Resistencia al esfuerzo cortante

• La resistencia al esfuerzo
cortante de una masa de suelo
es la resistencia interna por
unidad de área con la que la
masa de suelo Cuenta para
resistir la falla y el deslizamiento
a través de cualquier plano
dentro de él.
Resistencia al esfuerzo cortante

• Es necesario comprender la
naturaleza de la Resistencia al
corte para poder analizar
F
problemas de estabilidad de W
suelos, tales como capacidad de Wn
carga, estabilidad de taludes y la  Wt
presión lateral de estructuras de
retención de suelos.
F= Fuerza de fricción =Wn
W= Peso del suelo
Wn= Proyección normal
Wt = Proyección tangencial
 En equilibrio
𝑊𝑛 = 𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 𝑊𝑡 = 𝑊𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛽
F F= Fuerza de fricción =Wn
como W W= Peso del suelo
Wn Wn= Proyección normal
𝐹 = 𝑊𝑡 = 𝑊𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛽 𝑦 𝐹 = 𝑊𝑛 𝜇 Wt = Proyección tangencial
 Wt
entonces

𝐹 = 𝑊𝑛 𝜇 = 𝑊𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛽 σ1
Sustituyendo en µ

𝜇=
𝑊𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛽
=
𝑊𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛽
𝜇 = tan 𝛽 σn
𝑊𝑛 𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽

Sustituyendo en µ σ3
𝑊𝑡 𝐹 𝑊𝑛 𝜇 𝑊𝑛
𝜏= =𝐴= y 𝜎𝑛 =
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
Ecuaciones de Coulomb para
𝜏 = 𝜎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽 𝜏 = 𝜎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜑 suelos saturados
 
Suelo no saturado

Cohesion
Clay

Suelo saturado
 Silt

c Sand
n

C= Cohesión (Depende de la succión) G

A mayores valores de succión, el valor de la cohesion es mayor.
 Teoría del polo
Objetive. Obtain the state of stresses in any plane from Mohr’s circle
Rules:
1.- There is a single Pole for any Mohr’s circle
2.- The position of the pole is obtained by plotting the state of stresses of one surface when the normal stress and shear
are know. Then by tracing a parallel to this surface. The pole is located where this parallel cuts the circle
3.- The state of stresses of any other surface can be obtained bay traicing a parallel to this surface from the pole. The
state of stresses is located where tha paralell cuts the circle.

Sing convention for shear stress used

for construction of Mohr’s circle
 𝜎1 + 𝜎3 𝜎1 − 𝜎3
𝜎𝑛𝑓 = − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑
Strength equations 2 2

a) Saturated soils 𝜎𝑛𝑓 =

𝜎1
2
1 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑 +
𝜎3
2
1 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑 equation 2

Of the equation 1

  𝜎1 =
𝜎3 1+𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑
1−𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑
equation 3

Sustituting 3 and 2
𝜎1 − 𝜎3 𝜎3 𝜎3
2 𝜎𝑛𝑓 = 1 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑 + 1 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑
2 2
3 nf 1
n 𝜎𝑛𝑓 = 𝜎3 1 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑
𝜎1 −𝜎3
(𝜎𝑑 )𝑓 = 𝜎1 − 𝜎3 𝜏𝑓 = cosφ
2
𝜎1 − 𝜎3
𝜎1 + 𝜎3 𝜏𝑓 = cosφ
2
2 𝜎1 𝜎3
𝜏𝑓 = cos 𝜑 − cosφ
𝜎1 − 𝜎3 2 2
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑 = 𝜎 + 2 1 𝜎3 1 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑 𝜎3
1 𝜎3 𝜏𝑓 = cos 𝜑 − cosφ
2 2 1 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑 2
𝜎1 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑 + 𝜎3 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑 = 𝜎1 − 𝜎3
1 𝜎3
𝜏𝑓 = 𝜎3 𝑁𝜑 cos 𝜑 − cosφ
𝜎1 1 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑 = 𝜎3 1 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑 2 2

1
𝜎1 1+𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑 2 𝜑 𝜏𝑓 = 𝜎3 cos 𝜑 (𝑁𝜑 − 1)
= = 𝑡𝑔 45 + = 𝑁𝜑 equation 1 2
𝜎3 1−𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑 2
 Determinación de  angle
σ1

180=2+90-
σn
σ3 2=90+

 =45+/2



  90- 2=90+
3 1
n

𝜎1 + 𝜎3
2
 Direct shear test
In this test shear failure is induced through a predetermined plane of
failure of the test device

• The test equipment consists of a metal shear box in which the soil
specimen is placed. The soil specimens may be square or circular in plan.
The size of the specimens generally used is about 51 mm 51 mm or 102
mm 102 mm (2 in. 2 in. or 4 in. 4 in.) across and about 25 mm (1 in.)
high. The box is split horizontally into halves. Normal force on the
specimen is applied from the top of the shear box. Shear force is applied
by moving one-half of the box relative to the other to cause failure in the
soil specimen.
 Triaxial cell

