10 Lol “*” rye BIO 101 variation in living ics from or RNA fined as | wed fromm 1wrRODUCTION TO GE and_geneti itting characteristi vcifie, sequence, of DNA _ Heredity may, b¢ tistics, are. pass sion of characters from y sexual indy of genes, heredity, the basic unit eapable of tar Tt consists ofa 5 fon on a chrominson tieneties: - is he nerahon to the 1 occupies 0 fixed posit ¢ process by whieh mental and, physical, chi jarents to their offspring. Or Hébedlity i, the tran vnc generation to the next. either by.sgainet syodtuction or by- agexual reproductive. odie Frarelity is important to.all living organisms: as’ fey parents to their offspring. frcte smi jtias and: ova), in Pee asexual, reproduction. , “crmines which traits are 1 ‘determin o terms usedin Heredity: fy some basi ie dnrisemual-reproduiction forrning ea sex ~-6elhy gametes Gamete: valting froin the sid of twogametes;, sper gote: « Isa diplgjd: celles ind. ovum, It is a fertilized cee gene ‘at fs JuIs-oneiof athe:‘eonteastine forms of a Allele (Aliglomorphs) ticular locus. (location): on how =A cellular-orgenelle: nromosomes es. age units of gen 5, |; ¢ bredl fromy-two' distinct, spe produced from! a cross:between:t while in animal it is asia‘restilé or Character. : x-guibspiécies: In-plant it is «plant different: genetic. ‘constituent distinct specie &. Homoaygous: This is-when’ she.members ofid.gens; paltrere alike, RR, AA, bb, rr ete. +. Heterozygous:,~ This-is when’ “the members of Rr, Aa, Bb, Yy etc. : --These!are-chromesomes'that associate in. pairs &, Homologous ‘chromosome: during meiosis. 9, Dominant character (factor) :.- (i). Is a gene that masks or hides the:presence of.its.allele. OR . ao .vw) jy, jis that characte: istic which excluded {ue appelirance of its contrasting chiujeeter, in a hybrid (The latter becomes the recessive character). 10, Recessive charheter: « : fo) ig a gehe whose presence is masked by the presefice of its dotninaint allele| (|. jo that characteristic whose appearance is excluded by the presence of itd, (rasting chavagter in & hybrid. ¥ : Io the term used to deseribe the actual physical. expression, of, anismn’s traits. . 7 1, [Phenotype: Genotype: - is the genetic composition of ai organisms. or the SU total of ¢e inherited from both parents. : ‘The ‘offspring of the” parents make up the aut “ z g jlically: 3. Filial Generation (F ation. e.g. , The first and second gi as offspring aré sym as Fl and ¥2 respectively. | 5 L : YERITABLE AND NON‘HERITABLE CHARACTERISTICS . leritghle ohardeteze aré those characteristics thatipan Pe transmitte cRront to their offepring. They are controlled by gerie§ 6-6, nibinism, sickle’ cell ~ plood type,:baldnese, coléur blindness, colour af-eye, skin: colour, colour * seen in noe of the body, body’ shape, taste; weight.and size of fruits in{plant?, vhldur of leaves, flowers and seed are all Heritable characters, While ii:mon® heritable Gaaracters; some, characteristics! are developed by the parent.as a, eshte re to a particular environnient or af a result of prachee eB: .g of ears or nose, muscles developed by boxers an injury sustajry.as ak sesuilt: of accident and skills obtained ag.a result of learning etc. These types of “hanacters are’ called acquired, characters. Variations shown by. inherited characters‘may be due to: a . . a piereip e The efiget of the. environment, ot » Through the use or disuse of the body part. . EfiécT of onvizoninent on heredity /hereditary characteristies in sknple'terms environment means the society, the fields of society’ anideve the whole, world, But here, the word environment i$ restricted :to, meani-the!nent within mother's womb and jus reorient within just born, aa well as the envir heredity, environment algo has been found t : s atliy; ensironment a en found to ply a very important role in ea “haviour and personality development of an individu nees are those which act