PDF is Portable Document Format (PDF), standardized as ISO 32000, is a file format
developed by Adobe in 1993 to present documents, including text formatting and
images, in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating
systems. Based on the PostScript language, each PDF file encapsulates a complete
description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts, vector graphics,
raster images and other information needed to display it.
PDF was standardized as ISO 32000 in 2008.The last edition as ISO 32000-2:2020 was
published in December 2020. PDF files may contain a variety of content besides flat
text and graphics including logical structuring elements, interactive elements such as
annotations and form-fields, layers, rich media (including video content), and three-
dimensional objects using U3D or PRC, and various other data formats. The PDF
specification also provides for encryption and digital signatures, file attachments, and
metadata to enable workflows requiring these features.
History
History of PDF Adobe Systems made the PDF specification available free of charge in
1993. In the early years PDF was popular mainly in desktop publishing workflows, and
competed with a variety of formats such as DjVu, Envoy, Common Ground Digital
Paper, Farallon Replica and even Adobe's own PostScript format. PDF was a proprietary
format controlled by Adobe until it was released as an open standard on July 1, 2008,
and published by the International Organization for Standardization as ISO 32000-
1:2008, at which time control of the specification passed to an ISO Committee of
volunteer industry experts. In 2008, Adobe published a Public Patent License to ISO
32000-1 granting royalty-free rights for all patents owned by Adobe that are necessary
to make, use, sell, and distribute PDF-compliant implementations. PDF 1.7, the sixth
edition of the PDF specification that became ISO 32000-1, includes some proprietary
technologies defined only by Adobe, such as Adobe XML Forms Architecture (XFA) and
JavaScript extension for Acrobat, which are referenced by ISO 32000-1 as normative
and indispensable for the full implementation of the ISO 32000-1 specification. These
proprietary technologies are not standardized and their specification is published only
on Adobe's website. Many of them are also not supported by popular third-party
implementations of PDF. In December, 2020, the second edition of PDF 2.0, ISO 32000-
2:2020, was published, including clarifications, corrections and critical updates to
normative references. ISO 32000-2 does not include any proprietary technologies as
normative references.