Plano de falla O-ring

Membrana
impermeable

Probeta llevada a la
falla Piedra
porosa
Celda
triaxial
Agua

Celda de
presión Presión de poro o
Presión trasera cambios de
pedestal volumen
Trimming the soil sample
Mounting the sample
Sample in the triaxial cell
General view of the equipment
Pressure manometers
Interface air-water
Buretas
Indicador de presión de poro
 Types of triaxial test
• Stages for triaxial
• 1er Stage: consolidation: The confining stress is aplied and drains open or closed
• 2do Stage: Failure: The vertical load is aplied an drains can be open or closed

• Types of test
• 1.- Unconsolidated Undrained (UU) or quick test. Drains remains close during both stages
(uw=3). Only performed for saturated soil to obtain the apparent cohesion Cu. Used for total
stress analysis (foundations or slope stability)
2.- Consolidated Undrained (CU). Drains open during firts stage but closed on second
test ( uw is measuremed). Only performed on saturated soils to obtain 
 CU triaxial
Maximum
q=1-3 Uw
Dense sand or OC (fragil)
Residual strength NC

Loose sand or NC (ductile)

εl

OC
εl
3.- Consolidated Drained (CD). Drains remains open during both stage (uw=0). .
Performed on saturated a unsaturated soil for obtain  and c
’3=3 ’1=1
 CD triaxial
Maximum
q=1-3
Dense sand or OC (fragil) ΔV
Residual strength

Expansion
Loose sand or NC (ductile) Dense sand or OC

εl

Compression
εl Loose sand or NC
 Behavior of soil during triaxial test
a) Drained
Maximum
test  Deviator stress q= -
3
1 3
q=1-3
OC (fragil)
Residual strength

NC (ductile)
Uw=0 3 + Uw=0

𝑑ℎ
Vertical strain 𝜀𝑙 =
εl ℎ𝑜
εv
Δ𝑉
Volumetric strain 𝜀𝑣 =
Dilation 𝑉𝑜
OC

OC Overconsolidated soil
εl
NC Normally consolidated soil
Compresion
NC
 Behavior of soil during triaxial test
b) Consolidated Undrained CU Deviator stress q=1-3
Maximum 3
q=1-3
OC (fragil)
Residual strength

NC (ductile)
Uw=0 3 + Uw

𝑑ℎ
Vertical strain 𝜀𝑙 =
εl ℎ𝑜
Uw

NC

εl

OC
 Stress path in the (p,q) axis drained test uw=0

q=1-3 Deviator stress

𝜎1 +2𝜎3
p= Mean Stress (2=3)
3
Stress path
𝑑𝑞 𝑑 𝜎1 − 𝜎3
= =3
𝑑𝑝 𝑑 𝜎1 + 2𝜎3
3
3
1

P
Stress path in the (p,q) axis undrained test
q=1-3 Deviator stress
𝜎1 +2𝜎3
p= Mean Stress (2=3)
3

𝜎′1 = 𝜎1 − 𝑢𝑤
𝜎′3 = 𝜎3 − 𝑢𝑤
q’=(1 −𝑢𝑤 ) – (3 −𝑢𝑤 )

q’=1-3 = q

𝜎1 + 2𝜎3 𝜎1 − 𝑢𝑤 + 2 𝜎3 − 𝑢𝑤 𝜎1 − 𝑢𝑤 + 2𝜎3 − 2𝑢𝑤

p′ = = =
3 3 3
𝜎1 + 2𝜎3 − 3𝑢𝑤
p′ = = 𝑃 − 𝑢𝑤
3

𝑑𝑞 𝑑 𝜎1 − 𝜎3
= =3
𝑑𝑝 𝑑 𝜎1 + 2𝜎3
3
Total and effective stress path in CU test for normally consolidated (NC) and Overcosolidated (OC)

Total stress u

Effective stress OC

3
u
NC
1

P
Strength equations 𝜎1 = 𝜎3
1 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑
+ 2𝑐
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑
1 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑 1 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑 equation 1
b) Unsaturated soils
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜑 1 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝜑
= = =
 
1 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑 1 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑 1 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑

1 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑 (1 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑) (1 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑)

= = 𝑁𝜑 equation 2
𝜎1 − 𝜎3 1 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑 1 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑 1 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑
C 2
𝑐 3 nf 1 1 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑 𝜑
𝑡𝑔𝜑
n 1 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑
= 𝑡𝑔2 45 +
2
= 𝑁𝜑 equation 3
(𝜎𝑑 )𝑓 = 𝜎1 − 𝜎3
𝜎1 + 𝜎3 𝑐 Sustituting 2 and 3 in 1
+
2 𝑡𝑔𝜑
𝜎1 − 𝜎3 𝜎1 = 𝜎3 𝑁𝜑 + 2𝑐 𝑁𝜑
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑 = 𝜎 + 𝜎2 𝑐
1 3
+
2 𝑡𝑔𝜑
𝜎1 + 𝜎3 𝜎1 − 𝜎3
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑 + 𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 =
2 2
𝜎1 + 𝜎3 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑 + 2𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 = 𝜎1 − 𝜎3

𝜎1 1 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑 = 𝜎3 1 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜑 + 2𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