New Physics Numerical Notes Class 9 ME English Center

Unit – 1 Physical Quantities And Measurement

Vernier Caliper:
Given Question no 1:

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Micrometer Screw Gauge:

Given Question no 2:

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Scientific Notation:
Worked Example 1
Q) Convert mass of Sun 2 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 kg. into Scientific Notation.
Solution:
Step 1: Since, M Sun = 2 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 kg

It's obvious that in this value decimal lies at the end.

Step 2: Converting into scientific notation

Move the decimal to left writing in terms of base of ten

M = 2.00 x 10 30kg.

Worked Example 2
Q) Convert mass of an electron 9.11 x 10 -31 kg into standard form.
Solution:
Step 1: The decimal lies in the middle of the value.

Since, melectron = 9.11 x 10-31 kg

Step 2: Move the decimal 31 steps towards left

melectron = 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 911 kg

Density:
Worked Example 4
Q) What is the mass a solid iron wrecking ball of radius 18cm. If the density of iron is 7.8 gm/cm3 ?
Solution:
Step 1: write known physical quantities with units and point out the quantity to be found.

Density of iron ball ρ = 7.8 gm/cm = 7.8 x 1000 kg/ m3.

Radius of iron ball is r = 18cm = 18 x 10-2 m = 0.18m

Volume of the iron ball is V = (4/3) x π x r3 = (1.33) x 3.14 3 x (0.18m)3

V = 0.024m

Step 2: write down the formula and rearrange if necessary

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m=ρxV

Step 3: put the values in formula and calculate

Since mass of iron ball is m = ρ x V = (7.8 x 10 3) x (0.024)

m = 187.2 kg

Significant Figures:
Worked example 5
Q) How many significant figures are there in the area of a cylinder whose diameter is 5 cm?
Solution:
Step 1: write known physical quantities and point out the unknown quantity.

Diameter of the cylinder is d = 5cm = 5 x 10-2 m = 0.05m

Radius of cylinder is r = d/2 = 2.5 x 10-2 m = 0.025m

Step 2: write down formula and rearrange if necessary

The area of the cylinder is 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 3.14 x (0.025m)2 = 0.0019m2

Step 3:put value in formula and calculate

Thus area of cylinder can be written as A = 1.9 mm2

Thus, there are two significant numbers in the value 1 and 9.

Section (B) Structured Questions

1.

Column A Action Column B Branch

Cooking Bar B.Q Thermodynamics
Turning the Bulb on Electricity
Riding a bicycle Mechanics
Looking for Giant Galaxies Astrophysics
Producing a loud sound Sound
Describing an atom Atomicphysics
Obtaining energy from Earth Geophysics

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2.
Physical Quantity S.I Unit Type
Ampere A Base
Volume m3 Derive
Time Sec Base
Temperature K Base
Force N Derived
Density Kg per m3 Derived
Acceleration m per sec2 Derived

3. Convert the following values.

a) 230 cm = 2.3 m

b) 250 g = 0.25 kg

c) 0.5 s = 500 ms

d) 0.8 m = 800 mm

e) 350ms = 0.35 s

f) 1.2Kg = 1200 g

4. An engineer measures the width of an aluminum sheet using Vernier caliper as shown in fig 1.29

a)What is the measurement of the width of aluminum sheet

Ans) M.S.R= 3.9 , V.S.R= 1 , L.C= 0.01cm , T.R=3.91 cm.
b)Which gives more precise measurement Vernier caliper, Screw Gauge or meter rule?
Ans) Screw Gauge.
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5. A pendulum swings as shown in figure 1.30 from X to Y and back to X again.

i) What would be the most accurate way of measuring time for one oscillation? with the help
of a Stop Watch.
a) Record time for 10 oscillations and multiply by 10
b) Record time for 10 oscillation and divide by 10
c) Record time for one oscillation
d) Record time from X to Y and double it

Ans) (b) Record time for 10 oscillation and divide by 10

ii) Suggest an instrument for measuring time period more accurately.

Ans) Digital Stopwatch.

Prefixes
6. write the correct prefix of notion.
a) 75000m = 750 cm

b) 2/1000 sec = 2 ms

c) 1/1000000 g = 1 µg

d) 1000000000 m = 1 Gm

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Scientific Notation
7. Write values in standard and scientific notation
a) The radius of 1st orbit of Hydrogen atom is r = 0.53 Ao = 0.53 x 10-10 m.

b) 1 light year is 2628000000000m = 2.628 x 1012 m.

c) Vacuum pressure 2.7 x 10-4 torr = 2.7 x 10-7 m of Hg .

Density and Volume

8. A wooden piece is made in different shapes take length (l) = radius (r) = 2m Calculate its volume as a:
Ans) a) Sphere
4
V=3 × 𝜋 × r 3
4
V= × 𝜋 × 23
3

V=33.51 m3.

b) Cube
V=l3

V=23

V=8 m3

c) Cylinder
V=π x r2 x l

V=π x 22 x 2

V=25.133 m3

d) Pyramid
l×w×h
V= 3

l=w=h
l3
V= 3

V=2.667 m3

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9. Find the density of wood as sphere and cube if the mass of wood is 1kg. Is there any change in density
due to shape?

Ans)
Desity of sphere:
m
𝜌=
V
1
𝜌=
33.51
𝜌 = 0.029 kg/m3

Desity of cube:
m
𝜌=
V
1
𝜌=
8
𝜌 = 0.125 kg/m3
Yes there is change in density due to shape.

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10. A measuring cylinder (fig 1.31) is filled with 500cc water. A stone of mass 20g is immersed in to the
cylinder such that ,water level rises up to 800cc. Which statement is correct?

a) The difference between the readings gives the density of stone.

b) The difference between the readings gives volume of the stone

c) The final reading gives the density of stone

d) The final reading gives the volume of stone

Ans) (b) The difference between the readings gives volume of the stone

Significant Figures:
11.Write significant numbers in the following values.
a) 980 has 2 Significant numbers.

b) 91.60 has 4 Significant numbers.

c) 10010.100 has 8 Significant numbers.

d) 0.0086 has 2 Significant numbers.

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Self Assessment Questions:

Q1:What instrument will you choose to measure height of your friend?
Ans) Meter Rule
Q2: Can you describe how many seconds are there in a year?
Ans) Seconds= 365 x 24 x 60 x 60
Seconds=31536000

Q3: Which instrument will you choose to measure your mass?

Ans) Beam balance.
Q4: Can you tell if the size of a nucleus is up to 10 m. What prefix shall we use to describe its size?
Ans) Femto
Q5: How can you identify which gas is denser among the gases?
Ans) If an object containing a gas floats on air, it is less dense than air . if it sinks, it is more dense than
air.

Q6: Can you tell how hot air balloon works?

Ans) Hot air balloons work because hot air rises. By heating the air inside the balloon with the burner, it
becomes lighter than the cooler air on the outside. This causes the balloon to float upwards, as if it were
in water.

Q7: Determine the number of significant figures in 00.6022009

Ans) 7.

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Unit – 2 KINEMATICS
Describing Motion:
Worked Example 1:
Q) A car travels 700m in 35 seconds what is the speed of car?
Solution:
Step 1: Write the known quantities and point out quantities to be found.

d=700m

t=35s

v=?

Step 2:Write the formula and rearrange if necessary.

d
v= t

Step 3:Put the value in formula and calculate

700
v=
35
Thus the average speed of car is 20ms-1 .

Worked Example 2:
Q) The speed of train is 108 kmh-1 . How much distance will be covered in 2 hours?
Solution:
Step 1: Write the known quantities and point out quantities to be found.
108 km 108 x 1000 m
v= = =30ms-1
h 3600s
t =2h= 2 x 3600s= 7200s

Step 2:Write the formula and rearrange if necessary

d
v= t

d=vxt

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Step 3: Put value in formula and calculate

d = 30 x 7200 = 216000m

Thus distance traveled by train is 216000m.

Worked Example 3:
Q) A bus start from rest and travels along a straight path its -1 velocity become 15ms in 5 seconds.
Calculate acceleration of the bus?

Solution:
Step 1. Write the known quantities and point out quantities to found.

vi = 0 ms-1

vf = 15 ms-1

t = 5 second

a=?

Step 2: Write the formula and rearrange if necessary

vf−vi
a=
t
vf−vi
a=
t
Step 3: Put the value in formula and calculate.
15−0 15
a= = =3ms-2
5 5

Acceleration of bus is 3ms-2 .

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Worked Example 4:
Q) A motorcyclist moving along a straight path applies -1 -1 breakes to slow down from 10ms to 3ms in
5 seconds. Calculate its acceleration.

Solution:
Step 1: Write the known quantities and point out quantities to be found.

vi = 10ms-2

vf = 3ms-2

t = 5 second

a=?

Step 2: Write the formula and rearrange if necessary.

vf−vi
a=
t

Step 3: Put the value in formula and calculate.

3−10 −7
a= = = -1.4 ms-2
5 5

Deceleration of motorcycle is -1.4 ms-2.

The negative sign shows the retardation in opposite direction of velocity.

Equations Of Motion :
Worked Example 5:
Q) A car moving on a road with velocity 30 ms-1 , when brakes are applied its velocity decreases at a rate
of 6 meter per second. Find the distance it will cover before coming to rest.

Solution:
Step 1: Write the known quantities and point out quantities to found.

a = -6 ms-2

vi= 30 ms-2

v f= 0

S=?

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Step 2: Write the formula and rearrange if necessary.

𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑣𝑖 2
S=
2𝑎
Step 3: Put value in formula and calculate.

(0)2 − (30)2
S=
2×(−6)

−900
S=
−12
S=75m

Thus the car will stop after covering 75m distance.

Worked Example 6:
Q) A motor cycle moving with velocity of 40 ms . It gets accelerating at a rate of 8 ms-2 . How much
distance will it cover in the next 10 seconds.

Solution:
Step 1: Write the known quantities and point out quantities to found.

vi= 40 ms-1

a = 8 ms-2

t = 10s

S =?

Step 2:Write the formula and rearrange if necessary.

1
S = vit + at2
2
Step 3:Put value in formula and calculate
1
S = 40 x 10 + x 8 x (10)2
2
S = 800m

Thus motor cycle covers 800 m in next 10 seconds.

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Motion Due To Gravity :

Worked Example 7:
Q) A ball is thrown vertically upward with velocity of 12 ms-1 . The ball will be slowing down due to pull
of Earth’s gravity on it, and will return back to Earth. Find out the time the ball will take to reach the
maximum height.

Solution:
Step 1: Write the known quantities and point out quantities to be found.

vi=12 ms-1

vf=0 ms-1

g = -10 ms-2

t=?

Step 2: Write the formula and rearrange if necessary.

vf = vi + gt
vf−vi
t=
g

Step 3: Put the value in formula and of calculate.

0−12
t=
−10

t=1.2 s

The ball will reach maximum height in 1.2 seconds.

Section (B) Structured Questions

Rest and motion:
a) Define rest and motion.

Ans) Rest: A body is said to be in rest if it does not change its position with respect to its
surroundings.

Motion: A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to its surroundings.
b) What is meant by relative motion.

Ans) The motion as observed from or referred to some material system constituting a frame of
reference.

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Types of motion:
a) Define speed and velocity.

Ans) Speed: Rate of chage of distace is called speed.

Velocity: Rate of chage of displacement is called velocity.
b) What is difference between distance and displacement.

Ans)

Distance Displacement
The total length covered by moving body with The distance measured in straight line in a
out mentioning direction of motion. particular line.
It is an scalar quantity. It is a vector quantity.
The S.I unit is metre (m). The S.I unit is metre (m).
The distance traveled by the person from A to The displacement of the person is 6 km from A
B is either 16 km ( purple path) or 24 km (red to B due west of A.
path).

c) Define acceleration.
Ans) Acceleration: Rate of chage of velocity is called acceleration.
d) Calculate the acceleration of a bus that speed up from 20ms-1 to 40ms-1 in 8 seconds.
vf−vi
Ans) a =
t
40−20
a=
8
a= 2.5 ms-2

Scalars and vectors:

a) Define scalar and vector quantities?

