 

Subject : KZ©©v
evev n‡jb evwoi KZ©v, evwoi hveZxq `vwqZ¡ DwbB cvjb K‡ib| eo mv‡ne Awd‡mi KZ©v, Awd‡mi hveZxq `vwqZ¡ DwbB cvjb
K‡ib| wVK †Zgwb, Subject n‡jv ev‡K¨i KZ©v, ev‡K¨i hveZxq KvR Subject B K‡i _v‡K|
GKwU ev‡K¨ GKvwaK KZ©v _vK‡Z cv‡i, †hgb - I, We, You, He/She, It, They, XYZ.
I - Avwg
We - Avgiv
You - Zzwg/‡Zvgiv/Avcwb/Avcbviv/ZzB/‡Zviv
He/She - ‡m
They - Zviv
It - Bnv
This - GwU/Bnv

GB Subject ¸‡jv‡K Avevi Person I Number Abyhvqx fvM Kiv hvq|

Number
Singular Plural
st
1 Person I We
Person

2nd Person You You

3rd Person Jonak, Sabina, He/She, Pen, Book, It, This They, These, Jonak and Sabina

Verb

Auxiliary Principal

Simple Modal Present Past PP

am/is/are Can/May/Might - cviv

Be Verb
was/were Could - cviZvg
do/does Should - DwPZ
Do Verb
did Should have - DwPZ wQj
have/has Must - Aek¨B
Have Verb
had Had better - eis DwPZ
wKfv‡e GKwU Verb Subject Gi Number, Person I Tense ‡f‡` e¨envi nq -
Be Verb
Do Verb Have Verb
(am/is/are/was/were/will
(do/does/did) (have/has/had)
be)
Present Past Future Present Past Present Past
I am was
do have
We/You/They/X and Y are were will be did had will
He/She/It/X is was does has

1
Object: Sentence Gi GB Ask Sentence Gi verb Gi djvdj eY©bv K‡i|
‡hgb t
Joseph writes novels. (GLv‡b Joseph wK wj‡L cªkœ Ki‡j Dˇi novels Av‡m, ‡mwUB n‡jv Object)
Children play. (GLv‡b Children wK ‡L‡j cªkœ Ki‡j Dˇi wKQzB cvIqv hvq bv, ZvB ev‡K¨ Object bvB)

Object

Direct object Indirect object

Flower, Pen, Book, Water, Table Me, Us, You, Him, Them, It, X

Avgiv ‰`bw›`b A‡bK evK¨B e¨envi K‡i _vwK, Gi g‡a¨ wKQz ev‡K¨ Action= KvR _v‡K | Avevi, wKQz ev‡K¨ Action = KvR
_v‡K bv, G ai‡Yi evK¨‡K Avgiv Non-Action evK¨ ewj| evK¨ MVY Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡gB Avgv‡`i Rvb‡Z n‡e ev‡K¨ KvR Av‡Q
wK bv|
‡Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ Verb(Action= KvR) Av‡Q wK bv, Zv Rvb‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡gB evK¨‡K ÓwK Kiv nq?Ó cÖkœ Ki‡Z nq|
 cÖ‡kœi Dˇi hv cvIqv hv‡e, †mwUB ev‡K¨i Verb, Ges Verb wU Action Verb n‡e |
 Avi Dˇi wKQz bv cvIqv ‡M‡j ev‡K¨i Verb wU Non-Action n‡e|

wKfv‡e GKwU Sentence-Gi Subject, Verb wbY©q Kiv hvq -

‡hgb, Avwg dzj Zzwj|
wK Kiv nq? - Zzwj Pluck
‡K K‡i? - Avwg I
wK Zzwj? - dzj Flowers
A_©vr,
evK¨‡K Ò‡KÓ w`‡q cÖkœ Ki‡j Subject cvIqv hvq
evK¨‡K ÒwK Kwi/Kiv nqÓ w`‡q cÖkœ Ki‡j Verb cvIqv hvq
evK¨‡K ÒwK+ Verb/Kv‡K+ VerbÓ w`‡q cÖkœ Ki‡j Object cvIqv hvq

Avgiv Rvwb, Bs‡iwR‡Z †ewkifvM evK¨ “Subject  Verb  Object” wbqg †g‡b P‡j|
Zvn‡j,
Avwg dzj Zzwj| I pluck flowers.

2
‡Kvb e¨w³i/e¯‘i cwiPq, Ae¯’v, mvgwqK Ae¯’vb Ges ¸Y eySv‡Z Avgiv Be Verb Z_v, am/is/are/was/were/will be
e¨envi K‡i _vwK|

cwiPq cwiPq cwiPq

fwel¨Z
Ae¯’v Ae¯’v Ae¯’v
eZ©gvb

AZxZ
am/is/are was/were will be
mvgwqK Ae¯’vb mvgwqK Ae¯’vb mvgwqK Ae¯’vb
¸Y ¸Y ¸Y

Avwg GKRb QvÎ| I am a student. I was a student.

Avgiv dzUejvi| We are footballers. We were footballers.
wZwb GKRb Wv³vi| He is a doctor. He was a doctor.
cwiPq
‡m Avgvi PvPvZ ‡evb| She is my cousin. She was my cousin.
Zviv Zvi eÜy| They are his friends. They were his friends.
GUv GKUv Kjg| It is a pen. It was a pen.
Avwg `wi`ª| I am poor. I was poor.
Avgiv K¬všÍ| We are tired. We were tired.
wZwb Amy¯’| He is sick. He was sick.
Ae¯’v ‡m fvj Av‡Q| She is fine. She was fine.
Zviv abx| They are rich. They were rich.
GUv Mig| It is hot. It was hot.
Avwg wm‡j‡U AvwQ| I am in Sylhet. I was in Sylhet.
Avgiv gv‡V AvwQ| We are in the field. We were in the field.
Ae¯’vb wZwb Wv³v‡ii †P¤^v‡i Av‡Qb| He is in doctor’s chamber. He was in doctor’s chamber.
(mvgwqK) ‡m Zvi eÜzi N‡i Av‡Q| She is in her friend’s house. She was in her friend’s house.
Zviv evm ÷‡c Av‡Q| They are in the bus stop. They were in the bus stop.
KjgwU †Uwe‡ji Dc‡i Av‡Q| The pen is on the table. The pen was on the table.
Avwg mr| I am honest. I was honest.
Avgiv `qvjy| We are kind. We were kind.
‡m PvjvK| He is clever. He was clever.
¸Y ‡m my›`ix| She is beautiful. She was beautiful.
Zviv m„Rbkxj| They are creative. They were creative.
GwU GKwU jvj Kjg| This is a red pen. This was a red pen.

Contraction Contraction Contraction

I am I'm am not am not had not hadn't
He is He's is not isn't do not don't
You are You're are not aren't does not doesn't
They are They're was not wasn't did not didn't
She will She'll were not weren't cannot can't
It is It's will not won't could not couldn't
I have I've have not haven't should not shouldn't
Who are Who're has not hasn't would not wouldn't

3
Practice : am/is/are
My aunt ______________ nice. She ______________ Khadiza.
The clouds ______________ white. The grass ______________ green.
Kathy ______________ sick. The juice ______________ cold.
The ribbons ______________ yellow. The ribbon ______________ blue.
We ______________ twins. The fridge ______________ in the kitchen.
The windows ______________ open. My uncle ______________bald.
Colton and Cody ______________ brothers. She ______________ upstairs.
We ______________ teachers. They ______________lazy.
It ______________ a French book. You ______________tired.
You ______________ very smart. She ______________ student.

Practice : was/were
The candles ______________ on the table. The pool ______________ small.
It ______________ a good story. Chris ______________ in the café with Sam.
They ______________ awake. The printer ______________ broken.
He ______________ in the shower. The teachers ______________ in the office.
The bowls ______________ in the cupboard. We ______________ at the library.
My sister ______________ outside. The soup ______________hot and spicy.
The keys ______________ in the car. The eggs ______________ on the counter.
We ______________ teachers. They ______________my roommates.
The flowers______________ in the vase. Sam and Jonak ______________ in my office.
You ______________ at the wedding. The exam ______________ easy.

Practice : will be
He ______________ a policeman. She ______________ fine.
I ______________ in Dhaka. The mall ______________ empty.
It ______________ cold this week. The curry ______________ tasty.
We ______________ rich. It ______________ enough.
They ______________ doctor. The car ______________ in the garage.
The windows ______________ opened. The bucket ______________full of mangoes.
Colton and Cody ______________ friends. The dryer ______________ black in color.
The cat ______________ black. They ______________ good citizens.

4
‡Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ Verb(Action= KvR) Av‡Q wK bv, Zv Rvb‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡gB evK¨‡K ÓwK Kiv nq?Ó cÖkœ Ki‡Z nq|
 cÖ‡kœi Dˇi hv cvIqv hv‡e, †mwUB ev‡K¨i Verb, Ges Verb wU Action Verb n‡e |
 Avi Dˇi wKQz bv cvIqv ‡M‡j ev‡K¨i Verb wU Non-Action n‡e|

Note :
 Present Indefinite Tense-G Subject 3rd Person Ges Singular number (He/She, It, XYZ) n‡j Verb-Gi
Present form-Gi mv‡_ “s” w`‡Z nq|
‡hgb - eat-eats, play-plays, show-shows, run-runs.
 †h Verb-Gi Present form †k‡l ss/sh/ch/x/z/o _vK‡e †m¸‡jvi mv‡_ “es” w`‡Z nq|
‡hgb - bless-blesses, wish-wishes, touch-touches, mix-mixes, buzz-buzzes, go-goes.
 †h Verb-Gi Present form †k‡l consonant + y _vK‡e †m¸‡jvi ‡ÿ‡Î y Gi cwie‡Z© “ies” w`‡Z nq|
‡hgb - study-studies, fly-flies, cry-cries, dry-dries, try-tries.

I play cricket. I go to market. I teach English. I study English.

We play cricket. We go to market. We teach English. We study English.
You play cricket. You go to market. You teach English. You study English.
They play cricket. They go to market. They teach English. They study English.
Raju plays cricket. Raju goes to market. Raju teaches English. Raju studies English.
s/es/ie

He plays cricket. He goes to market. He teaches English. He studies English.

It plays cricket. It goes to market. It teaches English. It studies English.
s

Practice –
1. ‡m mKv‡j 5 wK‡jvwgUvi †`Šovq|
2. Avwg evsjv‡`k wµ‡KU `‡ji ‡Ljv †`wL|
3. gvneye mv‡ne cÖ‡Z¨Kw`b †KviAvb †ZjvIqvZ K‡ib|
4. wZwb †ivR mܨvq m¨v‡ii evmvq hvb|
5. Avgiv weKv‡j dzUej †Lwj|
6. Zzwg eB co‡Z Lye fvjev‡mv|
7. Zviv cÖwZ mßv‡n Zv‡`i GjvKv cwi®‹vi K‡i|

wb‡Pi Øviv evK¨ ˆZwi Kiæb

Base Present Tense Present Past Past
rd
Form (3 Person Singular) Participle Tense Participle

Abide (‡g‡b Pjv) Abides Abiding Abode Abode

Abuse (Ace¨envi Kiv) Abuses Abusing Abused Abused

Accuse (Awfhy³ Kiv) Accuses Accusing Accused Accused

Advise (Dc‡`k †`Iqv) Advises Advising Advised Advised

Agree (GKgZ nIqv) Agrees Agreeing Agreed Agreed

Allow (AbygwZ †`Iqv) Allows Allowing Allowed Allowed

Answer (DËi †`Iqv) Answers Answering Answered Answered

Appear (cÖKvwkZ nIqv) Appears Appearing Appeared Appeared

5
 Apply (Av‡e`b Kiv) Applies Applying Applied Applied

Appoint (wb‡qvM Kiv) Appoints Appointing Appointed Appointed

Argue (ZK© Kiv) Argues Arguing Argued Argued

Arise (DVv) Arises Arising Arose Arisen

Arrive (‡cuŠQv) Arrives Arriving Arrived Arrived

Attend (AskMÖnY Kiv) Attends Attending Attended Attended

Awake (RvMÖZ _vKv) Awakes Awaking Awoke Awoke

(Allow) AbygwZ ‡`Iqv - Avwg Zv‡K evwo hvIqvi AbygwZ †`B|

6
mvaviYZt GKwU ev‡K¨ 5 wU Style cwijwÿZ nq| †hgb -
1 n¨v-†evaK
2 bv-†evaK

5 Styles
3 cÖk†œ evaK
4 bv-†evaK cÖkœ
5 3/4 Gi c~‡e© WH
Style 1:
‡h †Kvb mvaviY n¨v †evaK evK¨|
‡hgb : You are a student. (Non-action) You play football. (Action)

Style 2: Auxi. Verb + Not

ev‡K¨i Verb wU Non-action _vK‡j
 Present Tense Gi †ÿ‡Î -
You are a student. am/is/are + not hy³ n‡q You are not a student. n‡e|
I have a motorbike. do/does not + have hy³ n‡q I do not have a motorbike. n‡e|
 Past Tense Gi †ÿ‡Î -
You were a student. was/were + not hy³ n‡q You were not a student. n‡e|
I had a car. did not + have hy³ n‡q I did not have a car. n‡e|
 Future Tense Gi †ÿ‡Î -
You will be a student. will + not + be hy³ n‡q You will not be a student. n‡e|

ev‡K¨i Verb wU Action _vK‡j

 Present Tense Gi †ÿ‡Î -
You play football. do/does + not hy³ n‡q You do not play football. n‡e|
 Past Tense Gi †ÿ‡Î -
You played football. did not + Verb Gi Present You did not play football. n‡e|
form n‡q
 Future Tense Gi †ÿ‡Î -
You will play football. will not hy³ n‡q You will not play football. n‡e|

Style 3: Auxi. Verb Subject Gi c~‡e©

ev‡K¨i Verb wU Non-action _vK‡j
 Present Tense Gi †ÿ‡Î -
You are a student. am/is/are Subject Gi c~‡e© G‡m Are you a student? n‡e|
I have a motorbike. do/does Subject Gi c~‡e© G‡m + Do I have a motorbike? n‡e|
have hy³ n‡q
 Past Tense Gi †ÿ‡Î -
You were a student. was/were Subject Gi c~‡e© G‡m Were you a student? n‡e|
I had a car. did Subject Gi c~‡e© G‡m + have Did I have a car? n‡e|
hy³ n‡q
 Future Tense Gi †ÿ‡Î -
You will be a student. will Subject Gi c~‡e© Ges be Will you be a student? n‡e|
Subject Gi c‡i G‡m
7
ev‡K¨i Verb wU Action _vK‡j
 Present Tense Gi †ÿ‡Î -
You play football. do/does Subject Gi c~‡e© e‡m Do you play football? n‡e|
 Past Tense Gi †ÿ‡Î -
You played football. did Subject Gi c~‡e© G‡m + Verb Did you play football? n‡e|
Gi Present form n‡q
 Future Tense Gi †ÿ‡Î -
You will play football. will Subject Gi c~‡e© e‡m Will you play football? n‡e|

