CIEM 5250 Renovation Engineering

Prof. Zongjin Li
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

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CIEM 5250 Construction Materials
 Instructor: Prof. Zongjin LI
李宗津
 Office: 3568
 Office hour: Tuesday
10:30 - 11:30 am
 Phone: 2358-8751
 e-mail: [email protected]
 Course websites: http://canvas.ust.hk/

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Self Introduction
 BE Zhejiang University (1982)
 MS Northwestern University (Chicago,
1990)
 PhD Northwestern University (Chicago
1993)
 Joined HKUST in 1994

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Zhejiang University

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Northwestern university

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CIEM 5250
 Text book
Li, Z.J, Leung, C.K., and Xi, Y.P (2009)
“Structural Renovation in Concrete”,
Taylor & Francis Ltd.

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CIEM 5250
 Reference books:
Mehta, P. K. and Monteriro, P. J. M. (2006)
"Concrete : Structure, Properties, and Materials"
Mc Graw Hill

Mailvaganam, N. P. (1992) TA681 R36

“Repair and protection of concrete structures“
CRC Press, Inc

Perkins P. H. (1986) TA681 P42

“Repair, protection and waterproofing of concrete structures“
Elsevier Applied Science Publishers
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CIEM 5250
 Reference books:
Bray, D. E., and Stanley, R. K. (1989)
"Nondestructive evaluation"
Mc Graw Hill

Teng, J. G., Chen, J. F., Smith, S. T., and Lam, L. (2001),

"FRP-Strengthened R. C. Structures"
John, Wiley and Sons Ltd., UK

Li, Z.J. (2011)

“Advanced concrete technology”
John, Wiley and Sons, New York
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CIEM 5250 Contents
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2. DEGRADATION OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE STRUCTURES
CHAPTER 3. INSPECTION AND EVALUATION
CHAPTER 4. CONVENTIONAL REPAIRE AND
STRENGTHENING TECHNIQUES
CHAPTER 5. GLASS FIBER REINFORCED
PLASTIC COMPONENTS
CHAPTER 6. STRENGTHENING OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE STRUCTURES WITH FIBER
REINFORCED POLYMERS
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CIEM 5250
 Grading:

Homework 20%
Midterm 30%
Final exam 50%

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Chapter 1 Introduction

 Renovation engineering:
Proper designed engineering activities to
recover or to enhance the quality or properties
of existing buildings and infrastructures.
-Remodeling, repair, strengthening,
rehabilitation, including maintenance, and
inspection.
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Building and infrastructure degradation
Degradation – a serious social and financial problem

ASCE 2013 REPORT CARD for America’s Infrastructure

America's Infrastructure GPA: D+

ROADS: $150 billion annually significant improvement;

BRIDGES: Need $ 20.5 billion per year for repair
SCHOOLS: Bring the nation’s schools into good repair is $270 billion
DAMS: 4000 dificient dams. Total $21 billion is needed for repair.

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Building and infrastructure degradation
Hong Kong: Many structures are under deterioration
1. Aged building collapse along Ma Tau Wai and
canopy Collapse in Kwun Tong :
Injury and Death
2. Concrete Spalling
in Tsing Yi South Bridge
3. Debonding and falling tiles
4. Serious damage in piers

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Common causes of structural degradation
 Repeated Loading
- Traffic Loading on Bridges and Highways,
- Wind induced Vibrations in Bridges/Buildings,
- Machine induced Vibrations in Industrial Plants
 Non-uniform Dimensional Changes
- Shrinkage of Constrained Concrete Surface
- Differential Thermal Expansion of Layered System
(e.g., Asphaltic Pavement on Bridge Deck)
- Expansion of Internal Phases (e.g. rusting steel in concrete)
 Severe Loading or Unexpected Hazards
- Earthquake, Hurricane
- Impact, Explosion
- Fire
 Loss of Foundation Support
- Scouring at Bridge Piers
- Cyclic shrink and expansion of clay
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Common causes of structural degradation