Ans) Scalar: The quantity which is completely described by magitude and unit is called scalar
quantity.

Vector: The quatity which is completely described by magitude and unit as well as direction is called
vector quantity.

b) How vector quantities are represented graphically?

Ans) Vectors can be graphically represented by directed line segments. The length is chosen,
according to some scale, to represent the magnitude of the vector, and the direction of the directed
line segment represents the direction of the vector.

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Equation of motion:
a) A bus is moving on a road with 15ms-1 and it accelerates at 5ms-2 . Find the final velocity of bus
after 6 seconds.

Ans) vf = vi + at
vf=15 + 5 x 6

vf= 45ms-1 .

b) A car starts moving from rest with an acceleration of 5ms-2 . Find out the time to travel 50m
distace.
1
Ans) S = vit + at2
2
1
50=0 x t + x 5 x t2
2
t= 4.472 sec.

Motion due to gravity:

a) Define motion under gravity?

Ans) Motion under gravity refers to the movemet of an object whose vertical motion is affected by
the presence of gravity.

b) Why gravity is taken negative for an object moving in upward direction?

Ans) Because its velocity decreases and thus acceleration is acted in donward direction.
c) A ball is dropped from a height of 50m. What will be its velocity before touching ground?
𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑣𝑖 2
Ans) S=
2𝑎
𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑣𝑖 2
H=
2(g)

𝑣𝑓2 − 02
50 =
2(10)

Vf= 31.623 ms-1

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d) If a body is thrown up ward with vertical velocity 50ms-1. Calculate maximum height which body
can reach.

𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑣𝑖 2
Ans) H=
2(g)

02 − 502
H=
2(−10)

H= 125 m

e) A ball falls down from top of height of 70m. How much time the ball will take to reach the ground.
1
Ans) H = vit + gt2
2
1
70 = (0) t + (10) t2
2
t= 3.742 sec.

Self Assessment Questions:

Q 1. Define Kinematics.
Ans) Kinematics: Kinematics is the branch of mechanics which deals with motion of objects without
reference of force which causes.

Q 2. When is a body said to be in state of rest?

Ans) When it does not change its position with respect to its surrounding.
Q 3. How are rest and motion related to each other?
Ans) If an observer is at rest in his or her own frame of reference, but he may be moving in another
observer's frame of reference. So if two different observers are not at rest with respect to each other,
then they two get different results when they observe the motion or rest of a body.

Q 4. Define Translatory Motion?

Ans) Translatory Motion: When all points of a moving body move uniformly along the same straight
line,such motion is called translatory motion.

Q 5.What is vibratory motion?

Ans) Vibratory Motion: To and Fro motion of a body about its mean position is called vibratory or
oscillatory motion.

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Q 6. Differentiate between translatory motion, rotatory motion and vibratory motion.

Translatory Motion Rotatory Motion Vibratory Motion

A body moves along a straight The spinning of a body about its The body move back and forth
line. axis. about mean position.
Movement of an object from The motion of an object about The body moves up and down.
one place to another. fixed point.
All particles of the rigid body The motion of a rigid body An object repeat its motion
move with the same velocity at about a fixed axis . Every itself.
every instant of time. particle of body move in a
circular path

Q 7.Define Speed.
Ans) Speed: Speed: Rate of chage of distace is called speed.
Q 8.What is velocity?
Ans) Velocity: Rate of chage of displacement is called velocity.
Q 9.Define acceleration.
Ans) Acceleration: Rate of chage of velocity is called acceleration.
Q 10.Define Vector.
Ans) Vector: The quatity which is completely described by magitude and unit as well as direction is
called vector quantity.

Q 11. Differentiate between vector and scalar quantities.

Scalar quantity Vector quatity

Scalar quatities only specified by magnitude. Vector quatities specified by magnitude as well as
direction.
They can be added or subracted algebrically. They cannot be added or subracted algebrically.
These are represented by ordinary letters. These are represented by latters having arrow
over.
Mass,speed ad distance are the examples of Force,velocity ad displacement are the examples
scalar quantity. of vector quantity.

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Unit – 3 Dynamics:
Momentum:
Worked Example 1:
Q) A car of mass 800 kg is moving with velocity of 2 ms . Its momentum can be calculated as;
Solution:
Step 1: Write the known quantities and point out quantities to be found.

m = 800 kg

v = 2ms-1

p=?

Step 2: Write the formula and rearrange if necessary.

p = mv

Step 3: Put the values in formula and calculate.

p = 800kg x 2ms-1

p = 1600 kgms-1

Thus, momentum of the car is 1600kgms-1 .

Worked Example 2:
Q) A 60kg object is moving at a velocity of 5 meters per second. What is its momentum?
Solution:
Step 1: Write the known quantities and point out quantities to be found.

Mass of object m = 60 kg

Velocity of object v = 5 ms-1

Momentum p = ?

Step 2: Write the formula and rearrange if necessary.

p = mv

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Step 3: Put the values in formula and calculate.

p = (60 kg) x 5ms-1

p = 300 kgms-1

Thus, the momentum of object is 300kgms-1 .

Momentum in terms of force:

Worked Example 3:
Q) Find the force that can stop a body to rest in 4 seconds from its initial velocity of 16 ms-1 . The mass
of body is 3kg.

Solution:
Step 1: Write the known quantities and point out quantities to be found.

m = 3 kg

vf = 0 ms-1

vi = 16 ms-1

t = 4 second

F=?

Step 2:Write the formula and rearrange if necessary.

pi = mvi

pf = mvf
Pf− Pi
F=
t

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Step 3:Put the values in formula and calculate

Now Pi = 3kg x 16 ms-1

= 48 Ns

Pf = 5kg x 0ms-1

= 0 Ns
Pf− Pi
Since F=
t
0Ns−48Ns
F=
4s

F = - 12 N

Thus, 12 N force is required in opposite direction to stop the body.

Law of Conservation of Momentum:

Worked Example 4:
Q) A gun of mass 8 kg fires a bullet of mass 40 gram with a velocity of 100 ms-1 . Calculate the recoil
velocity of gun.

Solution:
Step 1: Write the known quantities and point out quantities to be found.

Mass of gun m1 = 8 kg

Mass of bullet m2 = 40 gram= 40/1000 = 0.04 kg

Before collision

Velocity of bullet u2 = 0 ms-1

Velocity of gun u1 = 0 ms-1

After Collision

Velocity of bullet v2 = 100 ms-1

Velocity of gun v1 = ?

Step 2:Write the formula and rearrange if necessary.

m1u1+m2u2= m1 v1+ m2 v2

or m1u1+m2u2 - m2 v2= m1 v1

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(m1 u1 + m2 u2 ) − m2 v2
v1 =
m1

Step 3:Put the values in formula and calculate

(8kg ×0m𝑠 −1 + 0.04kg × 0m𝑠 −1 )− 0.04kg × 100 m𝑠 −1

v1 =
8kg
v1= - 0.5 ms-1

The gun will recoil with velocity of 0.5 ms-1 .Here -ve sign show the recoil in opposite direction.

Second Law of Motion:

Worked Example 5:
Q) Find the force that can accelerate a body of 50 kg mass up to 5 ms-2
Solution:
Step 1: Write the known quantities and point out quantities to be found.

m = 50 kg

a = 5 ms-2

F=?

Step 2:Write the formula and rearrange if necessary.

F = ma

Step 3: Put the values in formula and calculate

F = 50kg x 5ms-2

F = 250 N

Thus the force is 250N.

Worked Example 6:
Q) Find the force that stops a car of 1000 kg mass from its velocity of 72 km/h over a distance of 40
meters.

Solution:
Step 1: Write the known quantities and point out quantities to be found.

m = 1000 kg

vi= 72 km/h = 72 x 1000/3600 = 20 ms-1

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vf = 0ms-1 as the car comes to rest

S = 40 m

a=?

F=?

Step 2:Write the formula and rearrange if necessary.

2aS = vf 2-vi2

vf2 −vi2
a=
2S
Step 3:Put the values in formula and calculate

(0 m𝑠 −1 )2 −(2 m𝑠 −1 )2
a=
2×40m

a = -5 ms-2

Now

F=ma

F = 1000 kg x – 5ms-2

F = -5000 N

Thus an opposing force of 5000N acts on the car.

Uniform Circular Motion:

Worked Example 7:
Q) A cyclist is making a turn along a circle of radius 20 m, at a speed of 5 m/s. If the combined mass of
the cyclist plus the cycle is 60 kg, calculate the static friction that road exerts on the tyres?

Solution:
Step 1: Write the known quantities and point out quantities to be found.

r = 20 m

v = 5 ms-1

m = 60 kg

F=?

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Step 2:Write the formula and rearrange if necessary.

mv2
Fc =
r
Step 3:Put the values in formula and calculate

Fc= 60 (5 x 5)/ 20

= 60 x 25/20

= 75 N

Thus road must exert a force of 75N on tyres.

Section (B) Structured Questions

Momentum:
1.
a) Define momentum with SI unit?
Ans) Momentum: The product of mass and velocity is called momentum.
SI unit: Ns or kg ms-1

b) Find the moment of body of mass 6 kg moving with a velocity of 25 ms-1 .

Ans) p = mv
p= 6 x 25

p= 150 Ns.

c) What will be the velocity if the momentum becomes 200Ns?

Ans) p = mv
200=6 x v

v= 33.333 ms-1

2.
a) When a free falling object moves towards earth due to pull of earth on it. Does earth also
move towards that object due to reaction? Explain.
Ans) But comparing to the mass of the earth, the mass of the free-falling object is negligible.
Hence the acceleration produced by the earth towards the object is also negligible. So we can
say the earth does not move toward the falling object.

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b) A body of mass 10 kg is moving with velocity of 10 ms-1 . A force acts for 5 seconds to reduce
its velocity to 2 ms-1 . Find the momentum of body before and after application of the force
on it.
Ans) Before application of the force:
p = mv

p=10 x 10

p=100 Ns.

After application of the force:

p = mv

p=10 x 2

p=20 Ns.

3.
a) Why a wire fence is designed in the helmet of batsman?
Ans) To prevet his face from injuries.

b) How does it prevent from injuries?

Ans) Because wire fence does not allow ball to reach batsman’s face rather ball merely
strikes on it.

Laws of motion:

4. a. State the Newton's first law of motion. Give some common examples?

Ans) Newton’s first law of motion: A body continues its state of rest or of uniform motion in a
straight line unless an external force acts on it.
Examples:
1. The motion of a ball falling down through the atmosphere.
2. A model rocket being launched up into the atmosphere.

b. Enlist some common observations that are caused by the property of inertia?

Ans) 1. Inertia enables ice skaters to glide on the ice in a straight line.

2. A piece of ripe fruit that falls from the tree will fall in the direction the wind is
moving because of inertia.

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3. Inertia keeps satellite moving in a circular motion.

4. When a passenger gets down from a moving bus, their upper body is still in motion, and
when it comes in contact with the ground which is at rest, their body topples forward due to the inertia
of motion.

5.

a) Define Newton's second law of motion.

Ans) When a net force acts on a body it produces acceleration in the direction of force.The
acceleration is directiy proportional to force and inversely proportional to mass of body.

b) A force of 3400 N is applied on a body of mass is 850 kg, find the acceleration produced by the
force?

Ans) F= m a

3400 = 850 x a

a = 4.146 ms-2

c) How much force should be applied on a body of mass 425kg to produce acceleration same as
calculated in part b.

Ans) F= m a

F= 425 x 4.146

F= 1762.05 N.

6. a) Show the relationship between applied force and the acceleration produced in the body?

Ans) As per the Newton's second law of motion, acceleration is directly proportional to the
force applied provided the mass remains constant(F=ma).

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b) Find the mass of a body which is accelerated by applying a force of 200 N, that speeds up it to
36 ms-1 .

Ans) Force applied = F = 200 N

let,s consider, mass of the object = m

acceleration of the object = a =36 m/s2

Solution :-

F=m×a

m = F / a = 200/ 36 = 5.5 kg,

Ans :- Mass of the body will be 5.5 kg

c) What should be the acceleration of the same body if the applied force changes to 280N.