Style 4: Auxi. Verb-Gi mv‡_ Not hy³ n‡q Subject Gi c~‡e©

ev‡K¨i Verb wU Non-action _vK‡j
 Present Tense Gi †ÿ‡Î -
You are a student. am/is/are + not Subject Gi c~‡e© Are not you a student? n‡e|
e‡m
I have a motorbike. do/does + not Subject Gi c~‡e© Do not I have a motorbike?
G‡m + have hy³ n‡q n‡e|
 Past Tense Gi †ÿ‡Î -
You were a student. was/were + not Subject Gi Were not you a student? n‡e|
c~‡e© e‡m
I had a car. did not Subject Gi c~‡e© G‡m + Did not I have a car? n‡e|
have hy³ n‡q
 Future Tense Gi †ÿ‡Î -
You will be a student. will + not Subject Gi c~‡e© Ges Will not you be a student? n‡e|
be Subject Gi c‡i G‡m

ev‡K¨i Verb wU Action _vK‡j

 Present Tense Gi †ÿ‡Î -
You play football. do/does + not Subject Gi c~‡e© Do not you play football? n‡e|
e‡m
 Past Tense Gi †ÿ‡Î -
You played football. did + not Subject Gi c~‡e© G‡m + Did not you play football? n‡e|
Verb Gi Present form n‡q
 Future Tense Gi †ÿ‡Î -
You will play football. will + not Subject Gi c~‡e© e‡m Will not you play football? n‡e|

Style 5: 3/4 Style Gi c~‡e© WH

What Kx? Which + Noun ‡KvbwU? Which way ‡Kvb w`‡K?
Why ‡Kb? Whose + Noun KviwU? Who †K?
Why not ‡Kb bq? How many KZ¸wj? Whom Kv‡K?
Where ‡Kv_vq? How much KZUzKz? What if wK n‡e hw`?
From Where ‡Kv_v †_‡K/n‡Z? How far KZ`~i? Who else Avi †K?
When KLb? How long KZÿY? With whom Kvi mv‡_?
How wKfv‡e? How often KZevi? Without whom Kv‡K Qvov?
*** How, Whose, Who, Whom GB 4-wUi D”PviY ïiæ n‡e ÒnÓ w`‡q Ges evwK me ïiæ n‡e ÒAÓ w`‡q|

8
 Non-action Action
1. She is a poet. 1. He plays football.
2. She is not a poet. 2. He doesn’t play football.
3. Is she a poet? 3. Does he play football?
4. Isn’t she a poet? 4. Doesn’t he play football?
5. What if is she a poet? 5. Where does he play football?
5. Why isn’t she doctor? 5. Where doesn’t he play football?

wb‡Pi k㸇jv w`‡q evK¨ ‰Zwi Kiæb -

Simple Present
Simple Past Past
Base Form Tense (3rd Person Present Participle
Tense Participle
Singular)

Bear (mn¨ Kiv) Bears Bearing Bore Born

Beat (cÖnvi Kiv) Beats Beating Beat Beaten

Begin (ïiæ Kiv) Begins Beginning Began Begun

Bind (evuavB Kiv) Binds Binding Bound Bound

Bite (`skb Kiv) Bites Biting Bit Bitten

Bleed (i³ Siv) Bleeds Bleeding Bled Bled

Blow (dzu †`Iqv) Blows Blowing Blew Blown

Break (fv½v) Breaks Breaking Broke Broken

Breed (eske„w× Kiv) Breeds Breeding Bred Bred

Bring (wb‡q Avmv) Brings Bringing Brought Brought

9
 About
1. wel‡q t
Avwg Zvi m¤^‡Ü mewKQz Rvwb|
I know everything about him.

2. cÖvq t
wb‡Pi AB `vMwUi ‰`N©, aiv hvK, 6 BwÂ| CD `vMwU AB Gi †P‡q mvgvb¨ †QvU, A_©vr cÖvq Gi mgvb|
A B

C D
CD `vMwU cÖvq 6 Bw j¤^v|
The CD line is about 6 inch long.

3. Dcj‡ÿ t
ivRxe †mB NUbvi Dcj‡ÿ Avgv‡`i evwo‡Z G‡mwQj|
Rajib came to our house about that matter.

At
1. ¯’vb t ‡Kvb ¯’v‡bi wbw`©ó †Kvb Ae¯’vb‡K eySv‡Z|
wZwb ‡gvnv¤§`cy‡i _v‡Kb|
He lives at Mohammedpur.

2. mgq t wbw`©ó mgq

‡m 5 Uvq Avm‡e|
He will come at 5 P.M.

3. w`‡K t A
KzKziwU Avgvi w`‡K †ND †ND K‡iwQj|
The dog barked at me.
‡m Avgvi Dci wPrKvi K‡iwQj|
He shouted at me.

4. gvÎv/MwZ t
MvwowU N›Uvq 100 gvBj †e‡M P‡j|
The car runs at 100 miles per hour.

5. `ÿZv t
‡m KzwUi wk‡í `ÿ|
She is expert at hadicrafts.

By
1. cv‡k t mnve¯’vb|
‡m Avgvi cv‡k e‡mwQj|
He sat by me.

10
2. KvQvKvwQ mg‡q, bvMv` t
‡m 5 Uv bvMv` wdi‡e|
He will return by 5 P.M.

3. gva¨‡g t KZ©v †Kvb KvR mivmwi bv K‡i c‡ivÿfv‡e Kiv‡”Q eySv‡Z|

KvRwU Zv‡K w`‡q Kiv‡bv n‡qwQj|
The work was done by him.

4. Abymv‡i t
Avgvi Nwo Abymv‡i GLb ivZ 10Uv|
It’s now 1 p.m. by my watch.

5. kc_ Kivi †ÿ‡Î t

Avwg Avjøvn&&i bv‡g kc_ KiwQ|
I swear by the name Allah.

6. gva¨g eySv‡Z t
‡m mvcwU‡K jvwV w`‡q †g‡i‡Q|
He killed the snake by a stick.
Avgiv †mLv‡b †bŠKv w`‡q wM‡qwQjvg|
We went there by a boat.

7. Rb¥myÎ eySv‡Z t
Avwg Rb¥my‡Î evsjv‡`kx|
I am a Bangladeshi by birth.

In
1. ¯’vb t †Kvb ¯’v‡bi g‡a¨ Ae¯’vb eySv‡bvi ‡ÿ‡Î|
Avwg XvKvq evm Kwi|
I live in Dhaka.

2. mgqKvjt ‡m‡KÛ/wgwbU/N›Uv/w`b/mßvn/gvm/eQi/mvj/FZz
‡m 1 N›Uvi g‡a¨ Avm‡e|
He will come in an hour.

3. Ae¯’v t †Kvb wKQzi Ae¯’v eySv‡Z|

hš¿wU fvj Ae¯’vq Av‡Q|
The machine is in good condition.

Of
1. D™¢zZ t esk/RvwZ/DcKiY
wZwb GKwU fvj cwievi †_‡K G‡m‡Qb|
He came of a good family.
evwowU B‡Ui ‰Zwi|
The house is made of brick.

2. gvwjKvbv ev `L‡j eySv‡Z t

wZwb GB Rwgi gvwjK|
He is the owner of this land.

11
 On
1. DcwiZ‡j ¯úk© t
‡Uwe‡ji Dci eBwU iv‡Lv|
Put the book on the table.

2. wbw`©ó w`b ev ZvwiL t

wZwb G gv‡mi 15 Zvwi‡L Avm‡eb|
He will come on 15th of this month.

3. wel‡q t
wZwb e¨vKiY wel‡q ev e¨vKi‡Yi Dci GKwU PgrKvi eB wj‡LwQ‡jb|
He wrote an excellent book on grammar.

To
1. w`K, `~i ‡_‡K †Kvb wbw`©ó w`‡K t
Avwg wm‡jU hvw”Q|
I’m going to Sylhet.

2. ch©šÍ t
Avwg †kl ch©šÍ j‡o hve|
I will fight till to the end.

3. cÖwZ t
`wi`ª‡`i cÖwZ m`q nI|
Be kind to the poor.

With
1. mv‡_ t
†m Avgvi mv‡_ _v‡K|
He lives with me.

2. Dci t
Avgvi Dci ivM Ki‡eb bv|
Don’t be angry with me.

12
 above – w¯’i Ae¯’vq _v‡K|
over - PjšÍ Ae¯’vq _v‡K|
on

into, through, across

beside

in

under

On : hLb †Kvb e¯‘ †Kvb wKQz‡K ¯úk© K‡i Dc‡i _v‡K|

Example : The cup is on the table.

Over : hLb †Kvb e¯‘ †Kvb wKQz‡K ¯úk© bv K‡i Dc‡i PjšÍ Ae¯’vq _v‡K|
Example : The plane is flying over the buildings.

Above : hLb †Kvb e¯‘ †Kvb wKQz‡K ¯úk© bv K‡i Dc‡i w¯’i Ae¯’vq _v‡K|
Example : The fan is above my head.

Through : hLb †Kvb e¯‘ †Kvb wKQzi ga¨ w`‡q hvq|

Example : He ran through the field.

Into : ‡Kvb wKQz †Kvb wbw`©ó ¯’v‡bi wfZ‡i †cŠu‡Q‡Q|

Example : Sabina reached into school.

In : †Kvb ¯’v‡bi ‡fZ‡i Ae¯’vb Kivi †ÿ‡Î|

†hgb t Avwg XvKvq evm Kwi|
Example : I live in Dhaka.

Beside : †Kvb ¯’v‡bi cv‡k Ae¯’vb Kivi †ÿ‡Î|

†hgb t ‡m Avgvi cv‡k e‡mwQj|
He sat beside me.

Under : †Kvb ¯’v‡bi wb‡P Ae¯’vb Kivi †ÿ‡Î|

†hgb t ejwU Lv‡Ui wb‡P Av‡Q|
The ball is under the bed.

13
In, on, at – in > eo ¯’vb/mgq country = month/year
on > gvSvwi ¯’vb/mgq city = day/date
at > ‡QvU ¯’vb/mgq part of city = point in time

He came at 5 p.m. on Sunday in January, 2018.

He lives at Upton Park on East London in England.
He gets up at 5 a.m. in the morning.
Note : mg‡qi Av‡M at em‡j at-Gi ci the e‡m bv, wKš‘ in em‡j H in-Gi ci the em‡e|

In , into – in > MwZnxb

into > MwZkxj

When we were in the room they came into it.

In, within – in > end of a period of time = mg‡qi †kl

within > during a period of time = mg‡qi g‡a¨

He will come in a week.

He will come within a week.

By, with – by > hvi Øviv N‡U

with > hv Øviv N‡U

The snake was killed by the boy with a stick.

14
ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b Z_v wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡cY‚ © fve cÖKv‡ki †¶‡Î Avgiv Ggb wKQz evK¨ Anin e¨envi Kwi †h ¸‡jv‡K Bs‡iRx‡Z Abzev`
Ki‡Z n‡j ev‡K¨i cÖ_‡gB there/it kãwU‡K e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| G¸‡jv‡K ‘dummy subject’ ev, ‘empty subject’ ejv nq|
ZvQvovI there/it -Gi Ab¨vb¨ e¨enviI i‡q‡Q hv †Kvb As‡k Kg ¸iæZ¡cY‚ © bq|
Introductory 'there'
Some interesting points
 Introductory 'there' ev, 'it' †h ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ nq mvaviYZ Zvi verb nq be-verb.
 ‡Kvb ev‡K¨B 'there' ev, 'it'-Gi †Kvb A_© †bB| ïaz evK¨ ¸‡jv ïiæ Kivi Kv‡R 'there' ev, 'it' mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q| Avi
GR‡b¨B G‡K e‡j introductory (m‚Pbvg‚jK ev-ÁvcK) 'there' ev, 'it' Gi KvR ïaz †Kvb evK¨‡K ïiæ Kiv|
 cÖwZwU ev‡K¨B subject nj ÒAwbw`©ó ev indefinite. wbw`©ó K‡i ezSv‡”Q Ggb †Kvb subject _vK‡j ZLb 'there' ev, 'it'-
e¨eüZ n‡e bv|
†hgbt ‡Uwe‡ji Dci GKwU eB Av‡Q = There is a book on the table.
GKwU eB wKš‘ ÒwKÓ ev Ò‡KvbÓ eBwU Zv ejv nqwb|
wKš‘ hw` evK¨wU nq wbgœiƒc Zvn‡j Zv †Kgb n‡e †`Lyb -
eBwU †Uwe‡ji Dci Av‡Q = (The book is on the table)
There is the book on the table †jLv hv‡e bv|
There Gi ci is /are/was/were †KvbwU em‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i GB verb-Gi cieZ©x subject Gi number Gi Dci|
Subject wU plural n‡j be-verb wU n‡e plural Ges singular n‡j be-verb wU n‡e singular.
Note:

There could have been = _vK‡Z cviZ

There might have been = _vKv m¤¢e wQj (=_vK‡ZI cviZ)
There may not be = bvI _vK‡Z cv‡i
There should not be = _vKv DwPZ bq
There should have been = _vKv DwPZ wQj

wb‡Pi evK¨ wZbwU ‡`Lyb -

(Rahim lives in this village) iwng GB MÖv‡g _v‡K|
(There are tigers in this jungle) GB e‡b evN _v‡K/Av‡Q|
(There was a mistake in this letter) GB wPwV‡Z GKwU fzj wQj|

15
GKwU wRwbm wK j¶¨ K‡i‡Qb? cÖwZwU ev‡K¨i wµqv (verb) nj Ò_vKvÓ| GB Ò_vKvÓ verb Gi Avevi wewfbœ iƒc _vK‡Z cv‡i;
†hgbt

wb‡Pi evK¨¸‡jv coyb Ges cÖwZwU ev‡K¨ wP‡Î cÖ`wk©Z GKwU verb Av‡Q wKbv Zv †`Lyb-
i. GB cyKz‡i gvQ †bB|
ii. GB cvwb‡Z RxevYy _vK‡Z cv‡i| Aw¯ÍZ¡ _vKv
iii. H `yaUzKz Zv‡K w`‡j †Kb? I‡Z RxevYy _vK‡Z cviZ|
iv. GB GjvKvq GKwU fvj ¯‹zj _vKv DwPZ| Aew¯’Z ev Aw¯ÍZ¡ _vKv
v. Zzwg hZ fvjfv‡eB †jLbv †Kb, iPbvwU‡Z fzj _vK‡e| Aw¯ÍZ¡ _vKv
vi. GLv‡b GKwU mfv n‡e| Aw¯ÍZ¡ _vKv, wKšÍ GLbI Aw¯ÍZ¡ cvqwb, cv‡e
vii. GK †`‡k wQj (wQ‡jb) GK ivRv| Aw¯ÍZ¡ _vKv
viii. ‡mLv‡b †KD wQj bv| Aw¯ÍZ¡ _vKv
ix. GB kn‡i GKwU hv`zNi Av‡Q| Aw¯ÍZ¡ _vKv A_©vr ‡Kvb ¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z _vKv
x. iwng GB MÖv‡g _v‡K| evm Kiv

_vKv = evm Kiv n‡j †m‡¶‡Î Bs‡iRx verb wU n‡e live.

wKš‘ _vKv = Aw¯ÍZ¡ _vKv Ges Aew¯’Z/¯’vwcZ _vKv A‡_© Introductory 'there' e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|

16
Gevi Zvn‡j evK¨ ¸‡jvi Bs‡iRx Abyev` †`Lyb-
i. There is no fish in this pond.
ii. There may be germs in this water.
iii. Why did you give him that milk? There might be germs in it.
iv. There should be a good school in this town.
v. How well you write, there will be mistakes in the essay.
vi. There will be a meeting here.
vii. There was a king in a country.
viii. There was no person there.
ix. There is a museum in this city.
x. Rahim lives in this village. (there-n‡ebv)

wbw`©ó wKQz terms Av‡Q hv‡`i cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Aek¨B it e¨envi n‡q _v‡K|
†hgb -
Time : Tide :
It is 8’o clock. It’s high-tide in the sea.
It’s late. It’s low-tide in the sea.
It’s high time for business.
It’s the time to start.

