of
sampling which involves dividing the populations
into groups. A combination of stratified, cluster
and simple random sampling is used in
multistage sampling technique.
 MULTISTAGE SAMPLING
 Complex form of cluster sampling in which two or more
levels of units are embedded one in the other.
 First stage, random number of districts chosen in all
states.
 Followed by random number of talukas, villages.
 Then third stage units will be houses.
 All ultimate units (houses, for instance) selected at last
step are surveyed.

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Non-probability Sampling Methods
1. Quota Sampling
2. Convenience Sampling
3. Purposive Sampling
4. Snowball Sampling
5. Judgemental Sampling
Quota Sampling
- defined as a non-probability sampling
method in which researchers create a
convenience sample involving individuals that
represent a population. Researchers choose
these individuals according to specific traits or
qualities.
Convenience Sampling
- is a non-probability sampling technique
where samples are selected from the population
only because they are conveniently available to
the researcher. Researchers choose these
samples just because they are easy to recruit, and
the researcher did not consider selecting a
sample that represents the entire population.
Purposive Sampling
- In this method, researchers select
the samples based purely on the
researcher’s knowledge and credibility.
In other words, researchers choose only
those people who they deem fit to
participate in the research study.
Snowball Sampling
- helps researchers find a sample when
they are difficult to locate. Researchers use
this technique when the sample size is small
and not easily available. This sampling
system works like the referral program.
Judgemental Sampling
- In the judgemental sampling, also called
purposive sampling, the sample members are
chosen only on the basis of the researcher’s
knowledge and judgment.
It enables you to select cases that will best enable
you to answer your research question(s) and to
meet your objectives.