Ans) F=m a

280 = 5.5 x a

a = 50.909 ms-2

7. An empty car has 1200 kg mass. Its engine can produce acceleration of 4 ms-2 . If 300 kg load is
added to mass by passengers and luggage. What acceleration the same engine will produce?

Ans) F = m a
F= (1200) (4)

F = 4800 N

4800 = 1500 a

a = 3.2 ms-2

8.
a) Enumerate at least three clear differences between mass and weight?

Ans)

Mass Weight
Mass is the quantity of matter in a body Weight is a measurement of the gravitational
regardless of its volume or of any forces acting force acting on an object.
on it.
Mass is always constant at any place. The weight of an object depends on the gravity
at that place.
Mass is measured in kilogram (kg) Weight is measured in Newton (N)
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b) The mass of an object is 60 kg, find its weight on (i) Earth (ii) Moon (iii) Mars assume the
acceleration due to gravity on Earth = 9.8 ms-2 ,on Moon=1.6 ms-2 and on Mars= 3.7 ms-2

(i) Earth :

W=m g

W= (60) (9.8)

W= 588 N.

(ii) Moon:

W=m g

W= (60) (1.6)

W= 96 N.

(iii) Mars

W=m g

W= (60) (3.7)

W= 222 N.

Circular motion:

9.

a) Define the forces acting on an object in circular motion?

Ans) Centripetal force: The force required to move a body along a circular path is called
centripetal force.

Centrifugal force: A force that acts outward on a body which moves along a curved path is
called centrifugal force.

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b) Draw a figure showing the direction of centripetal force, centrifugal force and velocity of an
object along a circular path.

Ans)

c) A car is running on a circular part of highway having about 1000m radius. The mass of car is
600kg and its velocity is 72 km/h. Find (i) Centripetal force exerted by the car. (ii) Centripetal
acceleration of car.

Ans) (i) Centripetal force:

72 ×1000
V= = 20 ms-1
3600
mv2
Fc =
r

600 ×(20)2
Fc =
1000

Fc = 240 N.

(ii) Centripetal acceleration:

v2
a=
r

202
a=
1000
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a = 0.4 ms-2

d) List down some purposeful uses of centrifuge that human are benefitting everyday.

Ans)1. The extraction of fat from milk in order to produce skimmed milk.

2. The removal of water from moist lettuce with the help of a salad spinner.

3. The Spin-drying of water in washing machines in order to remove water from the
clothing.

4. The separation of solid blood and urine materials into forensic and testing laboratories.

Friction:

10.

a) What is force of friction? Explain with two examples from daily life.

Ans) Force of friction: The force that resists relative motion between two surfaces us called friction.

Examples from daily life:

1. Driving of a a vehicle on a surface.
2. Applying brakes to stop a moving vehicle.

b) A block is placed on a wet slippery floor. The mass of block is 15 kg. When it is pulled through a string
and spring balance, it shows force equal to 3 N. Find the coefficient of friction. (Fs = µ mg)

Ans) Fs = µ mg
3 = µ (15)(10)
µ = 0.02

11.
a) How anti-lock braking system prevents the risk of sliding?

Ans) When the sensors detect that the wheels have begun to lock,the pistons release the brakes a little
until the wheel has begun to accelerate once more.Once the wheel has begun to accelerate again ,the
brakes are re-applied. Anti-lock braking system pulses the brakes in this manner to keep static friction in
play rather than the weaker force of kinetic friction,thus stopping the car more quickly than it would
with locked wheel.

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b) Enlist any four uses of rolling friction in everyday life?

Ans) 1. Truck tires.
2. Ball bearings .
3. A soccer ball.
4. Basketball.
5. Rolls for rolling deformation process
are all examples of rolling friction.

12. Explore the following phenomenon in relation with dynamics.

a) When an air filled balloon is released.

Ans) Releasing that air out through the neck of the balloon produces action in the direction the air
travels on exit. The balloon moves forward as the reaction to the action(according to Newton’s third
law) caused by the release of the pressurized air.

b) Riding a bicycle needs continuous paddling.

Ans) We apply a force on the wheels of the bicycle by continuous paddling.This force should be capable
enough to overcome the constraint forces like friction.If we stop paddling the constraint forces and the
bicycle will come to a state of rest slowly.

d) The biker ridding in the death well.

Ans) The two forces, the gravitational force and the force of friction, act in opposite directions and
compensate each other, while the normal reaction from the wall is what keeps the bike moving.

e) You always feel a pullback whenever you pull on your school bag or some heavier object.
Ans) Because the weight of that bag or havier object pulls us back.

Self Assessment Questions:

Q1: Why momentum is considered equal to zero when a body comes to rest?

Ans) Because momentum is the product of mass and velocity,so when velocity becomes zero
momentum will also become zero.

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Q2: Why do you pull your hands while catching a fast moving ball?

Ans) We pull our hands back while catching a fast moving cricket ball, because by doing so, we
increase the time of catch, i.e. increase the time to bring about a given change in momentum, and
hence, the rate of change of momentum decreases. Thus, a small force is exerted on our hands by the
ball.

Q3:What is reason that you experience a jerk whenever the school bus stops all of sudden?

Ans) Because due to stop of bus our lower part also stops but upper part remains in motion due to
inertia.

Q4: Why it is dangerous to jump from a moving bus?

Ans) As the man lands on the ground, feet come to rest instantly while the upper part of the body
continue to move due to inertia of motion. Therefore, the person may fall forward. So, it is very
dangerous to jump out of a moving bus.

Q5: What is role of force according to Newton's second law of motion?

Ans) The role of Force is to bring about a change in the state of motion or rest of a body.

Q6: What happens according to Newton's third law, while you pull a catapult?

Ans) The marshmallow catapult was a demonstration of Newton's Third Law of Motion. "Pulling back
the lever is the action, and flinging forward the marshmallow catapult is the reaction.

Q7: Why mass does not differ, while weight differs from place to place?

Ans) Because mass is the amount of matter which does not differ by changing place while weight
depends upon acceleration due to gravity which differs from place to place thus weight also differs from
place to place.

Q8: Why do we feel pushed outward while a car turns on a curved road?

Ans) We feel pushed outward because the car wants to turn, centrifugal forces are pushing us away
from the turn, the force being outward.

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Q9: Which force prevents a passenger from falling down a roller coaster while it turns the riders into
upside-down position?

Ans) Centripetal force prevents a passenger from falling down a roller coaster while turning the rider
into an upside-down position.

Q10: Why it is easier to walk wearing flat slippers than the high heel sandals?

Ans) Since the pressure is inversely proportional to area, hence, wider shoes exert less pressure, thus
the less deep it goes. Hence it is easier to walk with flat shoes because the pressure exerted on the
ground is lesser than for high heels.

Q11: Why leather sheet is used in brake drums of motor bike?

Ans) Leather is also used in the brake drums to lessen the heat generated by friction.

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Unit – 4 TURNING EFFECT 0F FORCES:

Addition Of Forces:
Worked Example 1:
Q) Find the resultant of three forces 15N along x-axis, 0 10N making an angle of 30 with x- axis and 10N
along y-axis .

Solution:
Step 1: Write the Known quantities and choose a suitable scale.

Here, F1 = 15N along x-axis

F2 = 10N 30o with x-axis

F3 = 10N along Y-axis.

Scale 2N = 1cm.

Step 2: Draw the representative vectors for the forces F1 , F2 , F3 according to the scale in the given
directions as shown in figure 4.5.

Step 3: Take F1 as first vector and draw F2 and F3 in such a way that the tail of next vector coincides with
the head of the previous vector as shown in figure 4.5.

Step 4: Join the tail of the F1 with the head of F3 with a straight-line F with an arrow pointing towards F3 .
According to head to tail rule, Force F represents the resultant force.

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Step 5: Measure the length of F with a ruler and multiply it with 2Ncm-1 that is the magnitude of
resultant. Measure the angle with protector that F makes with F1 . This gives the direction of resultant
Force.

Resolution Of Forces:
Worked Example 2:
Q) A man is pushing a wheel barrow on a horizontal ground with a force of 300N making an angle of 60o
with ground (Fig 4.7). Find the horizontal and vertical components of the force.

Solution:
Step 1: Write the known quantities and point out the quantities to be found.

F=200N

θ= 60o with horizontal.

Fx = ?

Fy =?

Step 2:Write the formula and rearrange if necessary.

Fx= F cos θ

Fy= F sin θ

Step 3:Put the values in the formula and calculate.

Fx= 300N x cos60o

=300Nx0.5

= 150 N

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Fy= F sin θ

Fy= 300N x sin60o

= 300Nx0.8660

= 259.8N

Therefor, horizontal and vertical components of pushing force are 150 N and 259.8N respectively.

Torque Or Moment Of Force:

Worked Example 3:
Q) A car driver tightens the nut of wheel using 20 cm long spanner by exerting a force of 300N. Find the
torque.

Solution:
Step 1: Write the known quantities and point out the quantity to be found.

F= 300N

L= 20 cm = 0.20m

τ=?

Step 2: Write the formula and rearrange if necessary.

τ= F × L

Step 3: Put the values in formula and calculate

τ= 300N×0.20m = 60Nm

Thus, torque of 60Nm is used to tighten the nut.

Principle Of Moment:
Worked Example 4:
Q) Consider a meter rod supported at mid-point O as shown in figure 4.12. The block of 20N is
suspended at point A 30cm from O. Find the weight of the block that balances it at point B, 20cm from
O.

Solution:
Step 1: write known quantities and point out unknown quantities.

W1= 20N

Moment arm of W1= OA = 30cm =0.30m

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Moment arm of W2= OB = 20cm

Step 2: write formula and re arrange if necessary.

Clockwise moments = anticlockwise moments

W1 x OA = W2 x OB
W1 ×OA
W2 =
OB
Step 3:Put the values and calculate.
20N ×0.3 m
W2 =
0.2 m
= 30 N

Thus, the weight of the block suspended at point B is 30N.

Equilibrium:
Worked Example 5:
Q) A uniform rod of length 2.0m is placed on a wedge at 0.5m from its one end (Fig4.22). A force of
150N is applied at one of its ends near the wedge to keep it horizontal. Find the weight of the rod and
the reaction of the wedge.

Solution:
Step 1: Write the known quantities and point out unknown.

F = 150N

OA = 0.5 m

AG =BG = 1.0m

OG =AG – AO =1.0m - 0.5m

=0.5m

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W=?

R=?

Step 2: Write formula and substitute values. For W applying second condition of equilibrium.

taking torques about O.

Σ τ =0

F ×AO + R x 0 + W xOG = 0

150 x 0.5 - W x 0.5 =0 or

W x 0.5m = 150 x 0.5m

1 5 0 N × 0 .5 m
W=
0 .5 m
W = 150N

For R applying first condition of equilibrium

ΣFy= 0

R–F–w=0

R – 150N -150N = 0 or

R = 300N

Therefore, weight of the rod is 150N and reaction of the wedge is 300N.

Section (B) Structured Questions

Forces on bodies:
1.
a) Define like and unlike forces.

Ans) Like forces: The forces that act along the same direction are called like forces.
Unlike forces: The forces that act along opposite directions are called unlike forces.
b) A pair of like parallel forces 15N each are acting on a body. Find their resultant.

Ans) FR= 15 +15

FR = 30 N

c) Two unlike parallel forces 10 N each acting along same line. Find their resultant

Ans) FR = 15 – 15
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FR = 0 N.

Addition of forces:
2.
a) Describe the head to tail rule of vector addition of forces.

Head to Tail Rule:

Step 1 : Choose a suitable scale.

Step 2 : Draw all the force vectors according to scale. Vectors A and B in this case.

Step 3 : Now take any vector as first vector and draw next vector in such a way that its tail coincides
with head of the previous. If number of vectors is more than two then continue the process till last
vector is reached.