Temperature : Distance :
It’s very hot today. It’s far from here.
It’s unbearable hot. It’s not far.

It’s easy.
It’s difficult.

It + seems + to me that………… (Avgvi g‡b nq)

It seems to me that he will cry.
It seems to me that he is asleep.
Practice:
1. Wªqv‡i GKwU Kjg Av‡Q| 2. Avgvi c‡K‡U UvKv wQj bv| 3. Zvi Rxe‡b †Kvb Avkv †bB|
4. U¨vw¼‡Z cvwb †bB| 5. Avgvi g‡b nq †m Avm‡e bv| 6. Agvi g‡b nq †jvKwU avwg©K I mr|

Complete the sentences with is/are/was/were and is/are/was/were not depending on whether the
noun directly following the verb is singular or plural.

There ________ many stars in the sky. There ________ frogs on the lily pads.
There ________ a beehive in the garage. There ________ a windmill in the field.
There________ enough proof. ________ there a prize for me?
There________ a small airport outside the city. ________ there a manager in the restaurant?
There ________ many cars on the ferry. ________ there a bus stop at the corner?
There________ enough time to do the work. ________ there many divers in the ocean?

17
 g-Z-j-e
evsjv ev‡K¨i Verb-Gi †k‡li Aÿi hw` Òg/Z/jÓ nq Zvn‡j “Past Tense”
evsjv ev‡K¨i Verb-Gi †k‡li Aÿi hw` ÒeÓ nq Zvn‡j “Future Tense”
evsjv ev‡K¨i Verb-Gi †k‡li Aÿi hw` Òg-Z-j-eÓ Qvov Ab¨ wKQz nq Zvn‡j “Present Tense”

Note :
1. e¨wZµg - Zzwj, ewj, Pwj, †Lwj = Present Tense.

2. mvaiYZt Past Indefinite-Gi Style 2 evK¨wU evsjvq wZb fv‡e ejv hvq|
†hgb t - K. Zzwj wb L. Zzwj bvB M. Zz‡jwQjvg bv|
‡h‡nZz cÖ_g evK¨wU Avgiv †ewk e¨envi K‡i _vwK, ZvB g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e - j/g + wb = Past Indefinite Tense
wb _vK‡j Present Perfect Tense I nq|

wbZ¨ = Indefinite
wbZ¨ = cwo, awi, Kwi, Avwm, hvB, LvB
wbZ¨ + j/g = cwoqvwQjvg/c‡owQjvg
wbZ¨ + e = cwoe/coe

wbZ¨ wbZ¨ + j/g wbZ¨ + e

Avwg wPwV wjwL Avwg wPwV wj‡LwQjvg Avwg wPwV wjLe
Avwg evwo hvB Avwg evwo wM‡qwQjvg Avwg evwo hve
‡m Bs‡iwR wk‡L ‡m Bs‡iwR wk‡LwQj ‡m Bs‡iwR wkL‡e
Zviv dzUej †L‡j Zviv dzUej †L‡jwQj Zviv dzUej †Lj‡e
Acy eB c‡o Acy eB c‡owQj Acy eB co‡e
Avwg bvgvR cwo Avwg bvgvR c‡owQjvg Avwg bvgvR coe
wZwb KvR K‡ib wZwb KvR K‡iwQ‡jb wZwb KvR Ki‡eb
Avwg gvQ awi Avwg gvQ a‡iwQjvg Avwg gvQ aie
‡m fvZ Lvq ‡m fvZ ‡L‡qwQj ‡m fvZ Lv‡e

Present Past Future

Indefinite S+V+O S + V-past + O S + Will + V + O
S + will be +
Continuous S + am/is/are + V-ing + O S + was/were + V-ing + O
V-ing + O
S + had + V-pp + before +
S + have/has + S + V-Past S + will have +
Perfect
V-pp + O S + V-Past + after + S + V-pp + O
had + V-pp
S have/has been + V-ing S + had been + S + will have been + V-
Perfect Continuous
+O V-ing + O ing + O

Practical Use
Present Past Future
Indefinite I eat rice. I ate rice. I will eat rice.
Continuous I am eating rice. I was eating rice.
Perfect I have eaten rice.

18
 S+V+O
eZ©gv‡bi †Kvb Af¨vmMZ KvR, Ae¯’v, Ae¯’vb, cwiPq, Av‡`k, Dc‡`k Ges wPišÍb mZ¨ cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î Avgiv Present
Indefinite Tense e¨envi K‡i _vwK|
‡hgb t
Avwg Lye †fv‡i RvwM | Af¨vm I get up very early in the morning.

igv Amy¯’ | Ae¯’v Roma is ill.

Ryev‡qi XvKvq Av‡Q | Ae¯’vb - Aímgq Zubayer is in Dhaka.

Ryev‡qi XvKvq _v‡K (evm K‡i) | Ae¯’vb - `xN©mgq Zubayer lives in Dhaka.

‡m GKRb Wv³vi | cwiPq He is a Doctor.

KjgwU jvj | ¸Y The pen is red.

KvRwU K‡iv | Av‡`k Do the work.

KLbI wg_¨v e‡jv bv | Dc‡`k Never tell a lie.

m~h© c~e©w`‡K I‡V | wPišÍb mZ¨ The sun rises in the east.

Avgvi GKwU Mvwo Av‡Q | gvwjKvbv I have a car.

Note :
 Subject 3rd Person Ges Singular number (He/She, It, XYZ) n‡j Verb-Gi Present form-Gi mv‡_ “s” w`‡Z
nq|
‡hgb - eat-eats, play-plays, live-lives, increase-increases.
 †h Verb-Gi Present form †k‡l ss/sh/ch/x/z/o _vK‡e †m¸‡jvi mv‡_ “es” w`‡Z nq|
‡hgb - bless-blesses, wish-wishes, touch-touches, mix-mixes, buzz-buzzes, go-goes.
 †h Verb-Gi Present form †k‡l consonant + y _vK‡e †m¸‡jvi ‡ÿ‡Î y Gi cwie‡Z© “ies” w`‡Z nq|
‡hgb - study-studies, fly-flies, cry-cries, dry-dries, try-tries.

5 Style at a glance
Style # 1 ‡m wm‡j‡U Av‡Q| He is in Sylhet.
Non-action

Style # 2 ‡m wm‡j‡U bvB| He isn’t in Sylhet.

Style # 3 ‡m wK wm‡j‡U Av‡Q ? Is he in Sylhet?
Style # 4 ‡m wK wm‡j‡U bvB ? Isn’t he in Sylhet?
Style # 5 ‡m ‡Kb wm‡j‡U Av‡Q ? Why is he in Sylhet?

Style # 1 Avwg eB cwo | I read book.

Style # 2 Avwg eB cwo bv | I do not read book.
Action

Style # 3 Zzwg wK eB c‡ov ? Do you read book?

Style # 4 Zzwg wK eB c‡ov bv ? Don’t you read book?
Style # 5 Zzwg ‡Kv_vq eB c‡ov ? Where Do you read book?

19
Style 2: Auxi. Verb (am/is/are) + Not
I am a student. I am not a student. n‡e|
We are students. We aren’t students. n‡e|
You are a student. You aren’t a student. n‡e|
Non-action
Ishmam is a student. Ishmam isn’t a student. n‡e|
am/is/are + not hy³ n‡q
Ayesha is a student. Ayesha isn’t a student. n‡e|
He is a student. He isn’t a student. n‡e|
She is a student. She isn’t a student. n‡e|
They are students. They aren’t student. n‡e|
Style 3: Auxi. Verb (am/is/are) Subject Gi c~‡e©
I am a student. Am I a student? n‡e|
We are students. Are we students? n‡e|
You are student. Are you a student? n‡e|
Non-action

Sadik is a student. am/is/are Subject Gi Is Sadik a student? n‡e|

Tahia is a student. c~‡e© e‡m Is Tahia a student? n‡e|
He is a student. Is he a student? n‡e|
She is a student. Is she a student? n‡e|
They are students. Are they students? n‡e|

Style 4: Auxi. Verb (am/is/are)-Gi mv‡_ Not hy³ n‡q Subject Gi c~‡e©
I am a student. Am not I a student? n‡e|
We are students. Aren’t we students? n‡e|
You are student. Aren’t you a student? n‡e|
Non-action

Sadik is a student. am/is/are + not Subject Gi Isn’t Sadik a student? n‡e|

Tahia is a student. c~‡e© e‡m Isn’t Tahia a student? n‡e|
He is a student. Isn’t he a student? n‡e|
She is a student. Isn’t she a student? n‡e|
They are students. Aren’t they students? n‡e|

Style 2: Auxi. Verb (do/does) + Not

I play football. I don’t play football. n‡e|
We play football. We don’t play football. n‡e|
You play football. You don’t play football. n‡e|
Action

Omio plays football. do/does + not hy³ Omio doesn’t play football. n‡e|
Rownok plays football. n‡q Rownok doesn’t play football. n‡e|
He plays football. He doesn’t play football. n‡e|
She plays football. She doesn’t play football. n‡e|
They play football. They don’t play football. n‡e|

Style 3: Auxi. Verb (do/does) Subject Gi c~‡e©

I play football. Do I play football? n‡e|
We play football. Do we play football? n‡e|
You play football. Do you play football? n‡e|
Action

Omio plays football. Does Omio play football? n‡e|

do/does Subject Gi c~‡e© G‡m
Rownok plays football. Does Rownok play football? n‡e|
He plays football. Does he play football? n‡e|
She plays football. Does she play football? n‡e|
They play football. Do they play football? n‡e|

20
Style 4: Auxi. Verb (do/does)-Gi mv‡_ Not hy³ n‡q Subject Gi c~‡e©
I play football. Don’t I play football? n‡e|
We play football. Don’t we play football? n‡e|
You play football. Don’t you play football? n‡e|
Action

Omio plays football. do/does + not Subject Gi Doesn’t Omio play football? n‡e|
Rownok plays football. c~‡e© G‡m Doesn’t Rownok play football? n‡e|
He plays football. Doesn’t he play football? n‡e|
She plays football. Doesn’t she play football? n‡e|
They play football. Don’t they play football? n‡e|

Style 2: Auxi. Verb (have/has) + Not

ev‡K¨ gvwjKvbv eySv‡j
I have a car. I don’t have a car. n‡e|
We have a car. We don’t have a car. n‡e|
You have a car. You don’t have a car. n‡e|
Labonnyo has a car. Labonnyo doesn’t have a car. n‡e|
do/does + not + have hy³ n‡q
Nafis has a car. Nafis doesn’t have a car. n‡e|
He has a car. He doesn’t have a car. n‡e|
She has a car. She doesn’t have a car. n‡e|
They have a car. They don’t have a car. n‡e|
Style 3: do/does Subject Gi c~‡e© + have
I have a car. Do I have a car? n‡e|
We have a car. Do we have a car? n‡e|
You have a car. Do you have a car? n‡e|
Labonnyo has a car. Does Labonnyo have a car? n‡e|
do/does Subject Gi c~‡e© + have
Nafis has a car. Does Nafis have a car? n‡e|
He has a car. Does he have a car? n‡e|
She has a car. Does she have a car? n‡e|
They have a car. Do they have a car? n‡e|
Style 4: do/does + not Subject Gi c~‡e© + have
I have a car. Don’t I have a car? n‡e|
We have a car. Don’t we have a car? n‡e|
You have a car. Don’t you have a car? n‡e|
Labonnyo has a car. Doesn’t Labonnyo have a car? n‡e|
do/does + not Subject Gi c~‡e© + have
Nafis has a car. Doesn’t Nafis have a car? n‡e|
He has a car. Doesn’t he have a car? n‡e|
She has a car. Doesn’t she have a car? n‡e|
They have a car. Don’t they have a car? n‡e|

Style 5: 3/4 Style Gi c~‡e© WH

What Kx? Which + Noun ‡KvbwU? Which way ‡Kvb w`‡K?
Why ‡Kb? Whose + Noun KviwU? Who †K?
Why not ‡Kb bq? How many KZ¸wj? Whom Kv‡K?
Where ‡Kv_vq? How much KZUzKz? What if wK n‡e hw`?
From Where ‡Kv_v †_‡K/n‡Z? How far KZ`~ i ? Who else Avi †K?
When KLb? How long KZÿY? With whom Kvi mv‡_?
How wKfv‡e? How often KZevi? Without whom Kv‡K Qvov?
*** How, Whose, Who, Whom GB 4-wUi D”PviY ïiæ n‡e ÒnÓ w`‡q Ges evwK me ïiæ n‡e ÒAÓ w`‡q|
21
 Enlarging Practice : S + V + O + Extension
Extension = Ò‡Kb, ‡Kv_vq, ‡Kv_v †_‡K/n‡Z, KLb, wKfv‡e, KZ`~i, KZÿY, KZevi, Kvi mv‡_, Kv‡K QvovÓ GB cÖkœ¸‡jv
DËi †ei K‡i evK¨‡K Extend ev j¤^v Kiv hvq|
‡hgb,
g~j evK¨ - Avwg dzj Zzwj|
‡Kv_vq/‡Kv_v †_‡K? GKwU evMvb †_‡K

AwZwi³ Z_¨
KLb? cÖ‡Z¨Kw`b mKv‡j
wKfv‡e? wbR nv‡Z
‡Kb? gvjv Mv_vi Rb¨
Kvi mv‡_? Avgvi eÜzi mv‡_

GLb, Avgiv Dc‡iv³ evK¨wU‡Z GB Z_¨¸‡jv mshy³ Kwi -

Avwg wbR nv‡Z cÖ‡Z¨Kw`b mKv‡j Avgvi eÜzi mv‡_ GKwU evMvb †_‡K gvjv Mv_vi Rb¨ dzj Zzwj |
wK Kiv nq? - Zzwj pluck Verb
Base ‡K K‡i? - Avwg I Subject
wK Zzwj? - dzj flowers Object
1 ‡Kv_vq/‡Kv_v †_‡K? - GKwU evMvb †_‡K from a garden
2 KLb? - cÖ‡Z¨Kw`b mKv‡j every morning
3 wKfv‡e? - wbR nv‡Z by my hand Extension
4 ‡Kb? - gvjv Mv_vi Rb¨ to make garland
5 Kvi mv‡_? - Avgvi eÜz i mv‡_ with my friend

evK¨wU‡K mvwR‡q wjL‡j -

I pluck flowers from a garden1 by my hand3 every morning2 with my friend5 to make garland4.
I pluck flowers by my hand3 from a garden1 with my friend5 every morning2 to make garland4.

 Avwg gvQ awi = I catch fish.

‡Kb = LvIqvi Rb¨ = to eat
‡Kv_v †_‡K = cyKzi †_‡K = from the pond
wK‡mi Øviv = eowk w`‡q = by a hook
Avwg eowk w`‡q cyKzi †_‡K LvIqvi Rb¨ gvQ awi = I catch fish to eat from the pond by a hook.

 ‡m dzUej †L‡j = He plays football.

‡Kv_vq = gv‡V = in the field
KLb = we‡K‡j = evening
Kvi mv‡_ = Zvi eÜz‡`i mv‡_ = with his friends
‡m Zvi eÜz‡`i mv‡_ we‡K‡j gv‡V dzUej †L‡j = He plays football in the field with his friends in the evenings.