 Abrasion/Erosion of Surfaces
- Wear of Pavement Surface
- Erosion of Hydraulic Structures
 Chemical Corrosion
- Rusting of Steel
- Various types of Chemical Attack in Concrete
- Stress Corrosion - Coupled Chemical/Stress Effect
 Biological Agents
- Fungi/Insects, etc.
(Mainly Affects Wood)
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Objectives and scopes

 To better understand degradation mechanism

 To develop effective evaluation techniques
 To develop effective repair technique
 To develop reliable maintenance procedures
 To develop the codes and specifications

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Factors establish the need for renovation
 Change in use;
 Upgrading mechanical and electrical systems;
 Deterioration of building envelop
 Structural damage and failure
 Upgrading buildings for lateral loads
 Reducing serviceability problems

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Requirements for proper renovation of
structures
(1) Good understanding of degradation mechanisms;
(2) Reliable evaluation techniques for existing
condition;
(3) Effective techniques for repair/strengthening with
practical guidelines and specifications.

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Steps required for renovation
(1) Deciding on the details of the investigation;
(2) Investigation (preliminary and detailed) of the structure;
(3) Diagnosis of the causes of the deterioration and evaluation of
the overall condition of the structure;
(4) Preparation of report to the client to suggest either renovation
or rebuild;
(5) If renovation is recommended, preparation of specification
and contract documents;
(6) Conducting the designed renovation work;
(7) Inspection of the renovation work;
(8) Regular post contract inspection and monitoring and advising
on a practical program of maintenance.

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Useful definitions

 Infrastructure - The basic economic, social, or

military facilities and installations of a community:
Buildings, highways, bridges, pipelines, parking lot,
rails, dams and tunnels.
 Rehabilitation - The process of repairing or
modifying a system to a desired condition.
 Repair - To replace or correct deteriorated,
damaged, or faulty materials, components, or
elements of a system.

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Useful definitions

 Restoration -The process of re-establishing the

materials, form, and appearance of a system to those
of a particular era of the system.
 Retrofitting - The process of increasing the load-
resistance capacity of a structure or portion of the
structure.

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Chapter 2
Degradation of RC structures
Causes for Degradation
 non-uniform dimension changes,
 repeated loading
 lacking of durability
 natural or human being disasters
 typhoon
 earthquake
 fire

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2.1 Degradation caused by non-
uniform dimensional changes
2.1.1 Non-uniform thermal expansion
Bridge Deck Heated by the Sun
During Heating
- Top of Pavement has
much higher temperature than
bottom
- Tendency for Pavement to
bend upwards
- Concrete Deck restrains
the upward movement
--Interfacial Shear Stresses
- Pavement Debonds from
Deck and Bows up
Fig. 2.1 Bow of a bridge deck under the sun
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2.1.1 Non-uniform thermal expansion
During Cooling
Reversed process
Repeated Heating/Cooling
-Pavement starts to crack
-Traffic Loading may also enlarge Debonded
Region

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Installation of Casting of
Shear Keys Self-Flow PDCC

Finished Deck Bridge after Completion 25

Mid-span 75 mm, total 225 mm; deflection just over 50mm26
2.1.2 Effects of Bleeding
 Bleeding - Water concentration due to upward movement of water
when fresh concrete is compacted
 Bleeding Water may be trapped at the bottom of reinforcing bar and
agg.
 Transition zone forms after hardening
- Unprotected Steel - potential site for corrosion
Bleeding water

Aggregate

Bleeding water

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Fig. 2.2 Phenomenon of water bleeding

2.1.2 Effects of Bleeding
Sedimentation (downward movement) of Coarse aggregates
- Increase in Paste Volume near the concrete surface
- reduced resistance to surface wear and abrasion
Excessive Bleeding can be avoided by improving the
 cohesiveness of the mix through
- reduction of water/cement ratio
- using a better aggregate grading
 increase sand/coarse aggregate ratio

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2.1.3 Effects of plastic shrinkage
 Plastic shrinkage occurs if water evaporation
occurs faster
 Surface shrink, inside is still wet
- Since concrete is still in the plastic state,
settlement of the material can occur
When settlement is obstructed by an ‘obstacle’
such as a large aggregate or a reinforcing bar,
cracking will occur.