Step 4 : Use a straight line with arrow pointed towards last vector to join the tail of first vector with the
head of last vector. This is the resultant vector.

b) Three forces 12 N along x-axis, 8 N making an angle of 45o with x-axis and 8 N along y-axis.

i) Find their resultant

ii) Find the direction of resultant

Ans)
i) Their resultant:
FRx = 12 + 8 x cos(45) = 17.657 N.

FRy = 8 + 8 x sin(45) = 13.657 N.

FR = √FRx 2 + FRy 2

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FR = √17.6572 + 13.6572

FR = 22.322 N

ii) Direction of resultant:

𝐹𝑅𝑦
tan θ =
𝐹𝑅𝑥
𝐹𝑅𝑦
Θ = tan−1 𝐹
𝑅𝑥

13.657
Θ = tan−1 = 37.72o
17.657

Resolution of forces:
3.
a) How a force can be resolved into it s perpendicular components?

Ans) For the particular case of perpendicular components the paralelogram becomes a rectangle and
components could be calculated by just multiplying the force magnitude by the cosine and sine of angle
between diagonal and rectangle side.

b) A gardener is driving a lawnmower with a force o of 80 N that makes an angle of 40o with the ground.

i) Find its horizontal component

ii) Find its vertical component

Ans) i) Its horizontal component:

Fx = 80 x cos(40)

Fx = 61.284 N.

ii) Its vertical component:

Fy = 80 x sin(40)

Fy = 51.423 N

4.
a) How can you determine a force from its rectangular components?

Ans) By this formula:

FR = √FRx 2 + FRy 2

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b) Horizontal and vertical components of a force are 4 N and 3 N respectively. Find

i) Resultant force

ii) Direction of resultant.

Ans) i) Resultant force:

FR = √42 + 32

FR = 5 N.

ii) Direction of resultant:

𝐹𝑅𝑦
tan θ =
𝐹𝑅𝑥
𝐹𝑅𝑦
Θ = tan−1
𝐹𝑅𝑥
3
Θ = tan−1
4
Θ = 36.869o

5.
a) What do you mean by moment of force?

Ans) Torque or moment of force : The turning effect of force is called moment of force or Torque.
b) A spanner of 0.3 m length can produce a torque of 300Nm.

i) determine the force applied on it.

ii) What should be the length of the spanner if torque is to be increased to 500Nm with same applied
force.

Ans)
i) The force applied on it:
τ=Fd

300 = F (0.3)

F = 1000 N

ii) Length of the spanner:

500= 1000 d

d = 0.5 m

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Principle of moments:
6.
a) State the principle of moment.

Ans) Principle of Moment : The sum of the clockwise moments about a point is equal to the sum of the
anticlockwise moments about that point.

b) A uniform meter rule is supported at its center is balanced by two forces 12 N and 20 N

i) if 20 N force is placed at a distance of 3m from pivot find the position of 12 N force on the other side
of pivot

ii) if the 20N force is moved to 4cm from pivot then find force to replace 12N force.

Ans) i)
Σ τ =0

FA dA – FB dB = 0

(20) (3) – (12) dB = 0

dB = 5 m

ii)
Σ τ =0

FA dA – FB dB = 0

(20) (4 x 10-2) – FB (5) = 0

FB = 1.6 N.

Center of mass:
7.
a) Define Center of mass or Center of gravity.

Ans) Centre of Mass or Centre of Gravity : A body behaves as if its whole mass is concentrated at one
point, called its centre of mass or centre of gravity, even though earth attracts every part of it.

b) How will you determine the Center of mass or Center of gravity?

Ans) The center of mass is calculated by dividing the weight of an object by its origin.

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Couple:
8.
a) Define couple as a pair of forces tending to produce torque.

Couple : Two unlike parallel forces of the same magnitude but not acting along the same line form a
couple.

b) A mechanic uses a double arm spanner to turn a nut. He applies a force of 15 N at each end of the
spanner and produces a torque of 60 Nm. What is the length of the moment arm of the couple?

Ans)
Torque of couple = F d

60 = (15) d

d = 4 m.

c) If he wants to produce a torque of 80Nm with same spanner then how much force he should apply?

Ans)
Torque of couple = F d

80 = F (4)

F = 20 N.

Equilibrium:
9.
a) State two conditions necessary for an object to be in equilibrium.

Ans) First Condition for Equilibrium : According to this condition for equilibrium sum of the all forces
acting on a body must be equal to zero.

Σ F =0

Second condition for equilibrium: Sum of all clockwise and anticlockwise torques acting on a body is
zero.

Σ τ =0

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b) A uniform metre rule is balanced at the 30 cm mark when a load of 0.80 N is hung at the zero mark.

i) At what point on the rule is the Centre of gravity of the rule?

ii) calculate the weight of the rule

Ans) i) Since this rule is of 100 cm therefore center of gravity is at 50 cm.

ii) Σ τ =0
FA dA – FB dB = 0

FA dA – WR dR = 0

(0.8) (30 x 10-2) – WR (20 x 10-2) = 0

WR = 1.2 N.

Self Assessment Questions:

Q1: what is meant by like and unlike forces?
Like forces: The forces that act along the same direction are called like forces.
Unlike forces: The forces that act along opposite directions are called unlike forces.
Q2: Differentiate like and unlike forces using examples.

Like forces Unlike forces

Mangoes in a bag because weight of all mangoes A person lifting a load because the force exerted
is parallel to each other and also acts in sae by man and weight of load are parallel but
downward direction. opposite in direction.
The weights of two persons which are at seesaw. The same case for tension and weight.

Q3: Define resultant of a forces.

Ans) Resultant of a forces: Single force that has the same effect as the combined effect of the forces
to be added is called resultant force.

Q4: Which rule is used to find the resultant of more than two forces?
Ans) Head to tail rule.
Q5:What is meant by resolution of forces?
Ans) Resolution of forces: The process of splitting of a force into mutually perpendicular components
is called resolution of vectors.

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Q6: How the direction of a vector is obtained from its components?

Ans) By this formula:
𝐹𝑅𝑦
tan θ =
𝐹𝑅𝑥

Q7: List the factors on which moment of force depends.

Factors on which torque or moment of force depends:
1-The magnitude of force.

2-The perpendicular distance of the point of application of force from the Pivot or fulcrum.

Q8: What will be moment of force? When 500N force is applied on a 40cm long spanner to tighten a
nut.

Ans) τ = F d
τ = (500) (40 x 10-2)

τ = 200 Nm.

Q9: How is the see- saw balanced?

Ans) Anticlockwise torque balances clockwise torque thus the resultant of all torques equals to zero.
Σ τ =0

Q10: Give three examples in which principle of moment is observed.

Ans)
1. The steering of a vehicle and the wheels.
2. The doorknob of the car swings at the time of its opening and closing.
3. In the beam the balance is made by objects.
Q11: Write three necessary conditions for two forces to form a couple.
Ans)
1. Equal forces
2. In opposite direction
3. Parallel to each other

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Q12: If two forces 5N each form a couple and the moment arm is 0.5m .Then what will be torque of the
couple?
Ans) τ = F d
τ = (5) (0.5)

τ = 2.5 Nm.

Q13: List three states of equilibrium.

Ans)
1. Stable equilibrium.

2. Unstable equilibrium

3. Neutral equilibrium.

Q14: Why a body in unstable equilibrium does not return back to it original position when given a small
tilt?

Ans) The center of gravity of the body is at its highest position in the state of unstable equilibrium. As
the body topples over about its base (tip), its center of gravity moves towards its lower position and
does not return to its previous position.

Q15: Why racing cars are made heavy at bottom?

Ans) So that car’s center of gravity lowers and it attains more stability.
Q16: Why the base area of Bunsen burner is made large?
Ans) This is to reduce the chances of the burner accidentally tipping over.

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Unit – 5 FORCES AND MATTER

Hooke's law:
Worked Example 1:
Q) A spring has spring constant k = 30 Nm-1 . What load is required to produce an extension of 4 m?
Solution:
Step:1 Write down known quantities and the quantities to be found.

k = 30 Nm

x= 4 m

F=??

Step:2Write down formula and rearrange if necessary

F = kx

Step:3 Put the values in formula and calculate

F = 30Nm-1 x 4m

F = 120N

Hence 120N load is required to stretch the spring by 4m.

Pressure in fluids:
Worked Example 2:
Q) Calculate the pressure at a depth of 3m in a swimming pool?
(density of water = 1000kgm-3 )

Solution:
Step 1: Write down known quantities and quantities to be found.

d = 3m

ρ= 1000kgm-3

g= 10ms-2

p=??

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Step 2:Write down formula and rearrange if necessary

p=dρg

Step 3:Put the values in formula and calculate

p=3mx1000kgm-3 x 10ms-2

p=30000pa = 3.0 x 104 pa

Hence 3.0 x 104 pa pressure will be observed at a depth of 3m in the swimming pool.

Worked Example 3:
Q) A boy is digging a hole with spade of edge 0.1 cm2 . Calculate the pressure when he is exerting the
force of 1000N onto the spade.

Solution:
Step 1: Write down known quantities and quantities to be found.

F = 1000N
0.1
A = 0.1cm2 = m2= 1.0 x 10-5 m2
100x100
Step 2: Write down formula and rearrange if necessary

p = F/A

Step 3:Put the values in formula and calculate

1000N
p=
1.0 x 10−5 m2
p = 1.0 x 108 Nm-2 .

Hence, there will be 1.0 x 108 Nm-2 pressure.

Pascal's law:
Worked Example 4:
Q) In a hydraulic lift system, what must be the surface area of a piston. If a pressure of 300 kpa is used
to provide an upward force of 2000 N?

Solution:
Step:1 Write down known quantities and quantities to be found.

p = 300kPa = 300×1000Pa = 300000Pa = 300000Nm-2

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F= 2000N

A=?

Step:2Write down formula and rearrange if necessary

p= F/A

A= F/p

Step:3Put the values in formula and calculate

A= 2000N/ 300000Nm-2 = 0.00667m2

Hence the surface area of piston is 0.00667m2 .

Section (B) Structured Questions

Stretching of Spring:
1. Some students experimented to find out how a spring stretched when loads were added to it

a) Use these results to plot a graph. (Plot x = load, y = extension in spring).

Ans) Extension 100

mm
90
75
60

45

30

15

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Load N

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b) Use your graph to find

i) The extension when the load is 3 N;

ii) The load which produces an extension of 40mm.

Ans) i)
F=kx

From graph

2 = k (15 x 10-3)

k = 133.333 N/m

F=kx

3 = 133.333 x

x = 0.0225 m.

ii) F = k x
F = 133.333 (40 x 10-3)

F = 5.333 N.

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2. The variation in extension x of the force F for a spring is shown in Fig 5.14. The point L on the graph is
the elastic limit of the spring.

a) Describe the meaning of elastic limit.

Ans) Elastic limit : It is a limit within which a body recovers its original length, volume or shape after
the deforming force is removed.

b) Calculate the force in extending the spring to its elastic limit ‘L’.

Ans) F = k x
From graph

2 = k (1.8 x 10-2)

k = 111.111 N/m.

F = (111.111) (7 x 10-2)

F = 7.777 N.

Hooke's Law:
3. State Hooke's law.

Ans) Hooke's law : Within elastic limit, the displacement produced in the spring is directly proportional
to the force applied.

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4. Calculate the spring constant for a spring which extends by a distance of 3.5cm when a load of 14N is
hung from its end.

Ans) F = k x
14 = k (3.5 x 10-2)

k = 400 N/m.

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5. Table 5.4 shows the results of an experiment to stretch a spring.

a) Use the result to plot an extension against load graph.

Ans) Extension cm
93
92
89

86

83

80

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Load N

b) On the graph mark the limit of proportionality and state the value of the load at this point.

Ans) The red mark shows the limit of proportionality and the value of load is 10 N.

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c) Calculate the spring constant k.

Ans) 2 = k (80 x 10-2)

k = 2.5 N/m.

d) Show maximum force at which hooke's law is applicable.

Ans) Fmax = 10 N.

Pressure:
6. a) Define the term pressure.

Ans) Pressure : The force acting normally per unit area on the surface of a body is called pressure.
b) Write down the S.I unit of pressure.

