PSME

Industries

Presentation 2023

WATER
DRINK WATER EVERY DAY
#COLORLESS
 WATER QUANTITY
AND WATER SUPPLY
TREATMENT
 Content
Water Availability and
01 Challenges

02 Water Quantity Management

Water Supply Treatment

03 Processes
Challenges and Innovations in
04 Water Treatment
Water Availability
and Challenges
Global distribution of
Water resources

Salt Water
96.5% Found in oceans and seas.

3%
Fresh water
Found in glaciers, groundwater, lakes, etc.
 25
Fresh Water
Atmospheric Water (~0.001% of total water)
Water vapour in the atmosphere. 20
Precipitation: rain, snow, hail, and sleet.
Soil Moisture (~0.05% of freshwater, or ~0.001%
of total water)
Water is held in the pores of the soil. 15
Critical for agriculture and plant growth.
Permafrost and Frozen Groundwater (~0.86% of
freshwater, or ~0.03% of total water)
Frozen soil water in regions with permafrost
10
(e.g., Siberia, Alaska).
Contains significant freshwater reserves.
Biological Water (<0.01% of freshwater, or a
negligible percentage of total water)
Stored in the cells of plants and animals. 5
Released into the atmosphere through
transpiration.

0
 25
Fresh Water
Wetlands (Included in surface water, ~0.03% of
total water)
Marshes, swamps, and bogs are natural 20
reservoirs of surface freshwater.
Important for ecosystems and water filtration.
Icebergs and Sea Ice (Part of glaciers and ice
caps, ~68.7% of freshwater, or ~1.74% of total 15
water)
Freshwater is stored in icebergs that break off
from glaciers.
Used as a water source in some coastal
10
regions.
Subglacial Lakes
Freshwater lakes beneath ice sheets (e.g., Lake
Vostok in Antarctica).
Often isolated with unique ecosystems. 5
Desalinated Water
Freshwater is created from seawater or
brackish water through desalination processes.
0
 Factors Affecting
Water Availability
Climate:
Low rainfall and high temperatures contribute to water deficits. Limited rainfall reduces
water availability, while high temperatures increase evaporation, leaving less water for
use. Conversely, water surpluses occur in areas with abundant rainfall and cooler
temperatures.
Geology:
Water interacts differently with various types of rocks beneath the ground.
Permeable Rocks: Allow water to flow through, often reducing surface water levels.
For example, limestone landscapes typically have dry rivers except during rainfall.
These rocks can form aquifers, which are natural underground water reservoirs. In
the south-east of England, 70% of the water supply is drawn from the chalk aquifer.
Impermeable Rocks: Prevent water from flowing through and instead trap it in
overlying layers.
Pollution:
Some regions have abundant water, but pollution renders it unsafe for use.
Contaminants like untreated sewage and factory waste pollute water sources.
Although groundwater is typically cleaner, it can still be contaminated by pollutants. For
instance, gold mining near Johannesburg, South Africa, has introduced uranium,
arsenic, and sulphuric acid into streams and rivers.
 Factors Affecting
Water Availability
Over-Abstraction:
When water is withdrawn from aquifers faster than it is replenished by rainfall, over-abstraction
occurs, causing groundwater levels to drop. In the Sonoran Desert (Arizona), excessive water
extraction for farming and urban growth has caused the land to sink (subsidence) and water to
become increasingly scarce.
Limited Infrastructure:
Proper infrastructure, such as pipelines, is required to transport water safely and efficiently.
Sealed pipelines reduce the risk of leaks and contamination, but they are costly to install,
especially as they need to be buried underground. In Kenya, water pumps in rural villages were
recently fitted with transmitters that send alerts via text message if they malfunction.
Poverty:
Nearly 1 billion people in Africa lack access to clean, safe water, trapping them in a cycle of
poverty. Without affordable access to water, individuals suffer from illness, which hinders their
ability to work and earn money, further deepening their poverty.
Politics:
Effective management of water resources requires communication and cooperation within and
across national borders. Shared water resources can lead to conflict if one country pollutes a river,
affecting downstream nations. Collaborative agreements are essential to ensure fair and
sustainable use.
thereisnowater

