1. 1. What is the output of printf("%d")?

Answer: 1. It produces an undefined result as no value is provided for %d.

2. 2. What are the different types of Storage classes?

Answer: 2. Storage classes in C are auto, register, static, and extern.

3. 3. Explain call by value and call by reference?

Answer: 3. Call by value passes a copy of the variable; call by reference passes the address.

4. 4. Why pre increment operator is faster than post increment?

Answer: 4. Pre-increment modifies the value before using it, reducing temporary storage needs.

5. 5. What is the difference between calloc and malloc?

Answer: 5. calloc() initializes memory to zero, malloc() does not.

6. 6. Can structures be passed to the functions by value?

Answer: 6. Yes, structures can be passed to functions by value.

7. 7. Why cannot arrays be passed by values to functions?

Answer: 7. Arrays are always passed by reference for efficiency.

8. 8. Difference between getchar() and fgetchar?

Answer: 8. getchar() reads from stdin; fgetchar() is similar but explicitly for stdin.

9. 9. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using macros over functions?

Answer: 9. Macros are faster but lack type checking; functions are type-safe.

10. 10. What is the scope of static variables?

Answer: 10. Static variables have file or block scope and persist for the program's lifetime.

11. 11. What are the types of constants available in C?

Answer: 11. Integer constants are decimal, octal, or hexadecimal.

12. 12. What is the range allowed for integer constants in 16-bit computers?

Answer: 12. 16-bit integer constants range from -32,768 to 32,767.

Answer: 13. Real constants are in fractional or exponential form.

14. 14. What is the range for real constants expressed in exponential form?

Answer: 14. Exponential real constants range between 3.4e-38 and 3.4e+38.

15. 15. What are character constants?

Answer: 15. Character constants are enclosed in single quotes (e.g., 'A').

16. 16. How are character constants treated when used in arithmetic expressions?

Answer: 16. Character constants are treated as integers in arithmetic.

17. 17. Why is C called a middle-level language?

Answer: 17. C is middle-level as it supports high-level and low-level features.

18. 18. What value does a variable assume if it is not initialized?

Answer: 18. Variables assume garbage values if not initialized.

19. 19. What is the default scope of if statement?

Answer: 19. If statements have block scope.

20. 20. Which are the logical operators available in C? Why do we need them?

Answer: 20. Logical operators are &&, ||, and !; used for conditions.

21. 21. What is a conditional operator?

Answer: 21. Conditional operators are ternary (e.g., ?:).

22. 22. When do you use while, do-while, and for loops?

Answer: 22. Use while for uncertain iterations, do-while for at least one execution, and for for

definite iterations.

23. 23. Can you use multiple conditions in for loop?

Answer: 23. Yes, multiple conditions can be used in a for loop.

24. 24. What do you mean by an odd loop?

25. 25. What is the use of break statement?

Answer: 25. Break exits a loop prematurely.

26. 26. Where do we use continue keyword?

Answer: 26. Continue skips the rest of the loop iteration.

27. 27. Do the cases in switch statement need to be arranged in ascending order?

Answer: 27. No, switch cases can be in any order.

28. 28. What is the advantage of switch over if statement?

Answer: 28. Switch is cleaner than if for multiple cases.

29. 29. Can we use expressions yielding floating-point values in switch statements?

Answer: 29. No, switch only accepts integers.

30. 30. What is the meaning of while(1)?

Answer: 30. while(1) creates an infinite loop.

31. 31. What is a function? Why do we need them?

Answer: 31. Functions modularize the code for reuse and readability.

32. 32. Is there any restriction on the number of times a function can be called?

Answer: 32. Functions can be called unlimited times.

33. 33. What is the use of return statement?

Answer: 33. Return ends function execution and sends a value.

34. 34. Is it possible for a function to return more than one value at a time?

Answer: 34. Functions cannot return multiple values directly.

35. 35. What is the default return value of any function in C?

Answer: 35. Default return value of main is 0 (success).

36. 36. Value at address operator is also called?

37. 37. What are pointers?

Answer: 37. Pointers store memory addresses.

38. 38. What is recursion? What are its applications?

Answer: 38. Recursion is a function calling itself; used for trees, factorials, etc.

39. 39. What are the differences between recursion and iterative procedures?

Answer: 39. Recursion uses stack; iterative is loop-based.

40. 40. What is a preprocessor?

Answer: 40. A preprocessor processes code before compilation.

41. 41. What is a macro?

Answer: 41. Macros are preprocessor directives for constants or inline code.

42. 42. What do you mean by conditional compilation?

Answer: 42. Conditional compilation allows selective compilation using #ifdef, etc.

43. 43. Why is C called a free form language?

Answer: 43. C is free form as it ignores whitespace.

44. 44. What are identifiers?

Answer: 44. Identifiers are variable or function names.

45. 45. What are string constants?

Answer: 45. String constants are text enclosed in double quotes.

46. 46. What are escape sequences? Give examples?

Answer: 46. Escape sequences are special characters like \n, \t.

47. 47. Name some of the qualifiers used with fundamental data types?

Answer: 47. Qualifiers: const, volatile, signed, unsigned.

48. 48. What is the use of the comma operator in C?

49. 49. Explain the use of sizeof() operator?