Ans) SI unit : In SI system unit of pressure is newton per square meter (Nm-2 ). It is also known as Pascal
(Pa)

7. Why does pressure increases as you dig deeper; Explain in detail.

Ans) In this case the force is primarily the weight of the overlying soil. So , in very simple terms, the
deeper you go the more soil must be supported so the more force is required and the pressure goes up.

8. A boy is pressing a thumbtack into a piece of wood with a force of 20 N. The surface area of head of
thumbtack is 1cm2 and the cross-section area of the tip of the thumbtack is 0.01cm2 . Calculate

a) The pressure exerted by boy's thumb on the head of thumbtack.

Ans) p = F/A
p = 20/(1 x 10-4)

p = 200000 Pa.

b) The pressure of the tip of the thumbtack on the wood.

Ans) p = F/A
p = 20/(0.01 x 10-4)

p = 20000000 Pa.

c) What conclusion can be drawn from answers of part (a) and (b)?

Ans) Pressure increases by decreasing area.

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9. The Fig 5.15 shows a basic hydraulic system that has small and large pistons of cross section area of
0.005 m2 and 0.1 m2 respectively. A force of 20N is applied to small piston. Calculate

a) The pressure transmitted into hydraulic fluid.

Ans) p = F/A
p = 20/0.005

p = 4000 Pa.

b) The force at large piston.

Ans) p = F/A
F=pA

F = (4000) (0.1)

F = 400 N.

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c) Discuss the distance travelled by small and large pistons.

Ans) Wsmall = Wlarge

Fsmall dsmall = Flarge dlarge
dsmall Flarge
=
dlarge Fsmall

dsmall 400
=
dlarge 20

dsmall
= 20
dlarge

Its means small piston moves 20 times more than large piston to 400 N force.

Self Assessment Questions:

Q1: An elastic spring is 70cm long. When it is stretched by hanging some load its length increases to
100cm. Calculate its extension?

Ans) x = 100-70
x = 30 cm.

Q2: Table 5.2 shows the results of an activity to stretch an elastic spring. Complete the table and draw a
graph to represent this data.

Ans)

Load (N) Length (cm) Extension (cm)

0.0 30 0.0
1.0 32 2
2.0 34 4
3.0 36 6
4.0 38 8
5.0 40 10
6.0 41.5 11.5
7.0 42 12
8.0 43 13

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Extension cm 13
12
11.5
10
8

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Load N

Q3: How much force is needed to pull a spring to a distance of 30cm, the spring constant is 15 Nm-1 ?
Ans) F = k x
F = 15 (30 x 10-2)

F = 4.5 N.

Q4: Write two properties of spring.

1. Mass.

2. Stiffness

Use the idea of pressure to explain the following.

Q5: Sharks and crocodiles have sharp teeth.

Ans) Sharks and crocodiles have sharp teeth whose cross sectional area is small due to which they exert
more pressure. They require such teeth to brake the bones of prey.

Q6: Camels have wide, flated feet.

Ans) Camels have wide, flated feet whose cross sectional area is large due to which they exert less
pressure.

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Q7: If you walk on wooden floor wearing shoes with very narrow heels, you will damage the floor.
Ans) Because very narrow heels have less cross sectional area due to which they exert more pressure
and damage the floor.

Q8: A wooden block of dimensions 0.5m×0.6m×1.0m kept on the ground has a mass of 200kg. Calculate
the maximum pressure acting on the ground .

Ans) p = F/A
P = W/A

W=mg

W = 200 x 10

W = 2000 N.

A = 0.5 x 0.6

A = 0.3 m2.

p = 2000/0.3

p = 6666.667 Pa.

Q9: If the density of sea water is 1150 kgm-3 , calculate the pressure on a body of 50m below the surface
of sea?

Ans) p = dρg .
p = (50) (1150) (10)

p = 575000 Pa.

Q11. In a hydraulic press, a force of 100 N is applied on the pump of cross-sectional area 0.01m2 . Find
the force that compresses a cotton bale placed on larger piston of cross-sectional area 1m2 .

Ans) p= F/A
p = 100/0.01

p = 10000 Pa.

F=pA

F = (10000) (1)

F = 10000 N.

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Q12. Write down the names of four machines that you have seen working on the principle of pascal’s
law.

Ans)
1. hydraulic crane

2. hydraulic lift

3. hydraulic jack

4. hydraulic brake system.

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Unit – 6 GRAVITATION
Newton’s Law Of Gravitation:
Worked Example 1:
Q) Determine the gravitational force of attraction between two spherical bodies of masses 500kg and
800kg. Distance between their centers is 2 meters.

Solution:
Step:1 Write down known quantities and quantities to be found.

m1 = 500kg

m2 = 800kg

r = 2m

G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2 kg-2

F =??

Step:2Write down formula and rearrange if necessary

𝑚1 𝑚2
F=G
𝑟2
Step:3 Put the values in formula and calculate

6.67 × 10−11 N𝑚2 𝑘𝑔−2 ×500kg × 800kg

F=
(2m)2

F = 6.67 x 10-6 N.

Hence, the gravitational force of attraction between the --6 bodies is 6.67 x 10-6 N.

Weight:

Worked Example 2:
Q) Calculate the weight of Rumaisa, who has a mass of 65kg standing at the ground. The strength of
gravitational field on Rumaisa is 10 Newton per kilogram?

Solution:
Step:1 Write down known quantities and quantities to be found.

m = 65kg

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g = 10Nkg-1

W = ??

Step2: Write down formula and rearrange if necessary

W = mg

Step:3 Put the values in formula and calculate

W = 65kg x 10Nkg-1

Hence, the weight of Rumaisa is 650 Newton.

Mass of Earth:
Worked Example 3:
Q) Calculate the acceleration due to gravity on a planet that has mass two times to the mass of Earth
and radius 1.5 times to the radius of Earth. If the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of Earth
is10ms-2 . Calculate acceleration due to gravity on the planet?

Solution:
Step 1:Write down known quantities and quantities to be found.

Mass of the planet = Mp = 2ME

Mass of the Earth = ME = 6.0 x 1024 kg

Radius of the planet = Rp = 1.5 RE

Radius of the Earth = RE = 6.38 x 106 m

Universal gravitational constant

= G = 6.673 x 10-11 Nm2 kg-2

Acceleration due to gravity on the Earth = gE =10ms-2

Acceleration due to gravity on the planet = gp = ??

Step 2: Write down formula and rearrange if necessary

GME
gE =
RE 2

For the planet:

GMp
gE =
Rp 2

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Step 3: Put the values in formula and calculate:

6.673 × 10−11 Nm2 kg−2 × 2 × 6.0 × 1024 kg

gp =
(1.5 × 6.38 × 10m6 )2

gp = 8.74ms-2

Hence, acceleration due to gravity on the planet is 8.74ms-2.

Artificial Satellites:
Worked Example 4:
Q) Calculate the speed of a satellite which orbits the Earth at an altitude of 1000 kilometres above
Earth's surface?

Solution:
Step: 1 Write down known quantities and quantities to be found:

ME = M=6.0 x 1024 kg

RE = R = 6.38 x 106 m.

h = 1000km = 1000 x 103 m = 1 x 106 m.

G = 6.673 x 10-11 Nm2 kg-2

v ??

Step:2 Write down formula and rearrange if necessary:

GM
v=√
R+h

Step:3 Put the values in formula and calculate:

(6.673 × 10−11 )(6.0 × 1024 )

v=√
6.39 × 106 +1 × 106

v = 7.36 x 103 ms-1

Hence, the orbital speed of satellite is 7.36 x 103 ms-1

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Section (B) Structured Questions

Newton’s Law of Gravitation:
1.
a) Why we do not feel the gravitational force of attraction from the objects around us?

Ans) Because your mass is so much less than the mass of the Earth, you can't feel gravitational force
from the object around us.

b) Define Gravitational field with an example.

Ans) Gravitational field : “A gravitational field is a region in which a mass experiences a force due to
gravitational attraction”.

Example: The interaction of the earth and a satellite in orbit around it.
2.
a) Write down any three characteristics of Gravitational force?

Ans) Characteristics of gravitational force :

i) It is always present between every two objects because of their masses.

ii) It exists everywhere in the universe.

iii) It forms an action-reaction pair.

b) Define gravitational field strength.

Ans) Gravitational field strength : Gravitational field strength ‘g’ is the gravitational force acting per unit
mass.

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3.
a) State & explain Newton's law of gravitation?

Ans) Newton’s Law Of Gravitation: Statement : Everybody in the universe attracts every other body
with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to
the square of the distance between their centres.

Mathematical form:
The mathematical representation of Newton’s law of gravitation is:
m1 m2
F=G
r2

Unit: The SI unit of gravitational constant is N.m2.kg-2.

4. Determine the gravitational force of attraction between Urwa and Ayesha standing at a distance of
50m apart. The mass of Urwa is 60kg and that of Ayesha is 70kg.
𝑚1 𝑚2
Ans) F = G 𝑟2

(6.673 × 10−11 )(60)(70)

F= 502
= 1.121 x 10-10 N.

Weight:
5.
a) Why weight of an object does not remain same every where on Earth?

Ans) A person can weigh differently at various place on Earth because of the fluctuations in Earth's
gravity.

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b) Why the unit of weight is Newton? Explain.

Ans) W = m g
Unit of weight = kg ms-2
Since N = kg ms-2

Unit of weight = N

6.
a) Define weight and write down its equation?

Ans) Weight : The weight of an object is the measurement of gravitational force acting on the object.
Equation: W = m g

b) Weight of Rani is 450N at the surface of Earth. Find her mass?

Ans) W = m g
450 = m (10)

m = 45 kg.

7. Weight of Naveera is 700N on the Earth's surface. What will be Naveera's weight at the surface of
Moon?

Ans) W = m g

W E = m gE

700 = m (10)

m = 70 kg.

W m = m gm

Wm = (70) (1.625) = 113.75 N.

8.
a) Your weight decreases as you go up at high altitudes, without dieting. Explain.

Ans) At high altitudes acceleration due to gravity decreases due to wchich weight decreases.
b) If you step on a scale and it gives reading 55kg, is that a measure of your weight. If not then which
physical quantity it shows?

Ans) It is not the measure of weight but it is the measure of mass.

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9. Calculate the mass of Earth by using Newton's law of gravitation.

Ans)
Mass of Earth: Mass of Earth can not be measured directly by placing it on any weighing scale. But it
can be measured by an indirect method. This method utilizes the Newton's law of universal gravitation.
Let us consider; Fig 6.5, in which a small ball is placed on the surface of Earth.

m - Mass of the ball.

ME - Mass of Earth.

G - Universal gravitational constant.

R - Radius of earth; which is also the distance between the ball and centre of earth.

Then according to Newton's law of universal gravitation, the gravitational force F of the Earth acts on
the ball is:
𝑚𝑀𝐸
F=G
𝑅𝐸 2

Whereas the force with which Earth attracts the ball towards its centre is equal to the weight of the ball.
Therefore

F = W = mg

Comparing above equations;we get

𝑚𝑀𝐸
mg = G
𝑅𝐸 2

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Numerical values of the constants at right hand side of above equation are:

g = 10Nkg-1

RE = 6.38 ×106 m

G = 6.673 × 10-11 Nm2/ kg2

Substituting these values in above equation, we get:

10 Nkg−1 × (6.38 × 106 × m2 ) 2

ME =
6.673 × 10−11 Nm2 kg−2

Thus, mass of Earth is 6.0 × 1024 kg.

10. If “ME ” is the mass of Earth, “RE” radius of Earth,“G” is universal gravitational constant, then find
acceleration due to gravity “g”;

i) On the surface of Earth.

ii) At the centre of Earth.

Ans)
d
g' = g(1- )
𝑅𝐸
0
i) g' = g(1- )
𝑅𝐸

g' = g

g' = 10 ms-2.
d
ii) g' = g(1- )
𝑅𝐸
𝑅𝐸
g' = g(1- )
𝑅𝐸

g' = g(1-1)

g' = 0.