WATER
SCARCITY
The People
Poor Hygiene: Limited access to water can prevent
proper sanitation and hygiene practices, leading to the
spread of waterborne diseases such as cholera,
dysentery, and typhoid.
Malnutrition: Lack of water affects food production and
nutrition. Crop failures and water shortages can lead to
food insecurity, which may cause malnutrition,
particularly in children.
Dehydration: Chronic water shortages can lead to
dehydration, affecting physical and mental health.
Severe dehydration can result in organ failure and
death.
Increased Child Mortality: Water scarcity
disproportionately affects children, leading to higher
rates of malnutrition, disease, and death due to lack of
clean water.
The Economy
Livelihood Loss: Many communities, especially
in rural areas, rely on agriculture for income.
Water scarcity can drastically reduce crop
yields, leading to income loss and poverty.
Increased Costs: In areas where water is scarce,
people often have to spend more time or money
to obtain water, exacerbating financial strain.
Employment Challenges: Industries dependent
on water, such as agriculture, manufacturing,
and energy production, may face reduced
productivity or even shutdowns, leading to job
losses and economic downturns.
The Environment
Ecosystem Damage: Reduced water availability can
harm ecosystems, leading to the destruction of
wetlands, rivers, and lakes. This can lead to a loss of
biodiversity, affecting both plant and animal species.
Decreased Agricultural Productivity: Water scarcity
affects crop irrigation, leading to decreased food
production and possible food crises.
Overexploitation of Resources: In response to water
scarcity, some communities may over-exploit
groundwater or other water sources, which can lead to
long-term environmental degradation.
Water
Quantity
Ensuring Sustainable Water Resources
for the Future
What is Water Quantity
Management?

Water Quantity Management is all about making sure we

use and distribute water resources wisely to meet both
our current needs and those of future generations.

It's a crucial aspect of sustainable development,

addressing challenges like water scarcity, inequity, and
environmental degradation.
Importance of Water
Quantity Management

Addresses Water Scarcity: Promotes Equity: Prevents Environmental

With the global population Effective water management Degradation:
growing and climate change helps in the fair distribution Proper management of water
affecting water availability, of water resources, ensuring resources helps in
managing water resources that all communities, maintaining the health of
efficiently ensures that there especially those in arid and ecosystems. It prevents over-
is enough water to meet the semi-arid regions, have extraction of water from
needs of all sectors, including access to clean and safe rivers, lakes, and aquifers,
agriculture, industry, and water. which can lead to habitat
households. destruction and loss of
biodiversity.
Importance of Water
Quantity Management

Supports Sustainable Development: Mitigates Climate Change Impacts:

By ensuring that water resources are Effective water management practices,
used efficiently and sustainably, water such as rainwater harvesting and the use
quantity management supports the of recycled water, can help communities
achievement of Sustainable adapt to the impacts of climate change,
Development Goals (SDGs), particularly such as droughts and floods.
SDG 6, which aims to ensure availability
and sustainable management of water
and sanitation for all.
Water
Quantity
Water quantity refers to the total amount of
water and the timing of its release from a
watershed over a specific period of time. It is
measured by peak flow and total yield.

Water quantity is the timing and total yield of

water from a watershed, and is measured by
total yield and peak flow over a specified period
of time (Neary 2002).

ITS IMPORTANCE:
Water quantity is important because water is a vital natural resource for people,
agriculture, wildlife, transportation, industry, and recreation. However, the amount
of available freshwater per person is decreasing as the world's population grows.
 Factors that can affect
Water Quantity:
CLIMATE POLLUTION OVEREXTRACTION

Variability in climate can affect water Measures taken to prevent, control,

quantity and quality. For example, Overextraction of groundwater can
and treat pollution can affect water
drought occurs when rainfall is lower lead to water crises.
quality.
and evaporation is higher than normal.
 Irrigation Techniques:
Drip Irrigation: Reduces water wastage by delivering water
directly to plant roots.
Sprinkler Systems: Efficient for large-scale farming.