22
 Simple Present
Simple Past Past
Base Form Tense (3rd Person Present Participle
Tense Participle
Singular)

Catch (aiv) Catches Catching Caught Caught

Cheat (cÖZviYv Kiv) Cheats Cheating Cheated Cheat

Choose (cQ›` Kiv) Chooses Choosing Chose Chosen

Climb (Av‡ivnY Kiv) Climbs Climbing Climbed Climbed

Come (Avmv) Comes Coming Came Come

Compare (Zzjbv Kiv) Compares Comparing Compared Compared

Conceal (Avovj Kiv) Conceals Concealing Concealed Concealed

Consult (civgk© Kiv) Consults Consulting Consulted Consulted

Cost (LiP nIqv) Costs Costing Cost Cost

Cross (cvivcvi Kiv) Crosses Crossing Crossed Crossed

Cry (Kvbœv Kiv) Cries Crying Cried Cried

23
 S + VPast + O

AZxZ Kv‡j ‡Kvb Af¨vmMZ KvR, Ae¯’v, Ae¯’vb, cwiPq, ¸Y Ges AZxZ Kv‡j N‡U hvIqv †Kvb KvR (hvi djvdj Avi eZ©gvb
†bB) cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î Avgiv Past Indefinite Tense e¨envi K‡i _vwK|
‡hgb t
Avwg GKwU cvwL †`‡LwQjvg| AZxZ Kv‡j N‡U hvIqv NUbv I saw a bird.

igv Amy¯’ wQj | Ae¯’v Roma was ill.

Ryev‡qi XvKvq wQj | Ae¯’vb - Aímgq Zubayer was in Dhaka.

Ryev‡qi XvKvq _vK‡Zb (evm Ki†Zb)| Ae¯’vb - `xN©mgq Zubayer lived in Dhaka.

‡m GKRb Wv³vi wQj | cwiPq He was a Doctor.

KjgwU jvj wQj | ¸Y The pen was red.

Avgvi GKwU Mvwo wQj | gvwjKvbv I had a car.

5 Style at a glance
Style # 1 Avwg wm‡j‡U wQjvg| I was in Sylhet.
Style # 2 Avwg wm‡j‡U wQjvg bv| I wasn’t in Sylhet.
Non-action

Style # 3 Zzwg wK wm‡j‡U wQ‡j? Were you in Sylhet?

Style # 4 Zzwg wK wm‡j‡U wQ‡j bv? Weren’t you in Sylhet?
Zzwg KZw`b wm‡j‡U wQ‡j? How long were you in Sylhet?
Style # 5 Zzwg KLb wm‡j‡U wQ‡j? When were you in Sylhet?
Zzwg ‡Kb wm‡j‡U wQ‡j? Why were you in Sylhet?

Style # 1 Avwg 100 wgUvi ‡`Š‡owQjvg| I ran 100 meter.

Style # 2 Avwg 100 wgUvi ‡`ŠovBwb / ‡`Š‡owQjvg bv| I didn’t run 100 meter.
Style # 3 Zzwg wK 100 wgUvi ‡`Š‡owQ‡j? Did you run 100 meter?
Action

Style # 4 Zzwg wK 100 wgUvi ‡`Š‡owQ‡j bv / ‡`ŠovIwb? Didn’t you run 100 meter?
Zzwg ‡Kv_vq ‡`Š‡owQ‡j? Where did you run?
Zzwg Kvimv‡_ ‡`Š‡owQ‡j? With whom did you run?
Style # 5
Zzwg KZÿY ‡`Š‡owQ‡j? How long did you run?
Zzwg KLb ‡`Š‡owQ‡j? When did you run?

Style 2: Auxi. Verb (was/were) + Not

I was a student. I wasn’t a student. n‡e|
We were students. We weren’t students. n‡e|
You were a student. You weren’t a student. n‡e|
Non-action

Ishmam was a student. Ishmam wasn’t a student. n‡e|

was/were + not hy³ n‡q
Ayesha was a student. Ayesha wasn’t a student. n‡e|
He was a student. He wasn’t a student. n‡e|
She was a student. She wasn’t a student. n‡e|
They were students. They weren’t student. n‡e|

24
Style 3: Auxi. Verb (was/were) Subject Gi c~‡e©
I was a student. Was I a student? n‡e|
We were students. Were we students? n‡e|
You were a student. Were you a student? n‡e|
Non-action

Ishmam was a student. was/were Subject Gi c~‡e© Was Ishmam a student? n‡e|
Ayesha was a student. G‡m Was Ayesha a student? n‡e|
He was a student. Was he a student? n‡e|
She was a student. Was she a student? n‡e|
They were students. Were they students? n‡e|
Style 4: Auxi. Verb (was/were) + not Subject Gi c~‡e©
I was a student. Wasn’t I a student? n‡e|
We were students. Weren’t we students? n‡e|
You were a student. Weren’t you a student? n‡e|
Non-action

Ishmam was a student. was/were + not Subject Wasn’t Ishmam a student? n‡e|
Ayesha was a student. Gi c~‡e© G‡m Wasn’t Ayesha a student? n‡e|
He was a student. Wasn’t he a student? n‡e|
She was a student. Wasn’t she a student? n‡e|
They were students. Weren’t they students? n‡e|
Style 2: Auxi. Verb (did) not + Verb Gi Present Form n‡q
I played football. I didn’t play football. n‡e|
We played football. We didn’t play football. n‡e|
You played football. You didn’t play football. n‡e|
Action

Omio played football. did not + Omio didn’t play football. n‡e|
Rownok played football. Verb Gi Present Form n‡q Rownok didn’t play football. n‡e|
He played football. He didn’t play football. n‡e|
She played football. She didn’t play football. n‡e|
They played football. They didn’t play football. n‡e|
Style 3: Auxi. Verb (did) Subject Gi c~‡e© + Verb Gi Present Form n‡q
I played football. Did I play football? n‡e|
We played football. Did we play football? n‡e|
You played football. Did you play football? n‡e|
Action

Omio played football. did Subject Gi c~‡e© + Verb Did Omio play football? n‡e|
Rownok played football. Gi Present Form n‡q Did Rownok play football? n‡e|
He played football. Did he play football? n‡e|
She played football. Did she play football? n‡e|
They played football. Did they play football? n‡e|
Style 4: Auxi. Verb (did) not Subject Gi c~‡e© + Verb Gi Present Form n‡q
I played football. Didn’t I play football? n‡e|
We played football. Didn’t we play football? n‡e|
You played football. Didn’t you play football? n‡e|
did not Subject Gi c~‡e© +
Action

Omio played football. Didn’t Omio play football? n‡e|

Verb Gi Present Form
Rownok played football. Didn’t Rownok play football? n‡e|
n‡q
He played football. Didn’t he play football? n‡e|
She played football. Didn’t she play football? n‡e|
They played football. Didn’t they play football? n‡e|

25
Style 2: Auxi. Verb (did) not + have hy³ n‡q
ev‡K¨ gvwjKvbv eySv‡j
I had a car. I didn’t have a car. n‡e|
We had a car. We didn’t have a car. n‡e|
You had a car. You didn’t have a car. n‡e|
Labonnyo had a car. Labonnyo didn’t have a car. n‡e|
did not + have hy³ n‡q
Nafis had a car. Nafis didn’t have a car. n‡e|
He had a car. He didn’t have a car. n‡e|
She had a car. She didn’t have a car. n‡e|
They had a car. They didn’t have a car. n‡e|
Style 3: Auxi. Verb (did) Subject Gi c~‡e© + have hy³ n‡q
I had a car. Did I have a car? n‡e|
We had a car. Did we have a car? n‡e|
You had a car. Did you have a car? n‡e|
Labonnyo had a car. did Subject Gi c~‡e© + have hy³ Did Labonnyo have a car? n‡e|
Nafis had a car. n‡q Did Nafis have a car? n‡e|
He had a car. Did he have a car? n‡e|
She had a car. Did she have a car? n‡e|
They had a car. Did they have a car? n‡e|
Style 4: Auxi. Verb (did) not Subject Gi c~‡e© + have hy³ n‡q
I had a car. Didn’t I have a car? n‡e|
We had a car. Didn’t we have a car? n‡e|
You had a car. Didn’t you have a car? n‡e|
Labonnyo had a car. did not Subject Gi c~‡e© + have Didn’t Labonnyo have a car? n‡e|
Nafis had a car. hy³ n‡q Didn’t Nafis have a car? n‡e|
He had a car. Didn’t he have a car? n‡e|
She had a car. Didn’t she have a car? n‡e|
They had a car. Didn’t they have a car? n‡e|
Style 5: 3/4 Style Gi c~‡e© WH
What Kx? Which + Noun ‡KvbwU? Which way ‡Kvb w`‡K?
Why ‡Kb? Whose + Noun KviwU? Who †K?
Why not ‡Kb bq? How many KZ¸wj? Whom Kv‡K?
Where ‡Kv_vq? How much KZUzKz? What if wK n‡e hw`?
From Where ‡Kv_v †_‡K/n‡Z? How far KZ`~i? Who else Avi †K?
When KLb? How long KZÿY? With whom Kvi mv‡_?
How wKfv‡e? How often KZevi? Without whom Kv‡K Qvov?
*** How, Whose, Who, Whom GB 4-wUi D”PviY ïiæ n‡e ÒnÓ w`‡q Ges evwK me ïiæ n‡e ÒAÓ w`‡q|

26
 Enlarging Practice : S + VPast + O + Extension
Extension = Ò‡Kb, ‡Kv_vq, ‡Kv_v †_‡K/n‡Z, KLb, wKfv‡e, KZ`~i, KZÿY, KZevi, Kvi mv‡_, Kv‡K QvovÓ GB cÖkœ¸‡jv
DËi †ei K‡i evK¨‡K Extend ev j¤^v Kiv hvq|
‡hgb,
g~j evK¨ - Avwg dzj Zz‡jwQjvg|
‡Kv_vq/‡Kv_v †_‡K? GKwU evMvb †_‡K

AwZwi³ Z_¨
KLb? MZKvj mKv‡j
wKfv‡e? wbR nv‡Z
‡Kb? gvjv Mv_vi Rb¨
Kvi mv‡_? Avgvi eÜzi mv‡_

GLb, Avgiv Dc‡iv³ evK¨wU‡Z GB Z_¨¸‡jv mshy³ Kwi -

Avwg wbR nv‡Z MZKvj mKv‡j Avgvi eÜzi mv‡_ GKwU evMvb †_‡K gvjv Mv_vi Rb¨ dzj Zz‡jwQjvg |
wK Kiv nq? - Zz†jwQjvg plucked Verb
Base ‡K K‡i? - Avwg I Subject
wK Zzwj? - dzj flowers Object
1 ‡Kv_vq/‡Kv_v †_‡K? - GKwU evMvb †_‡K from a garden
2 KLb? - MZKvj mKv‡j yesterday morning
3 wKfv‡e? - wbR nv‡Z by my hand Extension
4 ‡Kb? - gvjv Mv_vi Rb¨ to make garland
5 Kvi mv‡_? - Avgvi eÜz i mv‡_ with my friend

evK¨wU‡K mvwR‡q wjL‡j -

I plucked flowers from a garden1 by my hand3 yesterday morning2 with my friend5 to make garland4.
I plucked flowers by my hand3 from a garden1 with my friend5 yesterday morning2 to make garland4.

 Avwg gvQ a‡iwQjvg = I caught fish.

‡Kb = LvIqvi Rb¨ = to eat
‡Kv_v †_‡K = cyKzi †_‡K = from the pond
wK‡mi Øviv = eowk w`‡q = by a hook
Avwg eowk w`‡q cyKzi †_‡K LvIqv Rb¨ gvQ a‡iwQjvg = I caught fish to eat from the pond by a hook.
 Avgiv dzUej †L‡jwQjvg = We played football.
‡Kv_vq = K‡jR gv‡V = in the college field
KLb = MZKvj = yesterday
Kvi mv‡_ = Avevnwb dzUej `‡ji weiæ‡× = against the Abahoni Football team
Avgiv MZKvj Avevnwb dzUej `‡ji weiæ‡× K‡jR gv‡V dzUej †L‡jwQjvg = We played football in the college field
yesterday against the Abahoni Football team.
wb‡Pi evK¨¸‡jv Extend ev j¤^v Kiæb|
1. Avwg Bs‡iwR wk‡LwQjvg|
2. Avwg fvZ †L‡qwQjvg|
3. Avwg evwo wM‡qwQjvg|
27
4. kvnv`vZ eBwU c‡owQj|
5. ‡m ‡n‡UwQj|
6. Avwg Kvco †aŠZ K‡iwQjvg|
7. ‡m wK G‡mwQj?
8. Avãyjøvn& evRv‡i wM‡qwQj|
9. Avwg wPwV wj‡LwQjvg|

Simple Present
Simple Past
Base Form Tense (3rd Person Present Participle Past Participle
Tense
Singular)

Dare (mvnm Kiv) Dares Daring Dared Dared

Deal (‡Kbv‡ePv Kiv) Deals Dealing Dealt Dealt

Defeat (civwRZ Kiv) Defeats Defeating Defeated Defeated

Devote (DrmM© Kiv) Devotes Devoting Devoted Devoted

Dig (Lbb Kiv) Digs Digging Dug Dug

Draw (A¼b Kiv) Draws Drawing Drew Drawn

Dream (¯^cœ †`Lv) Dreams Dreaming Dreamt Dreamt

Drink (cvb Kiv) Drinks Drinking Drank Drunk

Drive (Pvjbv Kiv) Drives Driving Drove Driven

28
 S + will be + O  S + will + V + O
fwel¨Z Kv‡ji ‡Kvb Ae¯’v, Ae¯’vb, cwiPq, ¸Y Ges fwel¨Z Kv‡j ‡Kvb KvR NU‡e (cwiKíbv) G iKg †Kvb cwiw¯’wZ cÖKv‡ki
†ÿ‡Î Avgiv Future Indefinite Tense e¨envi K‡i _vwK|
‡hgb t
Avwg XvKv hve | fwel¨‡Z NU‡e I will go to Dhaka.

igv Lywk n‡e | Ae¯’v Roma will be happy.

Ryev‡qi XvKvq _vK‡e | Ae¯’vb - Aímgq Zubayer will be in Dhaka.

Ryev‡qi XvKvq _vK‡e (evm Ki‡e)| Ae¯’vb - `xN©mgq Zubayer will stay in Dhaka.

‡m GKRb Wv³vi n‡e | cwiPq He will be a doctor.

KjgwU jvj n‡e | ¸Y The pen will be red.

5 Style at a glance
Style # 1 Avwg Wv³vi ne| I will be a doctor.
Style # 2 Avwg Wv³vi ne bv| I won’t be a doctor.
Non-action

Style # 3 Zzwg wK Wv³vi n‡e? Will you be a doctor?

Style # 4 Zzwg wK Wv³vi n‡e bv? Won’t you be a doctor?
Zzwg K‡e Wv³vi n‡e? When will you be a doctor?
Style # 5
Zzwg ‡Kb Wv³vi n‡e? Why will you be a doctor?

Style # 1 Avwg XvKv hve| I will go to Dhaka.

Style # 2 Avwg XvKv hve bv| I won’t go to Dhaka.
Style # 3 Zzwg wK XvKv hv‡e? Will you go to Dhaka?
Action

Style # 4 Zzwg wK XvKv hv‡e bv? Won’t you go to Dhaka?