upon the organism at the carl mient, i.e, before and also after birth; : pcee ea atanee or chemicals in the womb at specific stag process, it can alter their deoxyribonucleic, acid, of ve mutations that may not otherwise have ocurred. . . { nourishment is also necessary from the mother to the fetus: the child will suffer from: malnutrition: The defects in mother like alcohol addiction,. smoking, malnutrition, diabetes, .endocrinal cs, small uterus and. such other problems cause many problems it ENDSL'S WORK IN GENETICS _ i Mendel (1822-1884) was the- pioneer of classical genetics. He-carricyt quantitative studies on inheritance. He published the :results‘of his, * 2 1867, Méndel chooses a garden pea plantd botanically ‘called: Pisurn om in his experiment becaus¢ of the followingreagons!; <8 = 2 o piants are easy to cultivate. e ¢ a short life cycle (one'year). ‘ . cvhere exist many easily recognizable varieties (have ‘seven’ distinct chafacters} e flowers’ are self pollinated and:cross p ulting from cross pollination are eful;, observation, he . selected sevén pair- of acters. Each trait had two forms of expréssion, ‘one. domins ollinationiis:possible.. 3 -fullysviable arid fertile. 4) ° © plants res cha! recessive as shown‘below: * oe a Trait/characters "Recessive gene Flower colour’ White = ed colour green. : . [Seed shape Wrinkled * 4. | Pod colbyr Yellow: - ; [5,[Pod shape * Constricted | 8 : | 18: Flower position ‘Terminal . a : | [7[Stem length" Dwarf/short “| &um the results of his experiments, he eame to certain conclusions which jeferred to as the Mendel's laws of heredity ic, main of tones ‘ ° .¢. the aes snd te ln of independent assortment of gonea, "St Of SeBregation of genes . MONOHYBRID CROSS + In this, Mendel crosses a strain of tall: stem pea, plant with a strain of short stem ped plant, These two strains (tall.and. short) are‘called parental generation (P1) and the progeny/offspring from such cross are called’ first filial generation or F1 generation, Mendel then observed that in these cross (between tall and short pea plants), the progeny produced:only tall. ster, no intermediate stems were found. Somehow the tall trait has masked:'the short trait! in’ Fl. Mendel also wanted to know what would:happen iin ‘future generation, So, -he:cross the FI tall plants collected their seeds and-sowed them. The plants which resulted from ‘these ‘weré ‘talland:short plants-in‘ratio of 3:1. He called these second filial orF2: generation: ”. Mendel: noted :two-important ints from his experiment: © Although the short stem trait, (recessive) disappear-in.the Fi generation, it reappears in F2-generation:,» - © When the short stem. traits’ reappearlin'F2,..itwas.vinchanged from its appearance in the P1.(tt). The suminaty-of Mendel's monohybrid cross 3 ‘shown below: Parent Pl Tall plants, Short plants. (tt) Gametes x @ @ ns . t x FI generation Tt. (all tall) . When F1 generation were self fertilized. a FI phenotype Tall Tall Fl genotype Tt x Tt Gametes x © 2 generation 1T Te tt .F2genotyperatio 1 - : re | 3 Ba F2 Phenotypic ratiosome of 1 of Se8Fe gation. op APS nee i.e. Jaw of Soerepation, "M2 °8PETiment ed to Mende Ht! OF MNES tg in eristi mene: ic air of contrastin OR a cS, only "8 which states that of @ P! ina ai ly one can b by its germinal units. oe an be represented in a gamete’ bY a cr pair of factors aileles; a (alleles; one fro TB8RISM, cach character Is controlled BY & only.one can be rom. cael ; cach parent) of a pair of ‘such alleles, Ble gamete during gamete formation. Diny1 In dityirig ee mn contrasting = Mendel crossed plants which differed in t¥0 pairs of nd wrinkled acteristics using shape and colour of seed in pe PI ants ies (Yayettow ig erround a” dominant ‘grer irinked), Yellow. and, ose) designate lominant over y=green)..A.