Strategies for
Rainwater Harvesting: Leakage Reduction:
Efficient Water Urban: Rooftop Monitoring and

Management rainwater harvesting

for non-potable uses.
repairing pipelines
to minimize water
Rural: Collection loss.
ponds for agricultural
and household use.
WATER SUPPLY
TREATMENT
PROCESSES
Water Supply Treatment Processes

Intake and Coagulation Sedimentation Filtration

Screening and
Flocculation
Water Supply Treatment Processes

Disinfection Storage and

Distribution
CHALLENGES
AND
INNOVATIONS
IN WATER TREATMENT
Key Challenges in Water
Treatment
Nanofiltration and Membrane Technologies: Capable of removing even the
Advanced Filtration
smallest contaminants, including viruses and emerging pollutants.
Technologies

Graphene-Based Filters: Provide high efficiency and faster filtration rates.

Electrochemical Techniques like electrocoagulation and electrodialysis offer energy-efficient

Treatment ways to remove contaminants, including heavy metals and salts.

Smart Monitoring Systems: Use AI and IoT for real-time water quality
AI and IoT Integration
monitoring, predictive maintenance, and optimizing treatment processes.

Digital Twins: Simulate water treatment plants for performance optimization

and risk assessment.

Reverse Osmosis Enhancements: Incorporating energy recovery devices to

Desalination
make seawater desalination more sustainable.
Innovations

Solar-Powered Desalination: Combines renewable energy with desalination for

off-grid solutions.
Key Challenges in Water
Treatment
Constructed Wetlands: Mimic natural processes to treat wastewater
Biological Treatment
effectively and sustainably.
Methods

Microbial Fuel Cells: Use bacteria to generate electricity while treating

wastewater.

Chemical-Free Ultraviolet (UV) Light: Destroys pathogens without harmful by-products.

Disinfection
Ozone Treatment: An effective alternative to chlorine with fewer
environmental impacts.

Greywater Systems: Treat and reuse water from sinks and showers for non-
Reuse and Recycling potable applications.

Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs): Break down organic contaminants in

wastewater for safe reuse.

Decentralized Water Portable and modular systems bring water treatment solutions to remote and
Treatment underserved areas.
Key Challenges in Water
Treatment
Renewable Energy Integration: Solar and wind power drive treatment plants in
Energy-Efficient
Systems
remote locations.

Low-Pressure Membranes: Reduce energy consumption in filtration processes.

Carbon Capture in Systems that capture carbon dioxide during water treatment processes to
Water Treatment reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Future Innovations
in Water Treatment

Hybrid Systems
Combining multiple
technologies like
nanofiltration and
UV treatment for
enhanced
efficiency.
Future Innovations
in Water Treatment
Decentralized and
Community-Driven
Models
Providing
affordable and
scalable solutions
for rural and urban
areas.
Future Innovations
in Water Treatment
Circular Water
Economy
Treating
wastewater as a
resource for
nutrients, energy,
and water reuse.
Future Innovations
in Water Treatment
Bioinspired
Designs
Mimicking natural
processes, such as
plant roots, for
sustainable
filtration.
THANK
YOU
Richardson, S. D., & Ternes, T. A. (2018). Water analysis: Emerging contaminants and current issues. Analytical Chemistry,
90(1), 398-428.
Shannon, M. A., et al. (2008). Science and technology for water purification in the coming decades. Nature, 452(7185), 301-
310.
Nguyen, T. T., et al. (2021). AI and IoT applications in water treatment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 297, 126604.
Wang, H., et al. (2021). UV-based advanced oxidation processes in water treatment: Emerging trends and research
progress. Environmental Research, 195, 110811

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