Zzwg ‡Kv_vq hv‡e? Where will you go?
Style # 5 Zzwg Kvimv‡_ hv‡e? With whom will you go?
Zzwg KLb hv‡e? When will you go?
Style 2: Auxi. Verb (will) + not be
I will be a student. I won’t be a student. n‡e|
We will be students. We won’t be students. n‡e|
You will be a student. You won’t be a student. n‡e|
Non-action

Ishmam will be a student. Ishmam won’t be a student. n‡e|

will + not be n‡q
Ayesha will be a student. Ayesha won’t be a student. n‡e|
He will be a student. He won’t be a student. n‡e|
She will be a student. She won’t be a student. n‡e|
They will be students. They won’t be student. n‡e|

29
Style 3: Auxi. Verb (will) Subject Gi c~‡e© + be n‡q
I will be a student. Will I be a student? n‡e|
We will be students. Will we be students? n‡e|
You will be student. Will you be a student? n‡e|
Non-action

Sadik will be a student. will Subject Gi c~‡e© e‡m Will Sadik be a student? n‡e|
Tahia will be a student. + be n‡q Will Tahia be a student? n‡e|
He will be a student. Will he be a student? n‡e|
She will be a student. Will she be a student? n‡e|
They will be students. Will they be students? n‡e|

Style 4: Auxi. Verb (will) not Subject Gi c~‡e© + be n‡q ev, (will) Subject Gi c~‡e© + not be n‡q
I will be a student. Won’t I be a student? n‡e|
We will be students. Won’t we be students? n‡e|
You will be student. Won’t you be a student? n‡e|
Non-action

Sadik will be a student. Won’t Sadik be a student? n‡e|

will not Subject Gi c~‡e© e‡m + be n‡q
Tahia will be a student. Won’t Tahia be a student? n‡e|
He will be a student. Won’t he be a student? n‡e|
She will be a student. Won’t she be a student? n‡e|
They will be students. Won’t they be students? n‡e|
ev,
I will be a student. Will I not be a student? n‡e|
We will be students. Will we not be students? n‡e|
You will be student. Will you not be a student? n‡e|
Non-action

Sadik will be a student. Will Sadik not be a student? n‡e|

will Subject Gi c~‡e© e‡m + not be n‡q
Tahia will be a student. Will Tahia not be a student? n‡e|
He will be a student. Will he not be a student? n‡e|
She will be a student. Will she not be a student? n‡e|
They will be students. Will they not be students? n‡e|

Style 2: Auxi. Verb (will) not

I will play football. I won’t play football. n‡e|
We will play football. We won’t play football. n‡e|
You will play football. You won’t play football. n‡e|
Action

Omio will play football. Omio won’t play football. n‡e|

will + not hy³ n‡q
Rownok will play football. Rownok won’t play football. n‡e|
He will play football. He won’t play football. n‡e|
She will play football. She won’t play football. n‡e|
They will play football. They won’t play football. n‡e|
Style 3: Auxi. Verb (will) Subject Gi c~‡e©
I will play football. Will I play football? n‡e|
We will play football. Will we play football? n‡e|
You will play football. Will you play football? n‡e|
Action

Omio will play football. Will Omio play football? n‡e|

will Subject Gi c~‡e© G‡m
Rownok will play football. Will Rownok play football? n‡e|
He will play football. Will he play football? n‡e|
She will play football. Will she play football? n‡e|
They will play football. Will they play football? n‡e|

30
Style 4: Auxi. Verb (will) not Subject Gi c~‡e©
I will play football. Won’t I play football? n‡e|
We will play football. Won’t we play football? n‡e|
You will play football. Won’t you play football? n‡e|
Action

Omio will play football. will + not Subject Gi c~‡e© Won’t Omio play football? n‡e|
Rownok will play football. G‡m Won’t Rownok play football? n‡e|
He will play football. Won’t he play football? n‡e|
She will play football. Won’t she play football? n‡e|
They will play football. Won’t they play football? n‡e|

Style 5: 3/4 Style Gi c~‡e© WH

What Kx? Which + Noun ‡KvbwU? Which way ‡Kvb w`‡K?
Why ‡Kb? Whose + Noun KviwU? Who †K?
Why not ‡Kb bq? How many KZ¸wj? Whom Kv‡K?
Where ‡Kv_vq? How much KZUzKz? What if wK n‡e hw`?
From Where ‡Kv_v †_‡K/n‡Z? How far KZ`~i? Who else Avi †K?
When KLb? How long KZÿY? With whom Kvi mv‡_?
How wKfv‡e? How often KZevi? Without whom Kv‡K Qvov?
*** How, Whose, Who, Whom GB 4-wUi D”PviY ïiæ n‡e ÒnÓ w`‡q Ges evwK me ïiæ n‡e ÒAÓ w`‡q|

Enlarging Practice : S + V + O + Extension

Extension = Ò‡Kb, ‡Kv_vq, ‡Kv_v †_‡K/n‡Z, KLb, wKfv‡e, KZ`~i, KZÿY, KZevi, Kvi mv‡_, Kv‡K QvovÓ GB cÖkœ¸‡jv
DËi †ei K‡i evK¨‡K Extend ev j¤^v Kiv hvq|
‡hgb,
g~j evK¨ - Avwg dzj Zzje|
‡Kv_vq/‡Kv_v †_‡K? GKwU evMvb †_‡K
AwZwi³ Z_¨

KLb? AvMvgxKvj mKv‡j

wKfv‡e? wbR nv‡Z
‡Kb? gvjv Mv_vi Rb¨
Kvi mv‡_? Avgvi eÜzi mv‡_

GLb, Avgiv Dc‡iv³ evK¨wU‡Z GB Z_¨¸‡jv mshy³ Kwi -

Avwg wbR nv‡Z AvMvgxKvj mKv‡j Avgvi eÜzi mv‡_ GKwU evMvb †_‡K gvjv Mv_vi Rb¨ dzj Zzje |
wK Kiv nq? - Zzje will pluck Verb
Base ‡K K‡i? - Avwg I Subject
wK Zzwj? - dzj flowers Object
1 ‡Kv_vq/‡Kv_v †_‡K? - GKwU evMvb †_‡K from a garden
2 KLb? - AvMvgxKvj mKv‡j tomorrow morning
3 wKfv‡e? - wbR nv‡Z by my hand Extension
4 ‡Kb? - gvjv Mv_vi Rb¨ to make garland
5 Kvi mv‡_? - Avgvi eÜzi mv‡_ with my friend

evK¨wU‡K mvwR‡q wjL‡j -

I will pluck flowers from a garden1 by my hand3 tomorrow morning2 with my friend5 to make garland4.
I will pluck flowers by my hand3 from a garden1 with my friend5 tomorrow morning2 to make garland4.

31
 Avwg gvQ aie = I will catch fish.
‡Kb = LvIqvi Rb¨ = to eat
‡Kv_v †_‡K = cyKzi †_‡K = from the pond
wK‡mi Øviv = eowk w`‡q = by a hook
Avwg eowk w`‡q cyKzi †_‡K LvIqv Rb¨ gvQ aie = I will catch fish to eat from the pond by a hook.
 Avwg dzUej †Lje = I will play football.
‡Kv_vq = gv‡V = in the field
KLb = AvMvgxKvj = tomorrow
Kvi mv‡_ = Avgvi eÜz‡`i mv‡_ = with my friends
Avwg AvMvgxKvj Avgvi eÜz‡`i mv‡_ we‡K‡j gv‡V dzUej †Lje = I will play football in the field with my
friends tomorrow.
wb‡Pi evK¨¸‡jv Extend ev j¤^v Kiæb|
1. Avwg Bs‡iwR wkLe|
2. Avwg fvZ Lve|
3. Avwg evwo hve|
4. kvnv`vZ eBwU coe|
5. ‡m nvU‡e|
6. Avwg Kvco †aŠZ Kie|
7. ‡m wK Avm‡e?
8. Avãyjøvn& evRv‡i hv‡e|
9. Avwg wPwV wjLe|
10. ‡m Avgvi KvQ †_‡K 1000 UvKv avi wb‡e|
Home Work
Present-Past-Future
1. I __________________ (walk) around the park everyday at lunchtime.
2. We __________________ (make) a huge breakfast for his family on Sundays.
3. You usually __________________ (eat) lunch at 1pm at an Italian restaurant.
4. Fiona __________________ (meet) her friends at café on Thursday evenings.
5. He __________________ (play) tennis with Nadal on Saturday mornings.
6. My cousin __________________ (cry) a lot.
7. They __________________ (drink) a lot of coffee every morning.
8. It __________________ (help) us a lot.

32
Fill in the gaps using “am/is/are/was/were/will be”.
1. I ____________ here for the party.
2. Vicky ____________ my eldest child.
3. She ____________ a doctor at the local hospital.
4. Both my parents ____________ lawyers.
5. Sabina ____________ 23 years old.
6. It ____________ cold outside.
7. You ____________ very lazy.
8. We ____________ the students of Jonak’s English Tutorial.
Fill in the gaps using “have/has/had”.
1. He ____________ a lot of homework to do.
2. Jack ____________ a new car.
3. We ____________ a beautiful farm.
4. You ____________ an old phone.
5. I ____________ three sisters.
6. My neighbours ____________ a daughter.
7. That bird ____________ big eyes.
8. They ____________ the same dress.

Simple Present
Simple Past
Base Form Tense (3rd Person Present Participle Past Participle
Tense
Singular)

Earn (Avq Kiv) Earns Earning Earned Earned

Ease (mnR Kiv) Eases Easing Ease Ease

Eat (LvIqv) Eats Eating Ate Eaten

Eclipse (M&ªvm Kiv) Eclipses Eclipsing Eclipsed Eclipsed

Edit (m¤úv`b Kiv) Edits Editing Edited Edited

Emit (wbM©Z Kiv) Effects Effecting Effected Effected

Eject (‡ei Kiv) Ejects Ejecting Ejected Ejected

Elect (wbe©vwPZ Kiv) Elects Electing Elected Elected

Enter (c&ª‡ek Kiv) Enters Entering Entered Entered

Escape (cjvqb Kiv) Escapes Escaping Escaped Escaped

33
 eZ©gv‡b †Kvb KvR Pj‡Q/n‡”Q S + am/is/are + V-ing + O

AZx‡Z †Kvb KvR PjwQj/nw”Qj S + was/were + V-ing + O

Present Indefinite Present Continuous Past Continuous

cvb Kwi cvb KiwQ/Ki‡Qv/Ki‡Q/Ki‡Qb cvb KiwQjvg/KiwQ‡j/KiwQj/KiwQ‡jb
I drink. I am drinking. I was drinking.
You drink. You are drinking. You were drinking.
He drinks. He is drinking. He was drinking.
She drinks. She is drinking. She was drinking.
It drinks. It is drinking. It was drinking.
We drink. We are drinking. We were drinking.
They drink. They are drinking. They were drinking.

5 Style at a glance > Present Continuous

Style # 1 Avwg dzUej †LjwQ| I am playing football.
Style # 2 Avwg dzUej †LjwQ bv| I am not playing football.
Style # 3 Zywg wK dzUej †Lj‡Qv? Are you playing football?
Style # 4 Zzwg wK dzUej †Lj‡Qv bv? Aren’t you playing football?
Zzwg ‡Kv_vq dzUej †Lj‡Qv? Where are you playing football?
Style # 5
Zzwg Kvimv‡_ dzUej †Lj‡Qv? With whom are you playing football?

5 Style at a glance > Past Continuous

Style # 1 Avwg dzUej †LjwQjvg| I was playing football.
Style # 2 Avwg dzUej †LjwQjvg bv| I was not playing football.
Style # 3 Zywg wK dzUej †LjwQ‡j? Were you playing football?
Style # 4 Zzwg wK dzUej †LjwQ‡j bv? Weren’t you playing football?
Zzwg ‡Kv_vq dzUej †LjwQ‡j? Where were you playing football?
Style # 5
Zzwg Kvimv‡_ dzUej †LjwQ‡j? With whom were you playing football?

Style 1: Auxi. Verb (present) + Verb-ing

I play football. I am playing football. n‡e|
Present Continuous

We play football. We are playing football. n‡e|

You play football. You are playing football. n‡e|
Omio plays football. am/is/are + Verb-ing Omio is playing football. n‡e|
Rownok plays football. hy³ n‡q Rownok is playing football. n‡e|
He plays football. He is playing football. n‡e|
She plays football. She is playing football. n‡e|
They play football. They are playing football. n‡e|

34
Style 2: Auxi. Verb (present) + Not + Verb-ing
I play football. I am not playing football. n‡e|
Present Continuous
We play football. We aren’t playing football. n‡e|
You play football. You aren’t playing football. n‡e|
Omio plays football. am/is/are + not + Omio isn’t playing football. n‡e|
Rownok plays football. Verb-ing hy³ n‡q Rownok isn’t playing football. n‡e|
He plays football. He isn’t playing football. n‡e|
She plays football. She isn’t playing football. n‡e|
They play football. They aren’t playing football. n‡e|

Style 3: Auxi. Verb (present) Subject Gi c~‡e© Ges Verb-ing Subject Gi c‡i
I play football. Am I playing football? n‡e|
Present Continuous

We play football. Are we playing football? n‡e|

You play football. Are you playing football? n‡e|
Omio plays football. am/is/are Subject Gi c~‡e© Ges Is Omio playing football? n‡e|
Rownok plays football. Verb-ing Subject Gi c‡i Is Rownok playing football? n‡e|
He plays football. Is he playing football? n‡e|
She plays football. Is she playing football? n‡e|
They play football. Are They playing football? n‡e|

Style 4: Auxi. Verb (present) + not Subject Gi c~‡e© Ges Verb-ing Subject Gi c‡i
I play football. Am not I playing football? n‡e|
Present Continuous

We play football. Aren’t we playing football? n‡e|

You play football. Aren’t you playing football? n‡e|
Omio plays football. am/is/are + not Subject Gi c~‡e© Isn’t Omio playing football? n‡e|
Rownok plays football. Ges Verb-ing Subject Gi c‡i Isn’t Rownok playing football? n‡e|
He plays football. Isn’t he playing football? n‡e|
She plays football. Isn’t she playing football? n‡e|
They play football. Aren’t they playing football? n‡e|

Style 1: Auxi. Verb (past) + Verb-ing

I played football. I was playing football. n‡e|
We played football. We were playing football. n‡e|
Past Continuous

You played football. You were playing football. n‡e|

Omio played football. Omio was playing football. n‡e|
was/were + Verb-ing hy³ n‡q
Rownok played football. Rownok was playing football. n‡e|
He played football. He was playing football. n‡e|
She played football. She was playing football. n‡e|
They played football. They were playing football. n‡e|

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 Style 2: Auxi. Verb (past) + Not + Verb-ing
I played football. I wasn’t playing football. n‡e|
We played football. We weren’t playing football. n‡e|
Past Continuous

You played football. You weren’t playing football. n‡e|

Omio played football. was/were + not + Verb-ing Omio wasn’t playing football. n‡e|
Rownok played football. hy³ n‡q Rownok wasn’t playing football. n‡e|
He played football. He wasn’t playing football. n‡e|
She played football. She wasn’t playing football. n‡e|
They played football. They weren’t playing football. n‡e|

Style 3: Auxi. Verb (past) Subject Gi c~‡e© Ges Verb-ing Subject Gi c‡i
I played football. Was I playing football? n‡e|
We played football. Were we playing football? n‡e|
Past Continuous

You played football. Were you playing football? n‡e|

Omio played football. was/were Subject Gi c~‡e© Ges Was Omio playing football? n‡e|
Rownok played football. Verb-ing Subject Gi c‡i Was Rownok playing football? n‡e|
He played football. Was he playing football? n‡e|
She played football. Was she playing football? n‡e|
They played football. Were they playing football? n‡e|

Style 4: Auxi. Verb (past) + not Subject Gi c~‡e© Ges Verb-ing Subject Gi c‡i
I played football. Wasn’t I playing football? n‡e|
We played football. Weren’t we playing football? n‡e|
Past Continuous