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2.1.3 Effects of plastic shrinkage
 These cracks provide a path for water and other
chemical to reach steel reinforcement
 Can greatly affect durability of concrete structure

Cracks

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Fig. 2.3 Formation of plastic shrinkage crack
2.1.4 Influence of drying shrinkage
Causes: Excessive water migration.
 Humidity < 90% Shrinkage
 Immerse in water Swell

Effects:
 Shrinkage strain : shrinkage strain, esh , is time dependent.
Approximately 90% of the ultimate shrinkage occurs during
the first year.
 Self balance stress
 Shrinkage crack: Due to restrain to free shrinkage. It creates
the path for chemical attack.
- For large concrete structures, joints are needed to prevent
cracking.
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2.1.4 Influence of drying shrinkage
Self balance stress

Initial dimension
After shrinkage

Shrinkage
stresses
C

T T ft fc ft

(a) (b) (c)

Self-balanced stress generated by drying shrinkage. 32
2.1.4 Influence of drying shrinkage
Shrinkage crack

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2.1.4 Influence of drying shrinkage
a. Use expansive concrete (shrinkage-
compensating concrete)
b. Use reinforcement
c. Use fibers
d. Use shrinkage reducer (admixture)

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2.1.5 Influence of Creep
 Creep
A time-dependent deformation under a constant load.
 Course
A sufficient thickness of water exist between layered
C-S-H, slip between adjacent layers of C-S-H under a
shear stress as well as the movement and migration of
absorbed water inside gel under load.
 Type
Basic creep – creep occurred under 100% RH
Drying creep – additional creep occurred when
relative humidity (RH) < 100%
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2.1.5 Influence of Creep
s

t
t = Stress variation with time

t = Stress variation with time t

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2.1.5 Influence of Creep
W/C ratio
The higher the w/c ratio, the higher the shrinkage and creep.
- water migration and rearrangement of water molecule
position are main course of shrinkage and creep
Aggregate stiffness (elastic modulus)
The stiffer the aggregate, the smaller the shrinkage and creep.

Aggregate

Cement paste
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2.1.5 Influence of Creep
Aggregate fraction:
The higher aggregate fraction leads to small shrinkage and creep
- Aggregate has no shrinkage and creep
- Cement paste has shrinkage and creep
Humidity:
The higher the R.H., the lower the shrinkage and creep. This is because an
increase in the atmospheric humidity is expected to slow down the relative
rate of moisture flow from the interior to the outer surface of concrete.

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2.1.5 Influence of Creep
Curing conditions:
Moist curing help to reduce creep

Exposure to temperature:
During curing, high temperature help curing and
strength gain and thus reduce creep

During loading, exposure to high temperature can

increase creep.
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2.1.5 Influence of Creep
Theoretical thickness
The theoretical thickness is defined as the ratio of section area to the
semi perimeter in contact with the atmosphere. The higher the
theoretical thickness the smaller the creep and shrinkage.

A – cross area 2A
P – perimeter t TH =
P

A A
A
perimeter

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2.1.5 Influence of Creep
 Linear creep Stress < 50% of strength
 Nonlinear creep Stress > 50% strength
 Unstable creep Stress > 75-80% strength

Creep

0.5 0.75

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2.1.5 Influence of Creep

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Creep measurement

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2.1.5 Influence of Creep
 Influences:
To reinforced concrete (R.C.) and prestressed concrete
(P.C.)
a. Long-term deflection of a R.C. beam can be 2-3 times larger
than the initial deflection

Initial deflection D I
Final deflection D F

DF / DI = 2 - 3
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2.1.5 Influence of Creep
b. Stress loss in pre-stressed concrete which can lead to
increased cracking and larger deflection under
service load.