-dominant ; parent n¢ as wae RRYY crossed: eee. A cc cavene wrinkle green designated monty All the FI produced. arp dominant characters (round 25¢ yellow). Giffersa, peeen, the Fi plants were sult crossed, the F2 give tise ‘to: four, (4) ifferent phenotypes; round yellow; round green, wrinkled yellow. and wrisked green in the ratio 9:3:3:1. This id’shown below.” Parent Pl phenotype ~ .round yellow’ “ ayritikled green PL genotype i wrin comes @GOQQ + SOOO | Using punett square [ [ "RY RY RY RY] [oy Rr Yy Rr Yy- ReYy REYY Cy 7% 7 I 7 [oy = 7 = sexwal reproduction, self and cross fertilization)'to\ improved varieties of plants nals, This is done-through inbréeding.and'out breeding of ‘species of organisms. « inbreeding (reproduction witht closely, related individuals: in. species) is used to maintain a desirable’ Jhavacteristic.in- animals while-in plants its use to caintain quantity-and quality ‘of traits. elds. E: duarding’or hunting dog, race horses, Mango -tree: or tom ito’ ‘plant ge fruit; size,. milk or meat ‘oducing cattle ete. However, inbreeding leads'to loss. ‘of vigour:({they can be ing out) by environment tal’ factcir/changes" or’ diseases ‘because of- their genetic uniformity. related caembers ‘of spépies) it is used dividuals-of a species each Having its producing: > + In out breeding (reproduction with-um tensively in plant breeding; often-two.in own advantageous trait are crossed. These. aimed at - Disease resistant varieties of crops. - Crops with improved quality of fruits. "Animal with improved meat, milk, and egg production. : - Early maturing crops and . High yielding varieties of plant. iples oftheredity-are.used in genetic counseling. IN MEDICINE: - The princi Some disease such as hemophilia (failure of blood to clot), sickle cell anemia 6wre inherited bj oN tire er ee So, the genetic counselors advise erent, helps in blood transfusion and cases of VARIATION, : To vary means differ or being unalike. Variation is the differences between oifspring and parents and among the offspring. It ig found in-all species of plants and animals. Individuals may.vary physiologically ¢-& blood groups, ability to taste some chemicals etc, physically e.g. skin color, hair.color, color BY eye cts morphinlogtoally cig alee, Welags. SEE Probie Ss and behaviourally. , ‘TYPES OF VARIATION. We can distinguish between.two type of-variati a. Discrete or discontinuous. vatiation: Tn: this type Gt variation; an individual jongs to a distinct group and there’ are-no, intermediates: groups. B:g- ability to roll a tongue, blood group, ability to taste: chemical’ (phenyl ‘thiocarbainide) ete. © Continuous variation: Here, there are many intermediates. to which 2 individual may belong: E.g. size, height, weight color; etc. "APPLIC-ATION.OF:VARIATION: nowledge of variation cén be use.in many: Ways! Knowedicine: if someone suffered injuries in a moe accident/and needed @ wT teansfasion, the doctor would have to know 12 which blood group Be/ She culongs before he ean be transfused Consider table below: [Blood group of Blood group of recipient , donor I oA -8 AB. | O° + + + + : 8 : - + + Sue + AB : Tidicates safe transfusion. indicates unsafe transfusion. Q = is universal donor while AB = is universal recipient. c . > petermination of paternity: the knowledge of blood group can also b ternity of a child. in settling.cases of disputed pa’ « crime detection: variation in finger prints is also use ye useful ful in crime detection.Herituble and Non heritable variation assed from parent to offspring while some cannot. jose! which, arise as a result of environmental yn are ome variations ean be p lon. heritable variations are food, temperature, No factors such as light ete, In contrast, Heritable variatio recombination: of genes during the results of and mutation (a change in: the: genes of @ plant oF animal at causes become different from. others: sexual segregation and 1 that reproduction causes it of its, type). mutation th be born blind. 7 alice to