11. A planet has mass four times of Earth and radius two times that of Earth. If the value of “g” on the
surface of Earth is 10ms-2 . Calculate acceleration due to gravity on the planet.
G4ME
Ans) gp =
(2RE )2

4 GME
gp = 4 = gE
(RE )2

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12. Evaluate the acceleration due to gravity in terms of mass of Earth “ME ”, radius of Earth “RE ” and
universal gravitational constant “G”:

i) At a distance, twice the Earth's radius.

ii) At a distance, one half the Earth's radius.

GME
Ans) i) gE ‘=
(RE +ℎ)2

GME
gE’ =
(RE +2RE )2

1 GME
gE’ = 2
9 (RE )

GME
ii) gE ‘=
(RE +ℎ)2

GME
gE’ =
(RE +1/2RE )2

1 GME
gE’ = 9 2
4 (RE)
9 GME
gE’ = 2
4
(RE)

Artificial Satellite:
13.
a) Calculate the speed of a satellite which orbits the Earth at an altitude of 400 kilometers above Earth's
surface.

GM
Ans) v = √
R+h

6.673 × 10−11 ×6.0 × 1024

v=√
6.38 × 106 +400 × 103

v = 7684.601 ms-1

b) Write the name of any one natural satellite.

Ans) Moon.

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14.
a) Write down the names of four different types of orbit.

Ans)
1. Geostationary orbit (GEO)
2. Low Earth orbit (LEO)
3. Medium Earth orbit (MEO)
4. Polar orbit and Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO)
b) Define the terms
i) Critical Velocity.
ii) Communication Satellite.
Ans) i) Critical velocity : The constant horizontal velocity required to put the satellite into a stable
circular orbit around the Earth.
ii) Communication Satellite: A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and
amplifies radio telecommunication signals via a transponder.
15. Derive the expression for the motion of a satellite.
GM
v=√
R+h

Ans) Derivation of velocity of artificial satellites (orbital velocity) :

Let us consider the motion of a satellite which is revolving around the Earth; Fig 6.8. In the figure:
m - Mass of the satellite.
M - Mass of Earth.
R - Radius of Earth
h - Height(altitude) of satellite from the surface of Earth.
r = R + h - Radius of orbit.
Then, as we already discussed:
Centripetal force = Gravitational force

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Substituting the values of Fc and FG in equation (i):

GM
v=√
R+h

16.
a) Differentiate between the natural satellite and artificial satellite.

Ans)

Natural Satellites Artificial Satellites

The planet which revolves around another planet The objects which are sent into space by
naturally is called “Natural Satellite”. scientists to revolve around the Earth or other
planets are called “Artificial Satellites”.
E.g Moon is a natural satellite because it revolves E.g. Sputnik-1, Explorer-1 are amongst the
around the Earth naturally. artificial satellites.

b) Name the parameters on the basis of which orbits are characterized .

Ans) The five parameters a,e,i,Ω,ω completely define the satellite orbit in space and the sixth
parameter M will define motion of satellite in orbit. a and e give shape of ellipse. i and Ω relates orbital
plane position with respect to earth's equatorial plane.

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Self Assessment Questions:

Q1: What will be the effect on gravitational pull between two objects if medium between them is
changed?

Ans) There will be no effect on gravitational pull between two objects.

Q2: Which force causes the moon to move in orbit around earth?

Ans) Gravitational force between earth and moon.

Q3: Why weight of an object is different at different planets?

Ans) Weight depends on force of gravity . The force of gravity is different in different planets so
the weight also different.

Q4: What is the actual value of 'g' near the surface of Earth?

Ans) 9.8 ms-2

Q5: The strength of gravity on the Moon is 1.6 Nkg-1 . If an astronaut’s mass is 80kg on Earth, what
would it be on the Moon?

Ans) W = m g
W = (80) (1.6)
W = 128 N.
Q6: If you go on a diet and lose weight, will you also lose mass? Explain.

Ans) Yes, we will also lose mass. Because weight and mass are directly proportional when acceleration
due to gravity remains constaint,so by decreasing weight mass will also decrease.

Q7: What will be the value of acceleration due to gravity on the surface of earth if its radius reduces to
half?
GME
Ans) gE =
RE 2

GME
gE ‘= 1
( RE )2
2

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GME
gE ‘= 1 2
( )RE
4

GME
gE ‘= 4
RE 2

gE’ = 4 gE

gE’ = 4 (10)

gE’ = 40 ms-2.

Q8: What will be acceleration due to gravity on the surface of earth if its mass reduces by 25%?
1
Ans) 25 =
4
1
G( ME )
4
gE ‘=
(RE )2

1 GME
gE ‘= 4
RE 2
1
gE ‘= 4 gE
1
gE ‘= (10)
4

gE ‘=2.5 ms-2.

Q9: What will be the mass of a planet whose radius is 20% of the radius of earth?
gE RE 2
Ans) ME =
G

gE (0.2RE) 2
Mp =
G

gE 0.4 RE 2
Mp =
G

gE 0.2RE2
Mp = 0.4
G
Mp = 0.4 ME = 0.4 (6 x 1024)

Mp = 2.4 x 1024 kg.

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Q10:Write down any four uses of artificial satellites.

Ans)
1. Communication .

2. Spying.

3. Weather forecasting.

4. Collecting information about outer planets and outer space.

Q11:What is Geostationary orbit?

Ans) A geostationary satellite is an earth-orbiting satellite, placed at an altitude of approximately 35,800

kilometers (22,300 miles) directly over the equator, that revolves in the same direction the earth rotates
(west to east).

Q12: Why the two satellites of different masses have same speed in the same orbit?

Ans) Yes, it so because the oribital speed of a satellite is independent of the mass of a satellite.

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Unit – 7 PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Pressure - volume relationship in gases:
Worked Example 1:
Q) A cylinder contains 60cm of air at a pressure of 140kPa. What will its volume be if the pressure on it
is increased to 420 kPa?
Solution:
Step 1: Write down the known quantities and quantities to be found.
p1 =140kPa
V1 =60cm3
p2=420kPa
V2=?
Step 2: Write down the formula and rearrange if necessary.
P1 V1 = p2 V2 or
p1 × V1
V2 =
p2
Step 3: P ut the values and calculate.
140 kPa× 60 c𝑚3
V2 = = = 20cm3
420 kPa
The new volume is 20 cm3 .
Worked Example 2:
Air at a pressure of 1.0 x 105 Pa is contained in a cylinder fitted with a piston. The air is now compressed
by pushing the piston, so that the same mass of air now occupies one-fifth the original volume without
any change in temperature. Calculate the pressure of the air.
Solution:
Step 1: Write down known quantities and quantities to be found.
p1= 1.0 x 105 Pa
V1=V1 cm3
1
V2= V1 cm3
5
Step 2: Write down the formula and re arrange if necessary.

P1 V1 = p2 V2 or
p1 × V1
p2 = 1
V
5 1
1.0 × 105 × V1 𝑐𝑚3
p2 = 1 = 5.0 x 105 Pa
V 𝑐𝑚3
5 1

So, the final pressure is now 5.0 x 105 Pa.

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Section (B) Structured Questions

Kinetic molecular model of matter:
1.
a) “The particles are free to move within the material, has a fixed volume but takes up the shape of its
container”, which state of matter is being described here?

Ans) Liquid.
b) Write a similar description of the particles that make up a solid.

Ans) The particles are just vibrating,has a fixed shape as well as fixed volume.
c) Write down any two properties of a solid.

Ans) 1. Solids have high densities.

2. It has fixed shape and volume.

2.
a) Why the kinetic model of matter is called kinetic?

Ans) Since this theory says that all matter consists of constantly moving particles and as we know that
moving particles have kinetic energy that’s why this theory is called kietic model of matter.

b) In which state of matter the molecules are widely separated?

Ans) Gas.
c) In which state of matter the molecules are most closely packed?

Ans) Solid
d) In which state of matter molecules can move freely at high speed?

Ans) Gas.
3.
a) By using kinetic molecular theory explain why we can walk through air, swim through water but can
not walk through a solid wall.

Ans) According to kinetic molecular theory particles of solid and liquid are moving so they pass through
us when we are walking while According to kinetic molecular theory particles solid particles are just
vibrating so they do not pass through us when we try to walk.

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b) In which state of matter do the molecules have minimum kinetic energy?

Ans) Solid.
c) Which state of matter is highly incompressible?

Ans) Solid.

Forces and Kinetic Theory:

4. A sample of a gas is in a sealed test tube is cooled.
Describe what happens to:

a) The size of the molecules.

Ans) The size of the molecules does not change.

b) The speed at which molecules move.

Ans) The speed at which molecules move becomes slow.

c) The number of the molecules.

Ans) The number of the molecules remians same.

d) The pressure inside the tube.

Ans) The pressure inside the tube decreases.

e) The state of the gas.

Ans) The state of the gas changes into liquid and if more cooled then it will become solid.
5. An inflated car tyre is considered to have a constant volume, regardless of any changes in
temperature or pressure. Use the kinetic molecular theory of gases to answer the following:

a) How does air in the tyre exert a pressure on the walls of the tyre?

Ans) According to kinetic molecular theory particles of gas are in constant random motion during which
they collide with the walls of container, thus exerting pressure.

b) Why is the pressure the same at all points on the inside wall of the tyre?

Ans) The kinetic energy of a gas inside of an enclosed space suggests that the gas particles can move
anywhere within that space because of their "Random Motion." Due to this, there is an equal chance of
an amount of gas being in all areas of the tyre; suggesting that the pressure is all equal too.

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c) More air is pumped into the tyre while the temperature is kept constant until there are twice as many
molecules as before. Explain why you would expect the pressure to be doubled.

Ans) According to kinetic molecular theory pressure is due to collisios of particles and because of
becoming of particles twice collisions become twice, thus pressure becomes twice.

6. Describe the following:

a) What happens to the motion of the molecules of a gas when it cools down?

Ans) The motion of the molecules of a gas becomes slow.

b) What happens to the motion of a liquid when it cools down?

Ans) The motion of a liquid becomes slow.

Gases and Kinetic theory:

7. The pressure on 9cm3 of oxygen gas is doubled at a fixed temperature. What will its volume become?
Ans) P1 V1 = p2 V2
p1 × V1
V2 =
p2
p1 × 9
V2 = = 4.5 cm3 .
2p1
8. A container holds 30m3 of air at a pressure of 150000Pa. If the volume changed to 10m3 by
decreasing load on the piston. What will the pressure of the gas become? Assume that its temperature
remains constant.

Ans) P1 V1 = p2 V2
150000× 30
p2 =
10
p2 = 450000 Pa.

9. Air at atmospheric pressure of 760 mm of Hg is trapped inside a container available with a moveable
piston. When the piston is pulled out slowly so that the volume is increased from 100dm3 to 150dm3,
the temperature remaining constant. What will be the pressure of the air becomes?

Ans) P1 V1 = p2 V2
760 × 100
p2 =
150
p2 = 506.667 mm of Hg.

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SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS:

Q1: Explain why the measurement of volume of a given liquid remains same although it is measured by
measuring cylinders of different shapes and sizes.

Ans) According to kinetic molecular theory liquid has fixed volume that’s why it’s measurement remains
constant although it is measured by measuring cylinders of different shapes and sizes.

Q2: What is the difference between evaporation and boiling?

Ans)
Evaporation Boiling
It is the process in which the molecules leave the It is the process in which a liquid phase chages
surface of a liquid at any temperature. into its vapor phase at constant at a given
pressure.
It is fast process. It is a slow process.
Occurs throughout the liquid. Takes place only from the exposed surface of the
liquid.
Bubbles are formed. No bubbles are formed.

Q3: What is the difference between three states of matter? in terms of the spacing between the
molecules.

Ans) Particles in a gas are well separated with no regular arrangement. liquid are close together with
no regular arrangement. solid are tightly packed, usually in a regular pattern.

Q4: Why Tungsten melts at a much higher temperature than iron?

Ans) Because intermolecular forces in tungsten are higher than intermolecular forces in iron.
Q5: What is the name of process in which a liquid changes into a solid?
Ans) Freezing.
Q6: What is the name of temperature at which a liquid changes into a solid?
Ans) Freezing point.