You played football. Weren’t you playing football? n‡e|

Omio played football. was/were + not Subject Gi c~‡e© Wasn’t Omio playing football? n‡e|
Rownok played football. Ges Verb-ing Subject Gi c‡i Wasn’t Rownok playing football? n‡e|
He played football. Wasn’t he playing football? n‡e|
She played football. Wasn’t she playing football? n‡e|
They played football. Weren’t they playing football? n‡e|

Style 5: 3/4 Style Gi c~‡e© WH

What Kx? Which + Noun ‡KvbwU? Which way ‡Kvb w`‡K?
Why ‡Kb? Whose + Noun KviwU? Who †K?
Why not ‡Kb bq? How many KZ¸wj? Whom Kv‡K?
Where ‡Kv_vq? How much KZUzKz? What if wK n‡e hw`?
From Where ‡Kv_v †_‡K/n‡Z? How far KZ`~i? Who else Avi †K?
When KLb? How long KZÿY? With whom Kvi mv‡_?
How wKfv‡e? How often KZevi? Without whom Kv‡K Qvov?
*** How, Whose, Who, Whom GB 4-wUi D”PviY ïiæ n‡e ÒnÓ w`‡q Ges evwK me ïiæ n‡e ÒAÓ w`‡q|

36
 Enlarging Practice : S + V-ing + O + Extension
Extension = Ò‡Kb, ‡Kv_vq, ‡Kv_v †_‡K/n‡Z, KLb, wKfv‡e, KZ`~i, KZÿY, KZevi, Kvi mv‡_, Kv‡K QvovÓ GB cÖkœ¸‡jv
DËi †ei K‡i evK¨‡K Extend ev j¤^v Kiv hvq|

Present Continuous
 Avwg gvQ aiwQ = I am catching fish.
‡Kb = LvIqvi Rb¨ = to eat
‡Kv_v †_‡K = cyKzi †_‡K = from the pond
wK‡mi Øviv = eowk w`‡q = by a hook
Avwg eowk w`‡q cyKzi †_‡K LvIqv Rb¨ gvQ aiwQ = I am catching fish to eat from the pond by a hook.
 Avwg dzUej †LjwQ = I am playing football.
‡Kv_vq = gv‡V = in the field
Kvi mv‡_ = Avgvi eÜz‡`i mv‡_ = with my friends
Avwg Avgvi eÜz‡`i mv‡_ we‡K‡j gv‡V dzUej †LjwQ = I am playing football in the field with my friends.

Past Continuous
 Avwg gvQ aiwQjvg = I was catching fish.
‡Kb = LvIqvi Rb¨ = to eat
‡Kv_v †_‡K = cyKzi †_‡K = from the pond
wK‡mi Øviv = eowk w`‡q = by a hook
Avwg eowk w`‡q cyKzi †_‡K LvIqv Rb¨ gvQ aiwQjvg = I was catching fish to eat from the pond by a hook.
 Avwg dzUej †LjwQjvg = I was playing football.
‡Kv_vq = gv‡V = in the field
KLb = MZKvj = yesterday
Kvi mv‡_ = Avgvi eÜz‡`i mv‡_ = with my friends
Avwg Avgvi eÜz‡`i mv‡_ we‡K‡j gv‡V dzUej †LjwQjvg = I was playing football in the field with my friends
yesterday.

wb‡Pi evK¨¸‡jv Extend ev j¤^v Kiæb|

1. Avwg Bs‡iwR wkLwQ|
2. Avwg fvZ Lvw”Q|
3. Avwg evwo hvw”Q|
4. kvnv`vZ eBwU co‡Q bv|

37
 5. ‡m nvU‡Q|
6. Avwg Kvco †aŠZ KiwQ|
7. ‡m wK Avm‡Z‡Q?
8. Avãyjøvn& evRvi Ki‡Q|
9. Avwg wPwV wjLwQ|
10. ‡m Avgvi KvQ †_‡K `~‡i P‡j hv‡”Q|
Complete the following sentences to form the Present Continuous tense.
Use the correct form of the verb to be(am/is/are), and add –ing.
1. She __________________ (to dress) the baby in the bedroom.
2. You __________________ (to cough) a lot.
3. She __________________ (to tickle) me.
4. I __________________ (to rewind) the movie.
5. The queen __________________ (to wave) at the crowd.
6. He __________________ (to rub) my back.
7. The baby __________________ (to drool) again.
8. They __________________ (to sit) in the dining room.
9. Many people __________________ (to live) in poverty.
10. Robin __________________ (to deliver) flyers to the houses.
11. They __________________ (to write) on their desks.
12. She __________________ (to whisper) in my ear.
13. You __________________ (to break) the law.
14. Someone __________________ (to ring) the bell.

Complete the following sentences to form the Past Continuous tense.

Use the correct past tense form of the verb to be(was/were), and add –ing.
1. The flowers __________________ (to bloom) in the garden.
2. Réal __________________ (to eat) pork and beans.
3. Sam __________________ (to crush) the tablets with a spoon.
4. The old man __________________ (to warn) us.
5. The hostess __________________ (to welcome) our guests.
6. I __________________ (to put) the memo on the bulletin board.
7. We __________________ (to wear) our raincoats.
8. The kids __________________ (to play) ball during recess.
9. The squirrels __________________ (to hide) the nuts in the backyard.
38
10. I __________________ (to read) the label on the can.
11. Manon __________________ (to wear) white tights.
12. I __________________ (to talk) to my boss in his office.

Simple Present Tense Simple Past

Base Form Present Participle Past Participle
(3rd Person Singular) Tense

Face (gy‡LvgywL nIqv) Faces Facing Faced Faced

Fail (AbyËxY© nIqv) Fails Failing Failed Failed

Fake (Rvj Kiv) Fakes Faking Faked Faked

Fall (cwZZ nIqv) Falls Falling Fell Fallen

Feed (LvIqv‡bv) Feeds Feeding Fed Fed

Feel (Abyfe Kiv) Feels Feeling Felt Felt

Fight (SMov Kiv) Fights Fighting Fought Fought

Find (Avwe®‹vi Kiv) Finds Finding Found Found

Fine (Rwigvbv Kiv) Fines Fining Fined Fined

Flee (cjvqb Kiv) Flees Fleeing Fled Fled

float (‡f‡m hvIqv) Floats Floating Floated Floated

Fly (Dov) Flies Flying Flew Flown

Fold (fvuR Kiv) Folds Folding Folded Folded

Forbid (wb‡la Kiv) Forbids Forbidding Forbade Forbidden

39
 c‡owQ/c‡o‡Qv/c‡o‡Qb/c‡o‡Q S + have/has + V-PP + O

c‡owQjvg/c‡owQ‡j/c‡owQ‡jb/c‡owQj, Zzwg covi c~‡e©/c‡i S + had + V-pp + before + S + V-Past

S + V-Past + after + S + had + V-pp
Wv³vi Avmvi c~‡e© †ivMxwU gviv wM‡qwQj - S + had + V-pp + before + S + V-Past
‡ivMxwU gviv hvIqvi ci Wv³vi G‡mwQ‡jb - S + V-Past + after + S + had + V-pp
Present Indefinite Present Perfect Past Perfect
cvb Kwi cvb K‡iwQ/K‡i‡Qv/K‡i‡Q/K‡i‡Qb cvb K‡iwQjvg/K‡iwQj/K‡iwQ‡j/K‡iwQ‡jb + 2q NUbv
I drink. I have drunk. I had drunk, before you drank.
You drink. You have drunk. You had drunk, before you drank.
He drinks. He has drunk. He had drunk, before you drank.
She drinks. She has drunk. She had drunk, before you drank.
It drinks. It has drunk. It had drunk, before you drank.
We drink. We have drunk. We had drunk, before you drank.
They drink. They have drunk. They had drunk, before you drank.
Note : gvwjKvbv †ÿ‡Î have verb Gi (have/has/had) Indefinite Tense G e¨envi Kiv nq|

5 Style at a glance > Present Perfect

Style # 1 Avwg dzUej †L‡jwQ| I have played football.
Style # 2 Avwg dzUej ‡Lwj bvB | I have not played football.
Style # 3 Zywg wK dzUej †L‡j‡Qv? Have you played football?
Style # 4 Zzwg wK dzUej ‡L‡jv bvB? Haven’t you played football?
Zzwg ‡Kv_vq dzUej †L‡j‡Qv? Where have you played football?
Style # 5
Zzwg Kvimv‡_ dzUej †L‡j‡Qv? With whom have you played football?

Style 2: (gvwjKvbv †ÿ‡Î) Auxi. Verb (do/does) not + have

 ev‡K¨ KvR bv _vK‡j Present Indefinite Tense nq|
I have a car. I don’t have a car. n‡e|
We have a car. We don’t have a car. n‡e|
Present Indefinite

You have a car. You don’t have a car. n‡e|

Labonnyo has a car. Labonnyo doesn’t have a car. n‡e|
do/does not + have
Nafis has a car. Nafis doesn’t have a car. n‡e|
He has a car. He doesn’t have a car. n‡e|
She has a car. She doesn’t have a car. n‡e|
They have a car. They don’t have a car. n‡e|

Style 3: (gvwjKvbv †ÿ‡Î) do/does Subject Gi c~‡e© + have

I have a car. Do I have a car? N‡e|
We have a car. Do we have a car? n‡e|
Present Indefinite

You have a car. Do you have a car? n‡e|

Labonnyo has a car. do/does Subject Gi c~‡e© + Does Labonnyo have a car? n‡e|
Nafis has a car. have Does Nafis have a car? n‡e|
He has a car. Does he have a car? n‡e|
She has a car. Does she have a car? n‡e|
They have a car. Do they have a car? n‡e|

40
Style 4: (gvwjKvbv †ÿ‡Î) do/does + not Subject Gi c~‡e© + have
I have a car. Don’t I have a car? N‡e|
We have a car. Don’t we have a car? n‡e|
Present Indefinite

You have a car. Don’t you have a car? n‡e|

Labonnyo has a car. do/does not Subject Gi c~‡e© Doesn’t Labonnyo have a car? n‡e|
Nafis has a car. + have Doesn’t Nafis have a car? n‡e|
He has a car. Doesn’t he have a car? n‡e|
She has a car. Doesn’t she have a car? n‡e|
They have a car. Don’t they have a car? n‡e|

 ev‡K¨ KvR _vK‡j Present Perfect Tense nq|

Style 2: have/has + not e‡m
I have played football. I have not played football. n‡e|
We have played football. We have not played football. n‡e|
Present Perfect

You have played football. You have not played football. n‡e|
Omio has played football. Omio has not played football. n‡e|
Have/has + not e‡m
Rownok has played football. Rownok has not played football. n‡e|
He has played football. He has not played football. n‡e|
She has played football. She has not played football. n‡e|
They have played football. They have not played football. n‡e|

Style 3: have/has Subject Gi c~‡e© G‡m

I have played football. Have I played football? n‡e|
We have played football. Have we played football? n‡e|
Present Perfect

You have played football. Have you played football? n‡e|

Omio has played football. have/has Subject Gi Has Omio played football? n‡e|
Rownok has played football. c~‡e© G‡m Has Rownok played football? n‡e|
He has played football. Has he played football? n‡e|
She has played football. Has she played football? n‡e|
They have played football. Have they played football? n‡e|

Style 4: have/has +not Subject Gi c~‡e© G‡m

I have played football. Have not I played football? n‡e|
We have played football. Have not we played football? n‡e|
Present Perfect

You have played football. Have not you played football? n‡e|
Omio has played football. have/has + not Has not Omio played football? n‡e|
Rownok has played football. Subject Gi c~‡e© G‡m Has not Rownok played football? n‡e|
He has played football. Has not he played football? n‡e|
She has played football. Has not she played football? n‡e|
They have played football. Have not they played football? n‡e|

41
Style 5: 3/4 Style Gi c~‡e© WH
What Kx? Which + Noun ‡KvbwU? Which way ‡Kvb w`‡K?
Why ‡Kb? Whose + Noun KviwU? Who †K?
Why not ‡Kb bq? How many KZ¸wj? Whom Kv‡K?
Where ‡Kv_vq? How much KZUzKz? What if wK n‡e hw`?
From Where ‡Kv_v †_‡K/n‡Z? How far KZ`~i? Who else Avi †K?
When KLb? How long KZÿY? With whom Kvi mv‡_?
How wKfv‡e? How often KZevi? Without whom Kv‡K Qvov?
*** How, Whose, Who, Whom GB 4-wUi D”PviY ïiæ n‡e ÒnÓ w`‡q Ges evwK me ïiæ n‡e ÒAÓ w`‡q|
Rewrite the following sentences using has or have to form the present indefinite tense.
1. He (have, has) a bad attitude.
2. The cat (have, has) white paws.
3. I (have, has) a peanut butter sandwich for lunch today.
4. We (have, has) a nice landlord.
5. Jessica (have, has) a terrible headache.
6. We (have, has) a good housekeeper.
7. She (have, has) a lot of dandruff.
8. It (have, has) a short tail.
9. You (have, has) a nice smile.
Enlarging Practice : S + V + O + Extension
Extension = Ò‡Kb, ‡Kv_vq, ‡Kv_v †_‡K/n‡Z, KLb, wKfv‡e, KZ`~i, KZÿY, KZevi, Kvi mv‡_, Kv‡K QvovÓ GB cÖkœ¸‡jv
DËi †ei K‡i evK¨‡K Extend ev j¤^v Kiv hvq|
 Avwg gvQ a‡iwQ = I have caught fish.
‡Kb = LvIqvi Rb¨ = to eat
‡Kv_v †_‡K = cyKzi †_‡K = from the pond
wK‡mi Øviv = eowk w`‡q = by a hook
Avwg eowk w`‡q cyKzi †_‡K LvIqv Rb¨ gvQ a‡iwQ = I have caught fish to eat from the pond by a hook.

wb‡Pi evK¨¸‡jv Extend ev j¤^v Kiæb|

1. Avwg Bs‡iwR wk‡LwQ|
2. Avwg fvZ ‡L‡qwQ|
3. Avwg evwo wM‡qwQ|
4. kvnv`vZ eBwU c‡owb/c‡o bvB|
5. ‡m ‡n‡U‡Q|
6. Avwg Kvco †aŠZ K‡iwQ|
7. ‡m wK G‡m‡Q?
8. Avãyjøvn& evRvi K‡i‡Q|

42
 9. Avwg wPwV wj‡LwQ|
10. ‡m Avgvi KvQ †_‡K `~‡i P‡j wM‡q‡Q|

Complete the following sentences using have/has or haven’t/hasn’t to create the negative form.
1. He _____________ (to break) the law many times.
2. I _____________ (to use) this product before.
3. We _____________ (to see) that movie several times.
4. He _____________ (to make) many mistakes in his life.
5. It _____________ (to bite) a few people.
6. You _____________ (to offer) to help.
7. She _____________ (to sing) that song before.
8. They _____________ (to thank) us ten times.
9. Sabina _____________ (to choose) to live in city.
10. Jonak _____________ (to accuse) him for the matter.