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46
2.1.5 Influence of Creep
c. In a R.C. column, creep can cause the initial stress
in the steel to double or triple with time because
steel is non-creeping and thus take over the force
reduced in concrete due to creep.
Dl RC = DlC = Dl S

Reinforcing steel

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2.2 Degradation caused by repeated loading
 Components of machines, vehicles, and structures
are frequently subjected to repeated loads – cyclic
loads
 The resulting cyclic stresses can lead to
microscopic physical damage to the materials
involved
 Failure can occur even at stresses well below a
given material’s ultimate strength under
continued cycling
 Such a failure is called fatigue
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2.2 Degradation caused by repeated loading
Material Strength is Reduced with the Number of
Loading Cycles - Concept of the S-N Curve
Normalized
Strength

1.0

Fatigue Threshold

Number of Cycles

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Fatigue failure of a garage door spring

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Development of a fatigue crack

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2.2 Degradation caused by repeated loading

 Stress based approach

 Strain based approach
 Fracture based approach

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Stress-based approach to fatigue
 A discussion of the stress-based approach begins
with some necessary definitions and basic concepts
 Description of cyclic loading
 Point stress vs. nominal stress
 Stress vs. life (S-N) curves
 Estimate of fatigue life

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A typical crack growth rate test

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Description of cyclic loading
 Some practical applications, and also many
fatigue tests on materials, involve cycling
between max. and min. stress levels that are
constants
 This is called constant amplitude stressing

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Description of cyclic loading
 Stress range, Ds, is the difference between the
max. and the min. values
Ds = s max - s min
 Mean stress, sm, is the average of the max. and
min. values
s max  s min
sm =
2
 Stress amplitude, sa, is half of the stress range
Ds s max - s min
sa = =
2 2 56
Point stress vs. nominal stress
 In fatigue analysis, it is necessary to learn
 the stress at a point, s, and
 the nominal or average stress, S
 Nominal stress is calculated from load or moment
or their combination as a matter of convenience
 S is only equal to s in certain situations

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Actual stress (s) and nominal stress (S)

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Stress versus life (S-N) curves
 To get a S-N curves, fatigue test has to be
performed
 The fatigue test can be run with a combination of
different parameters, usually mean stress and
stress amplitude
 After specimen is failed, a point can be added in to
a S-N diagram
 With sufficient points, a S-N curve can be plotted.

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S-N curves in different scales

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S-N curve with a distinct fatigue limit

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Empirical formulae
For a log-linear coordinate system

s a = C  D log N f

For a log-log coordinate system

log s a = log C  D log N f

' '

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S-N fitting curves
 If S-N data are found to approximate a straight
line on a log-log plot, the following equation can
be fitted to obtain a mathematical representation
of the curve
s a = AN fB

 This equation is often used in a slightly different

form s a = s f 2 N f b

 The fitting constants for the two forms are related

by A = 2b
s f , B = b
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Presentation of mean stresses
 S-N curves can have various mean stresses
 It is impossible to perform endless tests to cover
all possible mean stress
 An empirical equation is needed that can use
limited test data to predict unlimited loading cases
 To achieve this objective, special treatment on
plotting S-N data is developed
 Goodman law is developed from such a plot

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Presentation of mean stresses
 The treatment is done by plotting the nominal
stress amplitude, sa / sar , as a function of the
mean stress, sm
 Moreover, the nominal stress amplitude, sa / sar ,
can plotted as a function of the ratio of mean
stress, sm, to static strength, su

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Normalized amplitude-mean
diagram

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Goodman equation
 The relationship between the normalized stress
amplitude and mean stress can be expressed by
the modified Goodman’s law
 sm 
s a = s ar 1 - 
 su 

 where s a is the stress amplitude for a given

life, s ar the stress amplitude for pure
alternating stress at fatigue failure, sm the
mean stress, and su the short-term strength
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Fatigue life estimation
 By combining Goodman equation and stress
amplitude and cycle number relation, the fatigue life
can be estimated
 Substituting s ar = s f 2 N f b