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Q7: Draw diagrams of the molecules in a gas to explain the effect of pressure change on its volume.

Q8: What is the meant by the subscripts 1 and 2 in the equation, p1V1= p2V2?
Ans) Subscript 1 shows quantities at state 1 while Subscript 2 shows quantities at state 2.
Q9: What is the effect of temperature on average translational kinetic energy of molecules?
Ans) As temperature increases, the average translational kinetic energy of the molecules increases.

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Unit – 8 ENERGY SOURCES AND TRANSFER OF ENERGY

Work:
Worked Example 1:
Q) Find the work done when a force of 50N is applied to move a trolley at a shopping mall through a
distance of 200m? Assume the angle to be of 0o between the force and the distance the trolley moved.

Solution:
Step 1: Write down known quantities and quantities to be found.

F = 50N

d = 200m

θ = 0o

W = ??

Step 2: Write down formula and rearrange if necessary

W = F· d

W = Fd cosθ

Step 3: Put the values in formula and calculate:

W = 50N x 200m cos0o

W = 10000J

Hence, the work done is 10000 Joules.

Energy Forms:
Worked Example 2:
Q) A ball of mass 400 gram, strikes the wall of velocity 4m/sec. How much is the kinetic energy of the
ball at the time it strikes the wall?

Solution:
Step 1: Write down known quantities and quantities to be found.
400
m = 400 gram = kg= 0.4 kg
1000

v=4m/s

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Step 2: Write down formula and rearrange if necessary

1
K.E = mv2
2
Step 3: Put the values in formula and calculate
1
K.E = x 0.4kg (4m/s )2
2
K.E = 3.2J

Hence, Kinetic Energy is possessed by the ball 3.2 joules.

Worked Example 3:
Q) A ball of mass 50 gram is raised to a height of 7m from the ground. Calculate its gravitational
potential energy?

Solution:
Step 1: Write down known quantities and quantities to be found.
50
m = 50gm = 1000 kg = 0.05kg

h = 7m

g = 10ms-2

P∙E = ??

Step 2: Write down formula and rearrange if necessary

P∙E = mgh

Step 3: Put values in formula and calculate.

P∙E = 0.05kg x 10ms-2 x 7m

P∙E = 3.5 Joule

Hence, gravitational potential energy of the ball is 3.5 Joules.

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Power:
Worked Example 5:
Q) Calculate the power of a machine. If the machine performs 900 joules of work in 30 minutes.
Solution:
Step 1: Write down known quantities and quantities to be found.

W = 900J

t = 30min = 30 x 60s = 1800 s

P = ??

Step 2: Write down formula and rearrange if necessary

W
P=
t

Step 3: Put values in formula and calculate

900J
P=
1800s
P = 0.5 W

Hence, power of the machine is 0.5 Watt.

Section (B) Structured Questions

Work:
1.
a) Define work?

Ans) Work: The amount of work is the product of force and the distance moved in the direction of
force.

b) Derive the equation; work = Fd cosθ

Ans) Derivation: Suppose a constant force “F” acts on a body and motion takes place in a straight line in
the direction of force then work done is equal to the product of magnitude of force “F” and the distance
“d” through which the body moves.

W=Fd

The force “F” however may not act in the direction of motion of the body instead it makes some angle
“θ” with it; Fig 8.2(b). In that case, we define the work by the force as the product of the component of
the force along the line of motion and the distance “d”; the body moves along that line, i.e.
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Suppose a constant force “F” acts on a body

Work = (component of force)· (distance)

W = (F cosθ) d

Or

W = Fd cosθ

2. How much work is needed to move horizontally a body 20m by a force of 30N, the angle between the
body and the horizontal surface is 60o ?

Ans) W = Fd cosθ
W = (30) (20) cos60

W = 300 N.

3. How much work is done, if a crate is moved at a distance of 50m, when a force of 30N is applied along
the surface.

Ans) W = Fd cosθ
W = (30) (50) cos0

W = 1500 N.

4. What is the work done by Usman? If a bar of weight 100 N is brought by him from A to B, then
brought back to A.

Ans) W = 0 N.

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Energy Forms:
5.
a) Define Kinetic energy.

Ans) Kinetic Energy : Energy possessed by an object due to its motion is called kinetic energy.
b) Derive the equation.

Ans)
Derivation: Starting with the work-energy theorem and then adding Newton’s second law of motion we can
say that.
K.E = W
K.E = F d
Since F = m a
K.E = m ad ------ (i)

2aS = vf2 – vi2

2ad = vf2 – vi2

vf 2 − vi 2
ad =
2
Put in eqn (i)
vf 2 − vi 2
K.E = m ( )
2
vf 2 − vi 2 =v2
1
K.E = m v2
2
6. What will be the Kinetic energy of a boy of mass 50kg driving a bike with velocity of 2ms-1 .
1
Ans) K.E = m v2
2
1
K.E = (50) (2)2
2
K.E = 100 N.

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7.
a) Define Potential Energy.
Ans) Potential Energy : The energy that a body possesses by virtue of its position, shape or state of a
system.
b) Derive the equation. PE = mgh
Ans) Derive: Consider a body of mass ‘m’ at a height ‘h’ from the ground.
The amount of work done to raise this body to this height h against the force of gravity.
Work = W h
W = mg
Work = mg h
This workdone is equal to potential energy.So,
P.E= m g h
8.
a) If LED screen of mass 10kg is lifted up and kept it on a cupboard of height 2m. Calculate the potential
energy stored in the LED screen.
Ans) P.E= m g h
P.E= (10) (10) (2)
P.E = 200 J.
b) Calculate the potential energy of 3kg water raised to the tank at the roof of a home 4m high. (assume
g=10ms-2 )
Ans) P.E= (3) (10) (4)
P.E = 120J.

Conversion of Energy:
9.
a) Why fossil fuel energy is called nonrenewable source?
Ans) Fossil fuel energy is called nonrenewable source because it’s supplies are limited to the amounts
that we can mine or extract from the earth.
b) Define solar energy and its importance in Pakistan?
Ans) Solar Energy : The energy radiated from the sun is known as solar energy.
Its importance in Pakistan: This is the most available source of energy throughout Pakistan.

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10. Write notes on Tidal energy and Geothermal energy.

Ans)

Tidal Energy:
Renewable: It is renewable energy.
Defiition: It is a form of hydro power that converts the energy obtained from tides into useful form of
power.
Use: It is used to produce electricity.
Cause: The Earth uses the gravitational forces of both the moon and the sun every day to move vast
quantities of water around the oceans and seas producing tides and in this way energy is produced
called tidal energy.

Geothermal energy:
Renewable energy: It is renewable energy.
Definition: Geothermal energy is stored in the Earth as its natural heat.
Use: 1. It is used to produce electricity.
2. It is used for heating purpose.
Cause: The source of this energhy is magma.
11.
a) What is wind energy?
Ans) Wind energy: The energy obtained by the wind is called wind energy.
b) Write any three applications of wind energy ?
Ans) Wind energy is generally utilized in
1. Wind pumps
2. Wind battery charges
3. Wind electricity generators .
12.
a) Write the name of any one radioactive element which is used as source of nuclear energy.
Ans) Uranium.
b) Write the names of any one device that can convert solar energy into heat energy.
Ans) Solar heaters.

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c) Write the names of any two devices that can convert solar energy into electrical energy.
Ans) 1. Photovoltaic solar panels .
2. Solar cells.

Renewable and Non-renewable Energy Sources:

13. Write a note on renewable energy sources?
Ans) Renewable Energy Source : The renewable sources can be consumed and used again and again.
Example:
1. Solar Energy : The energy radiated from the sun is known as solar energy.
Use: 1.It is used to produce electricity.
2. It is used for heating purpose.
2. Geothermal energy: Geothermal energy is stored in the Earth as its natural heat.
Use: 1.It is used to produce electricity.
2. It is used for heating purpose.
3. Wind: The energy obtained by the wind is called wind energy.
Use: It is used to produce electricity.
4. Tidal energy: It is a form of hydro power that converts the energy obtained from tides into useful
form of power.
Use: It is used to produce electricity.
14. Write a note on non-renewable energy sources?
Ans) Non-renewable energy sources: Non-renewable resources are limited and will finish once used.
Example Of Non-Renewable Sources : Coal, petroleum and natural gases are nonrenewable sources.
These are Fossil Fuels.

Fossil Fuel Energy: Fossil fuel energy is formed from decayed plants and animals that have been
converted to crud oil, coal, natural gases or heavy oils by exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth's
crust over hundreds of millions of years.
Use: 1. It is used to produce heat energy.
2. It is used to produce light energy.

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15. What is the difference between renewable or nonrenewable energy sources?

Ans)
Renewable energy sources Nonrenewable energy sources
The renewable sources can be consumed and Non-renewable resources are limited and will
used again and again. finish once used.
Solar energy and wind energy are the examples Coal and petroleum are the examples of
of renewable sources. nonrenewable sources.

16. Make a table of renewable and non-renewable energy sources from the following:
Uranium, Solar, Coal, Wind, Natural gas, Tidal, Biomass, Hydroelectricity.

Ans)

Renewable energy sources Non-renewable energy sources

Solar Coal
Wind Natural gas
Tidal Uranium
Biomass
Hydroelectricity

Efficiency:
17. Calculate the efficiency of a machine which consumes 200 J of energy and performs 50J of work.
E2
Ans) ƞ = × 100
E1

50
ƞ= × 100
200
ƞ = 25 %

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18. Write a note on efficiency.

Ans) Efficiency :

Definition: The ratio of output to the input is called Efficiency.

Unit : As it is the ratio of two energies therefore it has no unit.
Mathematical form:
E2
ƞ= × 100
E1

19. If the efficiency of a machine is 70% and its output is 100 J then calculate its input.
Ans) ƞ = 70 %
E2
ƞ= × 100
E1
100
70 = × 100
E1
100
0.7 =
E1
100
E1 =
0.7
E1 = 142.857 N.

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20. Which machine is more efficient, machine “A” which has an output of 200J after consuming 400J of
energy or machine “B” which has an output of 300J after consuming 450J of energy?

Ans) For machine A

E2
ƞA = × 100
E1
200
ƞA = × 100 = 50 %
400

For machine B
300
ȠB = × 100 = 66.667 %
450
Thus machine B is more efficient than machine A.

Power:
21.
a) Define power.

Ans) Power : The rate of doing work.

b) The energy of 600J dissipated by a bulb in 50 minutes. Find the power of the bulb.
w
Ans) P =
t
600
P=
50 ×60
P = 0.2 watt.

22.
a) Convert 20watt into horse power.
20
Ans) P =
746
P = 0.027 hp.

b) Calculate the power of a machine, if it does 40 Joules of work in 10 sec.

w
Ans) P =
t
40
P=
10

P = 4 watt.
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23.
a) Define Watt.

Ans) Watt : The power of a body is said to be one watt if it does work at the rate of one Joule per
second.

b) A student of weight 400N takes 5 sec to climb up an obstacle of height 2m. Calculate the power
consumed ?

Ans) w = P.E = m g h
w=Wh

w = (400) (2)

w = 800 J.
w
P=
t
800
P=
5
P = 160 watt.

24.
a) Write down the names of any two larger units of power.

Ans) Kilowatt (kW) and megawatt (mW).

b) If a machine consumes 250J of energy per hour then what will be its power?
w
Ans) P =
t
250
P=
1 ×3600
P = 0.069 watt.

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Self Assessment Questions:

Q1: Write down the names of any three units of work.
Ans) joule , dynes cm ad lb-ft.
Q2: According to the definition of work in physics, Urwa did not perform any work if she made an
assignment on her laptop in three hours. Why?

Ans) According to the definition of work in physics Work is said to be done when the applied
force makes the body move but here there is no movement of Urwa thus Urwa did not perform any
work .

