ANALYSIS REFERENCE

Chapter 1
Introduction
Section 1. Overview 1

Section 2. Unit System 3

Section 3. File System 4

Section 4. Notation System 5

Section 5. Sign Specification 7

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Chapter 2
Node/ DOF/
Section 1. Node and DOF 8

Coordinate Section 2. Coordinate System 9

Section 3. Finite Rotation Simulation 11

System
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Chapter 3
Elements Section 1. Overview 13

Section 2. Finite Element Formulation 15

Section 3. Shape Function 17

3.1 1 Dimensional shape 17
3.2 2 Dimensional shape 17
3.3 3 Dimensional shape 19
3.4 Mapping Function for Infinite Element 23

Section 4. Porous medium consideration 24

Section 5. Supplement for Locking Phenomena 28

5.1 Mixed-hybrid formulation 28
5.2 ANS (Assumed Natural Strain) 30
5.3 EAS (Enhanced Assumed Strain) 31
5.4 Reduced integration 32
5.5 Reduced Integration stabilization 32
5.6 Non-conforming Element 33

Section 6. Continuum Elements 35

6.1 Solid Elements 35
6.2 Plane Strain Elements 41
6.3 Axisymmetric Solid Elements 47

Section 7. Structural Elements 51

7.1 Truss Element 51
7.2 Embedded Truss Element 53
7.3 Beam Element 55
7.4 Embedded Beam Element 62
7.5 Plane Stress Element 62
7.6 Shell Element 66
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Chapter 3
Elements Section 8. Special Purpose Elements
8.1 Interface Element
8.2 Shell Interface Element
74
74
77
8.3 Pile/Pile Tip Elements 79
8.4 Geogrid Element 81
8.5 Gauging Shell Element 83
8.6 Point Spring/Damper Element 85
8.7 Matrix Spring Element 86
8.8 Elastic Link Element 86
8.9 Rigid Link/Interpolation Element 87
8.10 Free Field Element 89
8.11 Inelastic Element 92
8.12 Infinite Element 94
8.13 Tendon Element 97

Section 9. Geometric Stiffness 99

9.1 Calculation for General Elements 99
9.2 Calculation for Rigid Link 100

Section 10. Seepage Element 102

10.1 Governing Equation 102
10.2 Finite Element Equation 103
10.3 Time Integration 103
10.4 Element Matrix 103
10.5 Element Analysis Results 104

Section 11. Consolidation Element 105

11.1 Pore Pressure DOF 105
11.2 Time Integration 106
11.3 Nonlinear Increment Solution 107
11.4 Element Analysis Results 108

Section 12. Heat Conduction Element 109

12.1 Finite Element Formulation 109
12.2 Element Matrix 110
12.3 Element Analysis Results 111
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Chapter 3
Elements Section 13. Fully-Coupled Element
(Thermal-Hydro-Mechanical)
13.1 Governing Equation
112
112
13.2 Finite Element Equation 117
13.3 Analysis Result of Element 118
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Chapter 4
Materials Section 1. Elastic Material Properties
1.1 Isotropic Materials
120
120
1.2 2D Orthotropic Materials 122
1.3 Transversely Isotropic Materials 123
1.4 Elastic Material of Interface Elements 128
1.5 Nonlinear Behavior of Truss/Embeded Truss 129
1.6 Nonlinear Behavior of Elastic Link 130
1.7 Jardine 130
1.8 D-min 134
1.9 Hyperbolic Model (Duncan-Chang) 136

Section 2. Plastic Material Properties 141

2.1 Failure Criterion and Invariance 142
2.2 Formulation of Plastic Behavior 145
2.3 von-Mises 151
2.4 Tresca 155
2.5 Mohr-Coulomb 157
2.6 Drucker-Prager 162
2.7 Strain Softening 164
2.8 Modified Cam-Clay 166
2.9 Jointed Rock 172
2.10 Modified Mohr-Coulomb 174
2.11 Hoek-Brown 178
2.12 Coulmb Frictrion 179
2.13 Janssen 180
2.14 Rankine/Inverse Rankine 181
2.15 Modified UBCSAND 183
2.16 Sekiguchi-Ohta (Inviscid) 187
2.17 Generalized Hoek-Brown 190
2.18 Soft Soil 191
2.19 Hardening Soil with small strain stiffness 193
2.20 Generalized SCLAY1S 198
2.21 CWFS (Cohesion Weakening and Frictional
Strengthening) 204
2.22 Geogrid 205
2.23 Concrete Smeared Crack 207
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2.24 Bond Slip 211

Chapter 4 2.25 Discrete Cracking

2.26 Masonry
2.27 Combined Cracking-Shearing-Crushing
213
217
224

Materials Section 3. Drained / Undrained Materials

3.1 Isotropic Materials
3.2 Undrained Constitutive Equation
3.3 Undrained Material Type
228
228
228
230

Section 4. Seepage Material Properties 232

4.1 Constitutive Equation 232
4.2 Permeability Coefficient 232
4.3 Volumetric Water Content 234
4.4 Ductile Function 235

Section 5. Viscous Material Properties 237

5.1 Age Independent Visco-elastic Material 237
5.2 Age Dependent Viso-elastic Material 241
5.3 Soft Soil Creep 243
5.4 Sekiguchi-Ohta (Viscid) 246

Section 6. Hysteresis Material Properties 249

6.1 Normal Bilinear model 250
6.2 Kinematic model 251
6.3 Origin-Oriented model 253
6.4 Peak-Oriented model 254
6.5 Clough model 255
6.6 Degrading model 256
6.7 Takeda model 257
6.8 Modified Takeda model 261
6.9 Modified Ramberg-Osgood model 263
6.10 Modified Hardin-Drnevich model 266

Section 7. Thermal Material Properties 269

7.1 Constitutive Equation 269
7.2 Porous Material 269
7.3 Freezing of Porous Material 270
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Chapter 5
Algorithm Section 1. Simultaneous Equation Solver

Section 2. Eigenvalue Extraction

271

274

Section 3. Effective Mass and Mode Superposition 277

3.1 Effective Mass 277
3.2 Mode Superposition 278

Section 4. Dynamic Response 281

4.1 Time Integration 281
4.2 Frequency Response 284
4.3 Response Spectrum 285

Section 5. Nonlinear Finite Element Solution 290

Section 6. Strain/Stress Measurement

Considering Large Deformation 300

Section 7. Nonlinear Dynamic Response 304

7.1 Implicit Time Integration 304

Section 8. Contact Condition 307

Section 9. Slope Stability Solution 313

9.1 Strength Reduction Method 314
9.2 Stress Analysis Method 318

Section 10. Equivalent Linear Solution 321

10.1 Free Field Analysis Method 321
10.2 2D Equivalent Linear Analysis 324

Section 11. Linear Buckling Analysis 328

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Chapter 6
Load
Constraint Section 1. Load 332
1.1 Structural Load 332
1.2 Static/Dynamic Load Definition 337
1.3 Construction Stage Analysis Load 338
1.4 Nonlinearity of Loads 339
1.5 Thermal Loads 341

Section 2. Boundary and Constraint Conditions 344

2.1 Single Node Constraint 344
2.2 Multiple Node Constraint 345
2.3 Automatic Single-point Constraint 346
2.4 Constraint Force Calculation 346
2.5 Singularity Error 347
2.6 Seepage Boundary Condition 348
2.7 Transfer Boundary Condition 349

Section 3. Pore Pressure / Initial Condition 350

3.1 Pore Pressure Definition 350
3.2 Initial Condition 351
3.3 Ground Stress Initialization 353