Simple Present
Simple Past
Base Form Tense (3rd Person Present Participle Past Participle
Tense
Singular)

Gain (Avq Kiv) Gains Gaining Gained Gained

Gamble (Ryqv
Gambles Gambling Gambled Gambled
†Ljv/SzwK ‡bIqv)

Gather (R‡ov Kiv) Gathers Gathering Gathered Gathered

Get (cvIqv) Gets Getting Got Gotten

Gild (PKP‡K Kiv) Gilds Gilding Gilt Gilt

Give (cÖ`vb Kiv) Gives Giving Gave Given

Go (hvIqv) Goes Going Went Gone

Grant (AbygwZ †`Iqv) Grants Granting Granted Granted

43
 Modal
Can/may cvwi/cv‡i/cv‡iv/cv‡ib
Could/might cviZvg/cvi‡Zv/cvi‡Z/cvi‡Zb
S will be able to cvie/cvi‡e/cvi‡eb V
Should DwPr
must Aek¨B Kie/Ki‡e/Ki‡eb
had better Ki‡j fvj n‡Zv/eis
Note :  Modals never take – s/es,ed,ing.
 To express past ability “could” can be used.
Example – I could swim well, when I was young.
 “could” is more polite than can or may in expressing request/grant permission.
Example – Could I borrow your pen?

Ability (mÿgZv/mvg_¨©) –
Can – I can do it. (Present ability)
Could – When I was a baby, I could put my foot in my mouth. (Past ability)
Will be able to – I will be able to it. (Future ability)

Possibility/Probability (m¤¢vebv) –
May – It may get very hot today. (Possibility)
Might – It might get very hot today. (Weak possibility)

Asking Permission (AbygwZ) –

Can – Can I borrow your car?
May – May I borrow your car? (Polite)
Could – Could I borrow your car? (More polite)
Might – Do you think I might take a break now? (More polite)

Request (Aby‡iva) –
Can – Can you bring me a glass of water?
May – May I take a break now? (Polite)
Could – Could you help me? (More polite)
Might – Might I talk to you? (More polite)

Suggestion/Duty/Assumtion (civgk©/`vwqZ¡/aviYv) –
Should - You should go now. (Suggestion)
- We should obey the law. (Duty)
- The book shuld be interesting. (Assumption)

Practice Model: Can/May

Style 1 n¨uv-‡evaK I can do the work. Avwg KvRwU Ki‡Z cvwi|
Style 2 bvv-‡evaK I can’t do the work. Avwg KvRwU Ki‡Z cvwi bv|
Style 3 cÖk‡œ evaK Can I do the work? Avwg Kx KvRwU Ki‡Z cvwi?
Style 4 bv-‡evaK cÖkœ Can’t I do the work? Avwg Kx KvRwU Ki‡Z cvwi bv?
Style 5 Style 3 I 4 Gi c~‡e© WH How can I do the work? Avwg KvRwU wKfv‡e Ki‡Z cvwi?

44
Practice Model: Could/Might
Style 1 n¨uv-‡evaK I could do the work. Avwg KvRwU Ki‡Z cviZvg|
Style 2 bvv-‡evaK I couldn’t do the work. Avwg KvRwU Ki‡Z cviZvg bv|
Style 3 cÖk‡œ evaK Could I do the work? Avwg Kx KvRwU Ki‡Z cviZvg?
Style 4 bv-‡evaK cÖkœ Couldn’t I do the work? Avwg Kx KvRwU Ki‡Z cviZvg bv?
Style 5 Style 3 I 4 Gi c~‡e© WH How could I do the work? Avwg KvRwU wKfv‡e Ki‡Z cviZvg?

Practice Model: Will be able to

Style 1 n¨uv-‡evaK I will be able to do the work. Avwg KvRwU Ki‡Z cvie|
Style 2 bvv-‡evaK I will not be able to do the work. Avwg KvRwU Ki‡Z cvie bv|
Style 3 cÖk‡œ evaK Will I be able to do the work? Avwg Kx KvRwU Ki‡Z cvie?
Style 4 bv-‡evaK cÖkœ Will I be not able to do the work? Avwg Kx KvRwU Ki‡Z cvie bv?
Style 5 Style 3 I 4 Gi c~‡e© WH How will I be able to do the work? Avwg KvRwU wKfv‡e Ki‡Z cvie?
Note : Style 3 I 4 Gi ‡ÿ‡Î subject Gi c~‡e© will P‡j hv‡e|

Practice Model: Should

Style 1 n¨uv-‡evaK I should do the work. Avgvi KvRwU Kiv DwPr|
Style 2 bvv-‡evaK I shouldn’t do the work. Avgvi KvRwU Kiv DwPr bq|
Style 3 cÖk‡œ evaK Should I do the work? Avgvi Kx KvRwU Kiv DwPr?
Style 4 bv-‡evaK cÖkœ Shouldn’t I do the work? Avgvi Kx KvRwU Kiv DwPr bq?
Style 5 Style 3 I 4 Gi c~‡e© WH How should I do the work? Avgvi wKfv‡e KvRwU Kiv DwPr?

Practice Model: Must

Style 1 n¨uv-‡evaK I must do the work. Avwg Aek¨B KvRwU Kie|
Style 2 bvv-‡evaK I mustn’t do the work. Avwg Aek¨B KvRwU Kie bv|
Note :
‡h mKj †ÿ‡Î Must e¨envi nq|
 eva¨evaKZv - Zzwg Aek¨B cixÿvi c~‡e© †Zvgvi cvV m¤ú~Y© Ki‡e| - You must complete your lesson brfore the
exam.
 ‡Rviv‡jv civgk©/mycvwik - Zzwg Aek¨B GB eBwU co‡e| - You must read this book.
 ‡Rviv‡jv m¤¢vebv - †m Aek¨B GLv‡b AvR Avm‡e| - He must come here today.
 ‡Rviv‡jv wb‡la - †Zvgiv Aek¨B cixÿvi n‡j †gvevBj †dvb e¨envi Ki‡e bv| - You mustn’t use mobile phone in
the exam hall.

Practice Model: Had better

Style 1 n¨uv-‡evaK I had better do the work. Avgvi eis KvRwU Kiv DwPr|
Style 2 bvv-‡evaK I had better not do the work. Avgvi eis KvRwU Kiv DwPr bq|

Practice by changing Modals and Styles :

1. Zviv AvR GLv‡b Avm‡Z cv‡i|
2. Zviv AvR GLv‡b Avm‡Z cviZ|
3. Zviv AvR GLv‡b Avm‡Z cvi‡e|
4. ‡m GB K‡j‡Ri QvÎ bv-I n‡Z cv‡i|
5. GUv Avgv‡`i Rb¨ fvj bv-I n‡Z cv‡i|
6. ‡Kvb wØavØÜ QvovB MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi|
7. GUv †Zvgvi Rb¨ DcKvix n‡Z cviZ|
8. ‡m cÖwZw`b 1 gvBj nvU‡Z cv‡i|
9. Bnv GKwU mgm¨vi m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|
10. Avgvi Bs‡iwR †kLv DwPr|
11. Avgv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki DwPr †`k‡K `~bx©wZgy³ Kiv|
45
 12. ‡Zvgvi eis GLb hvIqv DwPr|
13. Avgvi eis GKUz wekÖvg †bIqv DwPr|
14. Zzwg Aek¨B eBwU co‡e|
15. wZwb Aek¨B AvR ‡`Lv Ki‡eb|

S V(pp)
should have DwPr wQj
must have Aek¨B K‡i _vKe/_vK‡e/_vK‡eb

Practice Model: Should have

Style 1 n¨uv-‡evaK I should have done the work. Avgvi KvRwU Kiv DwPr wQj|
Style 2 bvv-‡evaK I shouldn’t have done the work. Avgvi KvRwU Kiv DwPr wQj bv|

Practice Model: Must have

Style 1 n¨uv-‡evaK I must have done the work. Avwg Aek¨B KvRwU K‡i _vKe|

Practice by changing Modals and Styles :

1. ‡gq‡ii GB cÖKíwU ev¯Íevqb (implement)Kiv DwPr wQj |
2. cixÿvi Rb¨ Avgvi cÖ¯w‘ Z †bIqv DwPr wQj|
3. Zzwg Aek¨B Kwe bRiæ‡ji bvg ï‡b _vK‡e|
4. Zzwg Aek¨B GUv †`‡L _vK‡e|

Obligation A_© eva¨evaKZv A_©vr †Kvb wKQz eva¨Zvg~jK| †hgb t Avm‡Z nq/Avmvi K_v, Ki‡Z nq/Kivi K_v, eyS‡Z
nq/eySvi K_v, Avmvi K_v wQj, Kivi K_v wQj, Ki‡Z n‡e, Ki‡Z n‡qwQj BZ¨vw`|

am to/am supposed to Ki‡Z nq/Kivi K_v

was to/was supposed to Kivi K_v wQj
have to/has to Ki‡Z n‡e
had to Ki‡Z n‡qwQj

Obligation
am to/is to/are to
am supposed to/is supposed to/are supposed to
S was to/were to V
was supposed to/were supposed to
have to/has to
Had to

Subject Present Past

am to was to
I am supposed to was supposed to
have to had to
He
is to was to
She
is supposed to was supposed to
It
has to had to
XYZ
You are to were to
We are supposed to were supposed to
They have to had to
Note : Speaking G Supposed to Gi D”PviY Suppose to n‡e|
46
Am to
Avgvi Bs‡iwR wkL‡Z nq| I am to learn English.
Avgvi Bs‡iwR wkL‡Z nq bv| I am not to learn English.
Avgvi wK Bs‡iwR wkL‡Z nq? Am I to learn English?
Avgvi wK Bs‡iwR wkL‡Z nq bv? Am I not to learn English?

Am supposed to
Avgvi Bs‡iwR wkLvi K_v| I am supposed to learn English.
Avgvi Bs‡iwR wkLvi K_v bv| I am not supposed to learn English.
Avgvi wK Bs‡iwR wkLvi K_v? Am I supposed to learn English?
Avgvi wK Bs‡iwR wkLvi K_v bv? Am I not supposed to learn English?

Was to
Avgvi Bs‡iwR wkLvi K_v wQj| I was to learn English.
Avgvi Bs‡iwR wkLvi K_v wQj bv| I was not to learn English.
Avgvi wK Bs‡iwR w wkLvi K_v wQj? Was I to learn English?
Avgvi wK Bs‡iwR wkLvi K_v wQj bv? Was I not to learn English?

Was supposed to
Avgvi Bs‡iwR wkLvi K_v wQj| I was supposed to learn English.
Avgvi Bs‡iwR wkLvi K_v wQj bv| I was not supposed to learn English.
Avgvi wK Bs‡iwR w wkLvi K_v wQj? Was I supposed to learn English?
Avgvi wK Bs‡iwR wkLvi K_v wQj bv? Was I not supposed to learn English?

Have to/Has to
Avgvi Bs‡iwR wkL‡Z n‡e| I have to learn English.
Avgvi Bs‡iwR wkL‡Z n‡e bv| I don’t have to learn English.
Avgvi wK Bs‡iwR wkL‡Z n‡e? Do I have to learn English?
Avgvi wK Bs‡iwR wkL‡Z n‡e bv? Don’t I have to learn English?
Note :
 Style 2 ‡Z bv-‡evaK evK¨ Kivi †ÿ‡Î don’t e¨envi n‡e| KviY, have to/has to Gi †Kvb negative form
‡bB|
 Style 3/4 G cÖk‡œ evaK evK¨ Kivi †ÿ‡Î h_vµ‡g do Ges don’t ev‡K¨i mvg‡b P‡j hv‡e|

Had to
Avgvi Bs‡iwR wkL‡Z n‡qwQj| I had to learn English.
Avgvi Bs‡iwR wkL‡Z nqwb| I didn’t have to learn English.
Avgvi wK Bs‡iwR wkL‡Z n‡qwQj? Did I have to learn English?
Avgvi wK Bs‡iwR wkL‡Z nqwb? Didn’t I have to learn English?
Note :
 Style 2 ‡Z bv-‡evaK evK¨ Kivi †ÿ‡Î didn’t e¨envi n‡e| KviY, had to Gi †Kvb negative form ‡bB Ges
had to Gi ¯’v‡b have to n‡e| KviY, didn’t e¨env‡ii d‡j evK¨wU n‡q past †M‡Q|
 Style 3/4 G cÖk‡œ evaK evK¨ Kivi †ÿ‡Î h_vµ‡g did Ges didn’t ev‡K¨i mvg‡b P‡j hv‡e|

Practice :
1. Avgv‡K mKv‡j Awd‡m †h‡Z nq|
2. Avgvi mKv‡j Awd‡m hvIqvi K_v|
3. Avgv‡K mKv‡j Awd‡m †h‡Z n‡e|
4. Avgv‡K mKv‡j Awd‡m †h‡Z n‡qwQj|
5. 2 N›Uvi g‡a¨ Avgvi G KvRwU †kl Kivi K_v wQj|
47
 6. Avgvi Rb¨ Zv‡`i evm ÷¨v‡Û A‡cÿv Kivi K_v wQj|
7. ‡hfv‡eB †nvK Avgv‡K h_vmg‡q K¬v‡m Dcw¯’Z _vK‡Z n‡e|
8. Avgv‡K †nu‡U evwo †h‡Z n‡e|
9. iwn‡gi GB KvRwU Ki‡ZB n‡qwQj|
10. †Zvgv‡K mewKQz mn¨ (endure) Ki‡Z n‡e|

Special Sentence Structure :

S + can’t but + V or S + can’t help + V-ing

cvwi bv/cv‡i bv/cv‡ib bv Can’t but/Can’t help

cvwiwb/cv‡i wb/cv‡ib wb Couldn’t but/Couldn’t help
cvie bv/cvi‡e bv/cvi‡eb bv Won’t but/Won’t help

1. Avwg mKv‡j Nyg †_‡K bv D‡V cvwi bv| - I can’t but wake up early in the morning.
2. Avwg G welq wb‡q wPšÍv bv K‡I cvwi bv| - I can’t help thinking about it.
3. Avwg bv cvi‡jI me mn¨ K‡i wbB| -
4. Avwg ‰`wbK 4-5 evi Pv bv †L‡q cvwi bv| -
5. Avwg Zv‡K bv e‡j cvwiwb| -

Simple Present Tense Simple Past

Base Form Present Participle Past Participle
(3rd Person Singular) Tense

Hang (Szwj‡q ivLv) Hangs Hanging Hung Hung

Harass
Harasses Harassing Harassed Harassed
(nqivwb Kiv)

Hatch (wWg dzUv‡bv) Hatches Hatching Hatch Hatch

Hate (N„Yv Kiv) Hates Hating Hated Hate

Hear (kÖeY Kiv) Hears Hearing Heard Heard

Help (mvnvh¨ Kiv) Helps Helping Helped Helped

Hide (jywK‡q ivLv) Hides Hiding Hid Hidden

Hit (AvNvZ Kiv) Hits Hitting Hit Hit

Hold (a‡i ivLv) Holds Holding Held Held

Hunt (wkKvi Kiv) Hunts Hunting Hunted Hunted

Hurt (AvnZ Kiv) Hurts Hurting Hurt Hurt

48
hLb ev‡K¨ KZ©v cvIqv hvq bv, ZLb Passive KLb e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
Active Sentence Structure = S  V  O  Ext.
Passive Sentence Structure = O  Aux. V  VPP (by  Subject Gi Objective iƒc  Ext.)

Tense Active Passive (Aux. V) Subject Objective iƒc

Present Indefinite do/does am/is/are I me
Past Indefinite did was/were We us
Future Indefinite will will be You you
Present Continuous am/is/are am/is/are + being He him
Past Continuous was/were was/were + being She her
Present Perfect have/has have/has + been They them

Present Indefinite
Active : I eat rice.
Passive : Rice is eaten by me.

Past Indefinite
Active : Jonak wrote a book.
Passive : A book was written by Jonak.

Future Indefinite
Active : We will do the work.
Passive : The work will be done by us.