Q3: At what angle between force and displacement the work done by a body will be maximum?
Ans) At 0o angle.
Q4: A car of mass 50kg moving with velocity 10ms-1 in the direction of force. Calculate its Kinetic energy.
1
Ans) K.E = m v2
2
1
K.E = (50) (10)2 = 2500 J.
2
Q5: A body of mass 10kg is dropped from a height of 20m on the ground. What will be its potential
energy, if g=9.8 m/sec2 ?
Ans) P.E = m g h
P.E = (10) (9.8) (20)
P.E = 1960 J.
Q6: Give the energy changes when a ball is dropped from a height of 7m to the ground.
Ans) As the ball falls from 7m towards the ground, its potential energy is transformed into kinetic
energy.
Q7:What is biomass?
Ans) Biomass is the organic material that comes from plants and animals. Biomass consists of stored
energy from Sun, garbage etc.
Q8:Write down the name of fossil fuel?
Ans) 1. Crud oil
2. Coal
3. Natural gases
4. Heavy oils

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Q9:Which type of energy is stored deep in the Earth?

Ans) Geothermal Energy.
Q10: Write down the names of any three renewable energy sources?
Ans) 1. Solar energy
2. wind energy
3. tidal energy
Q11: Write down the names of any three nonrenewable energy sources.
Ans) 1.Coal
2. petroleum
3.Natural gases
Q12: What is the difference between renewable and non-renewable energy sources?
Ans)
Renewable energy sources Nonrenewable energy sources
The renewable sources can be consumed and Non-renewable resources are limited and will
used again and again. finish once used.
Solar energy and wind energy are the examples Coal and petroleum are the examples of
of renewable sources. nonrenewable sources.

Q13: A man pushes a car 18m with a force of 2N in 4 second. Calculate the power of the man.
Ans) w = F d
w = (2) (18) = 36 J.
36
P=
4
P = 9 watt.

Q14:Why power is a scalar quantity?

Ans) Power is the ratio of two scalar quantities.
Q15: Name the physical quantity which gives the rate of doing work.
Ans) Power.

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Unit – 9 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Heat And Temperature:
Worked Example 1:
Q) The temperature of Hyderabad on a hot day is 45o degree Celsius (45 oC). What will be its equivalent
temperature on Fahrenheit Scale?

Solution:
Step 1: Write down known quantities and quantities to be found.
o
C = 45o
o
F = ??

Step 2: Write down formula and rearrange if necessary

o
F = 1.8 oC + 32

Step 3: Put values in formula and calculate

o
F = 1.8 x 45 + 32
o
F = 113o

Hence, the equivalent temperature in Fahrenheit scale o is 113 oF.

Specific Heat Capacity:

Worked Example 2:
Q) The thermal energy required to raise the temperature of 50g of water from 40 oC to 70 oC is 6300
Joules. Calculate the specific heat capacity of water.

Solution:
Step 1: Write down known quantities and quantities to be found.

T1= 40 oC

T2= 70 oC

ΔT= T2 - T1 = 70 oC - 40 oC = 30 oC = 30K

ΔQ = 6300J

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m = 50g = 0.05 kg

c=?

Step 2: Write down formula and rearrange if necessary

ΔQ
c=
mΔT
Step 3: Put values in formula and calculate
6300J
c=
0.05kg × 30K

c = 4200Jkg-1 K-1

Hence, specific heat of water is c = 4200Jkg-1 K-1.

Thermal Expansion:
Worked Example 3:
Q) A copper rod 15m long is heated, so that its temperature changes from 30 oC to 85 oC. Find the
change in the length of the rod. The coefficient of linear expansion of copper is 17 x 10-6 oC-1.

Solution:
Step 1: Write down known quantities and quantities to be found.

L = 15m

T= 30 oC

T’= 85 oC

ΔT= T’- T = 85 oC - 30 oC = 55 oC

α= 17 x 10-6 oC

ΔL = ?

Step 2: Write down formula and rearrange if necessary

ΔL = αL ΔT

Step 3: Put values in formula and calculate

ΔL = 17 x 10-6 oC x 15m x 55 oC

ΔL = 0.014m

Hence, the change in length of the copper rod is 0.014m.

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Section (B) Structured Questions

Heat and Temperature:
1.
a) Define Heat and write its SI unit.

Ans) Heat: It is the form of energy which transfers from hot body to cold body as a result of difference
of temperature between them.

SI unit: joule.
b) Why does heat flows from hot body to cold body?

Ans) The atoms in the hot bodies have higher kinetic energy than those of the cold bodies. Thus to
maintain thermal equilibrium, the atoms of higher kinetic energy tries to move and collide with the
atoms of low kinetic energy. Thus heat transfers from a hot body to a cold body.

c) Convert 30 oC into Kelvin and Fahrenheit Scale.

Ans) Kelvin scale:

K = oC + 273

K = 30 + 273

K = 303

Fahrenheit scale:
o
F = 1.8 oC+ 32
o
F = (1.8) (30) + 32
o
F = 86

2.
a) Explain three different scales of temperature.

Ans) 1. Celsius scale: Celsius, also called centigrade, scale based on 0° for the freezing point
of water and 100° for the boiling point of water.There is 100-degree interval between the
defined points.

Use: It is mostly used for environmental measurements.

2. Fahrenheit scale: This scale is based on 32° for the freezing point of water and 212° for the boiling
point of water, the interval between the two being divided into 180 equal parts.

Use: It is mostly used for clinical measurements.

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3. Kelvin scale: Kelvin temperature scale, a temperature scale having an absolute zero below which
temperatures do not exist.

Use: It is mostly used for industrial measurements.

b) Differentiate between heat and temperature.

Ans)

Heat Temperature
It is the form of energy which transfers from hot It is a degree of hotness of a body. It determines
body to cold body as a result of difference of the direction of flow of heat from one body to
temperature between them. the other body.
SI unit of heat is joule. SI unit of temperature is Kelvin.
Its other unit is calorie. Its other units are Celsius and Fahrenheit.

c) Convert 212 oF into Celsius and Kelvin.

Ans) Celsius:
o
F = 1.8 oC+ 32

212 = 1.8 oC+ 32

o
C = 100o

Kelvin:
K = oC + 273

K = 100 + 273

K = 373.

Specific Heat Capacity:

3.
a) Explain specific heat capacity.

Ans) Specific Heat Capacity: Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance
through 1°C is called specific heat capacity of that substance.

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b) How would you find the specific heat of a solid?

Ans) We would find the specific heat of a solid by method of mixtures.

Procedure:
1. Put thermometers A and B in a beaker containing water and note their reading. Let
thermometer A be a standard to find the correction that is to be applied to thermometer B.

2. Put the thermometer B into the copper tube of a hypsometer containing the powder of the
given solid. Before placing the hypsometer on the burner, add a sufficient amount of water.
3. Record the weight of calorimeter with stirrer and lid over it.
4. Add water (temperature between 5 to 8℃) to the calorimeter at half-length and weigh it again.
5. Heat the hypsometer till the temperature of the solid is steady.
6. Note the temperature of water in calorimetry. Now slowly stir and add the solid powder from
the hypsometer to the calorimeter and record the final temperature of the mixture.
7. Remove the thermometer A from the calorimeter.
8. Note the weight of the calorimeter with the contents and lid.

c) How much heat is required to boil 3 kg water which is initially 10 oC ?

Ans) ΔQ = mcΔT + mhv

ΔQ = (3) (4200) (90) + (3) (2230)

ΔQ = 1140690 J.

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4.
a) Explain the effects of large specific heat of water with examples from our daily life.

Ans) Due to high specific heat it absorbs a large amount of heat without appreciable rise in
temperature. Oceans transport the heat away from the equator areas and helps to moderate the
climates there also without appreciable rise in temperature.Due to this reason water used in
fire fighting.
b) 2kg of copper requires 2050J of heat to raise its temperature through 10 oC. Calculate the heat
capacity of the sample.
ΔQ
Ans) c =
mΔT
2050
c=
2 ×10
c = 102.5 J kg-1 K-1

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Heat of fusion and Heat of vaporization:

5. Define heat of fusion with the help of an experiment.
Ans) Experiment: Take a container and place it on a stand as shown in; Fig 9.4. Put small pieces of ice
in the container. Suspend a thermometer in the container to measure the temperature. Take a stop
watch to measure accurate time at different stages. Now place the container on the burner. The ice will
start melting after absorbing heat. The temperature will remain same up to 0 oC until all the ice melts.
Note the time t1 and t2 , which the ice takes to melt completely into water at 0 oC. Supply heat
continuously to water at 0 oC, again note the time. Its temperature will start to increase. Note the time,
which water in container takes to reach its boiling point at 100 oC from 0 oC. Draw a temperature-time
graph as shown in graph 9.1. Calculate the heat of fusion of ice from the data using the graph.

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6. Differentiate between heat of fusion and heat of vaporization.

Ans)

Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization

The heat absorbed by a unit mass of a solid at its The amount of heat energy required to change
melting point in order to convert solid into liquid the state of a substance from liquid to vapor
without change of temperature is called “heat of form, without changing its temperature is called
fusion”. “heat of vaporization”.
Heat of fusion is denoted by Hf. Heat of vaporization is denoted by Hv.
Conversion of ice into water. Conversion of water into steam.
The heat of fusion o for water at 0 oC is T h e heat o f vaporization for water at 100 oC is
approximately 334 Joules per gram. about 2230 Joules per gram

7. Demonstrate heat of fusion and heat of vaporization by the help of heating ice graph.

Ans)

Evaporation Process:
8. Explain in detail, why evaporation causes cooling?
Ans) Evaporation causes cooling : When evaporation occurs, the molecules of water with greater Kinetic
energy escape from its surface. So the molecules of water with lower Kinetic energy are left behind. This
results in a decrease in the temperature of water. Hence, evaporation causes cooling.

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9. Differentiate between evaporation and boiling.

Ans)

Evaporation Boiling
It takes place without supply having external heat It only takes place supply of external source.
source.
It occurs at any temperature below boiling point. It occurs only at certain temperature called
“Boiling point”.
It causes cooling. It does not cause cooling.
It is relatively slow It is relatively fast

10. Write any four factors that influence the surface evaporation.
Ans) Factors which Influencing Surface Evaporation:
1.Temperature : With the increase in temperature the rate of evaporation also increases.
2. Wind Speed: Rate of evaporation also increases with the increase in wind speed.
3. Surface area of liquid: Rate of evaporation increases with the increase in surface area of liquid.
4. Humidity: The rate of evaporation decreases with increase in humidity.
11. Write down the freezing and boiling points of following:
i) Acetic acid

ii) Benzene

iii) Chloroform

iv) Water

Solvent Freezing point ( oC) Boiling Point ( oC)

Acetic acid 17.0 118.1
Benzene 5.5 80.2
Chloroform -63.5 61.2
Water 0.0 100

Thermal Expansion:
12. Why solids increases in size on heating ? Explain.
Ans) If a substance is heated its atoms and molecules vibrate faster and their kinetic energy
increases. As the atoms vibrates faster the space between the atom increases. Due to this the atoms
and molecules take up more space and causes increase in size in solids.

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13. An iron block of volume 3m3 is heated, so that its temperature changes from 25 oC to 100 oC. If the
coefficient of linear expansion of iron is 11 x 10-6 oC-1 . What will be the new volume of the iron block
after heating ?

Ans) β = 3 α = (3) (11 x 10-6 ) = (3.3 x 10-5)

ΔV = βV ΔT

ΔV = (3.3 x 10-5) (3) (75) = 7.425 x 10-3 m3.

Vf = V + ΔT = 3 + 7.425 x 10-3

Vf = 3.007425 m3 .

14.
a) Draw the diagram, showing real and apparent expansion of liquid. Label the diagram properly.

Ans)

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b) Why small gaps are left at the joints of sections of railway tracks? Explain the phenomenon involved
in it.

Ans): The rail tracks are made up of metals and hence they expand in summer due to hot weather.
Hence, small gaps are left at the joints of sections of tracks.

When substance is heated by sun its atoms vibrate faster and their kinetic energy increases. As the
atoms vibrates faster the space between the atom increases. Due to this the atoms take up more space
and cause increase in size in railway tracks.

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