Answer: 49. sizeof() gives size of a data type or variable.

50. 50. What do you mean by associativity property of an operator?

Answer: 50. Associativity determines evaluation order for operators.

51. 51. Name some of the character test functions.

Answer: 51. Character test functions: isalpha(), isdigit(), etc.

52. 52. How is left-justification achieved while printing variable values?

Answer: 52. Left-justification uses %- formatting in printf.

53. 53. What are arrays?

Answer: 53. Arrays store collections of similar data types.

54. 54. How do you initialize arrays?

Answer: 54. Arrays are initialized with curly braces (e.g., int arr[] = {1, 2}).

55. 55. Why is it compulsory to mention the column dimension in a 2-d array?

Answer: 55. Column dimension ensures memory allocation in 2D arrays.

56. 56. Which function is used to accept multiword strings?

Answer: 56. gets() accepts multiword strings but is unsafe.

57. 57. Name some of the most commonly used string-handling functions?

Answer: 57. String functions: strcpy(), strlen(), strcat().

58. 58. What is the difference between array of pointers to strings and 2-d array of characters?

Answer: 58. Array of pointers saves memory; 2D arrays are contiguous.

59. 59. What is a structure?

Answer: 59. Structures group different data types.

60. 60. Can a structure be assigned to another using assignment operator?

61. 61. What are unions?

Answer: 61. Unions share memory for members.

62. 62. What are the differences between structures and unions?

Answer: 62. Structures store all members; unions store one at a time.

63. 63. What are bit fields? Why are they used?

Answer: 63. Bit fields save memory in structures.

64. 64. Can we increment or decrement pointers? If yes, what actually happens?

Answer: 64. Yes, pointer arithmetic moves to next memory location.

65. 65. What is a file?

Answer: 65. Files store data persistently.

66. 66. What is the difference between printf() and sprintf() functions?

Answer: 66. printf() outputs to console; sprintf() writes to a string.

67. 67. What is the difference between getch() and getche()?

Answer: 67. getch() doesn't echo input; getche() does.

68. 68. Difference between getchar() and fgetchar()?

Answer: 68. getchar() and fgetchar() both read characters from stdin.

69. 69. Which are the different modes of opening a file?

Answer: 69. File modes: r, w, a, r+, w+, a+.

70. 70. What are command line arguments? Explain.

Answer: 70. Command-line arguments pass inputs at runtime.

71. 71. Mention the functions used in random access to files.

Answer: 71. Random access: fseek(), ftell(), rewind().

72. 72. What is the syntax of fseek() function?

73. 73. Mention some functions used to handle errors during I/O operations on files.

Answer: 73. Error functions: ferror(), clearerr(), perror().

74. 74. Mention the bitwise operators available in C.

Answer: 74. Bitwise operators: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>.

75. 75. Can bitwise operators operate upon floats and doubles?

Answer: 75. No, they only operate on integers.

76. 76. Mention the real-time applications of bitwise operators.

Answer: 76. Real-time: masking, toggling, compression.

77. 77. What are enumerated data types?

Answer: 77. Enumerated types name integer constants.

78. 78. What is the purpose of typedef declarations?

Answer: 78. Typedef creates type aliases.

79. 79. What is type casting?

Answer: 79. Type casting converts data types.

80. 80. What is dynamic memory allocation?

Answer: 80. Dynamic memory allocation allocates runtime memory.

81. 81. Which are the memory management functions available in C?

Answer: 81. Memory functions: malloc(), calloc(), realloc(), free().

82. 82. What is heap?

Answer: 82. Heap is a memory area for dynamic allocation.

83. 83. What are the differences between static and dynamic memory allocations?

Answer: 83. Static: compile-time; Dynamic: runtime.

84. 84. What is the syntax of realloc()?

85. 85. What is searching?

Answer: 85. Searching locates a value in data.

86. 86. What is sorting?

Answer: 86. Sorting arranges data in order.

87. 87. Where actually does the C program execution begin?

Answer: 87. Execution begins in main().

88. 88. What is a syntax error?

Answer: 88. Syntax errors break language rules.

89. 89. What is the difference between while loop and do-while loop?

Answer: 89. while checks before; do-while after iteration.

90. 90. What is ANSI?

Answer: 90. ANSI standardizes programming languages.

91. 91. List out conditional and unconditional directives.

Answer: 91. Conditional: #if; Unconditional: #define.

92. 92. What is the difference between void main() and int main()?

Answer: 92. int main() is standard; void main() is not.

93. 93. What are the type qualifiers/modifiers?

Answer: 93. Qualifiers: const, volatile, signed.

94. 94. What is pointer on pointer?

Answer: 94. Pointer on pointer stores another pointer's address.

95. 95. What is the meaning of base address of the array?

Answer: 95. Base address is the first array element's address.

96. 96. What is lvalue and rvalue?

97. 97. Explain modular programming.

Answer: 97. Modular programming divides code into functions.

98. 98. Is FILE a built-in data type?

Answer: 98. FILE is a typedef for struct.

99. 99. Which keyword is used to perform unconditional branching?

Answer: 99. goto performs unconditional branching.

100. 100. Can we assign a float variable to a long integer variable?

Answer: 100. Yes, but float truncates when assigned to long.