Present Continuous
Active : She is learning English.
Passive : English is being learned by her.

Past Continuous
Active : You were typing an email.
Passive : An email was being typed by you.

Present Perfect
Active : I have played football.
Passive : Football has been played by me.

Practice :
GB gmwR‡` cÖwZw`b mKv‡j cweÎ †KviAvb †ZjvIqvZ Kiv nq| AsKwU mnRfv‡e Kiv n‡qwQj|
Zv‡K G KvRwU Ki‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q| ‡PviwU‡K Dchy³ kvw¯Í †`Iqv nw”Qj|
GLv‡b GKwU cvVvMvi wbg©vY Kiv n‡e|

49
 Simple Present Tense Simple Past
Base Form Present Participle Past Participle
(3rd Person Singular) Tense

Identify
Identifies Identifying Identified Identified
(mbv³ Kiv)

Ignite
Ignites Igniting Ignited Ignited
(cÖ¾¡wjZ Kiv)

Ignore
Ignores Ignoring Ignored Ignored
(D‡cÿv Kiv)

Imagine
Imagines Imagining Imagined Imagined
(Av›`vR Kiv)

Imitate
Imitates Imitating Imitated Imitated
(bKj Kiv)

Improvise
Improvises Improvising Improvised Improvised
(DbœwZ Kiv)

Impute
Imputes Imputing Imputed Imputed
(Awfhy³ Kiv)

Incise
Incises Incising Incised Incised
(‡Lv`vB Kiv)

Incline
Inclines Inclining Inclined Inclined
(Szu‡K hvIqv)

Include
Includes Including Included Included
(mshy³ Kiv)

50
cÖ‡Z¨KwU evK¨‡K 4wU Style -G Abykxjb Kiæb|
Style 3 Ges 4 -Gi †ÿ‡Î Subject “You” wjL‡eb|

1. ‡m Avgvi weQvbvq Nygvq|

Style # 1 He sleeps in my bed. ‡m Avgvi weQvbvq Nygvq|
Present Style # 2 He doen’t sleep in my bed. ‡m Avgvi weQvbvq Nygvq bv|
Indefinite Style # 3 Does he sleep in my bed? ‡m wK Avgvi weQvbvq Nygvq?
Style # 4 Doesn’t he sleep in my bed? ‡m wK Avgvi weQvbvq Nygvq bv?

Style # 1 He is sleeping in my bed. ‡m Avgvi weQvbvq Nygv‡”Q|

Present Style # 2 He is not sleeping in my bed. ‡m Avgvi weQvbvq Nygv‡”Q bv|
Continuous Style # 3 Is he sleeping in my bed? ‡m wK Avgvi weQvbvq Nygv‡”Q?
Style # 4 Isn’t he sleeping in my bed? ‡m wK Avgvi weQvbvq Nygv‡”Q bv?

Style # 1 He has slept in my bed. ‡m Avgvi weQvbvq Nywg‡q‡Q|

Present Style # 2 He has not slept in my bed. ‡m Avgvi weQvbvq Nygvq wb|
Perfect Style # 3 Has he slept in my bed? ‡m wK Avgvi weQvbvq Nywg‡q‡Q?
Style # 4 Hasn’t he slept in my bed? ‡m wK Avgvi weQvbvq Nygvq wb?

Style # 1 He slept in my bed. ‡m Avgvi weQvbvq Nywg‡qwQj|

Past Style # 2 He did not sleep in my bed. ‡m Avgvi weQvbvq Nygvq wb|
Indefinite Style # 3 Did he sleep in my bed? ‡m wK Avgvi weQvbvq Nywg‡qwQj?
Style # 4 Didn’t he sleep in my bed? ‡m wK Avgvi weQvbvq Nygvq wb?

Style # 1 He was sleeping in my bed. ‡m Avgvi weQvbvq Nygvw”Qj|

Past Style # 2 He was not sleeping in my bed. ‡m Avgvi weQvbvq Nygvw”Qj bv|
Continuous Style # 3 Was he sleeping in my bed? ‡m wK Avgvi weQvbvq Nygvw”Qj?
Style # 4 Wasn’t he sleeping in my bed? ‡m wK Avgvi weQvbvq Nygvw”Qj bv?

Style # 1 He will sleep in my bed. ‡m Avgvi weQvbvq Nygv‡e|

Future Style # 2 He will not sleep in my bed. ‡m Avgvi weQvbvq Nygv‡e bv|
Indefinite Style # 3 Will he sleep in my bed? ‡m wK Avgvi weQvbvq Nygv‡e?
Style # 4 Won’t he sleep in my bed? ‡m wK Avgvi weQvbvq Nygv‡e bv?

51
2. Avgiv GKwU d¬¨v‡U evm Kwi|
Style # 1
Present Style # 2
Indefinite Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Present Style # 2
Continuous Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Present Style # 2
Perfect Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Past Style # 2
Indefinite Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Past Style # 2
Continuous Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Future Style # 2
Indefinite Style # 3
Style # 4

52
3. Zviv K‡j‡R hvq|
Style # 1
Present Style # 2
Indefinite Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Present Style # 2
Continuous Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Present Style # 2
Perfect Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Past Style # 2
Indefinite Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Past Style # 2
Continuous Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Future Style # 2
Indefinite Style # 3
Style # 4

53
4. Avwg eBwU c‡owQ|
Style # 1
Present Style # 2
Indefinite Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Present Style # 2
Continuous Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Present Style # 2
Perfect Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Past Style # 2
Indefinite Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Past Style # 2
Continuous Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Future Style # 2
Indefinite Style # 3
Style # 4

54
5. Avgiv GUv mvwKe‡K w`‡qwQjvg|
Style # 1
Present Style # 2
Indefinite Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Present Style # 2
Continuous Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Present Style # 2
Perfect Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Past Style # 2
Indefinite Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Past Style # 2
Continuous Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Future Style # 2
Indefinite Style # 3
Style # 4

55
6. mRj Zvi Mvwo †aŠZ Ki‡e|
Style # 1
Present Style # 2
Indefinite Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Present Style # 2
Continuous Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Present Style # 2
Perfect Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Past Style # 2
Indefinite Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Past Style # 2
Continuous Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Future Style # 2
Indefinite Style # 3
Style # 4

56
7. Avwg mwVK cÖkBœ K‡iwQ|
Style # 1
Present Style # 2
Indefinite Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Present Style # 2
Continuous Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Present Style # 2
Perfect Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Past Style # 2
Indefinite Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Past Style # 2
Continuous Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Future Style # 2
Indefinite Style # 3
Style # 4

57
8. Avgvi evev evRvi †_‡K cÖPzi mewR wK‡b G‡b‡Qb|
Style # 1
Present Style # 2
Indefinite Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Present Style # 2
Continuous Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Present Style # 2
Perfect Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Past Style # 2
Indefinite Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Past Style # 2
Continuous Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Future Style # 2
Indefinite Style # 3
Style # 4

58
9. Zviv Zv‡`i eÜz‡`i mv‡_ cv‡K© †LjwQj|
Style # 1
Present Style # 2
Indefinite Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Present Style # 2
Continuous Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Present Style # 2
Perfect Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Past Style # 2
Indefinite Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Past Style # 2
Continuous Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Future Style # 2
Indefinite Style # 3
Style # 4

59
10. ‡m MRj ïbwQj|
Style # 1
Present Style # 2
Indefinite Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Present Style # 2
Continuous Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Present Style # 2
Perfect Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Past Style # 2
Indefinite Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Past Style # 2
Continuous Style # 3
Style # 4

Style # 1
Future Style # 2
Indefinite Style # 3
Style # 4

60
Causative Verbs – Let, Get, Make, Have, Help, Feed, Teach, Show etc.

Non-causative Verb Gi †ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi wbqg Abymv‡i evK¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq|
Subject Objective iƒc
I me
We us
You you
He him
She her
They them

S + Get/Gets/Got/Gotten/Getting + Subject Gi Objective iƒc + Object + Vpp

hLb ev‡K¨ KvRwU‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq|
Avwg Avgvi †gvevBj †givgZ KivB| I get my mobile repaired.
gviRvb Zvi Mvwo †givgZ Kivq| Marzan gets his car repaired.
mvwebv Zvi wPwV wjwL‡q‡Q| Sabina has got/gotten her letter written.
‡m Zvi wUwf †givgZ Kiv‡”Q| He is getting his TV repaired.
Zzwg †Zvgvi Pzj KvUvI| You get your hair cut.
‡m Zvi bL KvUvw”Qj| She was getting her nail cut.
Avwg Avgvi †gvevBj wVK Kiv‡ev| I will get my mobile repaired.

S + Make/Makes/Made/Making + 2nd Subject + to + V

hLb ev‡K¨ hv‡K w`‡q KvR Kiv‡bv nq Zv‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq|
Avwg wgbv‡K w`‡q Avgvi Ni cwi®‹vi KivB| I make Mina to clean my room.
gviRvb Avgv‡K Zvi Mvwo Pvjvq| Marzan makes me to drive his car.
Avwg Zv‡K w`‡q wPwV wjwL‡qwQ| I have made him to write letter.
‡m Rv‡f`‡K w`‡q Zvi wUwf †givgZ Kiv‡”Q| He is making Javed to repair his TV.
Zzwg Zv‡K w`‡q †Zvgvi Kvco †avqvI| You make him to wash your cloth.
‡m Avgv‡K w`‡q ivbœv Kivw”Qj| She was making me to cook food.
Avwg mRj‡K w`‡q KvRwU Kiv‡ev| I will make Sajal to do the work.

Let + Subject Gi Objective iƒc(e¨w³) + V + Object

Avgv‡K AvgwU †L‡Z `vI| Let me eat the mango.
Zv‡K †h‡Z w`b| Let him go.
mvwebv‡K G e¨vcv‡i fve‡Z `vI| Let Sabina think about this matter.
Zv‡`i‡K wUwf †givgZ Ki‡Z w`b| Let them repair the TV.
Avgv‡`i dzUej †Lj‡Z w`b| Let us play football.

61
 Simple Present Tense Simple Past
Base Form Present Participle Past Participle
(3rd Person Singular) Tense

Join (hy³ Kiv) Joins Joining Joined Joined

Joint (wgwjZ Kiv) Joints Jointing Jointed Jointed

Judge (ivq ‡`Iqv) Judges Judging Judge Judged

Juice
Juices Juicing Juiced Juiced
(im ˆZwi Kiv)

Jumble
Jumbles Jumbling Jumbled Jumbled
(G‡jv‡g‡jv Kiv)

Jump (jvd †`Iqv) Jumps Jumping Jumped Jumped

Justify
Justifies Justifying Justified Justified
(bvh¨Zv Kiv)

62
 GB Conditional Gi gva¨‡g memgq mZ¨ ev, ev¯Íe cwiw¯’wZ cÖKvk Kiv nq| G ai‡Yi Conditional G action ev¯Íe ev, real
_v‡K Ges Gi djvdj mivmwi cÖKvk K‡i|
‡hgb t
If/When you heat water, it boils.
jÿ¨ Kiæb, G ev‡K¨ action n‡”Q you heat water Ges Real n‡”Q it boils.
Structure : - If/When  Action (Present Indefinite)  ,  Result (Present Indefinite).

 GB Conditional Gi gva¨‡g m¤¢ve¨ ev, ev¯Íe cwiw¯’wZ cÖKvk Kiv nq| G ai‡Yi Conditional G action m¤¢ve¨ ev, ev¯Íe _v‡K
Ges Sentence Gi Conditional Part G “if” e¨envi nq, Gi djvdj ev, ev¯Íe fwel¨Z _v‡K|
‡hgb t
If I save enough money, I will go on a cruise.
jÿ¨ Kiæb, G ev‡K¨ action n‡”Q I save enough money Ges Future Result n‡”Q I will go on a cruise.
Structure : - If  Likey Action (Present Indefinite)  ,  Future Result (Future Indefinite).

 GB Conditional Gi gva¨‡g Am¤¢ve¨ ev, Aev¯Íe cwiw¯’wZ cÖKvk Kiv nq | G ai‡Yi Conditional G action Am¤¢ve¨ ev,
Aev¯Íe _v‡K| Sentence Gi Conditional Part AZxZ _v‡K Ges “if” e¨envi nq , Gi djvdjI Am¤¢ve¨ ev, Aev¯Íe AZxZ
_v‡K Ges verb Gi c~‡e© would/could e¨envi nq|
‡hgb t
If I learned English, I could visit London.
jÿ¨ Kiæb, G ev‡K¨ action n‡”Q I learned English Ges Past Result n‡”Q I could visit London.
Structure : - If  Unlikey Action (Past Indefinite)  ,  Unlikely Result (would/could + V).

Simple Present
Simple Past
Base Form Tense (3rd Person Present Participle Past Participle
Tense
Singular)

Keep (ivLv) Keeps Keeping Kept Kept

Kick (jvw_ †`Iqv) Kicks Kicking Kicked Kicked

Kidnap
Kidnaps Kidnaping Kidnapped Kidnapped
(AcniY Kiv)

Kill (nZ¨v Kiv) Kills Killing Killed Killed

Knit (eybb Kiv) Knits Knitting Knitted Knitted

Knock
Knocks Knocking Knocked Knocked
(†VvKv gviv)

Knot (wMuU †`Iqv) Knots Knotting Knotted Knotted

Know (Rvbv) Knows Knowing Knew Known

63
Clause Kv‡K e‡j? KZ c«Kvi I wK wK?
Clause n‡”Q K‡qKwU k‡ãi mgwó hv‡Z GKwU subject Ges GKwU verb Aek¨B _v‡K| Clause Qvov ‡Kvb evK¨ ‰Zix Kiv
hvqbv| c«wZwU ev‡K¨B GK ev GKvwaK clause _v‡K|
Example:
He bought a new motorcycle. (One sentence, one clause)
He bought a new motorcycle, but he still has the old one. (One sentence, two clauses).

There are two types of the clause. These are:

 Independent or Main Clause
 Dependent or Subordinate Clause

Independent or Main Clause:

GKwU independent ev main clause GKwU c~Y© A_©mn GKwU m¤ú~Y© evK¨ ‰Zix Ki‡Z cv‡i| GwUi GKwU subject Ges GKwU
verb Aek¨B _v‡K Ges GwU GKv GKwU evK¨ ‰Zix Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges GKwU ev‡K¨i AskI n‡Z cv‡i|

Example:
We visited Comilla in October.
He ate a bowl of noodles.
We visited Comilla in October, and then we visited Dhaka in November.

Dependent or Subordinate Clause:

GKwU dependent/subordinate clause GKv ‡Kvb m¤ú~Y© A_© ev evK¨ ‰Zix Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| Dependent clause mvaviYZ
subordinating conjunction/relative pronoun ev Ab¨ ‡Kvb kã w`‡q ïiæ nq hv dependent clause wU‡K GKwU
independent clause-Gi mv‡_ hy³ K‡i GKwU m¤ú~Y© A_© c«Kvk Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

Example:
I saw a poor boy, who was hungry.
The teacher asked many questions, but nobody could answer.
She went to bed after watching the show.

Subordinator – Because/ Since/ After/ Before/ Although/ Unless/ If/ When/ Until/ Though/ While/As.
1. Subordinator + Dependent Clause, Independent Clause.
2. Independent Clause + Subordinator + Dependent Clause.

I didn’t pass the exam because I was too lazy to study.

Because I was too lazy to study, I didn’t pass the exam.

I broke my leg when I was ten.

When I was ten, I broke my leg.

She might watch the concert if someone invites her.

If someone invites her, she might watch the concert.

We can’t get to the island unless we sail.

Unless we sail, we can’t get to the island.
Nancy found the ring which she lost last weekend.

64