1.

Aside:
is a dramatic device in which a character speaks to the audience. By convention the audience is to realize that the character's speech is unheard by the other characters on stage. It may be addressed to the audience expressly (in character or out) or represent an unspoken thought. An aside is usually a brief comment, rather than a speech, such as a monologue or soliloquy. Unlike a public announcement, it occurs within the context of the play. An aside is, by convention, a true statement of a character's thought; a character may be mistaken in an aside, but may not be dishonest. Examples This technique is used by many playwrights, including Shakespeare. For instance, in the play Macbeth, Macbeth has the following aside:

Time, thou anticipatest my dread exploits.

Here is another example in the Shakespeare play Hamlet:

A little more than kin, and less than kind.

This technique has frequently been used in film comedy, for example in the Bob Hope "Road" comedies, Woody Allen comedies and in Ferris Bueller's Day Off 2.Catharsis : is a term in dramatic art that describes the "emotional cleansing" sometimes depicted in a play as occurring for one or more of its characters, as well as the same phenomenon as (an intended) part of the audiences experience. It describes an extreme change in emotion, occurring as the result of experiencing strong feelings (such as sorrow, fear, pity, or even laughter). It has been described as a "purification" or a "purging" of such emotions.More recently, such terms as restoration, renewal, and revitalization have been used when referencing the effect on members of the audience. The Greek philosopher Aristotle was the first to use the term catharsis with reference to the emotions in his work Poetics. In that context, it refers to a sensation or literary effect that, ideally, would either be experienced by the characters in a play, or be wrought upon the audience at the conclusion of a tragedy; namely, the release of pent-up emotion or energy.

3.foil:
In fiction, a foil is a character who contrasts with another character (usually the protagonist) in order to highlight various features of that other character's personality, throwing these characteristics into sharper focus.[1][2] A foil's complementary role may be emphasized by physical characteristics. A foil usually differs drastically. For example in Cervantes' Don Quixote, the dreamy and impractical Quixote is thin in contrast to his companion, the realistic and practical Sancho Panza, who is fat. Another popular fictional character, Sherlock Holmes, is tall and lean; his right-hand man Doctor Watson, meanwhile, is often described as "middle-sized, strongly built." The "straight man" in a comedy duo is a comic foil. While the straight man portrays a reasonable and serious character, the other portrays a funny, dumb, or simply unorthodox one.

4.flashback:
in literature and dramatic media, an interjected scene that takes the narrative back in time from the current point

5 dues ex machine:
is a plot device whereby a seemingly inextricable problem is suddenly and abruptly solved with the contrived and unexpected intervention of some new event, character, ability, or object

6. exposition:
At the beginning of a narrative, the exposition is the author's providing of some background information to the audience about the plot, characters' histories, setting, and theme. Exposition is considered one of four rhetorical modes of discourse, along with argumentation, description, and narration. Aside from the common usage of exposition in narratives such as novels, films, television shows, and plays, the concept may be used in some non-narrative settings, such as speeches or academic reports.

7.catasthrope:
The final event in a romance or a dramatic piece; a denouement, as a death in a tragedy, or a marriage in a comedy. [1913 Webster]

8.chorus:
the perception of similar sounds from multiple sources as a single, richer sound; signal processors design to simulate the effect

9.denouement:
comprises events between the falling action and the actual ending scene of the drama or narrative and thus serves as the conclusion of the story