Into
 sm 
s a = s ar 1 - 
 su 
sm
s a = (1 - )s f 2 N f b
Obtain s f
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Fatigue life estimtion
 Furthermore,

sa
Nf = b
2 (s f - s m )
b

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The Palmgren-Miner Rule
 The Palmgren-Miner rule deal with a loading
pattern with several different constant amplitudes:

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The Palmgren-Miner Rule

N1 N2 N3 Nj
  =  =1
N f1 N f 2 N f 3 N fj

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The fracture mechanics approach
 The presence of a crack can significantly
reduce the strength of materials due to brittle
fracture
 However, it is unusual for a crack of dangerous
size to exist initially, although this can occur

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Some typical flaw geometries

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The fracture mechanics approach
 A more common situation is that a small flaw
that was initially present develops into a crack
 and then grows until it reaches the critical size
for brittle fracture
 Crack growth can also be caused by cyclic
loading, a behavior called fatigue crack growth

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Development/growth of a worst-case crack

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Definitions for fatigue crack growth
 Consider a crack increases its length by an amount Da
due to the application of a number of cycles DN
 The rate of growth with cycles can be characterized by the
ratio Da/DN, or by the derivative da/dN

 The crack growth rate,

da/dN, is the slope at a
point on an a vs. N curve

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Fatigue approach
 Assume that the applied loading is cyclic with constant
values of the loads Pmax and Pmin
 The corresponding gross section nominal stresses
Smax and Smin are then also constants
 For fatigue crack growth work, it is conventional to use the
stress range DS

DS = Smax - Smin

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Fatigue approach
 It is true that K and S are proportional for a given crack
length according to the definition of K

K = F S a
 Therefore, the maximum, minimum, range, and R-ratio for
K during a loading cycle are given by

K max = F Smax a , K min = F Smin a

DK = K max - K min

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Fatigue approach
 The primary variable affecting the growth rate of a crack
is the range of the stress intensity factor DK
 This is calculated from the stress range DS as below

DK = F DS a
 The value of F depends only on the geometry and the
relative crack length, a = a /b, just as if the loading
were not cyclic

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Crack growth rates
 At intermediate
values of DK, there
is often a straight line
on the log-log plot
 The fitting
equation is

= C DK 
da m

dN
where C is a constant
and m is the slope on
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the log-log plot
Constants for worst-case da/dN vs. DK curves

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From the laboratory test to real application

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Life estimations: fracture approach
 Since DK increases with crack length
during constant amplitude stressing
DS
 and since the crack growth rate
da/dN depends on DK
 da/dN is not constant, but increases
with crack length
 In other words, the crack accelerates
as it grows

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Life estimations: fracture approach
 This situation of
changing da/dN
 Necessitates the use
of an integration
procedure
 To obtain the life
cycles required for
crack growth

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Life estimations: fracture approach
 Number of cycles to failure during a fatigue test can be
calculated by the following equation

af af af
da da 1 da
Nif =  = =  C F DS
a i C DK 
m

a i C F DS a  m
ai   m
am 2

 ai is the initial observed crack size (if no crack is

found, take ai as the detection threshold)
 af is the final crack size obtained from
Kmax(af) = Kc 85
Fatigue approach
a da
N if = a
f

i C ( F DS a ) m
a 1 da
= a
f

i C ( F DS  )m a m 2
m
(- 1) a
1 a 2 |a f
= i

C ( F DS  )m -
m
1
2
m m
(1- (1-
a f 2
)
-a i 2
)
1
=
C ( F DS ) m
1-
m
2
86
Fracture approach

 ai 2 (
m
-1 ) 
 1- ( ) 
 af  1
N if =   m
m ( -1)
 C ( FDS  ) m
( - 1)  ai 2
 2 
 

87